25.11.2015
90 years ago On November 18, 1925, the People's Commissariat of Foreign and Internal Trade of the USSR (People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR) was created. The department was formed by the merger of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade and the USSR People's Commissariat for Internal Trade.
In 1930, the USSR People's Commissariat for Trade was reorganized: the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade and the USSR People's Commissariat for Supply were separated from it.
The archival fund "People's Commissariat of Foreign and Internal Trade (People's Commissariat of Trade) of the USSR" (1925 - 1930, 11683 items) is kept in the RSAE (F. 5240).
In the funds of the RSAE, the history of the department is richly presented:
F. 413. "Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR (Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR)" (1917 - 1988, 18401 items)
F. 272. "All-Union Association for the Export of Animal Raw Materials and Wastes (Raznoexport) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1930, 7 items)
F. 4433. "All-Union Association for Trade with Foreigners (Torgsin) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1931 - 1935, 177 items)
F. 8336. "All-Union Association for the Import of Non-Ferrous Metals in the USSR (Tsvetmetimport) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1927 - 1931, 103 units)
F. 8340. "All-Union Association for the Importation of Equipment, Raw Materials and Semi-finished Products for the Electrical Industry and Power Construction (Electroimport) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1926 - 1934, 96 items)
F. 4079. "All-Union Association for the Importation of Chemical Products for Industries and Special Equipment for Chemical Production (Khimimport) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1926 - 1932, 197 items)
F. 8345. "All-Union Association for the Export of Handicrafts and Carpets (Kovkusteksport) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1928 - 1936, 148 items)
F. 8397. "All-Union State Trust of a Fur Farming Industry (Soyuzzverovod) of the Main Directorate of Fur and Fur and Hunting Economy" Glavpushnin "of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1932 - 1936, 122 items)
F. 289. "Main Directorate of Fur and Fur Economy (Glavpushnina) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1934 - 1936, 1939 - 1944, 149 items)
F. 4344. "All-Union Association for the Procurement of Secondary Export Agricultural Raw Materials and New Types of Export Goods (Soyuzzagotexport) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1929 - 1933, 507 items)
F. 4039. "State Import-Export Trade Office (Gostorg of the RSFSR) of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the RSFSR and the department of the authorized People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the RSFSR for the reorganization of the Gostorg of the RSFSR" (1922 - 1930, 7284 units)
F. 6882. "State United Board (Association) for Oil Trade Abroad (Neftexport) of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1922, 24 items)
F. 8151. "Commission on Internal Trade under the STO of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of Internal Trade of the USSR" (1922 - 1925, 1706 items)
F. 3600. "All-Union Council of Exchange Trade Congresses under the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1923 - 1930, 966 items)
F. 8197. "Department of the State Bread Inspection (GHI) of the USSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade" (1923 - 1930, 97 items)
Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the RSFSR in 1920 - 1922, People's Commissar for Internal Trade of the USSR in 1922 - 1924. A.M. Lezhavy (1870 - 1937) (RGAE, F. 92);
Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the RSFSR in 1921 - 1922 I.I. Radchenko (1874 - 1942) (RGAE, F. 9455);
Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign and Internal Trade of the USSR in 1927 - 1930, People's Commissar for Internal Trade of the RSFSR in 1934 - 1937. Khinchuka L.M. (1868 - 1939) (RGAE. F. 4269).
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE S..S..S.R.
RESOLUTION
REGULATIONS ON THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSION FOR FOREIGN TRADE
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
Chapter I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1. Based on Art. Art. 49 and 51 of the Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union S.S.R. the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the Union of S.S.R. is formed. to guide all foreign trade activities of the Union on the basis of the state monopoly of foreign trade.
Chapter II. TASKS OF THE PEOPLE'S FOREIGN TRADE COMMISSION
2. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade is responsible for:
a) development and implementation of general measures aimed at the development of trade relations of the Union with foreign states in accordance with the interests of the Union as a whole and its individual parts;
b) drawing up an export and import plan for the Union of S.S.R .;
c) implementation of import-export plans and management of operations related to foreign trade, carried out both through the central, local and foreign bodies of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, and through joint-stock and other companies for foreign trade;
d) development of issues of customs policy, as well as management of customs affairs of the Union of S.S.R .;
e) participation in the delegations of the Union S.S.R. at international congresses and conferences on the conclusion of trade agreements and agreements and on issues related to foreign trade, as well as participation in the development of issues to be discussed at the said congresses and conferences;
f) development of questions on concession and corporatization of certain branches of foreign trade, as well as the organization of mixed and other companies and institutions for foreign trade;
g) giving opinions to the Main Concession Committee on the registration of foreign companies applying for their admission to operations on the territory of the Union of the USSR;
h) regulation of export-import activities of all institutions, organizations and persons conducting foreign trade operations; general control and supervision of the mentioned activities; monitoring the exact and complete implementation of all legislative regulations and rules relating to the monopoly of foreign trade;
i) development of issues on all measures necessary to ensure the interests of foreign trade in the field of sea, river, rail and air transport, insurance, warehousing and warrant operations and their coordination with the relevant authorities;
j) management of the activities of commercial ports under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the Union of S.S.R.
Chapter III. STRUCTURE OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT
FOREIGN TRADE
3. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade includes:
a) the People's Commissar and his collegium;
b) the Secretariat;
c) Management of affairs;
d) Management of commercial enterprises and institutions;
e) the Regulatory Department and its affiliated Planning Commission (Vneshtorgplan);
f) Economic and Legal Department;
g) Financial and accounting department;
h) Transport Department;
i) General Customs Administration.
Note. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade consists of: The Customs and Tariff Committee and the Central Commission for Combating Smuggling, acting on the basis of special provisions on them, issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the Union S.S.R.
Chapter IV. SUBJECTS OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT
FOREIGN TRADE
4. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade for the secretariat is responsible for: managing the office work of the People's Commissar and the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade in relations with the supreme bodies of the Union of the USSR; overseeing the execution by the administrations and bodies of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the orders of the supreme bodies of the Union of the SSR, the People's Commissar and the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade; organization of the secretarial part in meetings and conferences convened by the People's Commissar; managing secret correspondence: receiving, distributing and dispatching all correspondence from the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
5. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade for the administration of affairs is responsible for:
a) office work on all issues that are not within the competence of other departments;
b) registration of the personnel of the People's Commissariat and its local bodies;
c) inspection and organization of local bodies of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade;
d) serving the economic needs of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade as an institution;
e) publishing activities on foreign trade issues.
6. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade for the Management of Trade Enterprises and Institutions shall be responsible for:
a) the implementation of import-export operations of all-Union significance;
b) general management of the activities and coordination of operational plans of all institutions and enterprises working with state capital received from the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade (state import-export trade offices under the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, joint-stock (mixed) companies and commercial parts of trade missions);
c) disposal, within the framework of the current legislation, of the capitals of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade and its material funds allocated for commercial purposes;
d) control over the receipt of income under agreements signed by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, as well as over the receipt of profits from the trade enterprises and institutions specified in paragraph "b" of this article.
7. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade for the Regulation Department is responsible for:
a) Giving and regulating guidelines on foreign trade policy to the organs of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade;
b) development of the import-export plan of the Union S.S.R. for submission through the State General Planning Commission for approval by the Council of Labor and Defense. and monitoring the implementation of the approved plan;
c) the establishment, by agreement with the relevant departments, of the nomenclature and standards of export and import goods;
d) development and submission for approval of the Labor and Defense Council of contingents of export and import goods, and equal distribution contingents approved by the Labor and Defense Council;
e) issuance of a license and certificates for the right to import and export goods;
(e) Providing guidance to local licensing departments and handling complaints about their actions;
g) regulation of export-import activities of all institutions, organizations and persons conducting foreign trade operations; general control and supervision of the mentioned activities; monitoring the exact implementation of all legislative regulations and rules relating to the monopoly of foreign trade;
h) organization of participation of the Union of S.S.R. at international exhibitions and fairs.
8. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade for Economic and Legal Management is responsible for:
a) participation in the development of international trade treaties and agreements;
b) survey and study of domestic and foreign markets, import and export opportunities of the Union of S.S.R., as well as the development of measures to promote the development of export sectors of the economy;
c) development of the principles of customs policy;
d) development of questions on concession and corporatization of certain branches of foreign trade;
e) statistical work related to the fulfillment of all the above tasks, as well as the unification of all statistical work carried out in other departments according to a plan previously agreed with the Central Statistical Department;
f) information and economic advice on all issues related to the foreign trade monopoly system;
g) drawing up periodic reports on the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade;
h) conducting preliminary negotiations on foreign trade concessions;
i) drawing up opinions on the registration of foreign companies applying for their admission to operations on the territory of the Union of S.S.R .;
j) giving opinions on all legal issues, in particular, on concluded contracts;
k) systematization of legislation on foreign trade;
l) conducting court cases, in particular, cases of violation of the monopoly of foreign trade.
9. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade for Financial and Accounting Administration is responsible for:
a) development of general issues of financial policy of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade;
b) drawing up projects of income and expense estimates and execution of approved estimates;
c) execution of financial transactions of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade;
d) accounting of monetary and trade transactions of all bodies of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade with the preparation of periodic reports throughout the People's Commissariat;
e) guidance and supervision over the correct activities of all central and local bodies of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade in the field of finance and accounting;
f) servicing the foreign exchange needs of the organs of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade and enterprises organized with its participation.
Note. The Planning Commission (Vneshtorgplan), which is under the Regulation Department, acts on the basis of the regulations on it, approved by the People's Commissar for Foreign Trade and the Chairman of the State General Planning Commission of the Union S.S.R.
10. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade for Transport Administration is responsible for:
a) development of issues on all measures necessary to ensure the interests of foreign trade in the field of sea, river, rail and air transport, insurance, warehousing and warrant operations and their coordination with the relevant authorities;
b) management of the activities of commercial ports under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade;
c) participation in the development and implementation of international conventions and agreements on transport issues.
11. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade for the Main Customs Administration is responsible for:
a) organization and management of customs institutions;
b) participation in the development of international treaties and conventions in the part related to customs;
c) development of a customs tariff;
d) monitoring the implementation of measures to combat smuggling and organizing the fight against smuggling through customs institutions outside the zone in which this task is entrusted to the bodies of the United State Political Administration;
e) monitoring the implementation of all laws and regulations on the customs part;
f) maintaining customs statistics.
Chapter V. OF AUTHORITIES AT THE COUNCILS OF THE PEOPLE
COMMISSIONS OF THE UNION REPUBLIC AND LOCAL BODIES
OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT FOR FOREIGN TRADE
12. The organs of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade are:
a) representatives of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union Republics;
b) trade representations of the Union S.S.R. and trade agencies of the Union S.S.R. Abroad;
c) customs districts or representatives of customs administrations.
Section 1. Commissioners of the People's Commissariat of the External
Trade under the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union Republics
13. The procedure for appointing and recalling representatives, their rights and obligations are determined by the general Regulations on People's Commissariats of the Union SSR.
14. Representatives of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union Republics directly subordinate all the agents and bodies of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade on the territory of a given Union Republic.
15. The authorized person within the limits of the orders of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade is in charge of all the monetary and material resources in the territory of a given union republic allocated to him by both the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade and the government of this union republic for foreign trade operations. The export funds allocated by the union republics and transferred to the authorized representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade remain the property of the republics.
16. To carry out the tasks assigned to the council of people's commissars of the union republic to regulate foreign trade, a department is established under him.
17. To carry out commercial operations in the territory of this republic under the direct leadership and control of the authorized People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Council of People's Commissars of this republic, with the permission of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, a State Import and Export Office (Gostorg) with the right of a legal entity may be organized, acting on the basis of regulations on it, approved by the Council of Labor and Defense. Gostorg operates under the direction of the Office of Trade Enterprises and Institutions of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
18. Gostorg under the representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic conducts its commercial operations exclusively on the territory of this Union Republic. If it is necessary to carry out any operations on the territory of other union republics, such can be carried out exclusively through the Gostorg, which is under the authorized representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Council of People's Commissars of the subject union republic, and abroad - through the commercial units of the corresponding trade missions.
19. The tasks of the commissioner include:
a) survey and study of domestic and foreign markets, export and import opportunities, as well as the development of measures to promote the development of the republic's exports;
b) development of an export-import plan for a given republic, its coordination with the corresponding union republic and its submission to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, as well as its implementation upon proper approval;
c) supervision of foreign trade operations of all institutions, organizations and persons on the territory of a given republic;
d) monitoring the exact implementation of laws and regulations on foreign trade and protecting the monopoly of foreign trade;
e) issuance of licenses and certificates for the import and export of goods within the contingents provided by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade to this authorized person on the basis of the approved all-Union export-import plan, as well as issuance of licenses and certificates for export non-contingent goods;
f) control over the activities of mixed companies on the territory of a given union republic;
g) preliminary development of questions on concession and corporatization of certain branches of foreign trade;
h) economic consultation on foreign trade issues;
i) execution of all orders and orders of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
20. To supervise and assist in the conduct of foreign trade operations abroad related to servicing the needs of a given Union republic, an authorized representative of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Council of People's Commissars of this republic may, with the permission of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, appoint a representative acting as part of the relevant trade mission of the Union. S.S.R., on the basis of a regulation approved by the Labor and Defense Council, on the proposal People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
21. If necessary, by agreement of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade with the government of a given union republic on the territory of the latter, under the direct leadership and the supervision of the authorized People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, special joint stock companies for import and export can be established.
22. The Commissioner of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade under the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic organizes, if necessary, on the territory of this republic, with the approval of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, regional departments or departments of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, headed by chiefs directly subordinate to the commissioner.
Section 2. Trade Delegations and Trade Agencies
Union S.S.R. Abroad
23. Trade representations of the Union S.S.R. abroad are the organs of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, at the same time they are part of the corresponding plenipotentiary representations of the Union of S.S.R. abroad and are part of the latter.
24. Trade representatives of the Union S.S.R. abroad are appointed and revoked by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of S.S.R. on the proposal of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, agreed with the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs.
25. By agreement of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, a representative of the Union Republic is introduced into trade missions abroad at points of particular interest to one or another Union republic, and a representative of the Union republic is included in missions with councils. as a member of these councils.
26. Trade representatives of the Union S.S.R. abroad, to carry out the tasks assigned to them, they have an apparatus with them, which is divided into regulatory and commercial parts.
27. The tasks of the trade missions on the regulatory part include:
a) clarification of the general economic situation of their host country;
b) study of local market conditions and information;
c) control over the activities of mixed companies abroad;
d) monitoring the execution of existing between the Union S.S.R. and the given state trade treaties and agreements and participation in the development of new treaties and agreements;
e) supervision of the trading activities in a given country of all bodies, institutions and citizens of the Union of S.S.R., including the commercial part of trade missions.
28. In the tasks of the commercial part of the trade representative office of the Union S.S.R. abroad, the regulatory part includes the fulfillment of planned tasks of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade and other bodies of the Union of the USSR, as well as trade and commission operations on behalf of the commercial bodies of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade, government agencies and enterprises, cooperative, public and private enterprises and persons who are allowed to carry out export-import operations. The commercial part of the trade mission in its commercial work is subordinated through the trade missions to the Office of Trade Enterprises and Institutions of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
29. Trade Agencies of the Union S.S.R. abroad are established by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade and are subordinate to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade either directly or through the trade missions of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade by order of the latter.
Sales agents are appointed and recalled by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
The functions of trade agencies are determined on a case-by-case basis by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade.
Section 3. Customs districts
30. The customs districts are headed by chiefs appointed and recalled by the People's Commissar for Foreign Trade by agreement with the Soviets of People's Commissars of the Union republics.
31. Districts of customs districts, the list of institutions that make up each of them, as well as the location of district offices are established by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade in agreement with the People's Commissariat of Finance of the Union SSR. and by the council of people's commissars of the corresponding union republic. The composition of the customs districts, their institutions, their rights and obligations are determined by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade in the prescribed manner.
32. The customs districts include customs offices of I, II and III categories and customs posts.
Note 1. The opening and abolition of customs institutions, as well as changing their location, establishing the ranks of customs, renaming customs posts in customs and customs offices into customs posts is carried out by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade by agreement with the People's Commissariat of Finance of the Union of S.S.R. and by the council of people's commissars of the corresponding union republic.
Note 2. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, by agreement with the Council of People's Commissars of the respective Union republic, is given the right to allocate customs and customs inspection sites from the jurisdiction of the district directly subordinate to the Main Customs Directorate.
Chairman of the Central
The Executive Committee
A. CHERVYAKOV
Secretary of the Central
The Executive Committee
A.ENUKIDZE
A.I. Mikoyan
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich (13 (25) .11.1895, the village of Sanahin, Tiflis province (later the Tumanyan region of the Armenian SSR), in the family of a carpenter - 10.21.1978, Moscow), Soviet statesman and party leader, Hero of Socialist Labor (1943). Member of the CPSU since 1915.
Anastas Ivanovich graduated from the Armenian Theological Seminary in Tbilisi, studied at the 1st year of the Etchmiadzin Theological Academy. Having joined the RSDLP, he led party work in Tbilisi, Echmiadzin, and collaborated in the social democratic press. After the February Revolution of 1917, he was the organizer of the Etchmiadzin Council, then a propagandist in Tbilisi, Baku, a member of the Tiflis Party Committee. In October 1917 Mikoyan was a delegate to the 1st Congress of Caucasian Bolshevik Organizations, then a member of the Presidium of the Baku Bolshevik Committee; edited the newspaper "Social Democrat" (in Armenian), later "Izvestia of the Baku Council". In March 1918, he participated in the suppression of the counter-revolutionary revolt of the Musavatists, and was wounded. In the summer of 1918, during the struggle against the German-Turkish invaders, commissar of the Red Army brigade; participated in the leadership of hostilities at the front. After the temporary fall of Soviet power in Baku in July 1918, he was chairman of the underground city party committee. He made an attempt to free the arrested Baku commissars, but he himself was arrested in Krasnovodsk and only by chance, together with several comrades, escaped execution; was in Krasnovodsk, then in Kizyl-Arvat and Ashgabat prisons. In February 1919, at the request of the Baku workers, the British invaders were forced to release Mikoyan with a group of those arrested and expelled them from the Trans-Caspian to Baku. Since March 1919 Mikoyan was at the head of the Bolshevik underground in Azerbaijan; member of the Caucasian Regional Party Committee; having established communication with Moscow, Astrakhan, he organized the delivery of oil products for the Red Army. In October 1919, on behalf of the Caucasian regional committee of the party, he crossed the Denikin front and arrived in Moscow, where he met with V.I. Lenin, participated in the meetings of the Politburo and the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), at which the issues of party building in Baku and in the Transcaucasia were resolved. On April 28, 1920, an armed uprising began in Baku; Mikoyan arrived in Baku with an advanced detachment of armored trains of the 11th Red Army, aimed at supporting the insurgents, where he remained in leadership work.
Since October 1920, he was the head of the agitprop department, member of the bureau, secretary of the provincial committee in Nizhny Novgorod (later, the city of Gorky has now returned to its old name). In 1922-24 he was the secretary of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in Rostov-on-Don. In 1924-1926, secretary of the North Caucasian Regional Party Committee, member of the RVS of the North Caucasian Military District. In 1926-30, the People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal Trade of the USSR. In 1930-34, the USSR People's Commissar for Supply. In 1934 he was the head, and since 1938 the People's Commissar of the Food Industry of the USSR. In 1937-46, the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, in 1941-46, a member of the Bureau of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the same time in 1938-46 the People's Commissar of Foreign Trade. During the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the chairman of the Committee for food and clothing supply of the Red Army; in 1942-45, a member of the State Defense Committee, exercised control over the organization of all types of supply of troops; at the same time, in 1943-1946, a member of the Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for the restoration of the economy in areas liberated from the Nazi occupation. In 1946-55, deputy chairman, in 1955-64, 1st deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. At the same time, in 1946-1949, the Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR, in 1953-1955, the Minister of Trade of the USSR. In 1964-65, the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, since December 1965, a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Delegate of the 10-24th Party Congresses; at the 11th Congress (1922) he was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee, from the 12th Congress (1923) a member of the Central Committee of the party. Since 1926, a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), since 1935, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1952-66, a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1919, a candidate member, in 1920-27 a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, since 1922 a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1-8th convocations. Author of many works on the Soviet economy and the history of the party. He was awarded 5 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner and medals.
USSR Minister of Trade 1946-1948 Lyubimov Alexander Vasilievich
After graduating from elementary school in 1912, he worked as an apprentice locksmith at the Bromley plant in Moscow. From 1914 he worked on a refrigeration machine in the Prokofiev trading house in Moscow. In 1918 he volunteered for the Red Army: he served as a Red Army soldier. From 1923 to 1925 he was an employee of the fire department of Moscow. From 1925 he worked at the Svoboda perfume factory in Moscow: a worker, a foreman, a secretary of a party organization. In 1929 he graduated from the evening trade union school. Since March 1931, Chairman of the Oktyabrsky District Trade Union Council of Moscow.
Since August 1932, Deputy Chairman of the Oktyabrsky District Council of Moscow for Workers' Supply.
Since January 1934, he was the chairman of the Oktyabrsky District Consumer Society, then the director of the district food store.
Since January 1936, Chairman of the Kominternovsky District Executive Committee of Moscow.
Since November 1937, People's Commissar for Internal Trade (since January 1938 - trade) of the RSFSR.
From January 1939 to March 1948, People's Commissar (from March 1946 - Minister) of Trade of the USSR.
Since April 1948 he has been a member of the Trade Bureau under the USSR Council of Ministers.
Since February 1949, the head of the Main Directorate of the City Cooperative Trade of Tsentrosoyuz - Deputy Chairman of the Tsentrosoyuz.
Since July 1954, Chairman of the Board of Rospotrebsoyuz.
Since August 1957, he has been a personal pensioner of federal significance. And in 1957 he graduated from the correspondence department of the Higher Cooperative School in Moscow.
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2nd convocation. Member of the Central Auditing Commission of the CPSU (b) in 1939-1952.
He was awarded the Order of Lenin. Major General of the Quartermaster Service (1942).
Buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Member of the Communist Party since July 1924.
USSR Minister of Trade 1948-1953
Vasily Zhavoronkov(05/10/1906, the village of Kustovskaya, Ustyansky district - 06/09/1987, Moscow).
V.G. Zhavoronkov was born into a peasant family. In 1929 he graduated from the Vologda workers' faculty, and in 1936 from the Moscow Mining Institute, was left in graduate school, but in 1937 he was sent to party work. Since June 1938, Zhavoronkov was the second secretary of the organizing bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in the Tula region, in July 1938 he was elected first secretary of the regional committee, and then the city party committee.
During the Great Patriotic War, he headed the Tula party organization, was the chairman of the city defense committee, a member of the military council of the 50th army. Since 1943, First Secretary of the Kuibyshev Regional Party Committee, since 1946 First Deputy Minister, 1948 Minister of Trade of the USSR, since 1953, Minister of State Control of the USSR, since 1958, Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, since 1962, Head of the Central Bureau of Complaints and proposals of the workers of the USSR People's Control Committee.
Retired since 1973.
Vasily Grigorievich Zhavoronkov was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Red Banner, two Orders of the Patriotic War of the first degree, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, and medals.
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 18, 1977, for services to the Communist Party and the Soviet state, a great personal contribution to the organization of the heroic defense of Tula during the Great Patriotic War, Zhavoronkov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.
In Tula, named after V.G. Zhavoronkov street is named.
In March 1953, the Ministry of Trade was merged with the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and Zhavoronkov was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal and Foreign Trade of the USSR. Later in 1953, the Ministry was again split into two - the Ministry of Trade and Foreign Trade.
USSR Minister of Trade 1953-1955 Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich
USSR Minister of Trade 1955-1958 Dmitry Pavlov
Dmitry Vasilievich Pavlov(12.10.1905 -17.07.1991), in 1949-51 the Minister of the Food Industry of the USSR, from 1952 to 1953 the Minister of the Fish Industry of the USSR, from 1955 to 1958 - the Minister of Trade of the USSR.
USSR Minister of Trade 1965-1983 Struev Alexander Ivanovich
StruevAlexander Ivanovich(10 (23) .2.1906, Alchevsk, now Kommunarsk, Voroshilovgrad region -12.12.1991)
Born into a working class family. Since 1925 in Soviet and party work.
In 1944-47, the chairman of the Stalin (now Donetsk) regional executive committee. From 194 to 1953, 1st secretary of the Stalin regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In 1954-58, 1st Secretary of the Perm Regional Committee of the CPSU. In 1958-62, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. In 1962-65, Chairman of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Trade. Since September 1965, Minister of Trade of the USSR.
Delegate to the 19-25th Congresses of the CPSU; in 1952-56 a member of the Central Auditing Commission of the CPSU, in 1956-61 and since 1966 a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in 1961-66 a candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 2-5th and 7-9th convocations.
Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). He was awarded 5 Orders of Lenin, 2 other orders, as well as medals. Member of the CPSU since 1927.
USSR Minister of Trade 1983-1986 Vaschenko Grigory Ivanovich
Vaschenko Grigory Ivanovich(06.01.1920 - 16.05.1990)
Since 1935, a student of the Kharkov Mechanical Engineering College. Since 1938 he has been a technician at a factory laboratory, a technologist in a thermal department. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a senior technologist of the thermal department of the plant in Nizhny Tagil. In 1946 he returned to Kharkov to the transport engineering plant, where he worked as the head of the technological bureau, and since 1951, the head of the thermal department of the plant. In 1955 he graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute. Since 1957 he has been the head of the mechanical assembly building of the plant. Since 1958, the secretary of the party committee of the plant. In 1959 he was secretary and then second secretary of the Kharkov regional party committee.
First secretary of the Kharkov regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine from 1963 to 1972 (in 1963-64, the first secretary of the Kharkov industrial regional committee). Since June 1972, First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR.
USSR Minister of Trade in 1983-86. Since December 1986 he has been a personal pensioner of federal significance.
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 7-11 convocations. Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1966-1989.
He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Badge of Honor.
Buried in Moscow. Member of the Communist Party since 1943.
USSR Minister of Trade 1986-1991 Terekh Kondrat Zigmundovich
Chairman of Belkoopsoyuz, deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the BSSR, Minister of Trade of the USSR
Head of the Main Department of Trade of Moscow Tregubov Nikolay Petrovich
Tregubov Nikolay Petrovich
HE DIED WITHOUT ACCEPTING HIMSELF
The man who was known and respected by all Moscow trade was gone. A man died, whom the authorities tried to make an odious figure, but could not. The merchant people did not believe it ... The tragic death cut short the life of Nikolai Petrovich Tregubov, a former deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, former Head of the Main Directorate of Public Catering, former Head of the Main Directorate of Trade of the city of Moscow, holder of many orders and medals, a participant in the Great Patriotic War. He spent more than ten years in prison, but never wrote a petition for clemency. He forbade his relatives and friends to do this. Through his daughter, the editorial board of the Moscow Trade newspaper turned to Nikolai Petrovich with a request to allow him to write such a petition on behalf of the public. Tregubov thanked us for the initiative, but asked not to. Here are his words, conveyed to us by his daughter: "I would rather die here, but to ask for pardon means to admit my guilt, I will not." But he did not die there. Having gone through cruel ordeals of fate, but not morally broken, Nikolai Petrovich returned home in May last year. I met him by chance in the Department of the Consumer Market and Services, where Tregubov came to look for his documents to apply for a pension. The "main bribe-taker of the country" had no other means of subsistence except a pension. Today not a single newspaper reported on the death of the former "prisoner", but many years ago, with a kind of philistine joy, it wrote about "Tregubovism". This term belongs to the senior investigator in the case of Glavtorg, and now a member of the Constitutional Court of Russia. It was he who came up with the version: the sellers deceive the buyers and "share the profit" with the store director, who, in turn, with the bargaining director, and the latter already bears the chief of the central board. All this, they say, is happening not only with the knowledge, but by order of Tregubov. The readers believed and hated the "Tregubovschina". And only those who worked with Nikolai Petrovich for many years, who knew him, were quietly indignant.
Why it is so quiet? Yes, because in the early 90s, trade and catering workers experienced themselves what the 37th year is. Every day they brought "fresh news": they took such and such a director, arrested the head of the department, etc. I am far from idealizing all trade workers. There were, and still are, among them, and crooks, and crooks, but they do not determine the face of the workers of the industry. It is not obvious, then the authorities really needed to find a "scapegoat" in order to direct the "people's anger" in a certain direction, so that people would not think that the government was bad. And they found: "Tregubovschina". However, the method is not new, so to speak, historical: now the Gentiles, now the rich, now the capitalists, now the rootless cosmopolitans and, finally, the "hucksters". Atu them! And then we will heal well. With what joy it was reported how many of those arrested were confiscated. But only Tregubov was silent ... He did not have any "egg-boxes". There is no decent person, a major trade specialist, a professional in a high sense. Today, many will remember how he solved the most difficult issues. Today, many will remember how he delved into the needs and concerns of all workers in the industry. One had only to get to Tregubov's appointment, and this, by the way, was not difficult. Today, one of the former workers of Glavtorg, having learned about the death of Nikolai Petrovich, burst into tears, remembered one minor episode. When employees gathered at the elevator early in the morning, Nikolai Petrovich always stood in line. Of course, everyone parted and tried to let him go ahead. He always refused with a smile: "You need not be late for work, and the bosses are not late, but delayed." A minor episode? Well, don't tell me. Despite all the titles and regalia, he was an extremely modest person. Was ... And I, at last, was able to write what (for more than ten years I was torn "to freedom." He objected. And even now, after being released, he said with a sad smile: "When I die, then write." The editorial board of "Moscow Trade" has already published materials about the executed director of "Eliseevsky" Yury K. Sokolov, about the executed director of the Dzerzhinsk fruit and vegetable office, participant of the 1945 Victory Parade M. A. Ambartsumyan. And now about Nikolai Petrovich Tregubov. Yes, now about permission there is no need to ask him for publication, but now everyone who remembers him, who believes that the overwhelming majority of people in trade are honest people, should demand a review of his case. Write to us. He died without pleading guilty. ARKADY GAVRILOV
] as a system used to deviate from the obligations assumed by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade are stupid and malicious slander. The monopoly of foreign trade encompasses the principles of the strictest fulfillment by the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the concluded obligations and agreements, and in all the trade activities of the Vneshtorg bodies since the resumption of foreign trade of the Soviet Republic in 1920, not a single case of non-fulfillment by trade missions of any of the obligations concluded by them can be indicated. Of course, the monopoly of foreign trade is a powerful enough tool in the hands of the Soviet state in order to more successfully fight those who seek to undermine the economic interests of our country or damage our trade. But even in those cases when the Soviet government is forced, due to aggressive actions on the part of any organization, to undertake this or that change in the direction of its goods or in the issuance of orders, the exact fulfillment of the concluded obligations under the contracts always remains an unshakable condition; even when our trade mission in Germany in May of this year was subjected to an unheard-of attack by the Prussian police, who carried out this act of lawlessness, even in secret from their own Ministry of Foreign Affairs, even then the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, limiting and reducing trade relations with Germany, not one the day did not suspend the execution of current contracts or settlements under concluded contracts and transactions. When a year ago the Soviet government was forced, as a result of a hostile act that interfered with our trade, to stop issuing orders to France, the English society Arcos, carrying out these instructions of the Soviet government, appointed a special agent to liquidate the transactions already begun, and we do not know of any complaints from French firms who had trade deals with Arkos. It would be a shame if the good business relations established by Soviet economic organizations with Amtorg or through it and with other American firms are ruined by a smear campaign, but all firms and persons who have entered into agreements or deals with Soviet organizations that have sufficient authority from the Narkomvneshtorg or its authorities, can be quite confident in the accurate and timely fulfillment of obligations; and it is the system of monopoly of foreign trade, which ensures the strictest government control over all these transactions, that gives the best guarantee of the exact fulfillment of all obligations.
People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade Krasin
Notes (edit):
Amtorg (American Trading Corporation) was formed in New York on May 27, 1924 by the merger of the Prodeksko and Arcos-America societies. The NKID spoke in favor of the new society being a private institution. “Persons who will be appointed leaders of society,” wrote M. M. Litvinov to LB Krasin on January 31, 1924, “must be instilled in the strictest manner so that they in no way act in the United States as agents of Soviet power. ". I. Ya. Khurgin proposed several variants of the name of the society: the Trade Society of the Union of Soviet Republics (TO USSR), the Soviet-American Trade Society (SATOR), the American Trade Society (Amtorg). As a result of the discussion, it was decided to dwell on the last name.
The main functions and methods of activity of the company were determined on the basis of the agreement of the latter with the NKVT of November 28, 1924. The NKVT undertook to provide Amtorg with licenses for the export of raw materials of all types allowed for export for sale in North and South America, a license for import into the USSR from North and South America for the sale on the Union's internal market of all sorts of raw materials, semi-finished products, industrial goods admitted to import into the USSR. In turn, Amtorg undertook to pay NKVT an annual “remuneration” in the amount of 50% of net profit. But this condition was practically not observed. In 1931, the Office for Tax Complaints in the United States stated that, contrary to the agreement between Amtorg and the NKVT of November 28, 1924, Amtorg transferred the entire amount of profits to the NKVT. The connection between Amtorg and NKVT was extremely close. But in Soviet party and state circles, the complete independence of Amtorg from the NKVT and its position as an independent Russian-American society were strongly emphasized. The desire to deny the state character of Amtorg was due to both political and economic factors. From an economic point of view, this was due to the problem of taxation of Amtorg. As a non-state trading company, Amtorg enjoyed some tax incentives. In the spring of 1931, the US domestic tax collector imposed an additional tax on Amtorg, assuming that Amtorg was a society controlled by the Soviet government. This tax was significantly higher than the amount that Amtorg paid as a trading company. Amtorg's management appealed to the US Tax Complaints Department, arguing that Amtorg's shares were owned by a number of individuals and cooperative organizations. From a political point of view, it was highly undesirable to advertise the state character of Amtorg, so as not to focus the attention of American business and political circles on the fact that Amtorg, in addition to commercial, also performs political tasks (RGAE. F. 413. Op. 13. D. 96 L. 30, ЗЗ ob., 52-52 ob., 72; Op. 17, D. 521. Sheet 25; Op. 22, D. 80. L. 329).
On April 22, 1918, the RSFSR Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the nationalization of foreign trade. It said: “All foreign trade is being nationalized. Trade transactions for the purchase and sale of all kinds of products with foreign states and individual trading enterprises abroad are carried out on behalf of the Russian Republic by specially authorized bodies. In addition to these bodies, any trade transactions ... for export and import are prohibited (Collection of existing decrees and regulations on foreign trade. M., 1924. p. 11). The organ conducting foreign trade was the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry. With the introduction of NEP, the situation changed. In the order of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of March 11, 1921, it was said that "for the development of trade relations with abroad, economic bodies should be given the right to participate in foreign transactions and the implementation of such, as well as the right to have their representations at the foreign bodies of the NKVT." The provision of some freedom in the foreign market was due to the state's desire to intensify foreign economic activity. The rights of the NKVT in the field of foreign trade were determined by a decree of August 9, 1921, according to which it became the main supplier of export raw materials. The state transferred the republican export fund to the NKVT, which was supposed to ensure its stable position in conditions of possible competition with state institutions and cooperation. By a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of March 13, 1922, the NKVT was entrusted with the function of monitoring and guiding the foreign trade of the RSFSR and, in fact, over the activities of all institutions operating in this area. LB Krasin was an active supporter of strengthening the role of the NKVT in foreign trade. He opposed the implementation of only control functions by the NKVT, believing that "any effective control over organizations directly carrying out foreign trade will be possible only when ... the number of these organizations does not exceed a certain limit" (quoted by: Kaufman M. Ya. Organization and regulation of Russia's foreign trade. M., 1925. p. 58). The desire of the self-supporting trade and industrial associations that emerged in the first year of NEP for active foreign trade operations prompted them to demand further easing of the monopoly of foreign trade. At the end of 1922, discussions on this issue began in party and state circles, where the victory was won by the supporters of the preservation of the monopoly of foreign trade and the previously announced principle of allowing some organizations to participate in foreign economic activity. LB Krasin's position found support in the highest party and state circles, and on April 13, 1923, a special decree limited the range of institutions entitled to conduct independent foreign trade operations. There were 25 of them. The rest had to receive permission to conclude foreign trade transactions in the NKVT in each individual case. The Ninth Congress of Soviets, in a resolution on the New Economic Policy, noted that “the further development of trade relations with abroad requires more direct and direct links between industry and the foreign market. Finding that the protection of the national property and the interests of the most profitable sale on foreign markets of those products that are allowed for export require the state to retain the monopoly of foreign trade, the IX Congress of Soviets considers that all-Russian and regional cooperative associations of all types, state and industrial associations should be the direct production of export and import operations is allowed (on the basis of special agreements between them with the NKVT on the admission or restriction of the export or import of certain types of goods and under its control). For the same purposes, the formation with the obligatory participation of NKVT - mixed companies for the procurement of export goods within the country, their sale abroad and the import into Soviet Russia of the products it needs, with the establishment of customs duties - import and export, should be allowed ”(Ibid. P. 68).
Some freedom of foreign economic activity remained with Arkos, Amtorg, mixed joint stock companies. At the second meeting of the authorized representatives of the NKVT on January 6, 1924, it was decided to consider the existence of the above-named organizations as NKVT structures, possessing considerable freedom of foreign economic activity, acceptable. Attempts to violate the de facto monopoly position of the NKVT and its structures in the foreign market were undertaken in 1925 by a number of Narkomzem employees (ND Kondratyev, Sukhanov, V.G. Groman), who believed that the NKVT apparatus was too cumbersome and reduced the efficiency of foreign trade. In particular, ND Kondratyev noted that "protectionism in relation to the industry of the USSR should be carried out in such a way as not to hinder the import of implements and means of agricultural production" (Planned economy. 1925. No. 8. P. 111). But these attempts were unsuccessful. And by the mid-1920s, the state represented by the NKVT had become a de facto monopoly in the foreign trade of the USSR, which was interpreted by party and state circles as one of the greatest achievements of socialist construction.
This refers to the invasion of the German police on May 3, 1924 into the USSR trade mission in Berlin ( Shishkin V.A. The price of recognition. SPb., 1991. Pp. 130).
This refers to the termination of the issuance of entry visas to France for trade workers from the USSR in April 1923.
RGAE. F. 413. Op. 2.D. 1258.L. 6-7. Copy
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The GMVT survived until the 80s, because all disputes over foreign trade transactions were resolved according to the laws of the USSR
The second half of the 1920s was the time of the collapse of the NEP and preparation for socialist industrialization. New tasks required further development and improvement of the organizational forms of Soviet foreign trade. An important milestone in the restructuring of the organization of foreign trade of the USSR was the October plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1925. He outlined the following line in this area: “... while keeping the foreign trade monopoly system intact, we must at the same time adapt the forms of organizing foreign trade to the changing economic conditions and tasks of the Union, with the obligatory preservation of the absolute unity of all Soviet bodies operating abroad .. The measures should proceed along the following lines: a) preservation of the foreign trade monopoly system; b) creation of a more flexible system of special trade organizations, simplification, reduction in price of the trade apparatus ... ".
One of the measures to ensure the unity of the work of procurement, purchasing and foreign trade bodies during this period was the creation in 1925 of the united People's Commissariat of Internal and Foreign Trade.
It was decided to create specialized foreign trade joint stock companies, which were supposed to serve individual sectors of the national economy. Joint-stock companies specialized in operations for a certain range of goods: bread, oil, metals, electrical goods, chemical goods, leather, and so on. Joint-stock companies made it possible to largely eliminate fragmentation and parallelism in exports, although they were not, as a rule, monopoly exporters or importers of this product. Although they were called joint-stock companies, almost all of the shares belonged to state organizations, in some cases the participation of cooperative organizations was allowed. For example, in JSC "Exportkhleb" the founders and main shareholders were the USSR People's Commissariat of Trade, the State Bank of the USSR, Tsentrosoyuz, "Khleboprodukt", "Selkhozsoyuz" and "Vsekobank". Other shareholders were Gostorg RSFSR, Ukrgostorg, Flax Center, ARKOS, Ukrkhleb, Khlebocenter, Ukrainobank, Vukospilka, Maslozhirsyndikat. The share capital of the company was 5 million rubles. State joint stock companies were a specific form of attracting savings from state and cooperative enterprises and their use for the development of Soviet foreign trade.
Syndicates... Syndicates - organizations uniting the trade and financial activities of the trusts of this industry - also received the right to independently appear in the foreign market. The most famous of them are "Oil Syndicate" and "Spichsindicat".
With the development of foreign trade operations of state joint stock companies and syndicates, the role of other state and cooperative foreign trade organizations has decreased. The share of Gostorgs and other government agencies (excluding joint-stock companies) in the period from 1924/25 to 1926/27 decreased (%): for exports - from 47.3 to 34; for imports - from 86.8 to 54.1. During the same time, the share of state-owned joint-stock companies increased (%) in exports from 31.6 to 59.9, and in imports - from 6.3 to 34.
GMVT from 1930 to the restructuring of the second half of the 1980s
At the end of the 1920s, a system of centralized economic management on a planned basis took shape in the USSR, the multi-structured nature of the economy began to recede into the past. The need arose for a new reorganization of the USSR foreign trade system.
If earlier the main task of foreign trade organizations was to mobilize export resources, now their main task has become the sale of goods on the foreign market. A radical reform of the credit system required the abolition of some outdated forms of fundraising - for example, joint stock companies.
In this regard, in 1930, the main reforms in the field of organizing foreign trade were carried out along the following lines:
Creation of monopoly export-import associations;
- delimitation of functions for the procurement of goods and for their export;
- division of the People's Commissariat of Trade into two independent departments: the People's Commissariat of Supply of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR.
Since then, for more than half a century, the foreign trade system of the USSR continued to be based on the state monopoly and did not undergo any fundamental restructuring. There were only some minor changes. For example, after the war, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade (like all other people's commissariats) was renamed into a ministry. In 1953, two union ministries - foreign and domestic trade - merged into the ministry of foreign and domestic trade (as was the case in 1925-1930). However, five years later, in 1958, there was again a division into two ministries. The USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade existed in this form until the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991. It can also be added that after the war a state system of foreign economic relations appeared, which also incorporated the state system of foreign trade. Was created State Committee for Foreign Economic Relations, which, together with the Ministry of Foreign Trade, managed the system of foreign economic relations of the USSR.
State system of foreign trade of the USSR after 1930
In organizational terms, the state system of foreign trade of the USSR after 1930 began to consist of the following main elements:
People's Commissariat (Ministry) of Foreign Trade of the USSR,
- trade missions of the USSR abroad,
- all-union export-import associations,
- The Main Customs Directorate (transferred to the system of the Ministry of Transport of the USSR in accordance with the 1964 Customs Code).
In addition, the USSR's foreign trade system also included the USSR All-Union Chamber of Commerce (VTP). Formally, the chamber had the status of a public organization, but in fact it operated in close cooperation with the People's Commissariat (ministry) of foreign trade, helping to expand the USSR's foreign trade. In particular, the VTP organized Soviet exhibitions abroad and foreign exhibitions in the USSR.
Concerning People's Commissariat (ministry) of foreign trade of the USSR, then the department had a central office and representatives in various regions of the USSR. Its main functions were:
1) the development and implementation of measures to develop economic ties and improve the trade of the Soviet Union with foreign states;
2) drawing up plans for foreign trade and ensuring their implementation;
3) development of draft trade agreements with foreign states and control over the implementation of these agreements;
4) management of activities and control over the operations of foreign trade and economic enterprises subordinate to the Ministry;
5) development of issues of currency and customs policy and issuance of licenses for the import and export of goods;
6) management of work on foreign trade transport, chartering of ships and transport and forwarding business;
7) management of customs affairs.
To perform the functions assigned to it, the People's Commissariat (Ministry) of Foreign Trade was in close cooperation with the USSR State Planning Committee (planning of foreign trade), the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (development of measures to improve foreign trade with individual countries), Vneshtorgbank and the USSR State Bank (calculations based on foreign trade and the development of foreign exchange policy), subordinate to all-Union export-import associations.
All-Union Export-Import Associations were the main "working" link in the foreign trade system of the USSR. By the early 1980s. in the country there were about 50 such associations that specialized in certain types of goods. What are these associations? In the field of trade in machines, equipment, vehicles: Technoexport, Mashinoexport, Mashinoimport, Stankoimport, Technopromimport, Avtoexport, Sudoimport, Aviaexport, Traktorexport and some others. In the field of trade in industrial raw materials: "Promsyryeimport", "Raznoimport", "Soyuzpromexport", "Exportles" and others. In the field of food trade: "Exportkhleb", "Plodintorg", "Plodoimport" and others. Three associations specialized in the provision of transport services: "Sofrakht", "Soyuzvneshtrans", "Avtovneshtrans". There were also some specific associations that were associated with the trade in cultural objects: International Book, Sovexportfilm.
The associations operated on the principles of cost accounting. In accordance with the plans for export and import, associations received goods from Soviet economic organizations at state wholesale prices (excluding turnover tax) and transferred imported goods to them at fixed prices. The associations had a charter capital within which they could be responsible. The associations had limited liability in the sense that they did not meet the requirements of non-residents for the Soviet state, and, conversely, the state did not meet the requirements of foreign firms for associations. In the first years of their activity, the associations carried out export-import operations almost exclusively through trade missions. Transactions were usually made abroad, which created many inconveniences. After decisive successes were achieved in the socialist industrialization of the country and the technical and economic independence of the USSR from the capitalist countries was strengthened, the trade practice of the associations was rebuilt. The conclusion of the deals was carried over to the Soviet Union. So, if in 1934 in Moscow only 8.1% of all import transactions were concluded, then in 1935 their share increased to 76.3%. This event made it possible to reduce expenses in foreign currency for maintaining the apparatus abroad, to increase the international significance of the State Bank and Vneshtorgbank. But, most importantly, according to the established practice, all disputes over foreign trade transactions should be resolved according to the laws of the country in which the agreement was signed. Therefore, disputes were resolved according to the laws of the USSR.
V.Yu. Katasonov, prof., D.E. Sci., Chairman of the Russian Economic Society. S.F. Sharapova
