Features of oral and written speech - abstract. Composition: Types of speech Oral speech does not imply

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

“STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT”

INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE TRAINING

Institute of Sociology and Personnel Management

Department of Philosophy

Abstract on academic discipline

"rhetoric"

on the topic:

"Features of oral and written speech"

Speciality Personnel Management

Group UP-6-09\3

Student Kuzmina Margarita Andreevna

Student ticket № 09-189

OPTION № 89

Address Moscow region, Balashikha, Sportivnaya st., 4, apt. 9

« 25 » august 2010

Job evaluation:

______________________/FULL NAME./

“____” ______________ 2010

Moscow 2010

Introduction…………………………………………………………..2

Types of communication …………………………………………………....4

Types of speech activity and their features………………....5

General characteristics of speech forms……………………………….6

Oral form of speech………………………………………………...8

The written form of speech…………………………………………….12

The interaction of oral and written speech……………………14

Conclusion………………………………………………………..16

References………………………………………………….18

Introduction.

Speech is an integral part of the social existence of people, a necessary condition for the existence of human society. Speech is used in the process of joint work to coordinate efforts, plan work, check and evaluate its results. Speech is a necessary condition for human cognitive activity. Thanks to speech (language), a person assimilates, acquires knowledge and transmits it. Speech is a means of influencing consciousness, developing a worldview, norms of behavior, and shaping tastes. In this function, speech is used to influence the views and beliefs of people, to change their attitude to certain facts and phenomena of reality, to incline them to actions and deeds. Speech is a means of satisfying the personal needs of a person in communication, in joining a certain group of people. Man, being by nature a social being, cannot live without connection with other people: he must consult, share thoughts, experiences, empathize, seek understanding, etc. In general, speech is of fundamental importance in the development of the human personality.

Among the various kinds of human deeds, actions, activities, there is the so-called speech activity. In speech activity, a person produces and perceives information converted into text. There are four types of speech activity. Two of them are involved in the production of the text (transmission of information) - this is speaking and writing; two - in the perception of the text, the information embedded in it - this is listening and reading. Speech activity of all kinds is a complex process in which special psychological and speech mechanisms are involved.

The most important achievement of man, which allowed him to use universal human experience, both past and present, was speech communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity.

Types of communication:

1. According to the position of the communicants in space and time, communication is distinguished contact - remote.

The concept of contact communication is obvious: the interlocutors are next to each other. Contact communication is based on the situation, gestural-mimic and intonational signals. Here everything is in plain sight, much is clear from a half-word, and often facial expressions, eye expression, gesture, phrasal stress, intonation as a whole speak more than words.

The types of distant communication include all those situations where the communicants are separated by space and time. This may be a telephone conversation, while the interlocutors are at a distance, but connected at the same time. Distant in time and space is communication in letters (and in general with the help of any fixed text).

2. By the presence or absence of any mediating “apparatus”, communication is distinguished direct - indirect.

The concept of direct communication associated with a contact is obvious - this is an ordinary conversation, conversation, report, etc. The types of mediated communication include telephone conversation, writing, and the transfer of information through the media and works of art.

3. From the point of view of the form of existence of the language, communication is distinguished

oral - written

The text, oral or written, has its own characteristics. Oral communication, as a rule, is associated with signs of contact and immediacy, while written communication is associated with signs of distance and mediation. In the written text, more complex forms of thinking are embodied, reflected in more complex linguistic forms. It is here that there are various kinds of isolated turns, including participial and participle, series of homogeneous members, structural parallelism. Written text requires reflection, it is subject to more stringent rules of lexical and grammatical selection. Finally, it is fixed. Oral communication does not allow text processing, except for clarifications, reservations. The written text can be returned and, if necessary, revised by its author.

Types of speech activity and their features.

In psychology, there are two main types of speech: external and internal. External speech contains oral (dialogical and monologue) and written. Dialogue is a direct communication between two or more people.

Dialogic speech is supported speech; the interlocutor puts clarifying questions during her, giving remarks, can help complete the thought (or reorient it). A kind of dialogic communication is a conversation, in which the dialogue has a thematic focus.

Monologue speech is a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts, a system of knowledge by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, so the speaker has an active, expressive-mimic and gestural effect. In monologic speech, in comparison with dialogic speech, the semantic side changes most significantly. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual. Its content must, first of all, satisfy the requirements of consistency and evidence in the presentation. Another condition, inextricably linked with the first, is the grammatically correct construction of sentences.

The monologue does not tolerate incorrect construction of phrases. He makes a number of demands on the pace and sound of speech.

The content side of the monologue should be combined with the expressive side. Expressiveness is created both by linguistic means (the ability to use a word, phrase, syntactic construction, which most accurately convey the speaker's intention), and by non-linguistic means of communication (intonation, a system of pauses, dismemberment of the pronunciation of a word or several words, which performs the function peculiar underlining, facial expressions and gestures).

Written speech is a kind of monologue speech. It is more developed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech implies a lack of feedback from the interlocutor. In addition, written speech has no additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and the punctuation marks that organize the sentence.

General characteristics of speech forms.

Russian literary language exists in oral and written forms. Each of them has its own specifics and differs in the system of means of expression, the nature of the addressee and perception. Oral speech is primary, and for languages ​​that do not have a written language, this is the only form of their existence. Literary oral speech is represented by two varieties - colloquial speech and codified speech (lat. Codificatio - systematization of signs of the state according to separate branches of law). Spoken speech implies ease of communication, informality of relations between interlocutors, unpreparedness, strong reliance on an extralinguistic situation, the use of non-verbal means, the fundamental possibility of changing the positions of "speaking" - "listening". Codified speech is used mainly in official situations of communication - meetings, congresses, meetings of commissions, conferences, speeches on television, etc. Most often, such a speech is prepared (report, message, report, information), it does not rely heavily on an extralinguistic situation, non-verbal means are moderately used. Oral speech sounds, it uses phonetic (sound) and prosodic (Greek "prosodia" - the doctrine of the ratio of syllables in a verse - stressed and unstressed, long and short) means. The speaking person simultaneously creates both the form and the content of speech, therefore it is finite in time and cannot be corrected. Orally communicating communicants most often see each other, and direct visual contact contributes to mutual understanding. Oral speech is much more active than written language - we speak and listen more than we write and read. Wider and its expressive possibilities. B. Shaw on this occasion noted that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and fifty ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." one

In written speech, a system of graphic means of expression is used, and it is perceived visually. Writer and reader, as a rule, not only do not see each other, but do not imagine the external appearance of their communicant at all. This makes it difficult to establish contact, so the writer should strive as much as possible to improve the text in order to be understood. Written speech exists indefinitely, and the reader always has the opportunity to clarify an incomprehensible expression in the text. 2

In lexical and grammatical terms, it is characterized by strict adherence to the literary norms of the language - a special selection of vocabulary and phraseology, processed by syntax. In writing, book vocabulary is widely used: official business, scientific, public and journalistic. The syntax of written speech is characterized by complex and complicated sentences. Word order, strict sequence, harmony in the presentation of thoughts are of great importance in it. The written form of speech is distinguished by preliminary reflection of statements, editorial processing of the text, which can be performed by the author himself. This determines the accuracy and correctness of the written form of speech.

The basis of both written and oral speech is literary speech, acting as the leading form of existence of the Russian language, designed for a conscious approach to the system of means of communication, in which orientation is carried out on certain standardized patterns. It is such a means of communication, the norms of which are fixed as forms of exemplary speech, i.e. they are recorded in grammar dictionaries, textbooks, etc. The dissemination of these norms is promoted by educational and cultural institutions, the mass media. Literary speech- absolutely universal!

On its basis, scientific essays, journalistic works, business writing, etc. are created.

However, oral and written forms of speech are independent, have their own characteristics and features.

Oral form of speech.

Without communication, as without air, a person cannot exist. The ability to communicate with other people allowed a person to achieve a high civilization, break into space, sink to the bottom of the ocean, penetrate into the bowels of the earth. Communication makes it possible for a person to reveal his feelings, experiences, to tell about joys and sorrows, about ups and downs.

Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, it is impossible to form a person's personality, his upbringing, and the development of intellect.

At first glance, it seems that the content of the concept of "communication" is clear to everyone and does not require special explanation. Meanwhile, communication is a very complex process of interaction between people. As rightly noted by A.A. Leontiev, in the modern science of communication there is a huge number of mismatched definitions of this concept. 3 Communication problems are dealt with by representatives of different sciences - philosophers, psychologists, linguists, sociologists, culturologists, etc.

It is with the help of speech that communication between people most often occurs. Human speech activity is the most complex and most common. No other activity is possible without it, it precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity (production, commercial, financial, scientific, managerial, etc.).

Oral speech - this is a sounding speech used for direct communication, and in a broader sense, it is any sounding speech. Historically, this is the very first form of speech, it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is the pronounced sounds resulting from the complex activity of the human pronunciation organs. Rich intonation possibilities of oral speech are connected with this phenomenon. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, the duration, the increase or slowdown in the pace of speech, and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation diversity that it can convey all the richness of human feelings, experiences, moods, etc. The perception of oral speech in direct communication is enhanced by the facial expressions and gestures of the speaking person. So, a gesture can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc. All these linguistic and extralinguistic means help to increase the semantic significance and emotional richness of speech.

One of the features of oral speech is the inability to return to a certain moment of speech again, due to which the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, i.e. he thinks as if "on the go", so oral speech may be characterized by: unsmoothness, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicative-independent units.

For oral speech, as for speech created at the moment of speaking, two features are characteristic - redundancy and brevity of the statement (laconicism), which, at first glance, may seem mutually exclusive. Redundancy, i.e. direct repetitions of words, phrases, sentences, more often repetitions of thoughts, when words that are close in meaning are used, other constructions that are correlative in content, are explained by the conditions for creating an oral text, the desire to convey certain information to listeners. Aristotle wrote about this feature of oral speech: “... Phrases that are not connected by conjunctions, and the frequent repetition of the same thing in written speech are rightly rejected, and speakers use these techniques in oral competitions, because they are scenic.”

Since oral speech is characterized (to a greater or lesser extent) by verbal improvisation, then - depending on various circumstances - oral speech can be more or less smooth, smooth, more or less interrupted. Discontinuity is expressed in the presence of involuntary, longer (compared to the rest) stops, pauses (between words, sentences), in the repetition of individual words, syllables and even sounds, in the “stretching” of a sound like [e] and in expressions like How to say it?

All these manifestations of discontinuity of speech reveal the process of creating an utterance, as well as the difficulties of the speaker. If there are few cases of discontinuity, and they reflect the speaker's search for the right, optimal means of expressing thoughts for a given speech situation, their presence does not interfere with perceiving the statement, and sometimes activates the attention of listeners. But the discontinuity of oral speech is an ambiguous phenomenon. Pauses, self-interruptions, disruptions of begun constructions may reflect the state of the speaker, his excitement, lack of concentration, may also indicate certain difficulties of the one who creates the oral word: that he does not know what to say, what to say, and that he finds it difficult to express his thoughts.

Oral speech - can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation).

Unprepared oral speech is characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral statement is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said further, what needs to be repeated, clarified. The speaker constantly makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express his thoughts.

This is oral speech, this is what we hear, and we hear something about a fifth of what is said. We select only those words ("sound images") that are clear to us, close to us or interested us in something. We skip everything else. We are forced to do this, because in the flow of speech words flow one after another, and every image is born according to the principle of metonymy, by contiguity, by a purely logical grasp of the neighboring one and fitting it into a common scheme.

Oral speech just like written language, it is normalized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many so-called flaws in oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, weak structure, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, hesitation elements, etc. - is a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication. 4 The listener cannot keep in mind all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account; then his speech will be understood and comprehended. Unlike written speech, which is built in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative attachments. The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, but it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial everyday style of speech. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be noted that colloquial speech affects all varieties of oral speech. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, even colloquial elements are used.

Written form of speech.

Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix sound language (sound speech). In the same time letter- This is an independent communication system, which, performing the function of fixing oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions. Written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by mankind, expands the scope of human communication, breaks the boundaries of the immediate environment. Reading books, historical documents of different times and peoples, we can touch history; culture of all mankind. It was thanks to writing that we learned about the great civilizations of Ancient Egypt, the Sumerians, the Incas, the Mayans, etc.

Historians of writing argue that writing passed a long way of historical development from the first notches on trees, rock paintings to the sound-letter type, which most people use today, i.e. Written speech is secondary to oral speech. The letters used in writing are signs that represent the sounds of speech. The sound shells of words and parts of words are represented by a combination of letters, and knowledge of the letters allows them to be reproduced in a sound form, i.e. read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to segment speech: dots, commas, dashes correspond to an intonational pause in oral speech.

The main function of written speech is the fixation of oral speech, which has the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people in cases where direct communication is impossible, when they are separated by space and time. Since ancient times, people, not being able to communicate directly, exchanged letters, many of which have survived to this day, having overcome the barrier of time. The development of technical means of communication, like the telephone, to some extent reduced the role of writing. But the appearance of the fax and the spread of the Internet help to overcome the space and again activate the written form of speech. The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time.

Written speech unfolds not in a temporary, but in a statistical space, which gives the writer the opportunity to think through the speech, return to what has already been written, rebuild sentences and parts of the text, replace words, clarify, carry out a long search for a form of expression of thought, turn to dictionaries and reference books. In this regard, written speech has its own characteristics. Written speech uses a bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. The word order in a sentence is fixed, inversion (changes in word order) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example, in texts of an official business style of speech, it is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the main unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax, therefore, as a rule, written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and participial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each of them is strictly related to the previous and subsequent context.

Written speech is the main form of the existence of speech in scientific, journalistic, official - business and artistic styles.

The interaction of oral and written speech.

It is known that there is much in common between oral and written speech: basically the same dictionary is used, the same ways of connecting words and sentences. Characteristically, at the level of the 1200 most commonly used words, there are no fundamental differences between the colloquial and literary-bookish word lists.

Both forms of speech are “connected by thousands of transitions into each other” (Bukhalovsky L.A. Course of the Russian literary language. - Kyiv, 1952. - T.1. - P. 410). Psychologists explain this organic connection between oral and written speech by the fact that both forms of speech are also based on inner speech, in which thought begins to form. Sometimes oral speech is characterized as "sounding, pronounced, audible." However, not every spoken and audible speech can be attributed to the oral form of speech. The fact is that oral speech can be written down (on paper), and written speech can be pronounced. So, when reading aloud or reciting a text by heart, a person perceives sounding speech, however, the written form in these cases was primary, therefore this form of speech with its inherent lexical and grammatical features is reproduced aloud. And although when pronouncing a written text aloud, it may acquire some features of oral speech (its intonational coloring, rhythm, etc.), this sounding speech is not oral in the full sense of the word.

Genuine oral speech is created at the moment of speaking. By definition, V.G. Kostomarov, oral speech is spoken speech, which implies the presence of verbal improvisation, which always takes place in the process of speaking - to a greater or lesser extent.

In our time, oral speech “not only surpassed written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual distribution, but also acquired an important advantage over it - instantaneousness, or, as they say now, momentary transmission of information, which is extremely important for the rapid pace and rhythms of the 20th century. In addition, oral speech has acquired a different quality: the ability to be fixed, preserved, preserved and reproduced ”(Kostomarov V.G. Problems of modern philology. - M., 1965. - P. 176)

So, oral (spoken) speech is designed for the semantic perception of the spoken speech created at the moment of speaking. Therefore, when we characterize oral speech as spoken, we mean only one of its varieties, associated with the generation of speech. In fact, there is another side closely related to speaking - listening, perception, understanding of generated speech. The speaker creates his statement based on his semantic perception. And in this regard, it is not at all indifferent to how much the speaker knows and takes into account the characteristics of the interlocutor, the audience, how fluently he speaks precisely oral speech.

Differences in oral and written speech of a psychological and situational nature can be presented in the following comparative table:

Oral speech	Written speech
The speaker and the listener not only hear, but often see each other.	The writer does not see or hear the person to whom his speech is intended, he can only mentally imagine - more or less specifically - the future reader.
In many cases depends on the reaction of the listeners, may vary depending on this reaction.	It does not depend on the reaction of the addressee.
Designed for auditory perception.	Designed for visual perception
An oral statement can only be reproduced if special technical devices are available.	The reader can literally re-read the written as many times as necessary.
The speaker speaks without preparation, correcting in the course of the presentation only what he can notice in the process of speech.	The writer can repeatedly return to the written and repeatedly improve it.

The similarity of both forms of speech lies in the fact that they are based on the literary language. Consequently, both forms are forced to adhere to the generally accepted norms of the Russian language. However, the oral form of speech, being tied to the colloquial style of speech, is freer from rationing and regulation than the written one. Both forms in practice occupy an approximately equal place in their significance, penetrating into all spheres of human life, including the sphere of production, management, education, jurisprudence, art, the media, etc.

The differences between them come down most often to the means of expression. oral speech is associated with intonation and melody, non-verbalism, it uses a certain amount of “own” language means, it is tied to a colloquial style. The letter uses alphabetic, graphic designations, more often bookish language with all its styles and features, normalization and formal organization.

Conclusion.

Finishing the conversation about speech, about the native language as a means of communication, it is necessary to sum up some results and determine the prospects associated with improving the culture of oral and written speech.

So, oral speech is, ultimately, a culture of communication, a culture of speech activity, the mastery of which presupposes a high level of development of the general culture of a person, i.e. the ability to think culture, knowledge of reality, the subject of speech, the laws of communication in general, and, finally, the laws, rules, norms for using the means of language to solve a specific communicative task.

One of the first stages in the development of oral speech is, in the modern view, awareness of the essence of speech activity, since a person’s ability to communicate, the communicative side of his life, his social status are provided by the ability to create and perceive statements (texts). Text is a product of social interaction. And the ability to create and perceive texts allows a person to assert himself as a person.

Speech as a result of everything should accurately, logically, expressively, and easily convey what the author of this or that statement intended. If this does not happen, then either the person has not clearly understood the intention of the text, its meaning, or he cannot find words, forms of structure that provide understanding of what has been said, and, therefore, he does not have the necessary level of speech culture.

A good speech must be pure. Clogging it with verbal "garbage" is due to a careless, irresponsible attitude towards it and is largely due to ignorance of the riches of the Russian language.

The purity of speech is its necessary quality, indicating the culture of the word and the general culture of man.

Thus, the great Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. Using its wealth, a person can choose the exact and necessary words for writing the transmission of thought. And not only thoughts, but also feelings, the most subtle, the most passionate and the deepest. And we, the owners of such wealth, should be kind to such a treasure. We all must develop a culture of oral and written speech.

What is the culture of writing? Some believe that the culture of writing is the ability to write correctly in a particular language. Others that the culture of writing is the ability to express one's thoughts on paper, simply accessible and logical.

Indeed, each of these points of view has its own reasons. Real, cultural written speech should be both correct, and accurate, and brief, and original, and accessible, and meaningful, and emotional. However, if all these positive qualities are recognized for cultural written speech, then the most important of them will still be correctness, that is, the ability of the writer to express his thoughts competently, in accordance with the spelling norms existing in this era, as well as spelling and punctuation norms. The ability to write correctly is the main feature of the written culture of human speech!

Bibliography.

Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Culture and art of speech. Rostov-on-Don 1999;

Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture.-M, 1990;

Bubnova G. I., Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communication: Syntax and prosody. M., 1991;

Vakhek I.K. Problems of written language. M 1967;

Zaliznyak A.A. On the concept of grapheme, linguistic research. M, 1979;

Champmore. Fundamentals of Russian puncture. M, 1955;

Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Oral speech as a means and subject of education. Moscow: Flinta, 1998;

Formanovskaya N.I. Speech etiquette and culture of communication. Moscow: Higher school, 1989;

Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. Moscow: Pedagogy, 1989;

Vygotsky L.S. Pedagogical psychology. Moscow: Pedagogy, 1991;

Maksimov V. I. Russian language and culture of speech, M .: Gardariki, 2004;

Bubnova G. I., Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communication: syntax and prosody. M., 1991. S. 8.

oral has its peculiarities. Written speech uses bookish language, use ... perspectives related to the improvement of culture oral and written speeches. So, oral speech Ultimately, it's culture...

1. Violation prevention written speeches

   Abstract >> Pedagogy

   ... written speeches. Research objectives: to reveal the content of concepts, dyslexia”, dysgraphia”; explore peculiarities... Enlightenment, 1972. - 264 p. Efimenkova, L.N. Correction oral and written speeches in primary school students / L.N. Efimenkov. – M.: VLADOS...

Philological sciences \ 7 . Language, speech, speech communication

Ph.D., docentBaigozhin J.M.

Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute, Kazakhstan, Pavlodar

Oral, written form of speech - genres of speech.

1. Features of oral and written forms of speech.
2. Codified oral speech, its features.
3. Conversational speech, its features.
4. Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features.

1. Features of oral and written speech

A foreign language exists in two forms: oral and written:

Oral speech:

sounding;

· created in the process of speaking;

· verbal improvisation and some linguistic features are characteristic (freedom in the choice of vocabulary, the use of simple sentences, the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds, repetitions, incomplete expression of thought).

Written speech:

· graphically fixed;

· can be thought out and corrected in advance;

· some linguistic features are characteristic (the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, passive constructions, strict adherence to language norms, the absence of extralinguistic elements).

Oral speech also differs from written speech by the nature of the addressee; written speech is usually addressed to those who are absent; the one who writes does not see his reader, but can only mentally imagine him; the reaction of those who read it does not affect written speech; on the contrary, oral speech assumes the presence of an interlocutor speaker and the listener not only hears, but also see each other; therefore, oral speech often depends on how it is perceived by the reaction of approval or disapproval, the replicas of listeners, their smiles and laughter - all this can affect the nature of speech, change it depending on this reaction .

The speaker creates, creates his speech at once. He simultaneously works on content and form. The writer has the opportunity to improve the written text, return to it, change, correct.

The nature of the perception of oral and written speech is also different. Written speech is designed for visual perception. While reading, there is always the opportunity to reread an incomprehensible place several times, make extracts, clarify the meanings of individual words, and check the correct understanding of terms in dictionaries.

Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means are needed. Therefore, oral speech must be constructed and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily absorbed by listeners.

The written form of speech is most often represented by a normalized (codified) language, although there are such genres of written speech as statements, letters, reports, announcements, etc., in which the spoken language and even vernacular can be reflected.

The oral form of speech is heterogeneous in stylistic terms and manifests itself in three varieties: normalized (codified) speech, colloquial speech, and vernacular.Each of these varieties is characterized by special communicative and stylistic features.

Codified oral speech, its features to The communicative features of codified (normalized) speech include:

· formality of communication, installation on official communication;

· prepared speech.

The stylistic features of normalized speech are:

· compliance with the literary norm;

· greater correlation with the written form of speech;

common understanding;

H Small number of options for language units. colloquial speech, its features. To communicative features of colloquial speech include:

· ease of communication;

· informal communication environment;

· unprepared speech.

The stylistic features of colloquial speech are:

· a tendency towards the free production of language units and an inclination towards the automatism of speech;

· widespread use of speech stereotypes;

· consituativity (reliance on the situation as an integral part of the communicative act);

· variability, mobility of language means.

Conversational speech, in comparison with a codified language, has features that manifest themselves at all levels of the language system: phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Phonetic features of colloquial speech:

· great variation in pronunciation;

· territorial variants of pronunciation;

· reduction of pronunciation, loss of sounds (incomplete style).

Lexical features of colloquial speech:

· stylistically neutral vocabulary is widely represented, words from the common language are used (common vocabulary);

· free formation of new words;

· the use of words with different stylistic coloring (interlacing of book, colloquial, colloquial words);

· expansion of the meaning of the words of the national language

Of the numerous morphological features of the language, colloquial speech is characterized by:

· lack of declension in complex and compound numbers;

· the absence of a simple superlative form of adjectives (such as the most interesting) and a complex comparative degree (such as more interesting), little use of short forms of the adjective (such as interesting, significant);

· the widespread use of verbs in the form of the past tense and the present narrative when talking about past events (such as: I was walking yesterday and suddenly I see ...);

· lack of participles and participles;

· wide use of pronouns;

· wide use of particles, interjections.

Syntactic features of colloquial speech:

· ellipticity (omission of sentence members that are easily recovered from the situation);

· repetition of words (to express an increase in action, a sign: do-do; go-go; far, far);

· unfinished sentences;

· widespread use of insert structures, introductory words and sentences, clarifications, explanations;
4. Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features

The communicative qualities of vernacular are represented by the following features:

· speech "non-distinguishing" of communicative spheres of official and unconstrained communication;

· the absence of specific forms of etiquette (polite and emphatically polite treatment) or their mixture;

· mixing functional and stylistic forms of speech behavior;

· free inclusion of units of other forms (colloquial speech, codified language, professional jargons) depending on the topic and situation (the desire for intuitive-thematic differentiation of language means);

· the presence of "official" and relaxed forms;

· coexistence of a special written form (announcements, statements, letters);

· a significant degree of individual variability in the speech of speakers;

· greater severity of trends common to colloquial speech with colloquial speech (tendencies towards saving speech costs and simplification);

· communicative inconsistency of the statement with the sphere of the addressee and impaired feedback with the interlocutors.

Literature:

1. L.A. Vvedenskaya and P.P. Chervinsky "Theory and Practice of Russian Speech" [Rostov-on-Don, 1997–480s.]

2. Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A. About the Nationally Marked Nomination in the Russian Language// Russian Language at School, 1997, No. 6

3. Solodub Yu.P., Albrecht F.B. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary and phraseology (comparative aspect). - M., 2002

4. Solganik G.Ya. Explanatory Dictionary: Language of the newspaper, radio television.-M., 2004

1. Baigozhina Zhanar Manatbekovna

2. candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor, head Dept. foreign languages

3. Pa in Lodar State Pedagogical Institute, Kazakhstan , Pavlodar

The purpose of the lecture: to form an idea about the features of different forms of speech (oral and written), about the signs of a codified language, about the genres of speech.

Plan

§ 1. Features of oral and written forms of speech.
§ 2. Codified oral speech, its features.
§ 3. Colloquial speech, its features.
§ 4. Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features.
§ 5. The concept of speech genre.

§ I. Features of oral and written forms of speech

Russian literary language exists in two forms: oral and written:

Each of these forms has its own characteristics, which are described in detail in the book by L.A. Vvedenskaya and P.P. Chervinsky "Theory and practice of Russian speech" [Rostov n / D, 1997].
Oral speech:
- sounding;
- created in the process of speaking;
- verbal improvisation and some linguistic features are characteristic (freedom in the choice of vocabulary, the use of simple sentences, the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds, repetitions, incomplete expression of thought).
Written speech:
- graphically fixed;
– can be thought out and corrected in advance;
- some linguistic features are characteristic (the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, passive constructions, strict adherence to language norms, the absence of extralinguistic elements).
Oral speech differs from written speech also in the nature of the addressee. Written speech is usually addressed to those who are absent. The one who writes does not see his reader, but can only mentally imagine him. Written speech is not affected by the reaction of those who read it. On the contrary, oral speech presupposes the presence of an interlocutor. The speaker and the listener not only hear, but also see each other. Therefore, oral speech often depends on how it is perceived. The reaction of approval or disapproval, the audience's remarks, their smiles and laughter - all this can affect the nature of the speech, change it depending on this reaction.
The speaker creates, creates his speech at once. He simultaneously works on content and form. The writer has the opportunity to improve the written text, return to it, change, correct.
The nature of the perception of oral and written speech is also different. Written language is designed for visual perception. While reading, there is always the opportunity to reread an incomprehensible place several times, make extracts, clarify the meanings of individual words, and check the correct understanding of terms in dictionaries. Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means are needed. Therefore, oral speech should be constructed and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily assimilated by listeners.
Here is what I. Andronikov wrote about the different perception of oral and written speech in the article “Word written and spoken”:
“If a person goes on a love date and reads his beloved an explanation from a piece of paper, she will laugh at him. Meanwhile, the same note sent by mail can touch her. If a teacher reads the text of his lesson from a book, this teacher has no authority. If an agitator uses a cheat sheet all the time, you can know in advance: such an agitator does not agitate anyone. If a person in court begins to testify on a piece of paper, no one will believe these testimonies. A bad lecturer is one who reads with his nose buried in a manuscript brought from home. But if you print the text of this lecture, it may be interesting. And it turns out that it is boring not because it is empty, but because written speech has replaced live oral speech in the department.
What's the matter here? The point, it seems to me, is that the written text is an intermediary between people when live communication is impossible between them. In such cases, the text acts as a representative of the author. But if the author is here and can speak himself, the written text becomes a hindrance in communication” [L.A. Vvedenskaya, P.P. Chervinsky. Decree. work., p. 200–201].
The written form of speech is most often represented by a normalized (codified) language, although there are such genres of written speech as statements, letters, reports, announcements, etc., in which the spoken language and even vernacular can be reflected. In the conditions of electronic communication, a new form of speech arises, a new form of speech interaction - written colloquial speech, which implements oral colloquial speech in writing. It is no coincidence that a new term appeared in Russian studies - “natural written Russian speech”, which refers to the written version of oral speech. This written form of speech is characterized by spontaneity, informality, ease of communication, like oral speech [see. about this: Lebedeva N.B. Natural written Russian speech as an object of linguistic research // Bulletin of the Barnaul State Pedagogical University. 2001. No. 1, p. 4–10]. This variety includes, for example, the language of chat rooms (chat rooms are one of the most visited places on the Russian Internet). Chats are not controlled from the point of view of compliance with the language norms in them, communication is carried out in real time, the written form of speech transmission is combined with the features of oral colloquial speech. However, this new, emerging, specific type of communication has not yet been sufficiently studied.
Radio speech is a special type of oral speech. She is heterogeneous. Its polar varieties are the announcer's reading of official information and the recording of spontaneous speech during the interview (especially with a hidden microphone). Between them is the speech of a correspondent or commentator, based on a written text, but including elements of a relaxed, spontaneous speech.
Speeches of famous politicians, artists, scientists and cultural figures in talk shows are an example of everyday oral speech and are perceived by listeners as an authoritative norm.
The oral form of speech is heterogeneous in stylistic terms and manifests itself in three varieties: normalized (codified) speech, colloquial speech, and vernacular. Each of these varieties is characterized by special communicative and stylistic features. Term communicative features of speech corresponds to the term communication. Communication in linguistics is communication, message; the functioning of the language as a means of human communication, therefore, the communicative features of speech are the features that determine the functioning of the language in the process of human interaction.
Term stylistic features means that they belong to one of the styles of the language. Style in linguistics, it is a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the spheres of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics [Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. M., 1990, p. 494].

§ 2. Codified oral speech, its features

To communicative features codified (normalized) speech include:
– formality of communication, installation on official communication;
- preparedness of speech.
Style features normalized speech are:
- compliance with the literary norm;
- greater correlation with the written form of speech;
- general understanding;
- a small possibility of choosing options for language units.

§ 3. Colloquial speech, its features

To communicative features colloquial speech include: - ease of communication; -informal atmosphere of communication; - unpreparedness of speech.
Style features colloquial speech are:
- a tendency towards the free production of language units and an inclination towards the automatism of speech;
- wide use of speech stereotypes;
- consituativity (reliance on the situation as an integral part of the communicative act);
– variability, mobility of language means.
Conversational speech, in comparison with a codified language, has features that manifest themselves at all levels of the language system: phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic.
Phonetic features colloquial speech:
– great variability of pronunciation;
- territorial variants of pronunciation;
- reduction of pronunciation, loss of sounds (incomplete style). Lexical Features colloquial speech:
- stylistically neutral vocabulary is widely represented, words from the common language are used (common vocabulary);
- free formation of new words (occasionalisms - "words on occasion");
- the use of words with different stylistic coloring (interlacing of book, colloquial, colloquial words);
- expansion of the meaning of the words of the national language.
Of the numerous morphological features language for colloquial speech is characterized by:
- lack of declension in complex and compound numbers;
- the absence of a simple superlative form of adjectives (such as most interesting) and complex comparative degree (such as more interesting), little use of short forms of the adjective (such as interesting, significant)
- the widespread use of verbs in the form of past tense and present narrative when talking about past events (such as I was walking yesterday and suddenly I see ...);
- the absence of participles and participles;
- wide use of pronouns;
- wide use of particles, interjections. Syntactic features colloquial speech:
- ellipticity (omission of members of the sentence, which are easily restored from the situation);
- repetition of words (to express the strengthening of an action, a sign: do-do, go-go, far, far away);
- unfinished sentences;
- wide use of plug-in structures, introductory words and sentences, clarifications, explanations;
- special colloquial constructions: appeals; evaluation constructs like still would! And how! well well!; concatenations of verbs like picked up and arrived.

§ 4. Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features

The communicative qualities of vernacular are represented by the following features:
- verbal "non-distinguishment" of the communicative spheres of official and unconstrained communication;
- the absence of specific forms of etiquette (polite and emphatically polite treatment) or their mixture;
- mixing of functional and stylistic forms of speech behavior; -free inclusion of units of other forms (colloquial speech,
codified language, professional jargons) depending on the topic and situation (the desire for intuitive-thematic differentiation of language means);
- the presence of official and relaxed forms;
- coexistence of a special written form (announcements, statements, letters);
- a significant degree of individual variability in the speech of speakers;
- greater severity of trends common to colloquial speech with colloquial speech (tendencies towards saving speech costs and simplification);
- communicative inconsistency of the statement with the sphere of the addressee and impaired feedback with the interlocutors;
- great reliance on the personal speech experience of the speaker [Vvedenskaya L.A., Chervinsky P.P. Decree. work., p. 208 209].
Style features vernacular are: -addresses to you to strangers;
- mixing you and you within the limits of communication with one communicant;
- non-distinguishing between expressively colored and emphatic (reinforced) forms, their inclusion in speech along with neutral ones;
- a wide range of forms of address, communicative activity of vocative forms to create the tone of relations in the act of communication;
- an abundance of diminutive forms;
- impaired use in speech of stylistically marked models of the codified literary language (usually units of official business style);
- a significant degree of reduction and compression of sounds, greater than in colloquial speech; even less clarity of pronunciation of sounds, often beyond the threshold of their distinguishability;
- omissions, omissions, structural and semantic impairment of the statement, inconsistency of mutual replicas of the dialogue [Decree. work., p. 209].

§ 5. The concept of speech genre

The genres of oral and written speech are diverse. The term "genre" (from the French. qenre- genus, species) in linguistics is usually understood as certain situational-thematic types of speech (genre types).
One of the first researchers of speech genres was M.M. Bakhtin [see: Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres // Aesthetics of verbal creativity. M., 1975], who distinguished in colloquial speech "salon", "familiar", "circle", "family and household", "socio-political" and other genres. He also named short speech genres: greetings, farewells, congratulations, wishes, etc. The presence of such genres M.M. Bakhtin explained by the fact that “every stable everyday situation has a certain organization of the audience, therefore, a certain repertoire of small everyday genres” [Decree. work., p. 258]. Based on the foregoing, it can be stated that speech genres are diverse, since speech situations, life events are diverse (for example: interviews, telephone remarks, letters, health awareness, speech at a meeting, etc.).
There are various genres of written speech that are associated with the functional styles of the language (see Chapter 6). There are genres of artistic style (novel, story, etc.), genres of official business style (decree, law, order, protocol, etc.) (see Chapter 8), genres of scientific style (article, monograph, annotation and many others) (see Ch. 7), genres of journalistic style (essay, note, feuilleton, etc. (see Ch. 9).
Thus, “a genre can be defined as a type of speech work distinguished within the framework of one or another functional style, characterized by the unity of the constructive principle, the originality of the compositional organization of the material and the stylistic structures used” [Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V. AT. Functional types of Russian speech. M, 1982, p. 156].

Summary

Russian literary language exists in two forms: oral and written. Oral speech is speech uttered in the process of speaking; is the basis for conversational style. Written speech is a speech created with the help of visible (graphic) signs on any material. Official business, journalistic, scientific styles function in oral and written form.
The main features of oral and written speech are:

Normalized speech is considered codified, which is characterized by the following features: compliance with the literary norm, correlation with the written form of speech, general intelligibility, readiness, attitude towards official communication.
The features of colloquial speech are:

Vernacular - words, expressions, forms of word formation and inflection, pronunciation features that deviate from the literary norm and have a shade of stylistic reduction, rudeness (“head”, “gut is thin”, “we want”, instead of “we want”, etc.). Colloquialism is characterized by vivid expression, borders on colloquial elements, but is not allowed in a normalized (literary) language. The genres of oral and written forms of speech are diverse and are determined by the style of speech, the situation of speech communication.

Terms for Chapter I

Codification- in linguistics: ordering and fixing of language norms; rationing.
Communication– in linguistics: communication, message; the functioning of language as a means of human communication.
vernacular- a word, a form of a word, a phrase that does not correspond to the literary norm, is unacceptable in the literary language.
Speech- historically established form of communication; a way of creating and expressing thoughts through language in the process of communication; the process and result of speech-thinking activity.
Style- in linguistics: a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

Questions for self-control

1. Name the forms of the Russian literary language.
2. What are the features of the oral form of speech.
3. What are the signs of a written form of speech.
4. What varieties are distinguished in oral speech?
5. Name the communicative features of codified speech.
6. Name the communicative features of colloquial speech.
7. Name the communicative features of vernacular.
8. Name the style features of codified speech.
9. Name the style features of colloquial speech.
10. What are the style features of vernacular.
11. What type of oral speech is a scientific report, a presentation at a seminar, a conversation with friends or family?

Topic 1.2 Specifics of oral and written speech

1. Features of oral and written forms of speech.
2. Codified oral speech, its features.
3. Conversational speech, its features.
4. Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features.

1. Features of oral and written forms of speech

Russian literary language exists in two forms: oral and written:

Each of these forms has its own characteristics, which are well described in the book and Theory and Practice of Russian Speech. [Rostov-on-Don, 1997. - 480p.]

Oral speech:- sounding; - created in the process of speaking; - verbal improvisation and some linguistic features are characteristic (freedom in the choice of vocabulary, the use of simple sentences, the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds, repetitions, incomplete expression of thought).

Written speech:- graphically fixed; - can be thought out and corrected in advance; - some linguistic features are characteristic (the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, passive constructions, strict adherence to language norms, the absence of extralinguistic elements).

Spoken language differs from written language in the nature addressee. Written speech is usually addressed to those who are absent. The one who writes does not see his reader, but can only mentally imagine him. Written speech is not affected by the reaction of those who read it. On the contrary, oral speech presupposes the presence of an interlocutor. The speaker and the listener not only hear, but also see each other. Therefore, oral speech often depends on how it is perceived. The reaction of approval or disapproval, the audience's remarks, their smiles and laughter - all this can affect the nature of the speech, change it depending on this reaction. The speaker creates, creates his speech at once. He simultaneously works on content and form. The writer has the opportunity to improve the written text, return to it, change, correct. The nature of the perception of oral and written speech is also different. Written language is designed for visual perception. While reading, there is always the opportunity to reread an incomprehensible place several times, make extracts, clarify the meanings of individual words, and check the correct understanding of terms in dictionaries. Oral speech is perceived by ear. To reproduce it again, special technical means are needed. Therefore, oral speech should be constructed and organized in such a way that its content is immediately understood and easily assimilated by listeners.

Here is what I. Andronikov wrote about the different perception of oral and written speech in the article "The Word Written and Spoken": If a person goes on a love date and reads an explanation to his beloved from a piece of paper, she will laugh at him. Meanwhile, the same note sent by mail can touch her. If the teacher reads the text of his lesson from the book, authority this teacher does not. If a agitator uses a cheat sheet all the time, you can know in advance - this one does not agitate anyone. If a person in court begins to testify on a piece of paper, no one will believe these testimonies. A bad lecturer is one who reads with his nose buried in a manuscript brought from home. But if you print the text of this lecture, it may be interesting. And it turns out that it is boring not because it is empty, but because written speech has replaced live oral speech in the department. What's the matter here? The point, it seems to me, is that the written text is an intermediary between people when live communication is impossible between them. In such cases, the text acts as a representative of the author. But if the author is here and can speak himself, the written text becomes a hindrance in communication. [Decree. work., p.200-201].

The written form of speech is most often represented by a normalized (codified) language, although there are such genres of written speech as statements, letters, reports, announcements, etc., in which the spoken language and even vernacular can be reflected. The oral form of speech is heterogeneous in stylistic terms and manifests itself in three varieties: normalized (codified) speech, colloquial speech, and vernacular. Each of these varieties is characterized by special communicative and stylistic features. Codified oral speech, its features.
The communicative features of codified (normalized) speech include: - formality of communication, attitude towards official communication; - preparation of speech. The stylistic features of normalized speech are: - compliance with the literary norm; - greater correlation with the written form of speech; - general comprehensibility; a small possibility of choosing options for language units.
Conversational speech, its features. The communicative features of colloquial speech include: - ease of communication; - informal communication environment; - unpreparedness of speech.

The stylistic features of colloquial speech are:

Tendency towards the free production of language units and a tendency towards the automatism of speech; - wide use of speech stereotypes; - consituativity (reliance on the situation as an integral part of the communicative act); - variability, mobility of language means.

Conversational speech, in comparison with a codified language, has features that are manifested in all language levels systems: phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Phonetic features of colloquial speech:- great variability of pronunciation; - territorial variants of pronunciation; - reduction pronunciation, loss of sounds (incomplete style).

Lexical features of colloquial speech:

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is widely represented, words from the common language (common vocabulary) are used; - free formation of new words (occasionalisms - "words on occasion"); - the use of words with different stylistic coloring (interlacing of book, colloquial, colloquial words); - expansion of the meaning of the words of the national language.

Of the numerous morphological features language for colloquial speech is characterized by:

Lack of declension in complex and compound numbers; - the absence of a simple form of the superlative degree of adjectives (of the most interesting type) and a complex comparative degree (of the more interesting type), little use of short forms of the adjective (of the type interesting, significant); - wide use of verbs in the form of past tense and present narrative when talking about past events (such as: I was walking yesterday and suddenly I see ...); - lack of attachments and gerunds; - widespread use pronouns, particles, interjections.

Syntactic features of colloquial speech:

Ellipticity (omission of sentence members that are easily recovered from the situation); - repetition of words (to express an increase in action, a sign: do-do; go-go; far, far); - unfinished sentences; - widespread use of plug-in structures, introductory words and sentences, clarifications, explanations; - special colloquial constructions: appeals, evaluative constructions such as: Still!, Still how!, Well, well!; associations of type verbs took and came.
4. Vernacular as a form of oral speech, its features

The communicative qualities of vernacular are represented by the following features:

Speech "indistinguishability" of the communicative spheres of official and unconstrained communication; - the absence of specific forms of etiquette (polite and emphatically polite treatment) or their mixture; - mixing of functional and stylistic forms of speech behavior; - free inclusion of units of other forms (colloquial speech, codified language, professional jargons) depending on the topic and situation (the desire for an intuitive-thematic differentiation language means); - the presence of "official" and unconstrained forms; - coexistence of a special written form (announcements, statements, letters); - a significant degree of individual variability in the speech of speakers; - greater severity of trends common to colloquial speech with colloquial speech (tendencies towards saving speech costs and simplification); - communicative inconsistency of the statement with the sphere of the addressee and impaired feedback with the interlocutors; - great reliance on the personal speech experience of the speaker.

The stylistic features of vernacular are:

Appeals to "you" to strangers; - mixing "you" and "you" within communication with one communicant; - indistinguishability of expressively colored and emphatic (reinforced) forms, their inclusion in speech along with neutral ones; - a wide range of forms of address; - an abundance of diminutive forms; - impaired use in speech of stylistically marked models of the codified literary language (usually units of official business style); - a significant degree of reduction and compression of sounds, greater than in the RR; even less clarity of pronunciation of sounds, often beyond the threshold of their distinguishability; - omissions, omissions, structural and semantic impairment of the statement, inconsistency of mutual replicas of the dialogue.

Questions for self-control

2. What are the features of the oral form of speech.

3. What are the signs of a written form of speech.

4. What varieties are distinguished in oral speech?

5. Name the communicative features of codified speech.

6. Name the communicative features of colloquial speech.

7. Name the communicative features of vernacular.

8. Name the style features of codified speech.

9. Name the style features of colloquial speech.

10. What are the style features of vernacular.

11. What kind of oral form is a scientific report, a speech at a seminar, a conversation with friends or family?