Nostradamus, Madame Lenormand, Olivatus - all of them at different times predicted the appearance and fate of Napoleon Bonaparte. And every major milestone in the life of this little emperor was marked by the appearance of a comet. Why did he not listen to the predictions from above?
First comet
Napoleon Bonaparte always considered himself the chosen one. Why not? After all, even the sky indicated that an outstanding person should be born. A week before Napoleon was born, a bright comet hovered over Europe. By that time, Corsica had recently come under the jurisdiction of France, and Bonaparte, who was born there, became French by birth. As a teenager, he tried himself in military affairs, and, most likely, he would have managed to make an officer's career in the usual way, but with the death of his father he had to leave the service and provide for his family. It is said that Napoleon even planned to serve in the Russian army due to his good army content.
Everything changed with the revolution that came to France. Very quickly, the ambitious officer rose to the rank of divisional general, and at the same time fell in love.
Madame Lenormand
By the time of meeting the future ruler of France, fate Josephine was supposed to be ugly, life was short, and death was shameful. The fact is that her husband was sentenced to death by order of Robespierre. According to the laws of that time, Josephine faced the same fate. But madam Lenormand, the famous fortune-teller, to whom the girl rushed in despair, predicted not death at all for her. According to the fortune-teller, only her husband will be executed, and Josephine herself will not only come out of the water dry, but will also become an empress. Empress in the republic? Josephine laughingly promised the fortune teller her imperial patronage.
Everything came true as predicted by Madame Lenormand. There was a coup d'état, as a result of which the captives of Robespierre were freed, and his life ended with a guillotine. Napoleon also became a client of Lenormand at one time. It was predicted to him that his whole future fate would be "tied" to the woman. That with her help he will ascend the throne and achieve world fame, but if he betrays her, then everything will end in tears. Indeed, when Napoleon met Josephine, her connections greatly contributed to the advancement and establishment of Bonaparte in the political arena. In 1796, a leap year, they got married.
Madame Lenormand predicted the fate of Josephine "inside and out." Napoleon needed an heir, and Josephine could not give one. Therefore, the divorce predicted by the fortuneteller was initiated. But according to Lenormand, Josephine had to remain empress, which had not happened before. And so it happened: after the divorce, Josephine retained the title, the entire courtyard, maintenance and beloved Malmaison estate remained at her disposal. Josephine's descendants still rule Europe, as predicted by the seer. But the descendants of Napoleon were less fortunate: only one of them received the throne, and then not for long.
Nostradamus
After Napoleon was crowned, the quatrain became clear Nostradamus, in which he warned about the appearance of the prince-butcher from the lands near Italy. In another of his quatrains, Nostradamus says that a ruler will come, who will not be called by the names of kings, will favor a foreign woman and England will bow before him along with Spain and Italy. And so it happened. Both of Bonaparte's wives were not born in France, and the ruler did not bear a royal dynastic name like Charles or Louis. And one more prediction of the great soothsayer concerns Napoleon: Nostradamus wrote that for 14 years a "shaved head" will be the ruler. And so it happened - Napoleon wore a short haircut and was the French ruler for 14 years.
NAPOLEON I Bonaparte (1769 - 1821) French statesman, commander, emperor in 1804-1814 and in March - June 1815. He began military service in 1785 with the rank of junior lieutenant of artillery; advanced during the Great French Revolution.
In November 1799 he made a coup d'état (18 Brumaire), as a result of which he became the first consul, who in fact concentrated in his hands over time all the power; in 1804 he was proclaimed emperor. He carried out a number of reforms (the adoption of the civil code, the founding of the French Bank). Thanks to victorious wars, he significantly expanded the territory of the empire, made most of the states of Western and Central Europe dependent on France. The defeat of Napoleon's troops in the war of 1812 against Russia marked the beginning of the collapse of the empire of Napoleon I. The entry of the troops of the anti-French coalition in Paris in 1814 forced Napoleon I to abdicate. He was exiled to the island of Elba. He re-took the French throne in March 1815 (see "One Hundred Days"). After the defeat at Waterloo, he abdicated the throne for the second time (June 22, 1815). The last years of his life he spent on the island of St. Helena as a prisoner of the British.
Napoleon's early life
The second son in a poor Corsican noble family of Charles and Letizia Buonaparte (only 5 sons and 3 daughters). He studied at the Royal Military School in Brienne and at the Paris Military School (1779-1785), from which he graduated with the rank of lieutenant. At the beginning of the French Revolution, Napoleon shared Jacobin sentiments. In 1793, Captain Bonaparte carried out a brilliant operation, culminating in the capture of Toulon, occupied by the British, which earned the young officer the rank of brigadier general. Then Bonaparte distinguished himself during the dispersal of the royalist rebellion in Paris (1795), for which he was appointed commander of the Italian army. In the Italian campaign (1796-97), Napoleon's military leader's genius manifested itself in all its splendor. The Austrian generals could not oppose anything to the lightning-fast maneuvers of the French army, poor, poorly equipped, but inspired by revolutionary ideas and led by Bonaparte. Bonaparte's name resounded throughout Europe. After the very first victories, Napoleon began to claim an independent role, so the Government of the Directory gladly sent him on the Egyptian expedition (1798-1799). While Napoleon was fighting in Egypt, the crisis of power in Paris reached its climax. Under these conditions, the returned popular general dispersed the corrupt Directory and proclaimed the consular regime, while Napoleon declared himself first consul (the second and third consuls had only advisory votes). Later, Napoleon passed through the Senate a decree on the life of his powers (1802), and then proclaimed himself emperor of the French (1804). The internal policy of Napoleon was to strengthen his personal power as a guarantee of the preservation of the results of the revolution. All these conquests were supposed to be ensured by the Civil Code (1804), which went down in history as the code of Napoleon. Napoleon carried out a number of reforms; administrative and legal innovations of Napoleon laid the foundation of the modern state, many of them are still valid today.
The economic policy was to ensure the primacy of the French industrial and financial bourgeoisie in the European market. This was hindered by British capital, the predominance of which was due to the industrial revolution that had already taken place in England. England, one after another, forged coalitions against France, trying to win over the largest European powers - primarily Austria and Russia. She financed the conduct of hostilities on the continent. Napoleon planned a direct landing on the British Isles, but England was stronger at sea (at Trafalgar, the French fleet was destroyed by the English, commanded by Admiral Nelson (1805). However, a month later, at Austerlitz (now Slavkov, Czech Republic), Napoleon dealt a crushing blow to the combined Austrian and Russian Fearing the growing influence of France, Prussia opposed it, but was quickly defeated (Battle of Jena, 1806), French troops entered Berlin.Russian troops inflicted heavy losses on the French army at the Battle of Eylau (1807), but were defeated at Friedland (1807) As a result of the war, the territories of Belgium, Holland, northern Germany, parts of Italy became part of France.In the rest of Italy, in the center of Europe, in Spain (1809) kingdoms dependent on Napoleon were created, where members of his family ruled. the extremely curtailed Prussia and Austria were forced to conclude an alliance with France, which was also done by Russia (Peace of Tilsit, 1807).
Having won the victory, Napoleon signed the decree on the continental blockade (1806). From now on, France and all of its allies ceased trade relations with England. Europe was the main market for British goods, as well as colonial goods, imported mainly by England, the largest maritime power. The continental blockade damaged the British economy: a little over a year later, England was experiencing a crisis in the production of wool, the textile industry; there was a drop in the pound sterling. However, the blockade also hit the continent. French industry was not in a position to replace English on the European market. The disruption of trade relations with the British colonies led to the decline of the French port cities: La Rochelle, Marseille and others. The population suffered from a shortage of the usual colonial goods: coffee, sugar, tea ...
Crisis and fall of the Empire 
The policy of Napoleon in the first years of his reign enjoyed the support of the population - not only the owners, but also the poor (workers, farm laborers). The fact is that the revival in the economy caused a rise in wages, which was also facilitated by constant recruits for the army. Napoleon looked like the savior of the fatherland, wars caused a national upsurge, and victories - a sense of pride. After all, Napoleon Bonaparte was a man of revolution, and the marshals around him, brilliant military leaders, sometimes came from the very bottom. But gradually the people began to get tired of the war, which had lasted for about 20 years. Army kits began to cause dissatisfaction. In addition, the economic crisis erupted again (1810). The bourgeoisie, however, realized that it was not within its power to economically subjugate all of Europe. Wars in the vastness of Europe lost their meaning for her, the costs of them began to annoy. For a long time, nothing threatened the security of France, and the emperor's desire to extend his power, to ensure the interests of the dynasty played an increasingly important role in foreign policy. In the name of these interests, Napoleon divorced his first wife Josephine, from whom he had no children, and married the daughter of the Austrian emperor, Marie-Louise (1810). The heir was born (1811), but the Austrian marriage of the emperor was extremely unpopular in France.
Napoleon's allies, who accepted the continental blockade contrary to their interests, did not seek to strictly observe it. Tensions grew between them and France. The contradictions between France and Russia became more and more obvious. Patriotic movements expanded in Germany, and guerrillas did not die out in Spain. Having severed relations with Alexander I, Napoleon decided to invade Russia. The Patriotic War of 1812 marked the beginning of the end of the Empire. The huge, multi-tribal army of Napoleon did not carry the former revolutionary spirit, far from the homeland in the fields of Russia, it quickly melted away and, finally, ceased to exist. As the Russian army moved westward, the anti-Napoleonic coalition grew. The hastily assembled new French army in the "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig was opposed by Russian, Austrian, Prussian and Swedish troops (October 16-19, 1813). Napoleon was defeated and after the Allies entered Paris he abdicated the throne. He took possession of the small islet of Elba in the Mediterranean (1814).
In the train of foreign troops, the Bourbons and emigrants returned to France, anticipating the return of their property and privileges. This caused discontent and fear in French society and in the army. Taking advantage of this, Napoleon fled from Elba and, greeted by the enthusiastic shouts of the crowd, returned to Paris. The war resumed, but France was no longer able to bear its burden. "One Hundred Days" ended with the final defeat of Napoleon near the Belgian village of Waterloo (June 18, 1815). He became a prisoner of the British and was sent to the distant island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. There Napoleon spent the last six years of his life, fading away from a serious illness and the petty abuse of his jailers.
Napoleon had a phenomenal memory and capacity for work, a sharp mind, a military and state genius, the gift of a diplomat, an artist, a charm that allowed him to easily win over people. This man in the unchanged gray frock coat and cocked hat took a firm place in history, giving his name to an entire era. Napoleon's empire turned out to be fragile. However, the tragic fate of the emperor deeply shocked his contemporaries, including artists, musicians, poets, gave abundant food to romanticism that flourished in European culture in subsequent decades. The battles of Napoleon were included in military textbooks. "Napoleonic law" is at the core of the civil norms of Western democracies. The restored monarchy of the Bourbons could not destroy the results of the Revolution enshrined by Napoleon.
Napoleon as a military leader
Napoleon, as a military leader, occupies an exceptionally prominent place in history. The same extraordinary strength of mind, the same iron will and energy that marked his political activity, are manifested, perhaps with even greater vividness, in the wars he fought. The principles of the former great commanders were especially vividly expressed in the actions of Napoleon, thanks to both his own genius and the very favorable conditions created for him by the French revolution. As a result of the change in political circumstances, the war, from a private matter of governments, turned into a people's business, which possessed all the means of the country. N.'s personal view of war was that it should be a struggle of the most diverse forces, among which the first place belongs to manpower, that is, the army; only in relation to the latter do all other means acquire meaning and significance. Therefore, Napoleon was looking for an enemy army in order to defeat it wherever he found it; the points at which the fate of the Napoleonic operations (Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena, etc.) was decided were insignificant in themselves, and if the operation against Mack, in 1805, ended near Ulm, it was not at all due to the geographical importance of this fortified camp , but because the Austrian army was under its walls. Superiority in forces over the enemy army (one of the main conditions for success) Napoleon achieved by extreme exertion of all his forces at once, by deploying them in the main theater of war; to secondary theaters, he separated only an insignificant part of the army, and sometimes even completely neglected them. A high example in this respect is his unusually masterful grouping of troops throughout the theater of the war of 1805-1806. and their strategic deployment. The concentration of superior forces on the decisive point was facilitated by the speed of the marches unprecedented before Napoleon. Napoleon also possessed the art of maneuvering to the highest degree, and his maneuvers were not only a threat, limited (as was the case in the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century) to the occupation of the enemy's operational line or more advantageous, in comparison with the enemy, placing troops before battle - but and a powerful means to the destruction of the enemy army. An extraordinary master Napoleon was also in the seizure of the initiative and in the ability to keep it for himself throughout the campaign. Even when he had to wage a defensive war in which he had to surrender the initiative to the enemy (1813-14), he used every opportunity with outstanding skill to wrest the initiative from the hands of the enemy (in 1814. - his offensive against the army of Blucher, in the valley of the Marne). As a result of this, his defensive actions turned into offensive ones, carried out only within a closer framework.
It is not without reason that Napoleon is considered the creator of the new "deep, perpendicular" tactics. Although its main foundations (intermittent battle formation, columns with loose formation, the joint use of a deployed formation and columns, the allocation of a strong reserve) had been worked out even before him, they remained more in the field of theory until the French Revolution created an environment favorable to their use in business. Napoleon, of course, took advantage of these ready-made data; but he did a lot by combining all the innovations into one harmonious whole, into a logically consistent system. First of all, he laid his hand on the army divisions, which before him consisted of three types of troops, which led to excessive independence of divisional commanders, who were inclined to pursue their personal goals in battle and thereby harm such an important condition of unity of action. Selected from the infantry divisions, Napoleon subsequently brought the cavalry into large combat units and gave them the appropriate assignments for this branch of troops. The growth of armies, in terms of the convenience of managing them, caused the need, in addition to dismembering them into divisions, also the combination of the latter into units of a higher order: first - corps (from 1800), and then - private armies (in 1813 the army of Oudinot, Ney, Macdonald). These were the orders of Napoleon in organizing the troops. As for their use in battle, first of all, it should be noted the skillful use of artillery, which was expressed mainly in its massaging at the end of the battle (Friedland, Wagram) and in the creation of an artillery reserve for this purpose, not as a unit constant in the organization of the army (as this was done by the awkward imitators of Napoleon, and the reserve artillery turned into an army wagon train, which was always late on the battlefield), and in the form of a temporary unit, formed only for the duration of the battle. Preparations for a decisive strike were carried out by this artillery, while the strike itself was carried out by infantry or cavalry, brought together in large masses. The victory won was completed by relentless pursuit imposed on the cavalry. The latter was excellently used by Napoleon in the matter of intelligence about the enemy and the protection of his own troops. Remarkable is also his skillful use of the reserve in battle: its thrifty use at the beginning (Linyi, 1815) and merciless, up to complete exhaustion, during the production of a decisive attack (Lyutsen, 1813). The Napoleonic battles differ from the battles given by Frederick the Great in that the former consist of a series of private battles, completed by a general attack with all forces, and the Frederick ones were only in the latter. With a continuous order of battle, it was enough to break part of the army in order to achieve defeat and the whole at the same time; under Napoleon, due to the discontinuity of the battle order, this could not happen, and Napoleon often even sacrificed part of his forces (Oudinot under Bautzen, Her under Lucene) in order to better prepare the success of the whole. The issue of command and control of troops on the battlefield and in the theater of operations was resolved by Napoleon as follows: on the battlefield - command in the depths of the battle formation, orders-dispositions and verbal orders, which outline only the goal for the executors, the choice of means is presented to their own initiative; the scope of the team, requiring only attention and automatic execution, is narrowed to the last limit; in a word, the tactics of orders arose, replacing the tactics of the (Friedrich's) command. In exactly the same way, the issue of command and control of troops was resolved in relation to the theater of military operations, that is, by categorical orders or dispositions for each day, but only to the troops that were directly at Napoleon's disposal; the chiefs of troops, separated from him by a more or less significant distance, always kept (as far as possible) abreast of the general state of affairs in the theater of war and the general idea of the main operation. Thus, in any situation, they received the opportunity to immediately make a decision in accordance with the idea outlined by the commander-in-chief, and not waste time waiting for special orders. Communication between the main manager and minor figures was achieved through the well-known Napoleonic letters of instructions to the marshals (for example, Ney and Marmont - August 12 and 13, 1813, Davout - August 8, Oudinot - August 12).
The great military talents of Napoleon reached their apogee in the first period of his military leadership (1796-1809). He did not admit anything impossible. His energy and activity seemed to have no boundaries. He traveled 40 miles a day on horseback so that he could see everything and be convinced of everything with his own eyes. Its influence on the troops was magical. In the second period of his military career, much is already changing. Constant and extraordinary successes partially overshadowed even his bright mind and drew him to ephemeral undertakings like the campaign of 1812, when he counted on advancing with an army of 500,000 in the vast expanses of Russia with the same speed as in central Europe. Contrary to the basic rules of military science, he often began to treat with disdain for such an enemy who did not deserve it at all (as, for example, in 1813 the northern army of the Allies, contemptuously called by him "canaille, ramassis de cosaques, un tas de landwehr" - and meanwhile this army defeated his troops at Groß-Beeren and Dennewitz). The reasons for some decline of Napoleon's genius after 1809 should be attributed to fatigue and a strong change in the general state of physical strength: their decline also led to a decline in decisiveness and energy. 
General Bonaparte - Commander of the Italian Army
General Bonaparte leads the soldiers to the attack on the Arkolsky bridge
First Consul of the French Republic Napoleon Bonaparte
Emperor of France Napoleon I
Napoleon I - politician and military leader
Napoleon - the collapse of the empire
Today the architectural complex of the House of Invalids, together with the Esplanade, is one of the most beautiful monumental ensembles in Paris. In front of the building there are bronze cannons of the 16th-17th centuries. They were the ones who stood for the triumph of French arms during Napoleon's wars.
It also houses the Army Museum, which contains one of the most extensive collections of items related to the reign of the first French emperor.
On display for tourists: the emperor's marching room, his death mask, the famous gray-brown frock coat, which he wore in exile, and a rich collection of paintings dedicated to Bonaparte.
Tomb Napolena I located in the Du Dôme church, which is considered to be one of the most beautiful in Paris.
The mystic played an important role in the fate of Napoleon Bonaparte, it was not for nothing that he said: “No matter how great my material power was, my spiritual power was even greater. It came down to magic. " Napoleon Bonaparte, if he did not have the gift of foresight, then intuitively felt the events that could happen to him.
In the Laurenzian Library in Florence, an amazing relic is kept under glass - Napoleon's student notebook, in which he wrote down his home essays on the overseas colonies. The notebook is open to the last page, where the entry ends in the middle with an unfinished phrase: "Saint Helena, a small island ..."
Considering that several fortune tellers of the past described the fate and personality of Napoleon Bonaparte even before his birth, let us tell about one of such people - Philip Olivatius, who was a very famous soothsayer. In addition, he was known as a doctor and archaeologist, necromancer and spiritualist.
But the most surprising of his predictions was that he predicted the fate of Napoleon in great detail and absolutely without errors several hundred years before his birth.
The extensive manuscript surprises anyone with even a little knowledge of the life of the famous Corsican:
“France and Italy will give birth to a supernatural being ... A young hero will come from the sea ... 10 years or more he will put princes, dukes and kings to flight ... He will have two wives ... Then his enemies will burn with fire a great city, and he will enter it with his troops. He will leave the city, turned to ash, and the death of his army will come.
Lacking bread or water, his troops would be exposed to such a terrible cold that two-thirds of his army would perish. And half of the survivors will never return to his command.
Then the great man, abandoned by his friends who betrayed him, will find himself in the position of a defender and will be cramped even in his own capital by the great European peoples. The wicked will be deceived and will be destroyed by fire and more fire. "
Several quatrains of Nostradamus are also dedicated to Napoleon Bonaparte, 8th century, 57th quatrain reads:
“From a simple soldier, he will become the ruler of the empire.
Change short clothes to long ones.
Brave in battle, very bad for the church. "
The famous researchers of the legacy of Nostradamus Bois and Lepelletier believed that the fortuneteller meant Napoleon Bonaparte by the simple soldier. This is evidenced by the number of the quatrain (57). The events described by Nostradamus date back to the time when the planet Saturn (7) passed through (5) the zodiac sign Leo, that is, 1799-1802.
The French Revolution destroyed not only royal power but also military personnel. Therefore, Napoleon Bonaparte received favorable conditions for career growth. He possessed an extraordinary mind, was a talented, courageous commander, an energetic and purposeful politician, he could be classified as one of the people who, at critical moments of crisis, themselves became the creators of history.
Five years after the death of Robespierre in 1799, Napoleon overthrew the Directory, proclaiming himself the first consul of France. And in 1804 he became emperor. On the day of his coronation, he was given a monuscript of Philip Olivatius to read. Therefore, it can be assumed that Napoleon was well aware of what awaited him in the future, and did not try to change it.
2nd Century, 99th Quatrain: “The Roman land, which interpreted the omen, will be disturbed by the people of Gaul. But the Celtic nation will be afraid of the hour when Boreas will carry her army far. "
Research scientist John Hoag believed that Nastradamus was talking about the robberies and murders of Napoleon's French army in Italy in 1794-1798. The famous fortuneteller said that the French will be punished for their atrocities when they find themselves far in the north, in Russia. This is exactly what happened in 1812.
“Ready for battle, he deserts. The leader of the enemy will triumph over victory. The rearguard will defend itself. The rest will die in white territory. The whole empire will soon be transferred to an insignificant place, which will soon grow again. "
After the defeat in Russia, Napoleon became the emperor of the island of Elba. Indeed, this insignificant place soon grew: Napoleon again became emperor for 100 days.
2nd Century, 66th Quatrain: “The prisoner will avoid great danger. Soon the fate of the great will change. The people are caught in the palace. With a good omen, the city is under siege. "
In the spring of 1815 Napoleon I landed at Cannes on the Mediterranean coast of France with a small group of sailors and grenadiers loyal to him.
During the advance to Paris, the army of Napoleon's supporters increased. The king fled from Paris. And Bonaparte, having seized power, lost it 100 days later in the famous battle of Waterloo, and then was exiled to the island of St. Helena, where he spent the last six years of his life.
In October 1815, the English frigate Northumberland brought the emperor to his place of exile. There was a small English garrison on the island of Saint Helena, as well as several families of former prisoners. Here the former emperor, who had lost power, was gradually fading away from a serious illness and minor abuse of his jailers.
One of the mystical reasons for the collapse of Napoleon's empire, adherents of numerologists consider the fatal change of name, because, in their opinion, the power of numbers over the fate of a person is unlimited. Until 1800, the Emperor of France called himself Napoleon Buonaparte.
The sum of this name is 1. This is the figure of aggression, irrepressible vanity, leadership and unlimited power. According to numerologists, if the famous Corsican had not removed the letter "y" from his name, then history could have developed in a completely different way. The number of the name Bonaparte is 4, and this is the number of obscurity and defeat.
But there are several more important numbers in the fate of Napoleon. He was born on August 15, 1769, that is, the number of his birth is 1. Napoleon became emperor on December 2, 1804. The total amount is 9, this is the number of high achievements and successes. Death occurred on May 5, 1821, which in total is equal to the number 4, which overshadowed his titanic work and led to his final defeat.
According to the official version, Napoleon Bonaparte died of stomach cancer. But immediately after his death, there were rumors that he died a violent death. According to a study by contemporary French scientist Rene Maury, the exiled emperor was poisoned with arsenic.
Maury believes that the main argument in favor of his version is the fact that when the body of Napoleon Bonaparte was transported to France in 1840, 19 years after his death, it was almost untouched by decay. The famous scientist explained this phenomenon by the preservative effect of arsenic.
Maury considers the main suspect in the death of Napoleon to de Montonola, who was responsible for keeping the exiled emperor.
The count had not only the ability to get rid of his charge, but also the motive. According to Bonaparte's will, a large amount was allocated to him, which the count, who was bored far from the world, most likely could not wait to receive.
There are other versions about who could have poisoned Napoleon. Suspicion fell on one of the Bourbon agents, who, even after taking the French throne in 1814, feared Napoleon's return to France.
Almost two centuries later, historians are trying to clarify the reasons for the death of the first French emperor. The terrible storm that broke out on the night of May 4-5, 1821 on the island of St. Helena subsided at the very moment when the heart of one of the greatest people of the 19th century died forever in the chest. The last words of the famous Corsican were: "You will still hear how Paris will shout: long live the emperor!"
For 19 long years, Napoleon's grave remained unnamed. It was guarded by only one English sentry. Indeed, even after his death, Napoleon remained in exile. This is the only thing that the British authorities allowed to do to honor the memory of this outstanding historical figure, denying him the right to be buried, according to his will, on the banks of the Seine. Napoleon's jailers did not even allow his name to be carved on the stone lying on the grave.
Only in 1840 was an agreement reached on the return of Napoleon's remains to France, initiated by King Louis-Philippe. His son, on the frigate Bel-Poole, solemnly sailed from Saint Helena, taking with him those few who voluntarily went into exile after the emperor.
On December 15, 1840, the solemn funeral of Napoleon Bonaparte took place in Paris. The day was harsh and cold. But, despite this, all of Paris came out to spend the last journey of their emperor.
Napoleon Bonaparte took a firm place in history, giving his name to an entire era. The empire he created turned out to be fragile. But the tragic fate of Napoleon I, full of brilliant victories and catastrophic defeats, deeply shocked his contemporaries. They were never able to unravel the secrets of the life and death of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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“When I come to Perm-36, I have a feeling of memory that needs to be kept ... As soon as the last of us forgets what it really was, everything will immediately begin again. Therefore, it is necessary to remember, "- said Andrei Makarevich at the International Civil Forum" Pilorama ", which took place for the sixth time on the territory of the museum-camp" Perm-36 "- the only memorial complex in Russia for the history of political repressions.
The power of man is evident today. With the push of just a few buttons, he is capable of destroying all life on Earth. However, this power is limited. So far we can not prevent either drought, or catastrophic floods, or volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis ... Their consequences are always the same: in addition to the death of many people, large tracts of land become unsuitable for further living, and this entails the migration of peoples ... And it is very possible that they will come to another country not with a hand extended for help, but with a weapon!
The Tuscan Margrave Matilda was born in the 11th century and died in the 12th century. At that time, she was a unique person: domineering and tough, she not only participated in political intrigues, but also conducted full-fledged military operations. She went down in history as an ardent supporter of Pope Gregory VII.
The sky, as you know, is not very favorable to women. In the 30s of the last century, men were pilots with rare exceptions. It was they who set world records for speed, altitude, and flight range. But unexpectedly, a young ambitious American woman burst into this male profession, who managed to break many male records. No wonder in her homeland she was called nothing other than the "queen of speed".
On March 23, 1989, Captain Joseph Hazelwood entered a bar in the port city of Valdes, Alaska. It was 4 pm and he had several hours of free time while 200 million liters of crude oil were pumped into the tanker at the oil terminal. Hazelwood played darts with his assistants and drank vodka. The warm company rested at the bar all evening.
Swastika (Skt.) - a cross with ends bent at a right angle (less often - an arc). Perhaps an ancient symbol of fertility, the sun, crossed lightning, Thor's hammer, and the like. As an ornamental motif, it is found in the art of ancient cultures, as well as in antique, European medieval and folk art. In Nazi Germany, it was used as a state emblem, a distinctive sign of the Nazi party, became a symbol of barbarism and violence. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. 2000
When Giordano Bruno was stacking firewood in Rome, in Naples the inquisitors threw another rebellious monk into prison. It was Tommaso Campanella. Like Bruno, he was considered not only a philosopher, but also an astrologer and magician.
Younger son of Napoleon Bonaparte, the only one born in legal marriage, Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles Bonaparte lived a short life, he became the heir to the throne and was proclaimed emperor by Napoleon II, but was never crowned. Despite his high birth, he was isolated from the French court and parents, and in fact became a prisoner at the Austrian court. A great fate awaited him, but the Eaglet never met the Bonapartists' hopes, having died at the age of 21.
After 13 years of marriage, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to divorce the childless Josephine in order to marry a woman who could give him an heir to the throne. By that time, he already had two illegitimate sons - from Eleanor Denuelle de la Plaine and Maria Valevskaya. At the same time, the marriage was supposed to become dynastic and strengthen the position of Napoleon, making him related to the current legitimate monarch of another state. Napoleon wooed the sister of the Russian Emperor Alexander I, but was refused. Then his choice fell on the daughter of the Austrian emperor Franz I, Marie-Louise. Their wedding took place in 1810, and a year later they had a son, Napoleon Francois Joseph Charles, who received the title of King of Rome.
After the economic crisis and military collapse, Napoleon abdicated in 1814 in favor of his legitimate son, but the victors declared the Bonapartes deposed and restored the Bourbon rule in France. The Empress and her son were separated from Napoleon and sent to Austria. The defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 ended the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. His repeated abdication in favor of his son did not find support, and although the Paris legislature in June 1815 recognized Napoleon II as emperor, he was never crowned and in fact never reigned.
From the age of 4, Napoleon Francois Joseph, nicknamed the Eaglet because the eagle was the heraldic symbol of the French emperor, grew up without a father. The mother was carried away by a new novel - her chosen one was Count Naiperg, from whom she gave birth to four children, and soon she was completely separated from her first son. In addition to the quite understandable psychological problems of the child, deprived of the attention of the parents, there were also difficulties of a political nature: the Eaglet was constantly under the supervision of the Austrian authorities and from childhood was the object of intrigues.
At the Austrian court, they made sure that the name of Napoleon was not mentioned at all, and his son was called by a second name, in the German way - Franz. The eaglet was forced to forget French and speak only German. He was deprived of the hereditary rights to the Duchy of Parma, but was granted the title of Duke of Reichstadt, after the name of one of the estates in Bohemia. Raised as an Austrian prince, he grew up in Schönbrunn Castle near Vienna, but despite his high position, he was effectively a prisoner at court. The members of the government did not take their eyes off him, because the Bonapartists pinned great hopes on Orlyonok as a possible contender for the French throne.
The young man was fond of military history, read a lot and dreamed of a military career and great deeds, but his abilities did not have time to manifest themselves. His tutor wrote about him: “ Distrustful, perhaps because of his position, which he judged very sensibly, he directed a intent, searching look at people, was able to persuade them to talk, observe them and recognize". At the age of 20, Eaglet was already in the rank of lieutenant colonel, but a year later he fell ill with pulmonary tuberculosis and in 1832 died suddenly. For a while, there were rumors that he was poisoned, but they did not find confirmation.
The eaglet never realized either his dreams or the hopes of the Bonapartists placed on him. There were no direct descendants of Napoleon I Bonaparte, and the French throne was taken by Eaglet's cousin, Prince Louis Napoleon, who proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852. Eaglet had a chance to reunite with his father only after his death, when, by order of Hitler, his remains were transported to Paris and buried near the grave of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon II became one of the most mysterious and romantic figures in French history. His fate inspired Edmond Rostand to create a play in verse "Eaglet", which became the reference book of Marina Tsvetaeva, who in her youth adored Napoleon and his son and worshiped them with such passion that she even replaced the icon in the icon case with a portrait of Napoleon. A number of her poems are dedicated to the eaglet.
Maria-Louise of Austria was the last of the.
