They also have impersonal forms that do not change or conjugate. Their main feature is also the fact that impersonal forms of verbs in Spanish do not have a category of person. We are talking here, first of all, about the infinitive (infinitivo), gerund (gerundio), and also about the participle (participio).
So, the infinitive is an indefinite verb form in Spanish, which is implemented in practice within its two main types: simple and complex or composite.
The simple type infinitive demonstrates the original, unchangeable form within the entire Spanish verb system. The infinitive form is incapable of expressing neither time, nor number, nor face and is formed according to the following scheme: verb stem + identifying inflection (- ar (cantar - to sing), - er (perder - to lose), - ir (subir - to rise), according to which determine whether a verb belongs to one of the 3 main types of conjugation.As for reflexive or, in other words, pronominal verbs, their simple infinitive form will end with a reflexive pronoun - se (batirse - to fight).
In addition, the simple infinitive in Spanish can be used in the corresponding verb constructions. So, within the framework of the construction al + infinitivo, the impersonal infinitive form is used to fix actions considered as simultaneous with the action transmitted by the predicate.
Al llegar hasta el lugar seguro, el llamó Mónica. (When he reached a safe place, he called Monica)
In another construction (después de + infinitivo), a simple infinitive would denote an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate. -
Después de comer hasta hartarse, se durmió. (After eating his fill, he fell asleep)
And, finally, within the framework of the construction antes de + infinitivo, a simple infinitive fixes the action following the action expressed by the predicate. -
Antes de poner manos a la obra, debemos tentarse la ropa. (Before we get down to business, we need to think it over carefully).
| Type of Spanish verbs | Education model of simple infinitive form |
| verb stem + - ar | |
| verb stem + - er | |
| verbs 3- | verb stem + - ir |
| verb stem + id. flexion (- ar, - er, - ir) + pronoun. return type - se | |
| Verb constructions |
1.al + infinitivo 2.después de + infinitivo 3.antes de + infinitivo |
In turn, the complex type infinitive is formed on the basis of the indefinite form of the verb haber (auxiliary) + participle of the main verb unit (haber comido; haber cantado, etc.). In pronominal verbs, the pronoun -se is added to the unchangeable form of the auxiliary verb haber (haberse perdido).
| Type of Spanish verbs | Education model of complex infinitive form |
| verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | |
| verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | indefinite form of auxiliary verb haber + participle of the main verb unit |
| verbs 3-type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | indefinite form of auxiliary verb haber + participle of the main verb unit |
| reflexive or pronoun verbs | indefinite form of auxiliary of the verb haber + pronoun. reflexive type - se + participle of the main verb unit |
The action expressed by a complex infinitive will precede the action expressed by the predicate. At the same time, for the purpose of stylistic editing, it is mainly used in subordinate clauses, in which we will talk about the same person as in the main one. -
No me alegro de haber emprendido un negocio. (I'm not glad I got down to business)
Non-personal forms of verbs in Spanish are also represented by a gerund. The Spanish gerund, which simultaneously combines the features of both verbs and adverbs and has a certain similarity with the gerunds in Russian, exists here within the framework of two main structural forms - simple and complex.
The first (simple), expressing actions performed simultaneously with the actions of the predicate, is formed according to the following scheme: verb stem + affix -ando (for verbs of the first type of conjugation) or -iendo (for verbs of the second and third types of conjugation). - errar (to make a mistake) - errando; prever - previendo; huir (to run) - huyendo (turns). -
Caminando por el parque, se encontró con Mario. (While walking in the park, he met Mario.)
In pronominal verbs, gerund formation occurs by the additional addition of a pronoun in a certain person to the affixes -ando or -iendo (lavarse (to wash) - lavándome; ponerse (to be placed) - poniéndose)
Sale fuera poniéndose la gorro. (He goes outside, putting on a hat = Going out, he puts on a hat).
A simple gerund, used together with some auxiliary verbs, can form the corresponding verb structures that have additional meanings of repetition or duration of actions:
Estar + gerundio - indicates an action that is directly implemented at the moment of speech.
Ya hace un mes que estoy esperando una carta de usted. (I've been waiting for a letter from you for a month).
Continuar, seguir + gerundio - emphasizes the repeatability or duration of the action:
Sigue implicando en las finanzas (He is still in finance.)
Andar or ir + gerundio - indicates an action that has a character that gradually develops over time:
- ¿Qué tal? (-How are you doing?)
- Voy acomodándome a la aldea (- Gradually settling in the village).
| Type of Spanish verbs | Model of education of a simple form of gerund |
| verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | verb stem + affix -ando |
| verb stem + affix -iendo | |
| reflexive or pronoun verbs | verb stem + affix -ando or -iendo + ref. pronoun standing in a specific person |
| Verb constructions |
1.estar + gerundio 2.seguir, continuar + gerundio 3.ir, andar + gerundio |
The complex gerundial form, expressing an action preceding another action expressed by the predicate, is formed by combining the auxiliary verb (haber) in the gerund form and the main verb in the Participio form (comprender (to contain) - habiendo comprendido).
Habiendo explorado el terreno, me puse en camino. (After exploring the area, I hit the road)
The predominant sphere of using the complex form of the gerund is written speech, in oral speech it is used extremely rarely.
Such a Spanish impersonal verb form as a participle, considered by some linguists as a kind of verbal adjective in view of its ability to define a noun and agree with it in number and gender, is formed according to the following model: the verb stem + -ado (-a, -os, or -as - for verbs 1 conjugation - pint (ar - to write) - pintado) or ido (-a, -os, or -as - for verbs 2 and 3 conjugations - perd (er - to lose) - perdido, recib (ir - receive) - recibido).
Los problemas solucionados (plural) difíciles de entender. (Solved (by us) problems are difficult to understand).
However, a number of verbs, including their derivatives, tend to form so-called special or irregular participles (cubrir (cover) - cubierto (covered); recubrir (cover) - recubierto (covered), describeir (describe) - descrito (described); hacer (to do) - hecho (done); ver (to see) - visto (seen), etc.). Such cases need to be remembered.
On the basis of the participle in Spanish, a peculiar construction functions
estar + participio, denoting someone's state, which is the result of an action already completed at the time of speech. -
Nikos escribió un libro (Nikos writes a book - action). - Un libro está escrito. (The book is written - the result).
| Type of Spanish verbs | Communion education model |
| verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | stem of the verb + -ado (-a, -os, or -as - except for complex tenses) |
| verbs of the 2nd and 3rd type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | verb stem + - ido (-a, -os, or -as - except for complex tenses) |
| exceptions (cubrir (cover), recubrir (cover), hacer (make), etc.). | in a special way that requires memorization (cubierto, recubierto, hecho, etc.) |
| Verb constructions | estar + participio |
It should also be noted that participles (participio pasado - only in the past tense), which combine verb and adjective signs, are used in Spanish, along with the auxiliary verb haber, mainly with the aim of forming complex tense verb structures without changing when this, neither by numbers, nor by kind. (huir (to run) - forms of subj.pret.perfecto: (haya huido, hayas huido, haya huido, hayamos huido, hayáis huido, hayan huido).
Let's summarize the features of the formation of impersonal verb forms in Spanish in the table.
|
Type of Spanish verbs |
Infinitive |
|
| Simple form | Complex form | |
|
haber cantado |
||
| verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs | ||
| subir | haber subido | |
| perderse | haberse perdido | |
|
Type of Spanish verbs |
Gerund |
|
| Simple form | Complex form | |
|
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs (cantar - to sing) |
cantando |
habiendo |
| verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs
(perder - to lose), hacer (to do) |
perdiendo |
habiendo perdido |
| verbs of the 3rd type, conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs (subir - to rise), cubrir - to cover) | subiendo | habiendo subido |
| reflexive or pronominal verbs (perderse - to get lost, cubrirse - to be covered) | perdiendome (te, se, nos, os, se) | habiendo perdido |
|
Type of Spanish verbs |
Infinitive |
|
| Simple form | Complex form | |
|
verbs of the 1st type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs (cantar - to sing) |
haber cantado |
|
| verbs of the 2nd type of conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs
(perder - to lose), hacer (to do) |
||
| verbs of the 3rd type, conjugation. and adjacent irregular verbs (subir - to rise), cubrir - to cover) | subir | haber subido |
| reflexive or pronominal verbs (perderse - to get lost, cubrirse - to be covered) | perderse | haberse perdido |
List of actual material
1. Vinogradov V.S. Spanish grammar. - M .: Higher school 2007
2. Domashnev A., Shishkina I.P., Goncharova E.A. Interpretation of literary text. M .: Education, 1993.
3. Gardner R. Between Speaking and Listening: The Vocalisation of Understandings. 4. Applied Linguistics 19/2: 204-224. Oxford University Press. 1998
Mey J.L. Pragmatics. An Introduction. Oxford-Cambridge. 1993
In Spanish, there is such an interesting phenomenon as verb constructions. In a sentence, they represent a complex predicate consisting of a personal verb and an infinitive, participle or gerund.
Verb constructions are interesting in that one of its parts (a verb in a personal form) can partially or completely lose its original lexical meaning and begins to perform the function of an auxiliary verb - it contains grammatical information, i.e. indicates the person, number and time of construction.
The lexical meaning of the whole structure lies in the impersonal verb. Verb constructions are needed to indicate a specific time, stage of action or modality.
Verb constructions with infinitives are used very often in Spanish. There are a huge number of them. To make it easier for you to remember the most common of them, we propose to divide all verb constructions into three groups.
ir + a + infinitivo (going to do something) - denotes an action that should happen in the near future. Most often used during the Presente de Indicativo. The Imperfecto de Indicativo conveys the meaning of the future tense in the past.
Voy a comprar una lavadora. - I AM going to buy washing machine.
acabar de + infinitivo (just finish doing something) - expresses an action that has just ended at the time of speech.
* (used only in Presente and Imperfecto, otherwise similar to the verb terminar).
Acabo de aprender nuevas palabras. - I AM just finished teaching new words.
2. Specific verb constructions with an infinitive:
a) denoting the beginning of action:
empezar, comenzar - indicates the beginning of an action or state.
Todos los bancos empiezan a trabajar a las nueve. - All banks start to work at nine o'clock.
ponerse, echar (se), romper, liarse + a + infinitivo(to take on something) - in addition to the beginning of the action, they convey additional shades of meaning. They differ from each other in the degree of suddenness of the beginning of the action.
Compare:
Se puso a estudiar. - He began to study. (subjective, intentional onset of action)
Se echó a correr. - He started to run. (unexpected start of action)
Rompio a reír. He burst out laughing. (abrupt or difficult onset of action)
b) indicating the completion of an action:
terminar, dejar, cesar + de + infinitivo(quit doing something) - neutrally express information about the end of an action.
¿Por qué dejó de cooperar con nuestra empresa? - Why did he stop working with our firm?
venir + a + infinitivo (finally happen) - passes the result
Después de mucha reflexión vino a hallar la salida de la situación. - After much thought, he finally found a way out of the situation.
llegar + a + infinitivo (to reach something) - denotes an action that reaches its peak, result.
Su sueño es llegar a ser cantante. - His dream is to become a singer.
acabar + ror + infinitivo (to end with) - indicates an action, which, on the contrary, loses its intensity towards completion.
Acabarás ror ceder. - You you end up giving up.
A feature of this construction is that when the negative form is formed, the particle no is placed not in front of the personal form of the verb, but in front of the infinitive.
Después de tantas disputas acabaron рr no entenderse. - After so many arguments, they never came to an agreement.
c) indicating a repeated action:
volver - expresses resumed, repetitive action.
Vuelve a hacer sus preguntas tontas. - He asks his stupid questions again.
3. Modal verb constructions:
a) expressing the obligation:
tener + que + infinitivo (have to do something) - denotes a categorical, forced obligation.
Tienes que resolver tú mismo tus propios problemas. - You have to solve your problems yourself.
deber + infinitivo (to be obliged to do something) - indicates a conscious need, obligation.
Debes ayudar a tus padres. - You have to help your parents.
De (que) + infinitivo (something needs to be done) - expresses necessity, but in a less categorical form.
He de poner orden en mi habitación. - To me need to put things in order in the room.
hay + que + infinitivo (something needs to be done) - indicates an impersonal necessity.
Hay que limpiarse los dientes regularmente. - You need to brush your teeth regularly.
b) expressing the likelihood of an action:
deber de + infinitivo (it is possible to do something)
Debe de venir pronto. - He may come soon.
venir + a + infinitivo - indicates an approximate match, for example:
Viene a tener cuatro mil duros de renta. - Rent will cost approximately 4000 duro (coin, equal to 5 pesetas).
In Spanish, there are constructions that consist of a verb in a personal form and an infinitive, participle or gerund and play the role of complex predicates in a sentence.
There is, as it were, a kind of division of labor between the components of such constructions: a verb in its personal form to some extent, and sometimes almost completely, loses its lexical meaning and begins to perform the functions of an auxiliary verb, indicating the person, number and time (i.e. grammatically forms the whole structure). The infinitive, participle or gerund, on the contrary, retain their lexical meaning and form the basis of the lexical content of the structure. The whole construction as a whole expresses, in addition to the indicated grammatical and lexical meanings, a certain additional temporal or modal feature. Formally, these constructions can be subdivided into three types, each of which will be discussed below.
1. Constructions like "verb + preposition (or que) + infinitive"
a) Two constructions of this kind are the most grammatized and convey a purely temporal meaning:
ir+ a +infinitivo- expresses an action that should take place in the near future.
This construction is quite common in Spanish. Sometimes it is evaluated as an independent verb tense, which is called futuro inmediato. Preferred Temporary Forms of the Component ir serving as an auxiliary verb are presente and imperfecto de indicativo. Naturally, when used in the form of the past, the construction conveys the meaning of the future in the past. Here are examples of the use of this phrase:
Voy a pasar mis vacaciones en el Cáucaso. I am going to spend my vacation in the Caucasus.
Me comunicaron que Luis ibaa I was informed that Louis will soon
emprender un viaje de diez días. will go on a ten-day trip.
Van a ser las doce. (J. MARTÍNEZ It is soon twelve o'clock.
¿Cómo ibamosaesperarte si todo How could we wait for you if
el mundo te daba ror muerto? everyone thought you were dead?
No voy a tolerar que te comportes I will not tolerate you leading
de esa manera. (J. MARTÍNEZ behaves in a similar way.
Thosevoyapresentar en casa de I will introduce you at Cepeda's house.
Cepeda. (PÍO BAROJA)
It should be emphasized that this construction changes its meaning when the verb ir used in difficult times. In these cases, it usually loses the helper functions and expresses its main meaning go, move:
Han ido a visitarte. - They went to you.
In modern Spanish, the use of the construction in question in the first person plural in the meaning of the imperative mood has become much more frequent:
¡ Vamos a ver lo que pasa! Let's see what happens (there)!
¡Armando, vamos a trabajar! Armando, let's work!
In practice, this formula has become much preferable to the use of the imperative form of the first person plural.
acabar +
de +
infinitivo- expresses an action that, in relation to the moment of speech or some
or another action has just ended.
In some grammars, this turnover is considered as a special tense, pasado inmediato. This paraphrase is very characteristic of Spanish speech and is used in a wide variety of contexts:
El avión acaba de salir destine a Praga. The plane has just taken off for Prague.
Acabo de prometerle a Leopoldina no fumar. I just promised Leopoldina not to smoke.
Acabábamos de comer cuando llegó Juan. We were finishing lunch when Juan arrived.
(A. SÁNCHEZ y otros)
Para que acabe usted de convencerse In order for you to (finally) be convinced
de que mi sino es desdichado is that my plan is to be
en el amor. Ie contaré mi unhappy in love, I will tell you about mine
última aventura. (J. ROMERO) last adventure.
Note... The considered turnover in negative form is very often used to express a softened denial of something or a feeling of disagreement and discontent about something:
Esas ideas tuyas no acaban de convencerme. These ideas of yours did not convince me.
(R. FENTE y otros)
#acaboderecibir el dinero que debían I have not yet received the money that
enviarme. (IDEM) should have been sent to me.
In the cases just indicated, the preferred tense forms of the verb acabar are presente and imperfecto de indicativo.
b) A number of constructions indicate the beginning of action. Their usual structural model is verb + preposition + infinitive. In Spanish grammars, such phrases are called perifrasis (construcciones) incoativas. They are synonymous with free phrases. empezar,
comenzar,
principiar+ a +infinitivo(start doing something), in which the named verbs realize their main meanings:
El primero de septiembre empeza- On the first of September we will start
remos a asistir a las conferenсias. attend lectures.
Desde temprano comenzaron are-
From early in the morning, various
unirse las diversas comisiones ... commissions.
En el memento en que España em- The moment when in Spain
pezaba aindustrializarse, se industrialization began,
marchaban al extranjero muchos many qualified
obreros especializados. workers went abroad.
(J. GIRONELLA)
In combination with the named verbs, the beginning of an action or state is reported without any subjective assessments. In the actual initial paraphrases, not only the beginning of the action is reported, but also additional semantic shades are conveyed. These turnovers include:
echar(se) + a +infinitivo- take it, do something
romper(take on something)
liarse
In construction with ponerse a certain interest of the subject of action (if he is animate) is expressed in the fact that it began and that it was actively carried out. With an inanimate subject of action, the construction indicates a more intense than usual onset of action:
La mujer sepone otra vez a lavar The woman is accepted again
la ropa. (starts) washing the laundry.
Se puso a apalear a los campesinos. He took (began) to beat
(J. IZCARAY) with a stick of peasants.
¿Cuándo tus alumnos se pondrá n When will your students start studying?
aestudiar?
Constructions with echar(se)
convey a similar meaning, but the degree of sharpness, suddenness of the beginning of the action turns out to be higher. However, their main difference from revolutions with ponerse is found in the fact that the compatibility of the verb echar(se)
more limited. Echar(se)
usually used with infinitives of verbs of motion (andar,
correr,
volar,
nadar, etc.) and verbs indicating physical actions such as llorar,
reí
r,
temblar and some others:
El perro echó a correr... The dog started to run.
Los patos echaronanadar cuando The ducks swam when the guys came up
los chicos se acercaron al estanque. to the pond.
Turnover from romper semantically close to constructions with echar(se)
, they are characteristic of book speech, and the compatibility romper in modern language is practically limited to two infinitives reír and llorar and only occasionally are there combinations with cantar, gritar, andar and a few more verbs. The time range of this periphery is also limited, it is usually not used in difficult times:
La chica rompió
allorar sin saber Girl burst into tears
ror qué. (R. Fente y otros) (suddenly burst into tears), not knowing why.
Estos hermanos gemelos rompieron These twin brothers began
aandar a los nueve meses. walking when they were nine months old.
Constructions with liarse typical for colloquial speech. They hold a derisive or derogatory assessment of the beginning of the action, because the subject of the action, due to circumstances, is "pulled" into it through thoughtlessness, negligence, haste, or because of the objectivities of his character:
Ayer melié
atrabajar y no salí en Yesterday I got involved in work and did not
todo el día de la casa. went out of the house all day.
Let's compare the transmitted shades of initial constructions in the simplest phrases:
Empezó a nadar. (objective onset of action as such)
Se puso a nadar. (subjective, intentional onset of action)
Echó a nadar. (abrupt, possibly unexpected onset of action)
Se lió a nadar. (thoughtless, reluctant, due to the circumstances of the beginning of the action)
Rompio a reir. (unexpectedly abrupt or difficult onset of action)
c) Constructions expressing the end of the action (perifrasis about construcciones terminativas). They also have free synonymous phrases with verbs. terminar,
dejar,
cesar +
de +
infinitivo(stop, quit, finish, stop doing anything). These turns are the most common. They convey emotionally neutral information about the termination of an action or state:
El profesor terminadeexplicar el The teacher has finished explaining a new topic.
Mi marido dejó de fumar... My husband has quit smoking.
Actually terminative constructions are turns like llegar+ a +infinitivo and acabar+ horn +infinitivo.
Design llegar+ a +infinitivo in many cases expresses an action, as it were, ascending to a certain limit and achieving its result:
Esta idea llegó
aconvertirse en This thought gradually turned into
obsesión. (R. PAYRÓ) into an obsession.
Estoy seguro de que nunca llegará I'm sure he never will
a hablar bien el inglés. speak good english.
Design acabar+ ror +
infinitivo calls an action, as it were, of a descending nature, which achieves a result, losing its intensity by the end; the subject of speech evaluates the action itself as a kind of concession to the circumstances:
Después de tantas disputas acaba-
After so much controversy, they finally
ron ror entenderse... came to an agreement.
Usted acabará porser de los noso- You end up with
tros. (A. CASONA) by us (join us).
Acabaráror ceder... (M. MOLINER) He will eventually give in (end up with
what will yield).
Design acabar+ ror +
infinitivo forms a negative form by setting a negative particle no before the infinitive, not before the personal form of the verb: El alumno acabó ror nO hacer nada; Acabará
nror no ceder uno a otro. This rule only applies to constructions with acabar ror.
d) Constructions expressing the repetition of an action (rerífrasis o construcciones iterativas o frecuentativas). These are usually referred to as turnovers. volver,
tomar+ a +infinitivo(do something again). Design volver+ a +infinitivo very common:
Manolo volvió a visitarme. Manolo came to me again.
Unicamente alguna vez nos reco- Only once did he ask us
mendó que no volvié ramos and not take his boat anymore,
coger el "Cachalote". Al do- "Sperm whale". The next
mingo siguiente selovolvimos we took Sunday away again
a robar... (PÍO BAROJA) he has it.
Lа escena se volvía a repetir... The scene was repeated again.
(J. MARTÍNEZ REVERTE)
Design tornar +
a +
infinitivo in modern speech was assessed as bookish and somewhat outdated:
Hecho esto, recogió sus annas u Having done this, he picked up the armor
tornó a pasearse... (CERVANTES) and walked around again.
Constructions expressing obligation (perifrasis about construcciones obligativas). They are formed mainly by verbs tener and haber according to the following models:
tener + que
+ infinitivo- it is necessary, necessary, should be done.
haber + de (que)
Turnover tener +que +
infinitivo indicates the need or intention to perform an action called an infinitive:
El orden aquí en el campamento tie- Here in the camp, order must
ne que ser mantenido por nosotros is supported by us around the clock.
dia y noche. (D. MUÑOZ)
Tendrás que esperar a que te au- You must wait until you
toricen para ir al rio a bañarte. will be allowed to go swimming in the river.
(D. OLEMA)
The same meaning is conveyed by two constructions with haber... Turnover haber + de +infinitive theoretically used in any person and time:
D. Tiburcio había entendido ya que Don Tiburcio has long understood
Clotilde no había de permanecer that Clotilde is not a century
siempre soltera, que el día must stay in girls
menos pensado le habrí an de and what is the most unexpected
entrar... deseos de casarse. the moment a desire may come to her.
(R. MEZA) get married
Currently, this construction is characteristic of the literary language. True, in combination with an adverb siempre, usually in exclamation and interrogative sentences, it is also found in colloquial speech and conveys a modal shade of negative attitude either to the act or behavior of the person in question, or to any situation:
¿Pero es que siempre has de estar Do you always love (add .: must)
dando la lata? (R. FENTE u otros) fooling around?
¡Siempre ha de estar ella la que It is always she who hits
meta la pata! (IDEM) roped.
Design haber +
que +
infinitivo usually impersonal and in the present indicative mood it uses a special form of the third person singular and plural hay... In other tenses, the usual forms of the verb are used: hubo,
habia,
habra etc.:
Hay que estar alerta. You have to be vigilant.
Hayqueobservar atentamente sus Care must be taken
movimientos. (D. MUÑOZ) for their movement.
Habrá que ir directamente a la cueva. Apparently, you need to swim straight to
(PÍO BAROJA) cave.
f) A construction expressing the possibility, the probability of action (perírasis about construccion aproximativa). It's about combining deber +
de +
infinitive... When translating this construction into Russian, introductory words or expressions are usually added: probably, apparently, perhaps, should be etc.:
El director debe de venir pronto. The director is likely to come soon.
-¿Dónde está el martillo? - Where is the hammer?
- Debe de estar en el cajón. “It must be in the drawer.
2. Constructions like "verb + participle"
a) Construction estar +participio expresses the inherent to whom (what) -or state, which is the result of an already completed action:
La comida está preparada... The food is prepared.
Los combates no están acabados... The battles are not over.
Since participio is a passive past participle, sometimes the construction estar +
participio acquires some resemblance to the form of the passive voice ser +
participio.
However, both turns are fundamentally different in that the construction with the verb ser is always associated with an expression of action, whether it is completed or not, and a construction with a verb estar transfers the state achieved as a result of an already completed action.
La mesa está preparada... - The table is ready, set. Before that, there was an action associated with preparing the table, but the construction está preparada expresses only its result, only the achieved state and does not focus on the fact that there was some action before.
La mesa es preparada(se prepara). The table is being prepared, set yourself at the moment; those. the process of action itself is called.
La mesa ha sido preparada(se ha preparado). - The table was prepared (was being prepared), it was covered (was being covered); those. it says that up to the present moment an action has been performed, which is now completed, and does not pay attention to the state, the result to which the action led.
6) Construction tener +
participio is formed with participles only from transitive verbs and always has a direct object, with which (and not with the subject!) the participle agrees in gender and number. The construction indicates the result of a previous action:
Tenemos preparadas las lecciones. We have lessons ready.
Mаñаana tendrás hecha la falda. Tomorrow (your) skirt will be ready.
The expression of performance is the main meaning of the design, but in the context it is capable of acquiring additional semantic shades:
- the duration of a state: Me tienenprohibido que saiga. - I'm not allowed to go out.
Repeatability or persistence of action: Lo tenemosvisto muchas veces por ahí. - We saw him here many times.
As a rule, the turn in question is not used in difficult times.
c) Constructions with verbs of movement indicate the duration, length in time of any state (moreover, verbs sometimes do not completely lose their basic meaning):
+ participio
andar
Tu reloj siempre va adelantado... Your watch is always in a hurry.
Manuel iba muy preparado para Manuel was very prepared
cualquier sorpresa. to any surprise.
Andas muy preocupado por algo. You are very concerned about something.
The described constructions are close in value to the combinations estar +participio.
Note... Turnover ir +
participio use in a slightly different sense is also inherent. The construction indicates the result of an action and is used mainly in the third person plural (not used in difficult tenses, in the simple past and in the imperative mood):
El árbitro expulsó al defensa cuando iban The referee expelled a defender from the field of play when
marcados cuatro goles. four goals have already been scored.
Hasta el mediodia vanvendidos casi to- By noon, almost all tickets were
dos los billetes. sold.
d) Construction hallarse +
participio conveys the state, position of someone or something:
Después de largo camino el niño se After a long journey, the child felt
hallaba cansado... tired.
e) The following constructs indicate that someone or something continues to be in the same state:
permanecer
seguir + participio
continuar
Los alumnos permanecían sentados. The disciples continued to sit.
Creo que todavía sigueenfadado I think he's still angry
con nosotros; on us.
La ventana continúa cerrada. The window remains closed.
f) Construction quedar +
participio indicates a state or position that arose as a result, a consequence of any action, deed or circumstance and which retain their significance at the time of speech:
Aquellos sucesos quedaronolvida- Those events were (remained) forgotten forever.
dos para siempre.
La mesa quedó colocada donde The table stayed where you are
usted quería. wanted.
This does not exhaust the possible constructions of the considered model.
3. Constructions like "verb + gerund"
Unlike phrases with participles, gerundial constructions do not express a state, but an action.
a) Construction estar +
gerundio has a high degree of grammaticality and indicates a long (continuous) or continuously repeating action that can occur in the present, past or future tense:
Las gotas de agua estaban cayen- Drops of water fell steadily.
do pausadamente.
Estoy escribiendo los ejercicios. I am writing exercises.
El tal escrito está siendo muy co- This message is widely commented
mentado en toda España. throughout Spain.
(M. DE UNAMUNO)
El consejo de la familia estaba sien- The family council was going wildly.
do tumultuoso. (E. GALVARRIATO)
¿Cuántas horas seguidas estuvimos How many hours did we sleep?
durmiendo? (A.M. DE LERA)
Los pasajeros estará n llegando and Passengers appear to be arriving
sudestino. to the destination.
Note... This construction is not used to express an instant (one-time) action. This is not to say: Algún chico está
dando un grito. In this case, one should say: Algún chico hadado (dio)
un grito.
b) A certain similarity with the turnover estar +
gerundio have numerous designs expressing a developing long-term action:
ir
seguir + gerundio
continuar
quedar (se)
permanecer
Los conferenciantes iban discutiendo Conference participants discussed
algunos problemas de los vuelos cósmicos. some problems of space flights.
Las muchachas continúan charlando... The girls continue to chat.
Un hombre extraño se quedó regis- Some strange man
trándome con la vista de arriba abajo. continued to look me from top to bottom.
Ellos, los chicos, habí anido c reciendo They, children, grew up at that time and
atsaliendo a la vida. came out into life.
(E. GALVARRIATO)
It is important to remember that. after verbs seguir,
continuar,
permanecer the infinitive is never used. It is replaced by a gerund or participle.
Negation nO with periphery type seguir + gerundio not used. To express negation, if it is possible within the meaning, it is necessary to transform the model as follows: seguir (continuar, permanecer) + sin + infinitivo: sigo sin trabajar; сntinо sin entenderlo, etc.
Let us dwell in more detail on the most frequency structure ir +
gerundio, which expresses primarily a consistently developing action:
El bote iba haciendo agua ... water got into the boat ... Recalde
Recalde miraba el agujero ... looked at the hole,
que ibahacié ndose más gran- which became everything
de. (PÍO BAROJA) more.
La humedad y sol iban abriendo las Dampness and sun warped the boards
maderas at derritiendo la brea. and melted the resin.
Verb (Verbo)
Infinitive verb constructions
Acabar de + infinitive- expresses the action that has just ended:
Acabo de volver de Cuba.- I just returned from Cuba.
Empezar (ponerse) a + infinitive- serves to express the start of an action:
Empezamos a estudiar el francés.- We are starting to learn French.
El chico se puso a llorar.- The boy began to cry.
Terminar de + infinitive- serves to express the end of the action:
Terminamos de trabajar a las 5.30.- We finish work at 5.30.
Volver a + infinitive- serves to express renewal, repetition of an action:
Volvemos a leer el texto.- We read (reread) the text again.
Deber + infinitive- expresses duty (with a touch of personal responsibility):
Cada hombre debe servir a su patria.- Each person should serve the Motherland.
Tener que + infinitive- expresses the obligation (with a tinge of categorical and forced):
Tengo que trabajar mucho.- I have to work hard.
Necesitar + infinitive(or noun) - to need something, to have a need to do something:
Necesito estudiar mucho.- I need to study a lot.
Necesito un manual ruso.- I need a Russian language textbook.
- "onclick =" window.open (this.href, "win2 return false> Imprimir
Translation features haber + de + infinitive and hay que + infinitive
Design haber + de + infinitive difficult to translate accurately. It can be used to express opportunity (“if my life is going to go on”), duty (“if my life is to go on”) and necessity.
This design is softer than tener + que + infinitive(= must) and hay que + infinitive- (= need, "need").
In ancient Hispanic construction haber + de + infinitive was used quite widely in different verb tenses. Today it has a modal meaning (necessity, obligation).
Initially, it referred to the future. This value has survived to this day:
Vayamos, que mis padres ha de haber llegado ya a casa (= 'es probable que mis padres hayan llegado ya').
Basic meanings haber + de + infinitive:
- Often used as equivalent ir a + infinitivo, especially in Latin American countries: Te he de decir que ... (= ‘te diré que ...). Salgo un momento. No he de tardar.
- Probability: Le han de haber invitado los padres de la novia ['seguramente le han invitado los padres de la novia']. Ha de ser tarde (‘debe de ser tarde’). No han de haber llegado todavía (‘no es probable que’).
- Can be used as equivalent tener que(Spain, especially Catalunya): He de reconocer que al principio me incomodó la idea de encontrármelo durante la travesía; Hubimos de esperar varios meses hasta conseguir recursos económicos; La imagen de la Virgen hubo de ser retirada.
- Sometimes used to express future action(Mexico, Lat. Am.): ¡No he de morir hasta enmendarlo !; Ni siquiera la guerra habría de aliviar el temor y el respeto que imponía aquel valle a trasmano.
- In terms of ' estar a punto de’(Galicia, Argentina): Hube de decirlo,‘ estuve a punto de decirlo ’; –Juan, ¿por qué has matado al raposo? –Porque hubo de comerse las gallinas. Cuando un argentino dice que hubo de viajar a Europa, quiere significar que, habiendo estado a punto de hacerlo, no lo hizo.
Constructions haber + de + infinitive and hay que + infinitive are different and used in different contexts. The first is less strict and more specific, while the second expresses generality. Design haber + de + infinitive can be used to express future action.
More examples
Todos hemos de cooperar.
Pronto lo has de saber.
Creo que es algo que habremos de tener presente.
Tú y yo algún día nos habremos de encontrar.
El cementerio es el lugar donde todos nos habremos de encontrar.
Habremos de ser lo que hagamos, con aquello que hicieron de nosotros.
Hube de soportarlo mucho tiempo.
Esto habría de influir en la evolución de la economía.
Hemos de ganar si queremos clarificarnos.
Recuerda que has de morir.
Un juez ha de ser una persona equilibrada y justa.
Un funcionario ha de cumplir las normas.
Hubimos de pelear mucho para conseguir el contrato.
Su carácter indómito había de causarle muchos problemas.
Su carácter indómito habría de causarle muchos problemas.
No he de callar. = No callaré. = No voy a callar.
Salgo un momento, pero no he de tarder. = No tardaré. = No voy a tardar.
Este dinero no nos ha de bastar. = Este dinero no nos bastará. = Este dinero no nos va a bastar.
No he de ser yo quien lo critique. = No seré yo quien lo critique. = No voy a ser yo quien lo critique.
¿Para qué preocuparse por lo que nunca ha de suceder? =
¿Para qué preocuparse por lo que nunca sucederá? =
¿Para qué preocuparse por lo que nunca va a suceder?
A continuación hemos de oír la Octava Sinfonía de Gustav Mahler. =
A continuación oiremos la Octava Sinfonía de Gustav Mahler. =
A continuación vamos a oír la Octava Sinfonía de Gustav Mahler.
Todos habrían de correr la misma suerte. =
Todos correrían la misma suerte. =
Todos iban a correr la misma suerte.
Los disgustos que me das han de llevarme a la sepultura. =
Los disgustos que me das me llevarán a la sepultura. =
Los disgustos que me das van a llevarme a la sepultura.
Esa mujer había de ser la madre de mis hijos. =
Esa mujer sería la madre de mis hijos. =
Esa mujer iba a ser la madre de mis hijos.
Haber de + infinitivo como tener que + infinitivo:
Hemos de ganar como sea si queremos ser campeones (= 'tenemos la obligación de ...').
Hubo de soportarlo durante meses (= ‘me vi obligado a ...’).
Ha de llover más para que no sequen los árboles (= ‘es necesario que llueva más ...’).
Has de decirme cómo se hace puede hoy oírse fácilmente en el castellano hablado por un catalán, pero en español común lo normal es oír Tienes que decirme cómo se hace.
(‘Probablemente’, ‘seguramente’).
Todo eso ha de habérselo figurado él solo.
Eso has de haberlo soñado.
Han de haber sido muy felices todo el tiempo en que estuvieron casados.
El examen ha de haber sido bastante difícil.
Ha de haber estado trabajando todo el fin de semana.
Está durmiendo. Ha de haber tenido turno de noche.
In exclamations: 1) strengthening; 2) a tinge of surprise or explicitness
Examples:
–Parece que es muy rico. –¡Qué ha de ser rico! No tiene un céntimo. (= –¡Qué va a ser rico!)
–¿Has aprobado? –¡Cómo no había de aprobar! [‘Claro que aprobé’]
–¿Qué hay de comer? –¡Qué ha de haber !: lo de siempre.
¡Qué has de saber tú!
¡Siempre has de estar molestando!
¿Nunca has de estar conforme?
¿Siempre te has de estar quejando de todo?
¿Es que siempre me has de llevar la contraria?
Introductory words:
Si he de decir la verdad, ...
Si he de serte sincero, ...
Si he de serles sincero, ...
Si he de serle sincero, ...
replace accordingly:
A decir verdad, ...
Para serte sincero, ...
Para serles sincero, ...
Para serle sincero, ...
Has de saber que ... (= ‘sábete que ...’).
Si he de decir la verdad, no lo sé con certeza.
Si he de serte sincero, no tenía intención de venir.
The Haber de + infinitivo design is used in proverbs, for example:
Agua que no has de beber, déjala correr.
