Chlorine
Greenish-yellow gas, with a pungent suffocating odor, heavier than air. It stays in the lower floors of buildings, lowlands. They are used: for the chlorination of water, for the production of plastics, insecticides, solvents, disinfectants, bleaching and detergents, in the production of glycerin, ethylene oxide, etc.; in metallurgy - for the chlorinated roasting of non-ferrous metal ores.
The defeat causes a sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, impaired coordination of movements, shortness of breath, pain in the eyes, lacrimation. May be fatal if inhaled in high concentrations.
Protection
Civilian gas masks of all types, children's protective cameras. From available tools, cotton-gauze bandages, scarves, scarves, previously moistened with a 2% solution of baking soda or water, can be used.
First aid
Put on a gas mask on the victim. Take him out of the danger zone, free him from clothes that hinder breathing, create peace. In case of contact with skin, wash with water, if burns occur, apply a bandage. Transportation of the affected person only in the supine position. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-mouth method. Give warm drink.
Ammonia
A colorless gas with a pungent suffocating odor, lighter than air. Penetrates the upper floors of buildings. They are used: in the production of nitric acid, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, liquid fertilizers (ammonia), urea, soda, in organic synthesis; when dyeing fabrics; blueprint; as a refrigerant in refrigerators; when silvering mirrors.
Toxic effects on humans
Severely irritating to the respiratory system, eyes, skin. Signs of poisoning: heart palpitations, abnormal heart rate, runny nose, cough, pain in the eyes and watery eyes, nausea, impaired coordination of movements, delusional state. May be fatal if inhaled in high concentrations.
Protection
Civilian gas masks, cotton-gauze bandages, scarves, shawls, previously moistened with water or 5% citric acid solution.
First aid
Put on a gas mask on the victim. Take it out of the danger area, breathe in warm water vapor (preferably with the addition of vinegar or a few crystals of citric acid). Rinse eyes thoroughly with water. In case of contact with skin, wash with plenty of water, if burns occur, apply a bandage. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-mouth method.
Municipal stage of the regional Olympiad for schoolchildren on the basics of life safety
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With the financial support of Oleg Nikolaevich Sidorenko
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Chlorine is a yellow-green gas, with a pungent odor (the smell of bleach), 2.5 times heavier than air, therefore, when it leaks, chlorine first of all fills ravines, basements, first floors of buildings, spreads along the floor.
Chlorine gas and chemical compounds containing active chlorine are hazardous to human health (toxic). Inhalation of this gas can lead to acute and chronic poisoning. Clinical forms depend on the concentration of chlorine in the air and the duration of exposure. There are four forms of acute chlorine poisoning: fulminant, severe, moderate and mild.
All these forms are characterized by a sharp primary reaction to exposure to gas. Chlorine nonspecific irritation of the receptors of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract causes reflex protective symptoms (cough, sore throat, lacrimation, etc.). As a result of the interaction of chlorine with the moisture of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, hydrochloric acid and active oxygen are formed, which have a toxic effect on the body.
At high chlorine concentrations, the victim may die after a few minutes (fulminant form): persistent laryngospasm occurs (narrowing of the glottis, leading to respiratory arrest), loss of consciousness, convulsions, cyanosis, bloating of veins on the face and neck, involuntary urination and defecation.
In severe poisoning, a short-term cessation of breathing occurs, then breathing is restored, but not normal, but superficial, convulsive. The person loses consciousness. Death occurs within 5-25 minutes.
In case of moderate chlorine poisoning, the consciousness of the victims remains; reflex cessation of breathing is short-lived, but attacks of suffocation may recur during the first two hours. There is a burning sensation and pain in the eyes, lacrimation, pain behind the breastbone, attacks of a painful dry cough, and after 2-4 hours toxic pulmonary edema develops. In a mild form of acute chlorine poisoning, only signs of irritation of the upper respiratory tract are expressed, which persist for several days.
Long-term consequences of acute chlorine poisoning are manifested as chronic pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumosclerosis, pulmonary emphysema, broncho-ectatic disease, pulmonary heart failure. The same changes in the body occur during prolonged stay in conditions when the air constantly contains gaseous chlorine in low concentrations (chronic chlorine poisoning). Exposure to unprotected skin of chlorine-containing compounds causes acne, dermatitis, pyoderma.
First aid to victims includes:
Washing eyes, nose, mouth with 2% baking soda solution;
Instilling petroleum jelly or olive oil into the eyes, and for pain in the eyes - 2-3 drops of a 0.5% solution of dicaine;
Physical properties. Chlorine is a green-yellow poisonous gas with a pungent odor. This is the first chemical weapon. During the First World War 1914-1918. it was used as a chemical warfare agent. Chlorine is heavier than air c. 2.5 times, therefore it spreads along the ground and is carried by the wind over considerable distances in the form of a gas cloud. Chlorine is irritating to the respiratory tract, and inhalation of large amounts of it causes death by suffocation. With a chlorine content in the air of 0.9 ml / l, death occurs within 5 minutes.
Slide 11 from presentation "Chlorine"... The size of the archive with the presentation is 2732 KB.Chemistry grade 11
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CHLORINECHLORINE(lat. Chlorum), Cl - chemical element VII of group of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 17, atomic mass 35.453; belongs to the halogen family. Under normal conditions (0 ° C, 0.1 MN / m 2) yellow-green gas with a sharp irritating odor. Natural chlorine consists of two stable isotopes: 35 Cl (75.77%) and 37 Cl (24.23%). Artificially obtained radioactive isotopes with mass numbers 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40 and half-lives T 1/2, respectively, 0.31; 2.5; 1.56 sec; 3.1 * 105 years old; 37.3; 55.5 and 1.4 minutes. 36 Cl and 38 Cl are used as isotopic indicators.
Historical reference.
Chlorine was obtained for the first time in 1774 by K. Scheele by the interaction of hydrochloric acid with pyrolusite MnO 2. However, only in 1810 G. Davy established that chlorine is an element and named it chlorine (from the Greek chloros - yellow-green). In 1813 J.L. Gay Lussac proposed the name chlorine for this element.
Distribution in nature.
Chlorine is found in nature only in the form of compounds. The average chlorine content in the earth's crust is 1.7 * 10 -2% by weight, in acid igneous rocks - granites 2.4 * 10 -2, in basic and ultrabasic 5 * 10 -3. Water migration plays a major role in the history of chlorine in the earth's crust. In the form of the Cl ion - it is contained in the World Ocean (1.93%), underground brines and salt lakes. The number of its own minerals (mainly natural chlorides) is 97, the main of which is halite NaCl. Large deposits of potassium and magnesium chlorides and mixed chlorides are also known: sylvinite KCl, sylvinite (Na, K) Cl, carnallite KCl * MgCl 2 * 6H 2 O, kainite KCl * MgSO 4 * ZN 2 O, bischofite MgCl 2 * 6H 2 O In the history of the Earth, the influx of HCl contained in volcanic gases into the upper parts of the earth's crust was of great importance.
Physical and chemical properties.
Chlorine has a boiling point of 34.05 ° C, and a melting point of 101 ° C. The density of chlorine gas under normal conditions is 3.214 g / l; saturated steam at 0 ° C 12.21 g / l; liquid chlorine at a boiling point of 1.557 g / cm 3; solid chlorine at -102 ° C 1.9 g / cm 3. The saturated vapor pressure of chlorine at 0 ° C is 0.369; at 25 ° C 0.772; at 100 ° C 3.814 MN / m 2 or 3.69, respectively; 7.72; 38.14 kgf / cm 2. Heat of fusion 90.3 kJ / kg (21.5 cal / g); heat of vaporization 288 kJ / kg (68.8 cal / g); heat capacity of gas at constant pressure 0.48 kJ / (kg * K). Chlorine is readily soluble in TiCl 4, SiCl 4, SnCl 4 and some organic solvents (especially in hexane and carbon tetrachloride). The chlorine molecule is diatomic (Cl 2). The degree of thermal dissociation of Cl 2 +243 kJ 2Cl at 1000 K is 2.07 * 10 -4%, at 2500 K 0.909%.
The outer electronic configuration of the Cl 3s 2 3p 5. In accordance with this, chlorine in compounds exhibits oxidation states -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 and +7. The covalent radius of the atom is 0.99A, the ionic radius of Cl is 1.82A, the affinity of the chlorine atom to the electron is 3.65 eV, and the ionization energy is 12.97 eV.
Chemically, chlorine is very active, it combines directly with almost all metals (with some only in the presence of moisture or when heated) and with non-metals (except carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases), forming the corresponding chlorides, reacts with many compounds, replaces hydrogen in saturated hydrocarbons and attaches to unsaturated compounds. Chlorine displaces bromine and iodine from their compounds with hydrogen and metals; it is displaced by fluorine from chlorine compounds with these elements. Alkali metals in the presence of traces of moisture interact with chlorine with ignition, most metals react with dry chlorine only when heated. Steel, as well as some metals, are resistant to dry chlorine at low temperatures, so they are used for the manufacture of equipment and storage for dry chlorine. Phosphorus ignites in a chlorine atmosphere, forming PCl 3, and upon further chlorination - PCl 5; sulfur with chlorine when heated gives S 2 Cl 2, SСl 2 and other S n Cl m. Arsenic, antimony, bismuth, strontium, tellurium interact vigorously with chlorine. A mixture of chlorine and hydrogen burns with a colorless or yellow-green flame to form hydrogen chloride (this is a chain reaction).
The maximum temperature of the hydrogen-chlorine flame is 2200 ° C. Chlorine-hydrogen mixtures containing from 5.8 to 88.3% H 2 are explosive.
With oxygen, chlorine forms oxides: Cl 2 O, ClO 2, Cl 2 O 6, Cl 2 O 7, Cl 2 O 8, as well as hypochlorites (hypochlorous acid salts), chlorites, chlorates and perchlorates. All oxygenated chlorine compounds form explosive mixtures with easily oxidizable substances. Chlorine oxides are unstable and can explode spontaneously, hypochlorites decompose slowly during storage, chlorates and perchlorates can explode under the influence of initiators.
Chlorine in water is hydrolyzed, forming hypochlorous and hydrochloric acids: Сl 2 + Н 2 О НСlО + НСl. During the chlorination of aqueous solutions of alkalis in the cold, hypochlorites and chlorides are formed: 2NаОН + Сl 2 = NaСlO + NaCl + Н 2 О, and when heated, chlorates. By chlorination of dry calcium hydroxide, bleach is obtained. When ammonia interacts with chlorine, nitrogen trichloride is formed. In the chlorination of limited compounds, chlorine either replaces hydrogen: R-Н + Сl 2 = RСl + НСl, or joins at multiple bonds:
С = С + Сl2 СlС-ССl
forming various chlorine-containing organic compounds.
Chlorine forms interhalogen compounds with other halogens. Fluorides ClF, ClF 3, ClF 5 are very reactive; for example, glass wool ignites spontaneously in a ClF 3 atmosphere. Known compounds of chlorine with oxygen to fluorine - chlorine oxyfluorides: СlО 3 F, СlО 2 F 3, СlOF, СlОF 3 and fluorine perchlorate FСlO 4.
Receiving.
Chlorine began to be produced industrially in 1785 by the interaction of hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide or pyrolusite. In 1867, the English chemist H. Deacon developed a method for producing chlorine by oxidizing HCl with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of a catalyst. Since the late 19th - early 20th centuries, chlorine has been produced by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of alkali metal chlorides. 90 - 95% of the world's chlorine is produced by these methods in the 70s of the 20th century. Small amounts of chlorine are produced along the way during the production of magnesium, calcium, sodium, and lithium by the electrolysis of molten chlorides. In 1975, the world production of chlorine was about 23 million tons. There are two main methods of electrolysis of NaCl aqueous solutions: 1) in electrolysers with a solid cathode and a porous filtering diaphragm; 2) in electrolysers with a mercury cathode. Both methods produce gaseous chlorine at the graphite or titanium-ruthenium oxide anode. According to the first method, hydrogen is released at the cathode and a solution of NaOH and NaCl is formed, from which commercial caustic soda is isolated by subsequent processing. According to the second method, sodium amalgam is formed at the cathode, when it is decomposed with pure water in a separate apparatus, a NaOH solution, hydrogen and pure mercury are obtained, which again goes into production. Both methods give 1.125 tons of NaOH per 1 ton of chlorine.
Electrolysis with a diaphragm requires less investment for the organization of chlorine production, and gives a cheaper NaOH. The mercury cathode method produces very pure NaOH, but the loss of mercury pollutes the environment. In 1970, the method with the mercury cathode produced 62.2% of the world's chlorine production, with the solid cathode 33.6%, and 4.3% by other methods. After 1970, electrolysis with a solid cathode and an ion-exchange membrane began to be used, which made it possible to obtain pure NaOH without the use of mercury.
Application.
One of the important branches of the chemical industry is the chlorine industry. Most of the chlorine is processed at the site of its production into chlorine-containing compounds. Chlorine is stored and transported in liquid form in cylinders, barrels, railway tanks or in specially equipped ships. For industrial countries the following approximate consumption of chlorine is typical: for the production of chlorine-containing organic compounds - 60 - 75%; inorganic compounds containing chlorine, -10 - 20%; for bleaching of cellulose and fabrics - 5 - 15%; for sanitary needs and water chlorination - 2 - 6% of the total production.
Chlorine is also used for the chlorination of some ores in order to extract titanium, niobium, zirconium and others.
Chlorine in the body.
Chlorine is one of the biogenic elements, a constant component of plant and animal tissues. The chlorine content in plants (a lot of chlorine in halophytes) is from thousandths of a percent to whole percent, in animals - tenths and hundredths of a percent. The daily requirement of an adult in chlorine (2 - 4 g) is covered by food. Chlorine is usually supplied with food in excess in the form of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Bread, meat and dairy products are especially rich in chlorine. In the body of animals, chlorine is the main osmotically active substance of blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid and some tissues. Plays a role in water-salt metabolism, contributing to the retention of water by tissues. Regulation of acid-base balance in tissues is carried out along with other processes by changing the distribution of chlorine between blood and other tissues; chlorine is involved in energy metabolism in plants, activating both oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. Chlorine has a positive effect on the uptake of oxygen by the roots. Chlorine is required for the formation of oxygen during photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. Most nutrient media for artificial cultivation of plants do not contain chlorine. It is possible that very low concentrations of chlorine are sufficient for the development of plants.
Poisoning chlorine are possible in the chemical, pulp and paper, textile, pharmaceutical industries. Chlorine is irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Secondary infection usually joins the primary inflammatory changes. Acute poisoning develops almost immediately. When medium and low concentrations of chlorine are inhaled, chest tightness and pain, dry cough, rapid breathing, pain in the eyes, lacrimation, an increase in the content of leukocytes in the blood, body temperature, etc. are noted. ... In mild cases, recovery occurs within 3 to 7 days. As long-term consequences, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, recurrent broichitis, pneumosclerosis are observed; possible activation of pulmonary tuberculosis. With prolonged inhalation of low concentrations of chlorine, similar, but slowly developing forms of the disease are observed. Prevention of poisoning, sealing of production facilities, equipment, effective ventilation, if necessary, the use of a gas mask. The maximum permissible concentration of chlorine in the air of production facilities, premises is 1 mg / m 3. The production of chlorine, bleach and other chlorine-containing compounds belongs to industries with hazardous working conditions.
