In the area under discussion, different concepts are widely used: general scientific (balance, integrity, integration, etc.), natural science (for example, adaptation, health), humanitarian (well-being, social maturity, personal maturity, mental balance, etc.). In most cases, the concept of harmony is revealed through the concepts of consistency and harmony. “Coordinated” means one who has attained unity, “slender” means having the correct relationship between its parts. Let us recall once again that since ancient times, harmony has been associated with the balance of oppositely directed forces. All these three concepts, which help to clarify the content of harmony, are also necessary to clarify the characteristics of personal harmony.
Harmony is a higher level of personality integration in comparison with personality stability, and stability is a higher level of personality integration in comparison with adaptation. Integration of a personality is its integrity (in accordance with the etymology of the term “integration”). The concepts of harmony and integration are quite closely related, but not equivalent. Personality can be integrated and inharmonious. But - it cannot be harmonious and non-integrated.
Unity, wholeness or integrity, consistency are very close concepts. But what kind of coherence are we talking about in relation to the individual? And what kind of inconsistency - what with what, leads to a violation of harmony? From our point of view, in answering these questions, the coordination of different plans of a person's existence comes to the fore. Personal harmony- this is the consistency and proportionality of the main aspects of the personality's being: the multidimensional space of the personality, the time and energy of the personality (both potential and realizable). The proportionality of the quantitative characteristics of the space, time and energy of the individual can be concretized as the proportionality between the volume of the space of the personality, the speed of personal time and the level of energy of the personality.
In addition, it is the correlation of the external and internal space of the personality in terms of volume, their rather close connection; correlation of external (event) and internal time of a person; correlation of potential and realizable energy; proportionality of energy and information resources. Harmony is also a balance between a sense of self-sufficiency and a sense of community (community - for example, in the Adler sense).
General scientific concepts are applicable in the study of personality. The space, time and energy of a person should be considered in the four main planes of his being: physical (objective), vital, social, spiritual. Since the personality is the highest integrator in a person, then one of the sides of personal harmony is the consistency of all plans of its existence.
Physical being(existence in physical space) is the existence in the world of bodies and objects, inclusion in the world of inanimate nature (inclusion of the individual as a body). No human functioning, effective behavior, activity and life activity are possible outside the world of objects and things, without an adequate reflection of the characteristics of this world. The body of any person has very specific physical characteristics. In physical space, a person exists as a (physical) body.
Vital being(existence in the vital space) is vital activity, inclusion in the world of living nature as an individual. All human activity is subject to biological laws and is impossible outside the world of living nature.
Social being(existence in social space) is social life, inclusion in the world of people as a person, as a member of the macro- and microsociium. Social being is immersion in interpersonal relationships, the realization of the desire to preserve interpersonal relationships or change them in the desired direction, expand their influence, strengthen authority, etc. Outside the social space, a person cannot satisfy his social needs. In the social space, the past generations of this society and its history are presented. It preserves them in the form of traditions, established social norms, rules, etc. But the social space is, first of all, the space of contemporaries, the space of the living, a community of people who are active, directly communicate with each other and influence each other.
Spiritual being- this is spiritual life, inclusion in the spiritual world as a subject with spiritual needs, this is familiarization with the highest values of human existence (ideals of morality ...). Spiritual life is also the realization of the desire to contribute to the preservation of the highest values. It is also an activity aimed at expanding the circle of people who accept those values that are justified by the subject or values to which he joined as a follower.
In the spiritual space, the subject belongs to all of humanity, is a part of it. This space exists not only in the present time, but on a wider scale: past, present and future. Spiritual space is wider than the space of a society or ethnic group. The spiritual world accumulates the experience of previous generations, preserves what has passed the test of time, which has acquired the status of timeless values.
The regularities of the bodily and mental life of an individual, the connections between them are often the subject of research. The same cannot be said about spiritual life as a subject of psychological research. Of course, the spiritual being, the spirituality of a person, the spiritual world of the individual is the subject of interdisciplinary research, and not just one psychological one. However, the spiritual culture assimilated by the individual, the humanistic values adopted by him, the canons of spiritual life, the ability to experience spiritual unity with another person, a certain community of people or the whole of humanity - all these are factors that determine the vital choices of the individual. In this regard, the consideration of the foundations of the personality will be clearly incomplete, if we do not touch upon the issues of its spiritual being.
The space of spiritual being is special. If it is possible to determine at least some parameters of the external space and personality relations (social, economic, legal ...) that make it up, in the coordinates of physical or geographical space, then the space of spiritual being does not have such coordinates. It is impossible to find any clear spatial boundaries of humanistic values or spiritual traditions. Both the meaning of human existence and the meaning of life of each individual person have no equivalents in physical spatial dimensions. These are phenomena that simultaneously belong to the inner space of the individual, and to her outer space and the space of society. Spirituality as a phenomenon of a universal human scale could not exist if the individual did not have his inner world and his own meaning of life or desire to find one.
The spiritual world is relatively independent from the rest of the spaces - physical, vital and social. Spiritual being is more inertial in its way of life than social, since the influence of natural, economic and other changes in life on it is mediated.
These spaces are external to a person. The inner space of the personality exists, since a person is endowed with the ability to reflect, in the course of development and complication the personality develops self-awareness. Ideas about the world and about oneself, experiences of various events, self-attitude and self-regulation, life goals and plans of the individual - all this makes up her inner space (subjective world). Outside spaces are represented in the inner world. On the other hand, in the external activity of the individual, in activity, in communication, one way or another, the inner life of the individual is reflected.
Thus, the outer space and the inner space are not separated, these spaces are intersecting. For this reason, it is more accurate to speak not only about different parts of the personal space, but also about the multitude of its dimensions.
For the harmony of the personality, it is important to balance the eventfulness of the external and internal life of a person and balance in activity, which can be divided into two streams - extraactivity and introactivity. When an activity directed outward meets any obstacles, it is not fully realized. Dissatisfaction with the results of the manifestation of external activity leads to the accumulation of negative assessments of one's own achievements. This gradually reduces the motivation for self-realization in business, in social interaction and influence. There is a redistribution of energy towards greater internal activity, which manifests itself in an intensification of the desire for self-change and self-improvement, in increased attention to one's inner world. The events taking place in it along this path of development are gaining more and more importance. In this area, the personality is to a certain extent autonomous from the surrounding social environment and therefore potentially has ample opportunities for the manifestation of activity.
Subjectively, harmony is the experience of well-being in its various aspects. Spiritual well-being is a feeling of belonging to the spiritual culture of society, awareness of the opportunity to join the riches of spiritual culture (to satisfy spiritual hunger). It is also an opportunity to accept certain higher values and freely follow them, to experience spiritual unity with another person, a certain community of people or the whole of humanity. For spiritual well-being, it is important to advance in understanding the essence and purpose of a person, to fully understand the meaning of life. Social well-being is the satisfaction of a person with his social status and the current state of society, to which the person relates himself. This is satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, status in the microsocial environment. Vital (bodily) well-being is good physical well-being, bodily comfort, a feeling of health, and physical tone satisfying the individual.
In terms of the psychological stability of an individual, harmony can be viewed as a balance between the individual supports of stability, consistency between them, the balance of their significance. An emphasis on one support can give stability, but this is imperfect stability, although it can be long-term. Peace of mind should also be understood as a balance of belief in oneself in one's own strengths and in the strength of the environment. In particular, it is a balance between the strength of the influencing cause and the strength of the response.
Every person wants to be happy, successful and rich. He wants to live a whole and harmonious life filled with meaning. This is the pinnacle of personal growth and development. And the disharmonious state of a person, which is based on many intrapersonal conflicts, is the reason why a person begins to consciously engage in self-education, self-education and self-development.
The parable of harmony
A seeker found out that there is a secret well in the mountains, which, if asked a question, will answer. It was difficult to find that well, but the seeker succeeded. Leaning over the well, he asked:
- What is life?…
For three days and three nights the man asked again and again, and the well only returned his voice. Three days later, the well realized that this man was asking sincerely, and said:
“I’ll show you what life is. Go down to the city, enter the first three shops. Then come back and tell me what you saw.
The man was surprised at this answer. However, since the well said so, he went down into the city and entered three shops. In the first, the craftsmen were busy with some metal details. In the second, strings were made. In the third, they were making something out of wood. The seeker returned to the well:
- What do you mean? What's the point here?
- I showed you the way, answered the well. - You followed it. Someday you will see the meaning.
The seeker was disappointed:
- Deception! What have I achieved by asking the well for three days and three nights ?!
After many years of wandering, he passed a garden. It was a wondrous full moon night. Someone was playing the zither. As if attracted by a magnet, the traveler entered the garden and began to listen. In the moonlight, he looked at the player. Per instrument… Suddenly the seeker realized that those masters were working on something similar! They were zithers!
- I understood! He exclaimed happily.
- There is everything in life! You just need to know how to connect it correctly. I went to three shops. Everything was there, but there was no zither. Everything was separate. Order was needed, but everything was in chaos. So in life there is everything you need. Only Integrity and Unity are lacking. And then the wonderful music of life will flow.
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START DEVELOPINGIndeed, life has everything we need for a happy, successful and rich life. Everything for a person to feel inner peace and joy. Everything to make life a pleasant bright business trip with meaning. It is simply necessary to combine all the elements of life together in order to get harmony. HARMONY (Greek harmonia - connection, harmony, proportionality) is the proportionality of parts, the fusion of various components of an object into a single organic whole. In ancient Greek philosophy - the organization of the Cosmos as opposed to Chaos. In the history of aesthetics it was considered as an essential characteristic of beauty.
PERSONAL HARMONIZATION is a process of self-development, which is aimed at achieving greater psychological harmony. In most people, an insufficient level of personal harmony is found, which can be explained by a large number of intrapersonal conflicts. Personal harmonization involves the solution of these conflicts by optimizing the initial state of the components of both the personality itself and its life. The process of harmonization leads to an increase in a person's sense of inner integrity and unity with the whole World.
A HARMONIOUS PERSONALITY begins to delight himself and those around him with his excellent health, ability to get along with people and high creative potential. A harmonious person is not ready to pay with excessive internal stress for the sake of lofty goals: his calmness and harmony are more dear to such a person. I worked - rested, talked - retired, a little bit of everything for myself and others, for health, relationships and a career. Being a hero, working to the limit and performing feats - all this is outside the interest of a harmonious personality.
The criteria for the harmonious state of the individual and her life are:
- a high degree of awareness;
- understanding yourself and your talents,
- understanding of the world around and the laws of the universe;
- a feeling of gratitude for life and unbending faith in oneself;
- life in harmony with oneself, people, nature and the Cosmos;
- understanding of their basic life values and goals;
- the presence of constant and productive development of the personality;
- the presence and maintenance of physical, mental, mental and spiritual health;
- the presence of a positive emotional background, i.e. feeling of happiness and joy;
- a feeling of unconditional love for oneself, family, friends and society as a whole;
- ease of building new interpersonal relationships;
- the optimal level of the creative process and self-realization;
- life in abundance;
- satisfaction with the process of their life in general, etc .;
It is necessary to understand that harmony is a dynamic characteristic of a personality. It is always not absolute, but only relative perfection. Simply put, the process of personal harmonization is endless, harmony has no limit. It is simply the optimal ratio of various qualities and aspirations of a person in life with certain internal and external characteristics of the personality at the present moment in time. For constant development, a small level of disharmony is required. Life is considered PERFECTLY HARMONIOUS if the balance of HARMONY AND DISHARMONY corresponds to the rule of the golden ratio, i.e. about 62% to 38%.
In general, the cosmic meaning of a person's life consists in a harmoniously flowing creative game, in achieving such parameters of his life and his personality, which are sufficiently stable to ensure the process of the formation of new forms of life, i.e. creative gameplay. To live in a balanced, whole and creative way - this, in short, is the essence of the cosmic ideal of life.
You are the Creator, Your Life is an Instrument, Your Masterpiece is Harmony. But why no one sees your creativity !!! Your instrument is not tuned at all, it does not produce the necessary notes, they do not merge into harmony !!! Your music of life is not like a masterpiece !!! What happened to you? Are you sleeping in reality? Maybe you are not aware of your inner potential? Maybe it's worth waking up already? Maybe you need to start moving towards a harmonious life?
Ask yourself a few questions right now.
Am I living a harmonious life?
Am I realizing my creativity?
Am I happy, successful and rich?
And it's not your fault if you answer all the questions in the negative. This is the structure of the system, which benefits from it. In educational institutions, we are told that you will work all your life. As a result, we concentrate most of the time on the Career, forgetting that there are other areas in life. We completely forget about our health, about our loved ones, about what we are interested in doing. There is no money, no time. There is no self-understanding and no big goal in life.
Such an existence is completely disharmonious. You do not understand who you really are, and there is no inner feeling of happiness and joy from life. You do not have a great creative goal, and success is unlikely to come to you someday. And without realizing yourself and moving towards the goal, you are unlikely to have the necessary resources. Wealth will simply bypass you and go to another person. To the one who has found himself in this life, to the one whose life is filled with meaning.
But everything always depends on you. And at any moment in your life you can start moving towards a harmonious life. You just need to decide to start taking care of your upbringing, education and development. Only self-development will help you create a harmonious life, in the center of which you will be - an integral and creative person. Happy, successful and rich !!!
^ HARMONY OF PERSONALITY
Perfect harmony arises from diversity.
Heraclitus
Health and harmony
Psychologists and psychotherapists write about personality disharmony more often than about harmony. Perhaps because the state of harmony is the only one, and there are many disharmonies. This is analogous to the fact that the state of health is also one, but there are many disorders.
The study of personality harmony is relevant for at least two reasons. First, many mental disorders begin with different depths disharmony of personality. Since the initial and desired (for return) state is harmony, the most accurate knowledge about it is necessary. Without a clear understanding of the goal, it is very easy to pass it by. Secondly, since comparison is the main method of scientific analysis, the nature of personality disharmony can be cognized only in comparison with harmony.
Both the whole world and the human world are built on the balance of driving forces, on the interaction of opposites. Most of the phenomena can be determined by one or another characteristic that has opposite poles. In comparison with the opposite, the phenomenon under study can open up from new sides. This also applies to health - it is often analyzed in comparison with disorders and diseases. Health-related concepts (and the phenomena behind them) - adaptation, psychological stability, harmony - have antonyms: maladjustment, psychological instability, disharmony. This dialectic reflects not only the harmony and severity of the conceptual apparatus, but also the most common human condition: the unity of signs of health and ill health, stability and instability, harmony and disharmony at the same time, some combination of them with an advantage in one direction or another.
Health has been associated with balance and harmony since ancient times. Alcmaeon interpreted health as harmony or balanceopposing forces(various states, warm and cold, active and motionless, etc.). The disease occurs as a consequence of the autocracy of one of these elements over the rest. Hippocrates argued that health is possible with a proportionate mixture of the main primary elements of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile).
According to Plato, health, like beauty, is determined by proportionality, requires "the consent of opposites" and is expressed in proportionate ratio of mental and physical.
^ Personal harmony as a humanitarian problem
The relevance of the thesis "Man is the measure of all things" is well understood in many civilized countries. But the implementation of this principle is difficult. Let's take a closer look at the conflict between the three worlds: natural, subject(man-made, technogenic) and social.
It is impossible to discuss the harmony of a person if you take a person apart from the environment, outside of its connections with the world. When considering what is happening in the modern world, one should choose the basic dimensions of the human world as the starting point of the analysis. These, in our opinion, are: natural world(both inanimate and wildlife), social world(the world of people, nations, ethnic groups, societies, groups of different sizes) and objective world(man-made, instrumental, technogenic). Note that they all constitute both the being of an individual person and humanity as a whole.
It is important that the present period of human development is characterized by a conflict between the three named worlds. Conflict here is understood as the expressed mismatch of these three worlds, the three sides of human existence - mismatch, causing quite tangible damage to each of the three worlds. Of particular importance is the neurotic desire of a person to redo everything in the natural world, and as quickly as possible.
The formation of the objective world proceeded in parallel with the development of the social world. Without touching on all aspects of the interconnections between the worlds, we note that with the increase and complication of the objective world, its influence on the social world grew more and more. At present, we can speak not only about the influence, but also about the restructuring of the social world under the influence of the technogenic one. For example, modern media, primarily electronic, have become a monster, little controlled by society. The few who have power over the media, unfortunately, do not reflect and do not represent all the needs of society in this area. This is manifested with particular force in Russia, which is free not only from many necessary control mechanisms, but also from regulatory ones.
In the Russian state and society there are no structures that would take into account the nature of the influence of the media on the moods, emotional states of viewers and listeners, on the emerging ideas about reality. To maintain a harmonious mood, the general tone of information about different aspects of life in the country in which a person lives is important, the ratio of positive and negative information, as well as assessments of the socio-economic situation, interpretation of the actions of central and local various spheres of the country's life.
Nowadays in Russia many politicians and political scientists, media channels compete to paint the darkest picture of tomorrow. The result is a variety of negative consequences, including in the aspect of mental health.
We mentioned the negative impact of advertising on a person in Chapter 1. It's not just that the increased volume of commercials on television and radio simply interferes with watching a program or movie, but also forces you to frequently adjust the volume. More significant is the destructive effect of advertising on the subconscious. Advertising clips make colorful, catchy, dynamic. The individual clips have nothing to do with each other. Their appearance in a film or other programs that have their own plot logic and a temporary composition thought out by the author violates the gestalt of the viewer's experience, reduces his involvement and empathy. For these and some other reasons, a work of art does not cause the effect of catharsis (purification). The cognitive processing of the perceived is also complicated, it is difficult to maintain a holistic image of the watched film, play or sports fight.
We do not assert the initial, root hostility of the objective world. Of course, this is not the case. The objective, instrumental world helped a person not only to use the riches of the natural world, but also to resist it in those cases when it was necessary (for example, in the event of a natural disaster). It is thanks to the ability to use tools, thanks to the equipment and security of objects, the human species has reached such a large number. On the other hand, with the help of the instrumental world, man conquered (and often simply destroyed) nature.
There is another conflict associated with this. Human nature is twofold: biological and social. The number of human individuals has become so huge that experts are increasingly talking about the planet being overloaded with biomass, about the inevitable reduction of resources that provide food, allow us to satisfy vital needs. Whether the instrumental world can eliminate this conflict is an open question. Another aspect is well known, but it should also be mentioned: the harmful effects of industry, transport and many other areas of human practice on nature (pollution, man-made disasters, greenhouse effect, etc.).
By now, the objective world has reached significant development and is quite complex. He more and more invades and rebuilds not only the way of life, but also many mental and bodily processes. We refer to the consequences of such "restructuring":
acceleration of the rhythm of life;
a huge increase in the production and consumption of psychoactive
drugs (hypnotics, sedatives, tonics, stimulants
shouting ...);
increased production and consumption of psychoactive drugs
substances (alcohol, drugs, toxicants).
Sometimes the instrumental world begins to duplicate, replace or overshadow the natural world. Also, the instrumental world
Extremely rich in illusion-building capabilities. Thus, virtual computer reality and new types of psychological addiction (preoccupation with computer games, Internet addiction) have emerged.
What allows a person to maintain peace of mind, find peace of mind, pacify passions or be inspired by future exploits? Answer: psychological stability of the personality. The main pillars of sustainability include the dominants of activity: dominanta of knowledge and self-knowledge, dominant activity, dominantthat interaction.
So, mental health, inner harmony and harmony with the outside world are rarely given to a person by nature in full, more often "this requires efforts and appropriate work. This cannot be achieved without an active creative attitude to one's own life. Lack of motivation for self-knowledge, self-regulation, and self-development creates a basis for the weakening of psychological stability, and then to disease.Lack of appropriate psychological competence can be the reason that a person is not aware of the connection between emotional discomfort, deepening personality disharmony and somatic disorder.
The high level of social tension characteristic of our country can be reduced through an integrated approach. This requires the use of a variety of tools and techniques. The development and dissemination of psychological culture and psychohygiene among all segments of the population should play an important role.
Personal harmony cannot be typical, but only unique. Socialization, according to A.A. Rean, proceeds in unity with another process - individualization (Rean, 1999). He emphasizes that socialization is not the antipode of individualization, allegedly leading to the leveling of the personality, individuality of a person. Rather, on the contrary: in the process of socialization and social adaptation, a person acquires his individuality, but more often complicated, and contraryeloquent way. The paradigm "from the social to the individual", which is widespread in personality psychology (and in the sciences of personality in general), undoubtedly has serious grounds and deep meaning. However, its straightforward understanding and corresponding development deprive a person of the subjective principle or consider it as insignificant.
^ Personal harmony concept
In the area under discussion, different concepts are widely used: general scientific (balance, integrity, integration), natural science (for example, adaptation, health), humanitarian (well-being, social maturity, personal maturity, mental balance). In most cases, the concept of harmony is revealed through the concepts of consistency and harmony. "Coordinated" means one who has attained unity, "slender" means having the correct relationship between its parts. Let us remind once again that since ancient times harmony is associated with the balance of oppositely directedforces. All three of these concepts help clarify the content of the harmonicnii are also necessary to clarify the characteristics of personal harmonynii.
Harmony- a higher level of integrated ™ personality in comparison with personality stability, and stability - a higher level of integrated ™ personality in comparison with adaptation. Integration of personality- this is its integrity (in accordance with the etymology of the term "integration"). The concepts of harmony and integrated ™ are quite closely related, but not equivalent. Personality can be integrated and inharmonious. But it cannot be harmonious and non-integrated.
Unity, wholeness or integrity, consistency are very close concepts. But what kind of coherence are we talking about in relation to the individual? And what kind of inconsistency - what with what, leads to a violation of harmony? From our point of view, in answering these questions, the coordination of different plans of a person's existence comes to the fore. Personal harmony is the consistency and proportionality of the main aspects of the personality's being: the multidimensional space of the personality, time and energy of the personality (both potential and realizable). The proportionality of the quantitative characteristics of the space, time and energy of the individual can be concretized as the proportionality between the volume of the space of the personality, the speed of personal time and the level of energy of the personality.
In addition, this is the correlation of the external and internal space of the individual, their rather close connection; correlation of external (event) and internal time of a person; correlation of potential and realizable energy; proportionality of energy and information resources. Harmony is also the balance between
A sense of self-sufficiency and a sense of community (community - for example, in the Adler sense).
General scientific concepts are applicable in the study of personality. The space, time and energy of a person should be considered in the four main planes of his being: physical (objective), vital, social, spiritual. Since the personality is the highest integrator in a person, then one of the sides of personal harmony is concordthe conscientiousness of all the plans of her being.
Existence in physical space(physical being) is the existence in the world of bodies and objects, inclusion in the world of inanimate nature (inclusion of the individual as a body). No human functioning, effective behavior, activity and life activity are possible outside the world of objects and things, without an adequate reflection of the characteristics of this world. The body of any person has very specific physical characteristics. In physical space, a person exists as a (physical) body.
Existence in vital space(biological being) is vital activity, inclusion in the world of living nature as an individual. All human activity is subject to biological laws and is impossible outside the world of living nature.
Existence in social space(social being) is social life, inclusion in the world of people as individuals, as a member of the macro- and microsociium. Social being is immersion in interpersonal relationships, the realization of the desire to preserve interpersonal relationships or change them in the desired direction, expand their influence, strengthen authority, etc. Outside the social space, a person cannot satisfy his social needs. It presents the past generations of this society and its history. It preserves them in the form of traditions, established social norms and rules. But social space is primarily the space of contemporaries, a community of people who are active, communicate directly with each other and influence each other.
Existence in spiritual space- this is spiritual life, inclusion in the spiritual world as a subject with spiritual needs; familiarization with the highest values of human existence (ideals of morality ...). Spiritual life is also the realization of the desire to contribute to the preservation of the highest values. It is also an activity aimed at expanding the circle of people who
Those who lack those values that are justified by the subject, or values that he joined as a follower.
In the spiritual space, the subject belongs to all of humanity, is a part of it. It exists not only in the present, but on a wider scale: past, present and future. Spiritual space is wider than the space of a society or ethnic group. The spiritual world accumulates the experience of previous generations, preserves what has passed the test of time, acquired the status of timeless values.
The patterns of the bodily and mental life of an individual have often been the subject of research. The same cannot be said about spiritual life as a subject of psychological research. Of course, spiritual being is the subject of interdisciplinary research, not just psychological one. However, the spiritual culture assimilated by the individual, the humanistic values adopted by him, the ability to experience spiritual unity with another person, a certain community of people or the whole of humanity - all these are factors that determine the vital choices of the individual. In this regard, consideration of the foundations of the personality will be incomplete if we do not touch upon the issues of its spiritual being.
The space of spiritual being is special. It, unlike some parameters of the external space and personal relations (for example, social, economic, legal), cannot be defined in the coordinates of physical or geographic space. It is impossible to find any clear spatial boundaries of humanistic values or spiritual traditions. Both the meaning of human existence and the meaning of the life of an individual person have no equivalents in physical spatial dimensions. These are phenomena that simultaneously belong to the inner space of the individual, and to her outer space and the space of society. Spirituality as a phenomenon of a universal human scale could not exist if an individual did not have an inner world, his own meaning in life or a desire to find it.
The spiritual world is relatively independent from the rest of the spaces - physical, vital and social. Spiritual being is more inertial in its way of life than social, since natural, economic and other changes have an indirect effect on it.
The inner space of the personality exists because a person is endowed with the ability to reflect; in the course of development and complication, the personality arises self-awareness. Ideas about the world and about yourself,
Experiences of various events, self-attitude and self-regulation, life goals and personality plans - all this constitutes her interior space(subjective world). Outside spaces are represented in the inner world. On the other hand, in the external activity of the personality, one way or another, its inner life is reflected.
Thus, the outer space and the inner space are not separated, but intersect. For this reason, it will be more accurate to speak not only about the various parts of the personal space, but also about the multitude of its dimensions.
It is important for the harmony of personality equilibrium eventful filledinner and outer life of a person and balance in an activesti, which can be split into two streams - extraactivity and introactivity.
In the subjective aspect, harmony is the experience of well-being in its various aspects. ^ Spiritual well-being - a feeling of belonging to the spiritual culture of society, awareness of the opportunity to join the riches of spiritual culture (to satisfy spiritual hunger). For spiritual well-being, it is important to advance in understanding the essence and purpose of a person, to fully understand the meaning of life. Social wellbeing- This is the satisfaction of a person with his social status and the current state of society, to which the person relates himself. This is also satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, status in the microsocial environment. Vital(bodily) wellbeing- good physical well-being, bodily comfort, feeling of health, physical tone satisfying the individual.
In terms of the psychological stability of an individual, harmony can be viewed as a balance between the individual supports of stability, consistency between them, the balance of their significance. An emphasis on one support can give stability, but this is imperfect stability, although it can be long-term. Peace of mind should also be understood as a balance of belief in oneself, in one's own strengths and in the strength of the environment. In particular, it is a balance between the strength of the influencing cause and the strength of the response.
^ Personal relationship harmony
Personality is both a phenomenon of individual and social being. Internal harmony is impossible without harmonious ties with the social environment, without a satisfying personality.
Nobility of social life. In turn, the harmony of interpersonal relations presupposes the consent of the individual with himself, the mood (and not "upset") of the inner world of the individual.
In the list of feelings, we single out such a type of them as interactional (dispositional) feelings, which regulate the interpersonal interaction of the subject, and their two subspecies - bringing together and moving away (Kulikov, 2003). The most important in this list are nine pairs of opposite feelings, distinguished on the basis of acceptance of another person and the desire to get closer (to reduce the interpersonal distance) or, conversely, rejection and desire to move away from him (Table 3.1).
table 3.1
^ Interactional feelings of personality
| Bonding feelings | Removing feelings |
| Unity (community) with a person (people) | Loneliness |
| Friendliness | Disgust (or dislike) |
| Kindness | Anger, anger |
| Self-righteousness | Guilt (or remorse) |
| Self sufficient value | Envy |
| Pride (for myself) | Shame (or embarrassment) |
| Appreciation (to any person or people) | Resentment |
| Respect (for any person or people) | Contempt (towards any person or people) |
| Love | Hatred (towards this person) |
Harmony is possible with sufficiently pronounced bonding feelings, exceeding the strength of the removing feelings. Probably, the more close feelings, the fuller, more perfect the harmony of the personality. But even one strong removing feeling can destroy harmony with expressed close feelings.
Disproportionate bonding feelings - sharpened, violate harmony. Unlimited unity can lead to thoughtless agreement, to community with the sameness in everything and, thus, to loss
Your own personality. The friendliness shown to everyone can lead to promiscuity in interpersonal relationships and inadequately reduced criticality in people's assessments. Kindness can turn into forgiveness (unprincipledness), and confidence can turn into inadequate self-confidence or confidence in one's own infallibility. Self-importance can turn into its own supervalue, and pride - into pride, gratitude - into exaggerated gratitude and inadequate praise, respect - into cult worship and idolatry, love - into love blindness (inability to see and perceive anything other than the object of love, fixity with impoverishment, fading into the background of the entire gamut of feelings).
Respect, which has turned into cult worship, gives rise to strong withdrawing feelings towards many others, initiates a number of withdrawing feelings - contempt, disgust, hatred. The admiration for fixation on one object can turn into fanaticism. It is especially dangerous, because it deprives the person of the ability to empathy, empathy due to the ultimate focus on something, because of the irrational acceptance of someone, devotion to something (business, idea). In the latter case, it allows you to find a sense of belonging in a circle of similar people. Having reduced the importance of the rest of society (parents, teachers, government ...), inclusion in a group of fans of one or another pop singer, a football team, a group of Tolkienists, etc. may be enough for complete self-acceptance and self-respect. their own, at the same time they begin to be perceived and evaluated as narrow-minded, limited.
Any passion has its own charm. Zeal, zeal, zeal has the beauty of strength. This is the natural phenomenon to which deep strings respond in a person. Probably, a large part of this is explained quite simply - the phenomenon of induction (psychic infectiousness), coming from a person with increased power of suggestion. In a hysterical personality, energy appears due to the reverse currents coming from others.
^ Personal development harmony
Another aspect of personality harmony is the consistency of the development and functioning of the main spheres of the personality. Since the Middle Ages in Western civilization (to which to a greater extent belong
zhit Russia) development values dominate cognitive sphere personality. However, the abundance of knowledge does not automatically make a person neither more harmonious, nor more prosperous, nor happier. This one-sided development led in the XX century. to the scientific and technological revolution without adequate, proportionate advances in humanitarian development. This is precisely the reason for the destruction of the planet's ecology and "marking time" in the spiritual sphere. In many societies and among many individuals, the tendency has increased not to waste time on feelings and emotions. This does not contribute to the spiritual and physical health of a person: the accumulated feelings and desires, breaking free, introduce a destructive element into the established life, lead to a deficit development of the emotional and sensory sphere, to a neurotization of society and a decrease in the vitality of people in many, including and highly developed (technologically) countries. It takes a lot of energy to control and contain your emotions.
As a living being, a person loses what is alive in himself. What kind of harmony of relations can we talk about if the values of competition dominate both in individual societies and in the human community as a whole? Openness to the world, bonding feelings often break through only in moments of tragedy.
Nowadays, the dominance in Russian ethnic groups of values of individualism-collectivism, considered as the poles of one scale, is often discussed. These two values can most likely be seen as opposite. In Russian ethnic groups, a definite advance towards individualistic ™ is noticeable. Given the danger and increased volatility of extremes, it is possible to regard the move from the pole of collectivism as a positive phenomenon. However, two essential points should be emphasized here. First, the other extreme is undesirable. Secondly, it would be more constructive both on a personal and social scale to advance not towards individuality, but to a full indiespecialties each member of society. This can lead, first of all, to an orientation towards the values of self-acceptance, a fuller acceptance of one's own individuality and the acceptance of the individuality of others. On a personal level, this is associated with an intensification of the feeling of self-sufficiency, and on a social level - the continuation of the personal - this will manifest itself in such urgently needed aspects of the attitude towards another person, another ethnic group, another society, another religion, such as tolerance. Individualism without individuality is a variant of disharmony both at the level of personality and at the level of interpersonal relations. You can
Lying that a departure from collectivist values would reduce the basis for hatred between individual social groups, in particular, would lead to a decrease in the number of sectarian communities.
Unfortunately, the reality does not yet allow us to nurture great hopes. Instead of advancing towards individuality that does not deny many of the values of collectivism (participation in the life of others, willingness to help and hope for help, a sense of common destiny, a sense of community in the Adler sense), we are seeing the opposite, rather, standardization. Take, for example, the weight loss pandemic that hit a huge number of girls and young women between 13 and 30 years old in the West (note that it bypassed the female part of the Third World countries). This obsession is increasingly taking the form of a mental disorder (distorted body image, fear of extra pounds), leading to refusal to eat and serious - sometimes irreversible - weight loss. Among the reasons for this ailment is the pursuit of the ideal (standard), which in modern Western culture is a slender and even thin fashion model, as well as fashion for "boys" clothes, shoes and appearance. The same plan and new trends among the representatives of the southeastern ethnic groups, for example, Japanese women: to change, through cosmetic operations, the cut of the eyes from the East to the European.
^ Spiritual being and the meaning of a person's life
We noted above that spiritual life was not often the subject of psychological research. The need to find, understand or experience the meaning of one's being is, perhaps, central to the spiritual space of a person. The loss of the meaning of life leads not only to significant disharmony, but also to depressive states, suicidal intentions.
The domestic psychologist and philosopher S.L. Frank argued that the question of the meaning of life excites and torments in the depths of the soul of every person:
A person can for a while, and even for a very long time, completely forget about him, plunge headlong or into the everyday interests of today in material concerns about preserving life, about wealth, contentment and earthly successes, or into any super-personal passions and “ affairs "- in politics, the struggle of parties, etc. - but life is already so arranged that absolutely and forever
Where even the most stupid person who has swollen with fat or spiritually asleep cannot dismiss him: the inevitable fact of the approaching death and its inevitable harbingers - aging and disease, the fact of withering away, transient disappearance, immersion in the irrevocable past of our entire life with all the illusory significance of its interests - this fact is for every person a formidable and persistent reminder of the unresolved, put aside the question of the meaning of life (Frank S. L.).
For many years, questions of spirituality were not considered problems of scientific psychology. The main reason for this lies in the ideological control to which Russian psychological science was subordinated in Soviet times. For official propaganda, the meaning of life for all citizens of the country was defined in the "Moral Code of the Builder of Communism." All other interpretations of this topic, “those who like to philosophize,” “gourmets of humanitarian thought,” were ousted from public consciousness. The poor development of these issues in the humanities has its negative consequences so far.
Currently, the concept of spirituality is not seen in any mystical context. It includes the wealth of the spiritual culture of mankind mastered by a person, the basic values of society, moral principles and rules, understanding and experiencing the meaning of life.
The meaning of life and the spirituality of the individual for many centuries have been the subject of reflections of domestic scientists, writers, and religious leaders. Scientists of the past and present have found and are finding solutions to the key problems of spirituality in Christian teaching. For many centuries, the moral principles of people of various strata of the population have been based precisely on religious norms. The best minds in Russia accepted this not only with their minds, but also with their hearts. Let us recall F. Tyutchev:
Corruption of souls and emptiness, That gnaws at the mind and whines in the heart - Who will heal them, who will cover? You, the pure robe of Christ ...
Spiritual being can be viewed not only as one of the aspects of being, but also as the highest form of personal existence, characterized by liberation from the pressure of everyday life, from the temptation of the instincts and addictions of one's own self, as well as the recognition of the priority of spiritual values over others.
Spiritual being is a process of constant spiritual development, the process of forming spiritual needs and the process of meeting them.
Creations of unsaturable satisfaction. In the course of this development, a person discovers the values of society that are closest to him (good, beauty, truth) and acquires ideas about moral principles and rules. Spiritual needs are inherent in every person - not only those who are usually called a spiritual person. Any person has his own ideas about good and evil, moral and immoral, beauty and ugliness, truth and error, love and hate, about the main values of co-existence - being together in society. Of course, the severity of these needs is very different, human individuality is manifested in this area as well. Most people have a strong need for self-realization - the development of social space. In this development, a person certainly relies on certain spiritual values, takes into account this important aspect of social life.
Both spiritual development and personal development in general, and the formation of individuality are possible in spontaneous, free behavior, in activities that allow one to show creative inclinations. Freedom without responsibility for oneself, one's decisions and actions turns into an illusion of freedom. Responsibility without freedom of choice turns into slavery. The position of a slave excludes the possibility of personal self-realization, self-development, spiritual and social growth.
People with "modest" spiritual needs are a minority. The majority, however, feel them strongly enough and look for ways to satisfy them. Human individuality in this aspect is manifested in the fact that not all seekers have a sufficient resource of patience and endurance on this difficult path. Not all seekers understand that the question of the meaning of life does not have simple, general or universal solutions. The meaning of life, of course, to one degree or another may be similar in different people. But in any case, a person must go through the path of acquiring meaning on his own. Returning to the meaning of individuality, it is necessary to emphasize that according to this characteristic - sensation spiritual hunger- people are very different. Some people understand or, more precisely, feel that some dissatisfaction with the decision will accompany their whole life, that a certain uncertainty is normal and inevitable. After all, otherwise it is difficult to imagine a source of energy for self-development. Others expect simple, unambiguous, quick solutions. And there are people who offer these quick solutions, which often present destructive
Tive cults. The latter cause great harm to spiritual and mental health. Young people often find themselves in cult networks.
For young people with a heightened need for self-realization, destructive cults have additional attractive sides, since they cultivate the idea of being chosen, of the high purpose of each follower, which makes it possible to feel their sharply increased status. The appeal of this is so high that it makes it difficult to consider deception. The purpose of “saving humanity” in destructive cults often gets along in a strange way with intolerance and aggressiveness towards the uninitiated: “He who is not with us is against us.” If destructive cults really contributed to the development of personality and spiritual perfection, then adherents, along with the belief that they can serve as a role model, would live tolerance, a kind attitude "towards younger brothers" - those who are lagging behind in their spiritual growth. A sure sign of spiritual excellence is tolerance. But it is not even in destructive cults.
Let us add an argument confirming the illusory satisfaction of spiritual needs in destructive cults. Those who have lost faith in Orthodoxy or Catholicism, Confucianism or Buddhism silently leave the church, depart from one faith and start looking for another. Someone is looking for a new religious faith, someone else is looking for something different, inspiring hope and strengthening mental strength. However, many who left the sects become active denunciators of their activities. Why is this so? Because it becomes clear to them that they have been deceived, they want to protect other people from being deceived.
The spread of destructive cults was largely led by the destruction of the communal way of life in Russia and other countries (inevitable for a number of reasons), the limitation of the ability to fully experience a sense of social belonging. These cults have a destructive effect on the individual, family and society. There is no personal freedom in destructive cults. They deliberately and deliberately belittle the importance of intelligence, hinder the attempts of adepts to independently and rationally comprehend the impact that befalls them. Any creature needs living space for growth, freedom, and freedom in different meanings and aspects: freedom of choice of lifestyle and occupation, freedom of thought and communication ...
Personal freedom and real satisfaction of spiritual needs are possible if a person is responsible for his actions and deeds, decisions, if he maintains critical thinking and makes all personally significant choices on his own, if he retains clarity of consciousness.
In traditional religions, a person is aimed at constant inner work and spiritual development. The same cannot be said for destructive cults. They are very diverse both in ideological, ideological orientation, and in form. What unites them is that they all address the spiritual needs of a person - the need to feel the meaning of life, to understand their place in society, to strive for perfection, to hope for the immortality of the soul. Unfortunately, modern Russia is characterized by an ideological vacuum, the absence of clear and attractive spiritual values and guidelines. These components of public consciousness ripen along with the formation of civil society thanks to actively functioning public institutions, the profile of which allows one to be involved in the search for such landmarks.
^ Coordination of the life processes of the individual
What is meant by life processes? The life of an individual is a constant movement, change, development. Without movement, without dynamics, it is impossible to imagine the life of a person. Without this, a person is not viable, therefore, there is no need to talk about health. The life of a person proceeds thanks to a multitude of processes, which, merging, and forms the very process of life. It is impossible to list all the processes. For the purpose of scientific analysis, it is necessary to single out the main, pivotal ones, giving some direction to the rest. These processes are: functioning, self-government(including self-regulation), development and adaptation. Each of them has an opposite - this is a form of flow in which productivity is reduced or absent due to the mismatch between the individual links of the process. Four pairs of these processes of polar orientation are presented in table. 3.2. On the left side of the table there are processes with a productive orientation, they increase the sanogenic potential of the individual, and on the right side of the table - processes with a negative orientation that lower the sanogenic potential of the individual.
^ Table 3.2
Basic life processes of a person
Functioning
^ Functioning- This is a manifestation of behavioral and activity activity.
It is also the maintenance of the conditions necessary for the continuation of life (own and / or other people), for the implementation of activities and behavior (own and / or other people), for the preservation of all that is available and achieved.
^ Adequate functioning is a stable activity, manifested in finding and repeating in the necessary (for achieving goals, solving actualized tasks) number of actions and operations (mental and motor), movements, reactions, locomotor acts, etc.
Criteria for adequate functioning: productivity, purposefulness of behavior, successful achievement of the goal of behavior or activity, compliance of the necessary actions, movements with the time frame that the situation determines.
The rationalization of behavior and performance is an important aspect of the dynamic potential of health. Deserved success has a strong sanogenic effect. There is a well-known saying: "The victor's wounds heal faster." It should be noted that the ability to achieve success rarely becomes a subject of training.
Success comes to those who are ready to tirelessly seek their main abilities, who believe that the efforts spent on the search will be rewarded, to those who believe that their time will come and what they aspire to is achievable.
^ Dysfunctioning(unstable functioning) - inability to find ways and techniques of necessary actions. Inability to repeat in the required number of actions and operations, movements, reactions, locomotor acts, etc.
This inability may be due to insufficient endurance or reduced resistance to monotony.
^ Self-government and self-regulation
^ Self-management is a setting, correction of functions, processes, states.
Self-government includes self-regulation and self-control. The main criterion for regulation is its adequacy. Adequate regulation of behavior and activity, mental and bodily processes (self-regulation of the individual and the individual) is characterized by the completeness and timeliness of control, correction ...
^ Lysregulation(inadequate self-government): mismatched management, inept self-government in cognition and communication, ineffective regulation of a particular type of behavior and activity, inconsistency in the course of mental processes.
Perhaps the central problem of regulation in the sphere of communication is the control over one's own anger. Angry, aggressive people are more prone to cardiovascular, hormonal, cancer, stress.
It is often said that you cannot keep anger inside yourself. What more - pluses or minuses - gives "vapor release", it is difficult to say, rather, minuses. At first glance, this gives relief, because aggression directed inward by willful effort creates tension. The limited effectiveness of volitional suppression of emotions alone was discussed in the first chapter. What is the risk of splashing out strong anger? Outbursts of anger put a great strain on the heart, increase the release of adrenaline, and increase the risk of heart attack. Expressing strong emotions in behavior, we often prolong or exacerbate them. By showing anger, we can increase it. If it is directed at people, then we should expect a similar manifestation on their part: "The angry man has a stick."
Irritability and anger increase with stress. Using voltage reduction techniques is a more reliable way
Overcoming anger. If anger appears often, it is unlikely that it is due to the situation alone every time.
^ Development and dynamics of personality
^ Development is a constant process of personality change, the emergence of new structures and the withering away of old ones, the expansion of some structures and the narrowing of the scope of others.
Personal development is largely self-development. Self-development criteria: dynamism (successful advancement along regular stages), consistency of individual lines of development.
Regression or retardation of the spiritual, mental and bodily development of a person, if they do not have organic reasons, are associated with one or another personality disharmony. It is difficult to imagine a harmonious and at the same time delayed development.
Regression or deceleration can be temporary, transient, caused by a developmental crisis, meeting with serious obstacles on the way to life goals, disruption of life plans. They can also arise as a reaction to significant changes in socio-economic conditions, accompanied by a revision of social values, the replacement of ideals that undermine the principles of life.
Adaptation
^ Adaptation- change, restructuring, correction of development, regulation and functioning processes in accordance with current conditions, changes in the environment (social and natural).
The main criteria for adaptation: completeness and timeliness.
^ Dysadaptation(maladjustment) - the absence or insufficiency of such connections with people in the immediate and wide environment, which allow the individual to function normally, exercise self-government and self-regulation, and develop.
Dysadaptation can be caused by the loss (of loved ones, divorce ...), the rupture of emotional ties (prolonged separation, leaving home by children ...) and other reasons. These and other reasons violate the existing structure of microsocial ties or macrosocial ties (change in social status -
On societies, parties ..., a change in official status ...) and make them waste energy and try to restore adaptation. That is, to find partners with whom emotionally rich confidential communication is possible, psychological support - sympathy, understanding, advice, help, etc.
^ The interrelation of the basic processes of human existence
All processes are closely related: violations in the course of one negatively affect the other. The inability to function normally for internal (this or that dysfunctioning) or external reasons (for example, the inability to work, move, exercise in responding to external stimuli, etc.) leads to a violation of self-management and self-regulation (de-training occurs, skills decrease, weaken self-control skills, etc.). Dysfunctioning limits development or makes it impossible, since a person is not able to be productive: to create something new, useful for others, interesting ... Dysfunctioning also disrupts adaptation, since the status of a subject incapable of productive behavior and activity limits his influence, social roles , leads to excessive dependence on others.
Likewise, inadequate self-government, dysregulation disrupt all other processes.
The slowdown in development may not completely disrupt the functioning, but it makes it less productive. This effect may not appear immediately, be delayed in time, but nevertheless the connection here is quite strong.
Dysadaptation also disrupts the course of other processes: it reduces the repertoire of behavior, limits the choice of types of activity, reduces the success of behavior, the productivity of activity, or makes it impossible to function that presupposes favorable relations with other people, interaction with other people.
In one of his books, K. Rogers wrote that the personal way of being in the world is endless process of becoming. Personal development is a process of constant personality change in the direction of more and more fully disclosing one's potentials and achieving life goals, which is impossible without sufficient adaptation
Personalities. Adaptation also has a procedural nature; it cannot be achieved once and for all. It assumes flexibility adaptation mechanisms, exercising and maintaining them in an effective manner. Without this, one can hardly expect the preservation of the vitality of the individual.
The life goals of an individual are always associated with any changes in the environment (building, producing something, obtaining information, establishing new relationships, etc.) and internal changes (developing oneself in the desired direction, increasing inner harmony, improving health and etc.). Changes in the external environment certainly imply the manifestation of activity in the search for any means of space exploration.
P. Janet viewed the personality as an integrated psychological system that always responds as a whole to the impact of the situation by changing the pattern of functioning and inhibited components. Maintaining this system in a state of dynamic equilibrium requires, according to Janet, considerable psychological strength and psychological stress. If this tension falls for one reason or another, various disturbances in the functioning of the personal system occur, which form the basis of neuroses (Yaroshevsky, Antsyferova, 1974). In Janet's theory of personality, psychological strength and psychological stress (activation of higher needs) are interconnected, they represent the energetic, dynamic side of regulated behavior (Zeigarnik, 1982).
Personality development appears as a continuous change in interaction with social space, its restructuring and expansion. The number of interpersonal ties is increasing, influence in professional and other life spheres is growing, the volume of knowledge is growing, which also creates the basis for expanding the space of the personality. In our opinion, these processes of expansion of personal space could be designated by the term "extension" (expansion). Extension is impossible without a certain level of tension. An increased level of tension creates internal dissonance and a decrease in mood. Some people solve the problem of harmonizing their relations with the environment, adapting to it, others - changing the environment to suit their needs.
Cognition of oneself is possible through self-disclosure and self-examination in deeds and actions, but it is also possible through self-contemplation and self-examination. These are two differing in direction and method.
Implementation of the approach, but one approach does not exclude, but presupposes another. Any person needs both an advancement inside oneself, and advancement into the surrounding world. The relative dominance of the behavioral or cognitive aspect of self-determination influences the conscious and unconscious choice of approach in self-knowledge - through self-disclosure or self-exploration. Inward-directed activity primarily serves the purpose of adaptation, which is impossible without this kind of activity.
The process of self-realization determines personal dynamics on a wide time scale, the main features of the life path of an individual. The adaptation process also continues throughout life, since social adaptation cannot be acquired once and for a lifetime. The environment changes, the person changes, and there is always a need for adaptation to one degree or another.
The balance between changes and constancy, the content of changes, the stability of certain personal formations are due to the influences of the environment, the state of personal dynamics. The latter is due to age dynamics, the development of the life path, as well as many factors of the subjective world of the individual, such as the definition, understanding and experience of the meaning of life, the chosen life path, vision of life prospects, satisfaction with self-realization, the ratio of life goals, aspirations and achievements. Self-realization and adaptation are not mutually exclusive, but according to a number of parameters, these types of activity are multidirectional.
Mastering space requires not only activity, but also a certain level of stress. G. Allport wrote about the unacceptability of the opposite approach in the interpretation of a person's motives:
I think we must agree with K. Goldstein that “stress reduction” is an unsatisfactory explanation of the functioning of mature psychogenic motives ... The striving for balance, “stress reduction”, “death drive” seem therefore to be trivial and erroneous ideas about the motivation of a normal adult human (1982, p. 107).
So, both personality development and adaptation require tension. In the harmonization of the inner world of the individual, increasing the stability of the mood, there is hardly a place for a simple dependence - the less tension, the higher, the happier the mood. G. Selye wrote that different people need different degrees of stress for happiness. He quoted the Nobel Prize laureate Albert St.
Gyorgyi: “Happiness is to a large extent the realization of oneself, that is, the satisfaction of all spiritual and material needs” (Selye, 1979, p. 62). Personal development involves the experience of dissatisfaction with oneself, which can also lead to stress. But tension is fraught with the danger of exceeding the permissible level and decreasing mood and the occurrence of adverse conditions. Maintaining a stable mood, "mood of the soul", harmony of development are associated with moderate stress that does not lead to discomfort. By moderate stress here we mean one that is proportionate (corresponds) to personal and individual resources, human capabilities.
The tension of self-realization, exceeding the resources of the sanogenic potential, can indirectly hinder the self-realization of the individual. At the same time, the orientation of adaptation processes is changing - from ensuring self-disclosure to ensuring survival. Personality also plays an important role in these phenomena. The personality's capabilities in self-realization are qualitatively different in those cases when the mental stress is optimal (stimulation of the personality to development) and when it is extreme (disintegrating effect on the personality) (Mikshik, 1990). The emphasis on activity or adaptability and the consequences of increased stress depend, of course, not only on personal characteristics, but also on the situational context.
Thus, the self-realization of the individual and the expansion of the social space-time of the individual are of leading importance for personal dynamics. They assume a certain level of stress. With sufficient personal harmony from destructive stress, the personality protects its sanogenic potential. If it is insufficient, then the unmet need for self-realization and expansion of the social space-time of the individual causes dissonance, decreased mood, deterioration of the state, and then emotional and other disorders.
On the other hand, the sluggish dynamics of the development and functioning of the personality in one way or another leads to the fact that the personality does not achieve the desired status - social, group, personal. Self-perception becomes negative, self-esteem decreases, a pessimistic attitude to the life situation is formed, and the expectation of a bleak future. As a result, there is a decreased mood, one or another negative mental state, more frequent
Experiences of unhappiness. All this predisposes, in turn, to the emergence of disorders and diseases.
Consequently, personality dynamics and sanogenic potential are interdependent. For dynamic personal development, a certain level of sanogenic potential is required, and successful personal development increases sanogenic potential.
Productive functioning, adequate self-regulation, dynamic development, sufficiently complete adaptation are possible with the psychological stability of the personality. This is a complex personality trait, an ability that deserves detailed consideration, which we will try to implement in the next chapter.
Control questions
What are the characteristics of personal harmony?
What are the features of interpersonal harmony?
Describe the main processes of being a person.
Describe harmony as the consistency of basic life
personality processes.
HARMONY (Greek harmonia - connection, harmony, proportionality), proportionality of parts, fusion of various components of an object into a single organic whole. In ancient Greek philosophy, the organization of the cosmos, as opposed to chaos. In the history of aesthetics it was considered as an essential characteristic of beauty.
PERSONAL HARMONIZATION is a self-development process that orientates a person to achieve greater psychological harmony. In most people, an insufficient level of harmony of personality and life is found, which is explained by genetic factors, imbalances in development, the presence of pronounced accentuations of character, inadequate style of upbringing and communication style of others, disharmonious personal attitudes and lifestyle, underdevelopment of the general and psychological culture of the individual, harmful physical conditions of the environment , the traditional way of life in society, etc.
Personal harmonization is expressed in optimizing the state of the components of the basic personality, the content of spiritual and personal worldview attitudes, attitudes towards oneself and the world around us, in improving mental and physical conditions, in improving the way of life, in improving relations with people. In general, it leads to an increase in a person's sense of inner integrity and unity with the whole World, a sense of proportion in all its manifestations, general constructiveness of the individual, general and psychological culture. to a predominantly positive or neutral emotional background (state of calm). Requires daily, but moderate, own efforts and practice in the form of setting and implementing special, life-harmonizing goals and self-hypnosis of harmonizing personal attitudes. A child, adolescent, adult can transmit useful life attitudes and behaviors in the process of communication and learning, however, the real Harmonization of the personality occurs only as a result of one's own search and application of one's own efforts.
Methodological approach to the theory of psychological harmony
The harmony of life should be defined as a really attainable state in the next period of life. This is an initially successful experience of optimal living and should be gradually developed into a long-term, sustainable lifestyle. From this point of view. many religions make strict and utopian, unrealizable, requirements for a person. They are therefore disharmonious.
The criteria for the harmony of the personality will always be only working, non-absolute criteria. They can change with the accumulation of experimental data.
High harmony of personality and life of a particular person. - it is always not absolute, but only relative perfection, the optimal proportion for a given type of his various aspirations and qualities in an existing life situation with certain internal and external characteristics of his life, essential for the present period. Those. it is a dynamic characteristic of a person. Harmony for its retention in personality requires moderates. but the daily effort of man.
The ideal of a harmonious life is a long, creative, generally healthy physically, mentally, spiritually and socially life, with an optimal level of harmony with oneself, with people and with nature. It is an optimally flowing life, well balanced here and now with internal and external demands. At the same time, there can and should be some negative emotions and actions, "sins", bursts of strong emotions. But they are generally manageable and do not do much harm to themselves and the world around them.
Psychological harmony- This is a complex characteristic of a person, manifested in personality (motivation and emotional sphere), and in mental processes, and in behavior. Includes three groups of features:
agreement with oneself- an optimal balance of various motivations with each other, with mental and physical capabilities, desires and behavior (inner harmony); agreement with people, with animate and inanimate nature - optimal, mostly positive relations with them;
health- mental, personal, spiritual-personal, social, physical;
optimal balance a personality with its environment - multidirectional and polar motivations, positive and negative emotions and states, desirable and realizable with each other and with the mental and physical capabilities of building behavior;
Actually psychological harmony is associated with the mental, personal and spiritual-personal aspects of a person's life.
The criteria for the harmony of the state, the orientation of the personality and its life are:
The presence of a predominantly positive, moderate emotional tone in a person;
Having and maintaining physical, mental, social and spiritual health;
The presence of an optimally guided and organized life process
(the predominance of the internal locus of control over the external, sufficient awareness, flexibility and breadth of life orientations, the effectiveness of life goals, etc.);
the presence of sustainable productive development (involving oneself in new activities, in a new circle of people, in new creative themes and tasks, etc.);
Satisfaction with the process of their life in general;
Moderation of aspirations, expressed by the popular formula "the best is the enemy of the good", as well as the optimal prevalence of positive aspirations over negative ones;
A healthy lifestyle, expressed in the presence of an optimal number of regularly performed, adaptively necessary activities;
A good, optimal level of self-realization, understood both as a process and as a result;
In most situations, agreement with oneself (optimally positive I-concept and optimal balances between one's desires and behavior, between various internal motivations), agreement with people (optimally positive I-You-You-We-concept), mutual understanding with the living and inanimate Nature (quite good adaptation in various natural environments, a sense of the miracle of Nature, respect for her and her creatures).
Harmonious personality as a whole is an optimally balanced personality in most of its most important characteristics. Such a happy person is dominated by a sense of proportion, fullness of life, calmness, a sense of the interestingness of life. He sets himself complex and sometimes difficult tasks, but not super-difficult ones, remembering that "the best is the enemy of the good."
A harmonious person does not set himself a goal of necessarily achieving the maximum in something. He is more focused on achieving and maintaining an optimal life process, that is, to a greater extent on the parameters of the life process, and not on some specific objective results. Although achievements are quite important for him (but not the most important!). He is wise and understands that being in a creative and diverse life process for as long as possible, the period allowed by Nature, while feeling whole and healthy is more important than achieving some very high prestigious successes (in the form, for example, high social status, wealth, great power, the conquest of a super-difficult peak, etc.).
Maximum achievements very often end up turning into a "Pyrrhic victory" - they destroy health, violate good relations with significant and close people, fanaticize the personality, make a person's lifestyle and personality in general one-sided. Those. they disharmonize life and do not give a lasting and calm feeling of satisfaction with it.
Personal harmony- personality characteristics, determined by the degree of optimality of the ratio of the strength of multidirectional and polar motivations with each other, with psychological executive capabilities and with behavioral manifestations (“agreement with oneself”), the level of constructiveness of relations with people and with the surrounding nature, the nature of the prevailing emotional tone, etc. ...
Harmonious state personality also presupposes the presence of a certain level of inconsistency that stimulates self-development and a taste for life. The self-testing process has no boundaries. If a person is involved in it, then in his basic state there will always be a certain, but not very large, bit of problematicity arising from the incomplete fulfillment of the tasks assigned to oneself, especially if these tasks are practically endless in nature.
The presence of a certain, optimal share of the inconsistency of the personality, the incompleteness of its consistency with oneself and with the World, its incomplete self-satisfaction, the processes of self-testing and self-development is an essential sign of a harmonious personality and harmonious human life. It is important to note that these are contradictions and problems that are actually resolved by the individual himself through trial and error, attempts at a special (for the problem) self-organization of his life. That is, life is both an experiment with oneself and with the world. Each step of such an experiment, as reasonably organized as possible, represents a small but movement forward. So, a harmonious state of personality is, on the whole, a self-governing state and a self-governing process, which, at the same time, is characterized by a certain degree of problematicity, fundamental incompleteness.
The concept of well-being has a fairly clear meaning, its interpretations are largely similar or the same in various scientific disciplines and everyday consciousness. Well-being and a sense of well-being are very significant for the entire subjective (inner) world of an individual. It is no coincidence that the concept of well-being is taken by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the main definition of health. In it, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or physical defects. According to WHO experts, well-being is more due to self-esteem and a sense of social belonging than biological functions of the body. It is associated with the realization of the physical, spiritual and social potential of a person. Traditionally, psychological well-being has been viewed as opposed to psychological ill-health and distress. At the same time, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, under the influence of the actively developing existential-phenomenological approach to personality, the idea of the insufficiency of the medical model of psychological well-being was formed. During this period, the need to go beyond the "health-disease" dichotomy and the appeal of researchers to the positive aspects of personality functioning determined the relevance of the study of this phenomenon in its relationship with various aspects of human life.
There are objective indicators of well-being, and every person knows at least some of them. The idea of one's own well-being or the well-being of other people, the assessment of well-being is based on objective criteria of well-being, success, health indicators, material wealth, etc. The latter have one way or another impact on the experience of well-being. But I will emphasize once again that this experience is largely due to the peculiarities of the personality's relationship to oneself, the surrounding world as a whole and its individual sides. All external factors of well-being, with any objective characteristics, by the very nature of the psyche, cannot act on the experience of well-being directly, but only through subjective perception and subjective assessment, which are due to the characteristics of all spheres of the personality.
In other words, personal well-being by its very nature is primarily subjective. Objective (external) indicators of a person's quality of life can probably be sufficient for many economic studies, but, for example, it is imperative for a sociologist, in almost any survey, to take into account not only objective indicators, but also the subjective opinion of respondents. It is clear that for a psychologist, the subjective side of a person's being is of paramount importance as a subject of research.
It should be noted that, despite the significant role of subjective factors in the well-being (or ill-being) of an individual, it is hardly possible to completely identify the concepts of well-being and subjective well-being - behind them are different, albeit close, realities. As a consequence, I do not think it superfluous to add the definition of "subjective" to the concept of "well-being" (at least when determining the topic of discussion or subject of study).
A harmonious personality is a personality with an optimally integrated internal dynamic structure, with optimal coordination with the outside world, with optimally flowing life and development.
O.I. Motkov in the article "Valuable ideas about the harmonious personality of people of different ages" referred to the features of an ideal harmonious personality:
- The predominance of positive emotions and a calm mood
- Overall physical well-being
- In general, a positive self-image, although he sees his own disadvantages
- Healthy and varied lifestyle
- Primary reliance on oneself in life, and not on external circumstances
- Flexibility in managing your emotions and actions
- A sense of proportion in your desires, claims and actions
- Acceptance of the duality of the World, the presence in it of both light and dark
- Striving for high enough, but not for maximum achievements
- Realism of ideas and desires
- Moderate, unsharp severity of traits of temperament and character
- Satisfaction with life in general
- Family satisfaction
- Satisfaction with relationships with friends
- Satisfaction with relationships at work (in the study group)
- Openness to knowledge of new things, creative activity
- Kindness to people
- Feeling the beauty of nature and unity with it
- Prevailing orientation towards universal values of the search for truth, goodness, beauty and harmonious life
- Ability to economically spend your life energy
A harmonious personality pleases himself and those around him with his mental health, ability to get along with people and good adaptation to a wide range of situations. At the same time, there is no reason to consider a harmonious personality as an ideal for everyone: this is the structure of a person who, in professional activity, chooses the mode of activity that is optimal for him personally, not considering himself obligated to work in the mode necessary for the business, when this mode will unnecessarily strain him. Likewise, a harmonious person is not ready to pay with excessive internal stress and for the sake of lofty goals: his peace of mind and harmony are dearer to such a person.
Which personality is harmonious?
We think that a harmonious personality is a personality whose outer side fully corresponds to the inner one. As the famous Virginia Satyr says, he is a congruent type.
In other words, such a person behaves in accordance with his feelings, that is, if he is having fun, then he sincerely smiles, walks with his shoulders straightened, and does not at all look like Eeyore's donkey.
Such a person will not shout furiously at someone: "I love you!" Everything: gestures, facial expressions, posture, and voice with intonation - everything for him corresponds to what he is experiencing at the moment. For example: when a person declares that everything is fine with him, then you are more likely to believe him when:
a) at the same time, he secretly wipes away his tears and clogs himself into the far corner of the room, or
b) sits comfortably in a chair, with a friendly look and a smile?
Of course - option b)! And about the first option, you can say that the person probably does not want to "burden" anyone with his problems. And here we will not agree with you - if he does not want to, then no one will see this tear of his and drooping shoulders. And in the example we are describing in point a), the actions are completely inconsistent with the words, in other words, they are incongruent.
And also a harmoniously developed person does not build any expectations, and therefore he is always calm and ready for any results and consequences of interaction with the world. He is open to communication, but he always chooses whether to continue this communication himself or end: he will not suffer from the inability to leave an unpleasant company just because one of his friends or relatives likes it. In other words, a harmonious personality is a mature personality, spiritually and mentally.
How the harmony of life is achieved
Live for today ... All the best and most interesting is happening now, not yesterday or tomorrow. Reality is better than a memory or a vague dream (if bad memories "kill", Experience Modification Techniques).
Stop berating yourself for past mistakes and fearing future failures. ... However, this does not mean that you need to continue "stepping on the same rake."
Solve problems as they arise ... The wave should rise after the fall of the stone into the water, and not vice versa.
Do a good thing every day ... It could be a repaired water tap, a nail hammered into the wall, or an old relative passed out.
Become kinder and more attentive to people ... Through other people, you show your love for the environment, and the world loves the kind, so you will be rewarded (how to love yourself).
Engage in self-development ... Train your brain and body. Read a lot of good literature, go in for sports, come up with a hobby.
Excessive work is no less harmful than idleness ... Therefore, alternate between work and rest.
There is nothing superfluous in our life. If you have ever made a mistake, achieved something, met someone, then it was necessary for you.
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THIS IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER OF THE "UNHAPPY" PERSON
Its 2 main problems:
1) chronic lack of satisfaction of needs,
2) the inability to direct his anger outside, restraining it, and with it restraining all warm feelings, make him more and more desperate every year: no matter what he undertakes, it does not get better, on the contrary, it only gets worse. The reason - he does a lot, but not that.
If nothing is done, then, over time, either the person will "burn out at work", loading himself more and more - to complete exhaustion; or his own I will be emptied and impoverished, an unbearable self-hatred will appear, a refusal to take care of oneself, in the long term - even from self-hygiene.
The person becomes like a house from which the bailiffs have taken the furniture.
Against the background of hopelessness, despair and exhaustion, there is no strength, no energy, even for thinking.
Complete loss of the ability to love. He wants to live, but begins to die: sleep is disturbed, metabolism ...
It is difficult to understand what he lacks precisely because we are not talking about being deprived of possession of someone or something. On the contrary, he has the possession of deprivation, and he is unable to understand what he is deprived of. Lost is his own I. It is unbearably painful and empty for him: and he cannot even put it into words.
If you recognize yourself in the description and want to change something, you urgently need to learn two things:
1. Memorize the following text and repeat it all the time until you learn to use the results of these new beliefs:
- I am entitled to needs. I am, and I am me.
- I have the right to need and satisfy needs.
- I have the right to ask for satisfaction, the right to pursue what I need.
- I have the right to crave love and love others.
- I have the right to a decent life organization.
- I have the right to complain.
- I have a right to regret and sympathy.
- ... by birthright.
- I might get rejected. I can be alone.
- I will take care of myself anyway.
I would like to draw the attention of my readers to the fact that the task of “learning the text” is not an end in itself. Self-training by itself will not give any lasting results. It is important to live each phrase, to feel it, to find confirmation of it in life. It is important that a person wants to believe that the world can be arranged somehow differently, and not just the way he used to imagine it. That it depends on himself, on his ideas about the world and about himself in this world, how he will live this life. And these phrases are just an excuse for thinking, thinking and searching for their own, new "truths."
2. Learn to direct aggression at the person to whom it is actually addressed.
… Then there will be an opportunity to experience and express warm feelings to people. Realize that anger is not destructive and can be presented.
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FOR K ALWAYS "NEGATIVE EMOTION" LIES A NEED OR DESIRE, THE SATISFACTION OF WHICH IS THE KEY TO CHANGES IN LIFE ...
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Psychosomatic diseases (so it will be more correct) are those disorders in our body, which are based on psychological reasons. psychological reasons are our reactions to traumatic (complex) life events, our thoughts, feelings, emotions that do not find a timely, correct expression for a particular person.
Mental defenses work, we forget about this event after a while, and sometimes instantly, but the body and the unconscious part of the psyche remember everything and send us signals in the form of disorders and diseases
Sometimes the call can be to respond to some events from the past, to bring “buried” feelings out, or a symptom simply symbolizes what we forbid ourselves.
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The negative impact of stress on the human body, and especially distress, is colossal. Stress and the likelihood of developing disease are closely related. Suffice it to say that stress can reduce immunity by about 70%. Obviously, such a decrease in immunity can result in anything. And it’s also good if it’s just colds, but if cancer or asthma, the treatment of which is already extremely difficult?
