Hello, friends. This is Ivan Nekrasov, the one who hasn't written a blog for a week. Where have I disappeared? Nowhere. We are preparing bombing material for the school of preparation for the exam in history and society. There are only a few weeks left until the set closes. All the time and energy is spent there, so you have no time to write regular articles, sorry. We are also waiting for the start of the main stage of the USE in 2017 and the results of my graduates.

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In this article, I will debunk all your doubts about history assignment 25, tell you about the updated criteria for writing a historical essay, teach you how to deceive an expert when writing your work and fulfilling the K4 criterion, and so on. Interesting? Then read the article below!

Has the historical writing changed?

So, just yesterday, a sketch of this type of essay for the period 1125-1132 was sent to me in personal messages on VKontakte:

1125-1132

The period of the history of Russia 1125-1132. called the period of feudal fragmentation.
The main reasons for feudal fragmentation are:
- princely strife, the desire of princes to strengthen and expand their possessions;
- the formation of local princely dynasties;
- the growth of cities, their transformation into centers of separate territories;
- strengthening of the local boyars, the desire of boyars and local princes to strengthen and expand their possessions.
Years 1125-1132 - fall under the reign of Mstislav the Great, the son of the famous Vladimir Monomakh, whose activities were associated with the end of princely strife, the protection of the Russian borders from the raids of nomads.

Check the historical essay online

Let's figure it out, because five out of six writings contained similar questions and errors. What needs to be done? To begin with, download the demos of the FIPI Unified State Exam on the history of 2017 and refer to the wording of the assignment itself:

1) 1125-1132; 2) 1825-1855; 3) 1945-1953

The essay must:
to a given period of history;
and using knowledge
stories.

Let's check this work and identify all the errors + give an answer to the question about the form of writing the work.

Working with criteria

We look at K1 - everything is fine, more than two phenomena and processes are indicated. It has always been very easy to check this criterion - you just need to find two historical dates in the work. If they are, you give two points.

K2 - Monomakh and Mstislav are in place. Last year, this criterion would have been validated, but now there is an amendment in the criteria stating that figures must have a commentary containing their role in the history of Russia. How to write and highlight a role? For this, a verb is used, for example, issued, commanded, led, headed, etc.

In this work, the role of the doer is not - 0 points.

An example of a causal relationship

K3 - Similarly, there is simply no cause-and-effect relationship in the work. What it is?

Causal relationships are generally a situation when the influence of the period on the subsequent years of the development of the state is shown. That is, you take the results and continue the thought, looking already for 1132. The key question is: what did it lead to? In my courses, I recommend using a cross-sectional model of writing causal relationships using CAUSE-EFFECT keys.

An example of a causal relationship. The role of Vasily Golitsyn is highlighted in blue:

Vasily Golitsyn, who was Sophia's favorite, played a special role in the country's foreign policy. In 1686 Golitsyn initiated the conclusion"Eternal Peace" between Poland and Russia. The cause of this event became the need for the final division of Ukraine between the spheres of influence of Russia and Poland. A consequence of this world the final recognition of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev for Russia. In addition, Russia has entered into an anti-Turkish coalition with Poland, Austria and Hungary. In this coalition, Russia was assigned a secondary role: the fight against the Crimean Khanate.

Total: 0 points

K4 - Consequence of the period on future history. In the past year, a historical essay required knowledge of historiography by a graduate. This is a historical assessment on behalf of a famous historian such as Karamzin. This year, this is not required. It is necessary to write what the period in the future has influenced

An example of a properly opened K4:

This period is highly controversial in Russian historiography. For example, L. Katsva believes that this period was favorable for the state, but at the same time, the will of the people was not taken into account in these years. It seems to me that this period is a period of very bold transformations that should have taken place sooner or later. "Perestroika" later led to the disintegration of such a state as the Soviet Union and the creation of Russia in which we live today.

As you can see - also 0 points.

K5 - Use of a historical term. In this case, it is civil strife. Plus one point.

K6 implies the absence of factual errors, as well as the K7 criterion - the form of work, like an essay. Thus, answering the question, you need to write the answer to task 25 as an essay on the Russian language and literature without using paragraphs and subparagraphs.

This is not observed here: 0 points.

Artasov's speech - video from courses for exam experts

Thus, this essay can be assessed for the minimum number of points, but it is very easy to fix it. Now I propose to complete a similar task for you and send it to me at private messages on VKontakte... In addition, I strongly advise you to look at the commentary of the compiler of the USE-2017 for changes in the historical essay - consolidate the material studied.

Practice it yourself!

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia:

1) 1237-1240; 2) 1881-1894; 3) 1953-1964

The essay must:
- indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) related toto a given period of history;
- name two historical figures whose activities are connectedwith the specified events (phenomena, processes),and using knowledgehistorical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in events(phenomena, processes) of a given period in the history of Russia;
- indicate at least two causal relationships that existedbetween events (phenomena, processes) within a given periodstories.
Using knowledge of historical factsand (or) opinions of historians, giveone historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia.
In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

Comment, like and subscribe to blog updates... This concludes the article.

Do you want to understand all the topics of the history course? Sign up to study at Ivan Nekrasov's school with a legal guarantee of passing the exam for 80+ points!

Best regards, Ivan Nekrasov

Similar materials

Task 25 (11 points)

You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods in the history of Russia:

1) 1325-1462;

2) 1682-1725;

3) 1924-1953

The essay must:

- indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) related to a given period of history;

- name two historical personalities whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history;

- indicate at least two causal relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

In the case when the historical events of the phenomenon, processes) are not indicated or all the indicated historical events (phenomena, processes) do not belong to the selected period, the answer is assessed 0 points (for each of the criteria K1-K7 0 points are given

Criterion 1. Indication of events (phenomena, processes).

In the case when two events (phenomena, processes) are indicated correctly, 2 points are given.

If one event (phenomenon, process) is indicated correctly - 1 point.

If events (phenomena, processes) are not indicated or are indicated incorrectly, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 2. Mention of historical figures and their role in a given period of Russian history.

Estimated from 2 to 0 points. In the case when two historical personalities are correctly indicated, the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is correctly indicated, 2 points are given.

If one or two historical personalities are indicated correctly, the role of only one person in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is correctly indicated, 1 point is given.

If one or two historical figures are indicated correctly, and their role in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history is indicated incorrectly, OR one or two historical figures are indicated correctly, and their role in the events (phenomena, processes) of this period of Russian history is not indicated, OR historical figures are indicated incorrectly, OR historical figures are not indicated, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 3. Causal relationships.

Estimated from 0 to 2 points.

In the case when two causal relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated, 2 points are given.

If one causal relationship that existed between events (phenomena, processes) is indicated correctly, then 1 point is given.

If the cause-and-effect relationships are indicated incorrectly, OR the cause-and-effect relationships are not indicated, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 4. Historical assessment of events .

Estimated from 0 to 1 point.

If a historical assessment of the significance of the period is given, based on historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, then 1 point is given.

If the historical assessment is formulated in a general form or at the level of everyday ideas, without involving historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, OR the historical assessment is not given, then 0 points are given.

Criterion 5. Use of historical terms, concepts .

Estimated from 0 to 1 point.

If historical terms and concepts are correctly used in the presentation, then 1 point can be given.

If during the presentation the incorrect use of historical terms, concepts, OR historical terms, concepts is not used, then 0 points will be given.

Criterion 6. Presence of factual errors .

Estimated from 0 to 2 points.

According to this criterion, positive points will be awarded only if at least 4 points are given according to the K1 – K4 criteria.

When assessing according to the K6 criterion, errors taken into account when scoring according to the K1 – K5 criteria are not counted.

If there are no factual errors in the historical essay, then 2 points are given.

If one factual mistake was made - 1 point. If two or more factual mistakes are made - 0 points.

Criterion 7. Form of presentation.

1 point according to the K7 criterion can be set only if at least 4 points have been set according to the K1 – K4 criteria.

If the answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (a consistent, coherent presentation of the material), then 1 point is given for it.

If the answer is presented in the form of separate fragmentary provisions - only 0 points.

In total for the essay, you can get up to 11 points.

An example of a historical essay

Here is an example of a historical composition for the period 1645-1676.

In accordance with the requirements for the essay, let's start with the characteristics of the period (criterion K1).

"1645-1676. - this is the period of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. This tsar made many practical transformations in all spheres of the country's social life, which prepared the basis for future reforms of Peter I. Let us name some of them. The legislative system of the country was improved, a new set of laws was adopted - the Cathedral Code (1649). This document formalized the legal form of serfdom. According to him, the search for fugitive peasants became indefinite, the peasants became the property of the owner forever, and the summer was eliminated. In addition, the Code reflected the process of the formation of absolutism. It included a chapter regulating the attitude towards the sovereign and proclaiming the most severe punishments for the slightest offenses against the sovereign and the state. Thus, the adoption of the Cathedral Code significantly strengthened the power of the tsar, strengthened the role of the nobles, preserved and confirmed the significant role of the church in the state. "

In accordance with the evaluation criteria in this part of the essay, a characteristic is given of the first of the required two events (phenomena, processes) and the results of the development of this event (phenomenon, process) are summed up (criterion 1).

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to tell about the historical person associated with the event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event.

“Aleksey Mikhailovich himself took an active part in the preparation of the Cathedral Code. The tsar watched the work of the cathedral, made his own amendments to the legislation.

An important role in the work of the cathedral and in the drafting of legislation was played by the educator, the "uncle" of the tsar, the head of the government, boyar B.I. Morozov. Despite the fact that after the Salt Riot of 1648 he was removed from official participation in the government, he secretly continued to play a huge role at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich and, among other things, supervised the preparation of the Cathedral Code ”.

In the essay, it is necessary to mention at least two events (phenomena, processes), therefore, we will consider one more event.

“This historical period also went down in history under the name“ the split of the Russian Orthodox Church ”. The beginning of the schism dates back to 1654, when Patriarch Nikon began to reform the church. Nikon strove for the unification of church rites, books, holidays, etc. But not all believers were ready to accept the new rules, and the so-called Old Believers, or schismaticism, arose. Its essence was expressed in disagreement with the new church order and the desire to adhere to the old, pre-reform rites.

Despite the split, church reforms led to the unification of the Russian Orthodox Church, strengthening the power and role of the church in the country. However, we must not forget that another consequence of the reforms was the separation of believers, which remained for many centuries. "

In accordance with criterion 2, it is necessary to write about the historical person associated with the second event (phenomenon, process) described earlier, and show the role of this person in this event, therefore, you should definitely talk about the church leaders who participated in the preparation and implementation of reforms.

“The central figures in the period of church schism were Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum. Both were prominent spiritual leaders of Russia, both were well-known to the inner circle of Alexei Mikhailovich, both enjoyed great authority among believers. However, Avvakum did not accept Nikon's desire to take Byzantine books and rituals as a model for the unification of books and rituals, but argued that Russia had its own, Slavic Christian roots, which should have been taken as a model in the reform. Habakkuk by personal example demonstrated loyalty to his principles, defended adherence to antiquity, laid the foundation for the schismatic movement.

Nikon first established himself as an active reformer, a supporter of the new, union of church and state. But in the future, his desire to put church power above the secular led to the fact that Alexei Mikhailovich stopped supporting him and even actively spoke out for Nikon's resignation from the patriarchal throne, which happened in 1667. After which Nikon was sent to northern exile, where he spent the rest of his days. "

In accordance with the requirements of criterion 3, causal relationships between events should be established.

“There are undoubtedly causal links between these events. Both events - the adoption of the Cathedral Code and the church reform - were dictated by common reasons: the aggravation of social contradictions in the country, the interest of the population in creating clear and clear laws, the need to strengthen the authority of the secular and church authorities.

The consequence of these events was the strengthening of the central government, the strengthening of the influence of the church in the state, the strengthening of the authority of Russia as a whole. "

In accordance with criterion 4, a historical assessment of the period should be given based on the facts and opinions of historians.

“Alexey Mikhailovich ruled for an extended period - 31 years. During his reign, many reforms were carried out in almost all spheres of public life. But his reign cannot be assessed unequivocally.

On the one hand, a significant step forward was made in the development of the economy. Elements of capitalist relations began to develop more rapidly in the country, foreign specialists began to be attracted more often, the tax system changed, and a policy of protectionism was pursued. The Cathedral Code became the main legislation of the country for many decades. Significant successes were achieved in foreign policy: peace treaties were signed with many countries (for example, the Peace of Kardis in 1661 with Sweden, the Andrusovo truce with Poland in 1667), in 1654 Russia and Ukraine were reunited, the territory of Russia in the East was significantly expanded (exploration of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers and traders).

But, on the other hand, it was under Alexei Mikhailovich that serfdom was finally formalized (1649), and the tax burden on the country's population increased significantly. Many social protests took place (for example, the Salt Riot of 1648, the Copper Riot of 1662, the first peasant war led by Stepan Razin in 1670–1671, etc.).

The very figure of Alexei Mikhailovich is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians of both the past and the present.

The image of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in historiography is rather contradictory. In addition, the assessment of the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich often becomes an attempt to justify the nickname "the quietest" attributed to him. This characteristic quickly became almost the only undeniable assessment of the personal qualities of the ruler.

In the study of S.M. Solovyov's "History from Ancient Times" almost three volumes are devoted to the reign of the tsar, but the author did not consider the personality of the ruler himself crucial for Russian history. If we talk about how Soloviev himself assesses Alexei Mikhailovich, then the tsar, from his point of view, was distinguished by “kindness” and “gentleness”, like his father, Mikhail Fedorovich.

A more detailed description of the tsar is given by V.O. Klyuchevsky: "I am ready to see in him the best person of Ancient Russia, at least I do not know of another ancient Russian person who would make a more pleasant impression, but not on the throne." This "best" person, according to Klyuchevsky, was passive and unstable, little able to "defend or carry out anything", "easily lost his composure and gave too much room to language and hands."

From the point of view of S.F. Platonov, Alexei Mikhailovich "was a wonderful and noble, but too soft and indecisive person."

The modern historian Igor Andreev uses this epithet in his research on almost every page and several times. “Undoubtedly, heroic tragedy is not his genre. The Quietest, he is the Quietest ", - he asserts on the first pages of the monograph dedicated to the tsar. This epithet was able to supplant even the name of the king and take his place. There is a famous historical novel about Tsar V. Bakhrevsky called "The Quiet", the novel by V.Ya. Svetlova "At the Court of the Quiet Emperor".

In general, the era of Alexei Mikhailovich is a period of strengthening absolutism, creating the prerequisites for the reforms of Peter the Great. "

Sequencing

At the end of our brief overview of the features of working on a new task 25, we want to recommend a short template, using which it is easier to build a sequence of actions for yourself.

___ (desired period) is the period of ___ reign. This king (prince, ruler) carried out many transformations ___. I will name the most important of them.

Event (phenomenon, process) No. 1 + total.

Event (phenomenon, process) No. 2 + total.

Historical personality associated with this event (phenomenon, process), and its role.

Consider what are the causal relationships between these events (phenomena, processes) during the reign of ___. Both events - ___ and ___ - were dictated by common reasons: ___.

The results of these events (that is, their consequence) were ___, ___, ___.

Rules for a long time - ___ years. His reign cannot be assessed unequivocally.

One side, ___.

But on the other side, ___.

The very figure ___ is also ambiguously assessed by domestic and foreign historians of both the past and the present. The image of ___ in historiography is rather controversial.

The era of ___ reign as a whole became the period of ___.

Evaluation criteria:

K1 Indication of events (phenomena, processes) - 2 points

• Two events (phenomena, processes) are indicated correctly 2 points.
• One event (phenomenon, process) is correctly indicated 1 point
• Events (phenomena, processes) are not indicated or indicated incorrectly 0 points.

K2 Historical personalities and their role in the specified events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of history - 2 points

• Two historical personalities are correctly named, the role of each of these personalities is correctly characterized, indicating their specific actions, which significantly influenced the course and (or) the result of the named events (phenomena, processes) of the considered period of Russian history - 2 points.
• One or two historical personalities were correctly named, the role of only one personality was correctly characterized, indicating its specific actions (or specific actions) that significantly influenced the course and (or) the result of the named events (phenomena, processes) of the considered period of the history of Russia (or one events (phenomenon, process)) - 1 point
• One or two historical figures are correctly named, the role of each of them in the indicated events (phenomena, processes) of this period of Russian history has not been characterized / characterized incorrectly. OR One or two historical personalities are correctly named, when characterizing the role of each of them in the indicated events (phenomena, processes) of this period of Russian history, general reasoning is given without specifying their specific actions, which significantly influenced the course and (or) the result of the named events ( phenomena, processes) of the considered period of the history of Russia. OR Historical figures are named incorrectly. OR Historical figures are not named - 0 points.

K3 Causal relationships - 2 points

(According to this criterion, the cause-and-effect relationships named when indicating the role of the individual and counted according to the K2 criterion are not counted)

• Two causal relationships are correctly indicated, characterizing the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period - 2 points.
• One causal relationship is correctly indicated, characterizing the cause of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period - 1 point
• Causal relationships are incorrect / not specified - 0 points.

К4 Assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia - 1 point

• An assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia is given, based on historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians - 1 point
• An assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia is formulated in a general form or at the level of everyday ideas, without involving historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians. OR An assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia is not given - 0 points.

K5 Use of historical terminology - 1 point

• Historical terminology is correctly used in the presentation - 1 point
• All historical terms and concepts are used incorrectly. OR Historical terms, concepts not used 0

К6 Presence of factual errors - 2 points

(1 or 2 points according to the criterion can be set only if at least 4 points were given according to the criteria К1 – К4)

• There are no factual errors in the historical essay - 2 points.
• One factual error was made - 1 point
• Two or more factual errors have been made - 0 points.

K7 Presentation form - 1 point

(1 point according to the criterion can be set only if at least 4 points have been set according to the criteria К1 – К4)

• The answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (a consistent, coherent presentation of the material) - 1 point
• The answer is presented in the form of separate fragmentary provisions - 0 points.

Maximum score 11

Decide on history.

An essay is a mini-essay on a specific topic. But very often writing it causes some difficulties for children, so I decided to put a small teaching material to help teachers and students how to write an essay on history.

when writing the essay, I used the sites

Download:

Preview:

To facilitate the work of preparing students for writing essays, we offer various options for clichés that are appropriate to use in the examination work.

http: // www. edu. ru / - federal portal "Russian education". Provides an overview of educational Internet resources, regulations, educational standards and much more.

http: // www. rusolymp. ru - federal portal of Russian Olympiads for schoolchildren

http: // ecsocman. edu. ru / - federal educational portal "Economics, Sociology, Management". Collected materials on the social and economic history of Russia, including journal articles and materials of round tables devoted to the problems of the historical path of Russia.

http: // www. mospat. ru / index. html is the official web server of the Moscow Patriarchate.

http: //his.1september. ru / index. php - the electronic version of the "History" newspaper - an appendix to the "First September" newspaper.

http: // www. historia. ru / - Russian electronic magazine "World of History".

http: // www. shm. ru / - the website of the State Historical Museum presents materials from the main exposition dedicated to the history of Russia, including those covering its initial period.

http: // hermitage. museum. ru / - the site of one of the largest museums in the world - the Hermitage, offers to take a virtual tour of its halls, including seeing exhibits illustrating the initial period of world and Russian history.

http: // archeology. kiev. ua / cultures / is a multimedia portal containing comprehensive information about archaeological sites on the territory of Eastern Europe, materials of reconstruction of the stages and nature of Russian-Scandinavian ties.

http: // www. magister. msk. ru / library / history / history1.htm - the site contains basic materials for the study of Russian history. Here you can find the following texts: N. M. Karamzin. History of Russian Goverment; V.O. Klyuchevsky. Russian history course; N.I. Kostomarov. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures; S. M. Soloviev. History of Russia since ancient times; V.N. Tatishchev. Russian history; Metropolitan Macarius. History of the Russian Church; S.F. Platonov. A complete course of lectures on Russian history.

http: // www. sib. net / n_russia / - the site contains materials about the Scythians who inhabited the steppe part of Eurasia in the Greco-Roman era: dates; names; titles; description of dwellings, clothes, customs.

http: // oldslav. chat. ru - the history of the settlement of Slavic agricultural tribes and their relationship with nomadic tribes from Asia.

http: // paganism. ru / a-cloth. htm - the history of ancient Russian costume: outerwear, hats, neck gryvnias. Illustrations.

http: // lants. tellur. ru / history / danilevsky / - lectures by the famous historian I. N. Danilevsky on the origin of the Eastern Slavs and the formation of a feudal state (including Kievan Rus, paganism, adoption of Christianity, etc.).

http: //his.1september. ru / 2002/23 / 1.htm - materials from the new textbook by S. N. Bledny, I. V. Lebedev "History of Russia". Presented are excerpts from the works of Herodotus, Procopius of Caesarea; fragments of the works of Russian historians - Klyuchevsky, Soloviev, Platonov.

http: // lants. tellur. ru / history / - a library of links to informational articles and historical materials. The genealogical tree of the Russian princes of the 9th - 11th centuries, brief biographies of the princes of Rurikovich, a chronological table (9th - 17th centuries), maps of Ancient Rus. Several lectures from the course of I. N. Danilevsky "Ancient Russia through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (IX-XII centuries)." Reference book on the history of Russia, etc.

http: // lib. userline. ru / 689? secid = 8324 & num = 1 - the electronic version of the "Tale of Bygone Years".

http: // www. hrono. ru / libris / lib_p / index. html - an electronic version of the course of lectures on Russian history by S. F. Platonov.

http: // www. hrono. ru / libris / lib_s / skr00.html - the site contains an electronic version of RG Skrynnikov's book "The Old Russian State".

http: // www. hrono. ru / dokum / pravda72.html - the site contains two texts: "Russian Truth" in a short and lengthy edition.

http: // oldru. narod. ru / - electronic library: monograph by K. Egorov "Formation of Kievan Rus", historical sources, articles. Collection of cards. Bibliography.

http: // www. magister. msk. ru / library / history / makary / makary. htm is a complete electronic version of the multivolume work of Metropolitan Macarius "History of the Russian Church", written by him in 1866-1883. (covers the period from X to XVIII centuries).

http: //his.1september. ru / 2001/42 / no42_01.htm - Russian historians about the era of Ivan the Terrible.

http: // ou. tsu. ru / hischool / his_JuF / - the main stages in the history of the formation of the Russian state in the XIV - XVII centuries. Tables, diagrams, dictionary.

http: // klio. webservis. ru / lec7_1.htm - lecture notes on the history of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Formation of the autocratic system in Russia. Fragments of memoirs of contemporaries, as well as assessments of this period in the works of Russian historians. Dictionary hyperlinks by persons, terms, etc.

http: // www. hrono. ru / libris / lib_s / skrynn00.html - the site contains an electronic version of RG Skrynnikov's book "The Third Rome", dedicated to the history of Russia in the 15th - 16th centuries.

http: // kursy. rsuh. ru / istoria / moskva / moskva. asp is a site dedicated to the history of Moscow. The site provides information on the history of the city of the 17th century.

http: // old-rus. narod. ru / paper. html - this section of the site contains articles and studies that examine various periods of Russian history and Old Russian literature, including those devoted to the Time of Troubles.

http: // sscadm. nsu. ru / deps / hum / readerhist10 / smuta. html - an electronic version of the anthology on the history of Russia (grade 10). Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. through the eyes of contemporaries.

http: // www. moscowkremlin. ru / romanovs. html - a virtual tour about the Romanov dynasty. Chronology. Personalities, contemporaries, major events, regalia and personal belongings. Collection of images and photographs. Created on the basis of the "Romanov Dynasty" CD-ROM by the "Cominfo" company.

http: // www. hronos. km. ru / 1700ru_lit. html - a chronological table of the main cultural events in Russia in the 18th century.

http: // grandwar. kulichki. net / books / dubov01.html - the war between Russia and France, Suvorov's campaign in Italy, Russia's policy in Europe. Map of Europe in 1799

http: // rels. obninsk. com / Rels / Limited / Nsub / ml / 9801 / hist-1.htm - Catherine II: Certificate of Appreciation to the Cities of 1785

http: // lichm. narod. ru / Part4 / 411.htm - the era of Peter's transformations.

http: // syw-cwg. narod. ru / - Seven Years War.

http: // fstanitsa. ru / gla_pugachev. shtml - biography of Yemelyan Pugachev - the leader of the peasant war of 1773 - 1775. Illustrations (reproductions of paintings).

http: //his.1september. ru / 2000 / no09.htm - stories from Russian history of the 18th century. Fragments from the book of entertaining stories. Material for lessons in grades 6-9. Texts about the events of the 18th century: the transformations of Peter I, palace coups, etc.

http: // dinastya. narod. ru / - the reign of Alexander III (1881 - 1894): coming to power, domestic and foreign policy, Russian nation-building, the tsar-peacemaker.

http: // www. fictionbook. ru / author / lyashenko_leonid_mihayilovich / aleksandr_ii_ili_istoriya_trehodinochestv / lyashenko_aleksandr_ii_ili_istoriya_treh_odinochestv. html - the book by L. M. Lyashenko "Alexander II", a comprehensive description of the life of a person who occupies an exceptional place among the Russian autocrats.

http: // old-map. narod. ru / all-17.html - map of Russia and the tribes inhabiting it (1866).

http: // www. hist. msu. ru / ER / Etext / PICT / russia. htm - library of electronic resources of Moscow State University.

http: // www. nsu. ru / vk / info / d_205.htm # Heading - on the site in a lecture form the material “Military reform of the 60s - 70s. XIX century. "

http: // dinastya. narod. ru / - a site dedicated to the personality of Alexander III. The site contains materials from the monograph "Alexander III" by ND Talberg.

http: // hronos. km. ru / biograf / alexand3.html - project "Chronos", which presents the biography of Alexander III. Here you can also get acquainted with the letters of K.P. Pobedonostsev to Alexander I.

http: // www. arthistory. ru / peredvizh. htm is a site dedicated to the history of the visual arts. This page contains information about Russian Wanderers.

http: // rusart. nm. ru / - a site dedicated to the Itinerant artists.

http: // www. altai. fio. ru / projects / group3 / potok69 / site / moguchaya. htm - the site tells about the work of the musicians who were part of the Mighty Handful.

http: // www. encspb. ru / - the site "Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg" tells about the architectural styles used by the city's architects, including the styles of the second half of the 19th century.

http: // www. alhimik. ru / great / mendel. html - the site "Great Chemists" tells about the outstanding discovery of D. A. Mendeleev. The biography of the great chemist is also presented here.

http: // www. gramma. ru; http: // www. krugosvet. ru - on these sites you can find interesting material about the essay.

"History teaches nothing, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons."
(V.O. Klyuchevsky)

At first glance, it may seem that the outstanding Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky could not say that history teaches nothing. In my opinion, Klyuchevsky wanted to emphasize that if we do not know history, then for this we will be punished in life. And I agree with him.

History is one of the oldest sciences. It arose with the appearance of man on earth. Studying history, we consider the path of humanity over the millennia, i.e. we are studying the historical process. The historical process is a sequential series of successive events, in which the activities of many generations of people were manifested.

There are events behind history; certain past or passing phenomena, facts of social life. And each historical event has specific features inherent only to it, and the clarification of these features makes it possible to more fully, more colorfully represent this or that event. Moreover, every historical event is significant.

It is necessary to study historical events in order to learn the right lesson. Of course, history never repeats itself twice. After all, social sciences differ from natural ones, where some physical phenomenon can be reproduced any number of times. But history also has its own laws. Knowing them, it is easier to predict modern social development, to prevent trouble. They say the French king Louis XUI, before his execution, read a book about the English king Charles I, who was also executed by the revolutionaries. And if he had read the book earlier, he might not have made the mistakes that provoked the revolution in France.

I would like to give examples from the history of Russia. Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the territory of Russia in order to capture it. And he even thought that with the capture of Moscow, Russia would be in his hands. And how disgraceful was his escape from Russia! In his memoirs, he warned others against fighting Russia. But the ambitious fascist leader Adolf Hitler decided to go to Russia again. How did it end ?! The defeat of Nazi Germany in Berlin. Here it is - the punishment for ignorance of history, inability to draw appropriate conclusions. The same thing happens in ordinary life.

So, we can conclude that history does not forgive its ignorance.

"World history is a course of development of the principle, the content of which is the consciousness of freedom" (G. Hegel).

What is the historical development? What is the essence of social progress? These questions have worried mankind for a long time and continue to worry to this day. His answer to them is given by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a German philosopher, one of the founders of German classical philosophy and the philosophy of romanticism. He believes that the entire course of history is a movement towards the recognition and protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual, and this movement is progress. And I completely agree with this point of view.

If you look back at history, such a movement becomes obvious. Antiquity, with its republican institutions and the cult of the free citizen, was based on slavery. The Middle Ages "distributed" freedom more evenly: the difference between a feudal lord and a dependent peasant was great, but incomparable with the difference between a master and a slave, it should also be remembered that in the Middle Ages the path from one estate to another was difficult, but open (small example: minister Philip the Fair, Nogare, was a merchant). In addition, there were free cities, and workshops, and communes, autonomous universities, and royal power already in the mature Middle Ages was limited to popular representations. Yes, the person was squeezed within the framework of his corporation, but within this framework, she also received a certain freedom, and after all, human freedom is always limited in some framework, the only question is in what. The framework of the Middle Ages was expanded by the new time. The estate system is being destroyed, the spiritual dictatorship of the church comes to an end, restrictions continue, and in some countries the overthrow of the royal power, the expansion of the rights and freedoms of citizens is taking place. And, finally, in our days, man becomes the forefront.

You might think. that this process is taking place only in Europe, but in fact such changes are characteristic of the whole world: in most countries today there is a republican system, in many Muslim states women are successfully fighting for their rights.

And the question of whether the freedom of the individual, the possibility of his choice of his own path, the struggle for his own happiness is progress, does not need proof. It is like the axioms of geometry on which all theorems are based. Although the freedom of the individual, like everything in this world, has its downside. Squeezed within the framework of his group, the person always had protection and support at the same time. Having found great freedom, he at the same time found her frequent companion - loneliness.

Thus, I came to the conclusion that the history of mankind is a development that consists in the movement towards freedom.

"A nation is a society of people who, through a single destiny, acquire a single character." (O. Power)

In addition to classes and other social groups, the social structure of society is made up of historically formed communities of people: tribes, nationalities, nations. Let us try to answer the question of what a nation means, and what definitions are given by science. A nation is the most developed historical and cultural community of people. It has been developing over a long period of time as a result of the combination and interweaving of various tribes and nationalities. Among the properties of a nation, one can single out the commonality of the territory of residence, the national economy, self-government, and the peculiarities of culture. Usually, representatives of one nation speak and write the same language. But language is not an unmistakable sign of a nation.

For example, the British and Americans speak English, but they are different nations. The cohesion of the nation is facilitated by the commonality of their historical path. Each nation has its roots in history, has passed its own unique path.
I agree with the author's statement and would like to cite as an example the basic values ​​of Russian culture. In Russia, in contrast to the West, nature did not give man any hope that it would one day be able to “tame” and “domesticate” it. Nature has accustomed man to excessive short-term exertion of his forces, to work quickly and efficiently. Not a single people in Europe was capable of such an intense labor for a short time as the Russians.

It seems that there was no such unaccustomedness to even, moderate and measured constant work, as in Russia. Until now, Russian people hope for "maybe", postponed until tomorrow.

Or take another people - the Japanese. The situation after World War II forced them to give up their days off to get their economies back on their feet. Today they do not need this, but hard work is in their blood. It is interesting to trace how historical fate can divide a single nation. The South Slavs in the Middle Ages found themselves in different historical conditions. Croatia, which became part of the German Empire, was influenced by Western civilization, the Bosnians became Muslim, becoming part of the Turkish Empire. Now these are different peoples, although they have a common origin and language. So the differences between Western and Eastern Ukraine are explained by the difference in their historical destinies.

The list of examples could be continued, dwelling in detail on each nation. However, we believe that all of them will only confirm the correctness of the statement.

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SECOND ROUND

FIRST PART

HISTORICAL ESSAY

1. “The founding of the Eagle was an event of state, all-Russian significance, and the whole life of the townspeople, their military and creative efforts, the fortress of spirit in the past centuries were proof of that” (“The history of the city of Oryol”).
2. “The Christianization of Rus and the kinship of the ruling clan with the Byzantine court introduced Russia into the family of European nations on completely equal grounds” (DS Likhachev).
3. “At the name of St. Sergius, the people remember their moral revival, which made possible a political revival, and upheld the rule that a political fortress is strong only when it rests on moral strength” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
4. “Ivan III is a ruler whose scope of activity can only be compared with Peter I” (NS Borisov).
5. “As Peter laid new foundations for our entire state life, so Lomonosov transformed, and partly founded, almost all areas of science” (VF Khodasevich).
6. “It is easy to be convinced that some of the undertakings of Peter III had a progressive character ... However, this progressive character is canceled out by the methods by which he tried to carry them out, indicating the complete absence of such an important quality as political realism” (AB Kamensky).
7. “The main reason that did not allow the freeing of the peasants and an attempt to change the political system already at the beginning of the 19th century was the resistance of the overwhelming part of the nobility” (S. V. Mironenko).
8. “Due to the current historical situation, Alexander II turned out to be, as it were, an unwilling reformer. Is it not from this that his most important political principle stemmed: ... reforms should not lead to destabilization of society, and the progress they achieve should harm the position of any strata ”(Sidorov A.V.).
9. “By connecting Russia to the world economy, Witte made the country go through not only ups and downs, but also world crises” (GA Bordyugov).
10. “Russia was by no means defeated. The army couldfight on. But ... Petersburg is "tired" of the war more than the army "(IA Denikin on the end of the Russian-Japanese war).
11. "The revolution of 1917 was not a historical accident, but realized the most probable potential for the development of Russian society with all its contradictions that Russia had accumulated by the beginning of the twentieth century." (A.S. Senyavsky).
12. “The second front in the broad sense of the word began long before its formal opening” (DA Medvedev).
13. “Our cosmonautics would not have been able to achieve the successes known to the whole world without the high level of education and technical development that the country had in Soviet times” (NI Ryzhkov).
14. “The collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, primarily due to the destruction of the existing system of the bipolar world” (A.G. Lukashenko).
15. “The Belovezhskaya agreements did not dissolve the USSR, but only stated its actual disintegration by that time” (BN Yeltsin).

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SECOND ROUND,

The preparation time for the first and second parts is 3 hours.

FIRST PART

HISTORICAL ESSAY

Grade 11

Maximum score -50 points

You have to work with the statements of historians and contemporaries about the events and figures of Russian history. Choose one of them, which will be the topic of your essay essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to this statement and substantiate it with the arguments that seem to you the most essential. When choosing a topic, proceed from the fact that you:

1. You clearly understand the meaning of the statement (it is not necessary to fully or even partially agree with the author, but it is necessary to understand what exactly he claims).
2. You can express your attitude to the statement (you can reasonably agree with the author or completely or partially refute his statement).
3. You have specific knowledge (facts, statistics, examples) on this topic.
4. You know the terms necessary for a competent presentation of your point of view.

When writing your work, try to proceed from the assumption that the Jury, evaluating your essay, will be guided by the following criteria:

1. Reasonableness of the choice of the topic (explanation of the choice of the topic and the tasks that the participant sets for himself in his work).
2. The creative nature of the perception of the topic, its comprehension.
3. Competent use of historical facts and terms.
4. Clarity and evidence of the main provisions of the work.
5. Knowledge of different points of view on the selected issue.

1. "The geographical position in the west of Russia predetermined the special role of Smolensk, the" key-city "to Moscow, and the Smolensk region as a whole in the defense of the country" (YG Ivanov).
2. “The political successes of the peoples who became part of the Old Russian state ... became possible only under certain conditions of their internal development. It would be naive to think that the unification of the Eastern Slavs and non-Slavic peoples under the rule of Kiev is the result of some kind of external interference ”(BD Grekov).
3. “In all of Svyatoslav's actions, we see the hand of a commander and statesman interested in raising Rus and strengthening its international position. A series of campaigns by Svyatoslav was wisely conceived and brilliantly carried out ”(BA Rybakov).
4. “The Moscow princes develop a kind of policy early, from the first steps they begin to act not according to custom, earlier and more resolutely than others they leave the usual rut of princely relations, they are looking for new ways” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
5. "Ivan III is a hero not only of Russian, but also of world history ... Under him, Russia, as an independent power, majestically elevated its head on the borders of Europe and Asia, calm inside and not afraid of external enemies" (N.M. Karamzin).
6. “The designation of the Russian state as an empire and Peter as the emperor of all Russia reflected profound changes in the internal and international situation of the country. The state, whose participation in international affairs was limited to relations with neighboring countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, has now firmly entered the circle of European powers ”(N.I. Pavlenko).
7. “Catherine can be called the culprit of serfdom not in the sense that she created it, but in the fact that this right under her, from a wavering fact justified by the temporary needs of the state, turned into a law recognized by law, unjustifiable” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
8. "Although many Russians, especially at court and in the army, had every reason to forget about Paul, in fact what Paul accomplished in four years and three months of his reign turned out to be fundamental for Russia in the first half of the 19th century." (Roderick McGrew, American historian).
9. “The government system of Emperor Nicholas I was one of the most consistent attempts to implement the idea of ​​enlightened absolutism” (A.A. Kornilov).
10. " Politics Nicholas II always boiled down to making minimal concessions to society in extreme cases, and not fulfilling these solemn promises if there is the slightest opportunity to do so ”(FA Golovin).
11. “The war, probably, postponed the explosion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, but brought the socialist revolution closer” (PV Volobuev).
12. “It's hard not to admit: a certain kind of collectivization was dictated by the course of events. The old Russian peasant agriculture, by Western standards, was in the Middle Ages ”(C. Snow).
13. “Starting the war, the German leadership proceeded from the assumption that the Soviet multinational state would disintegrate into warring national groupings. However, this calculation did not come true ”(OA Rzheshevsky).
14. “Victory in the Great Patriotic War was achieved not so much thanks to Stalin, but in spite of him, in spite of his grave mistakes and crimes that cost our people so dearly” (G. Ya. Rudoy).
15. “What has been happening to Russia since 1991 cannot be called reforms. This is nothing more than a "revolution from above" (V.V. Zhuravlev).

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SECOND ROUND

RESEARCH PROJECT

The most important thing in the profession of a historian is the analysis of the source, the ability to extract the necessary information from it. Before you is one of the Charter, the most important documents of the peasant reform of 1861. Write on its basis a small work on the topic:"Regulation of relations between the peasant and the landowner during the peasant reform of 1861".

AUTHORIZATION OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD PROVINCE, GORBATOBSKOGO UEZDA, VILLAGE BARKINA, LANDMAN OF GENERAL-LEYTENANTSHI AVDOTIA SEMENOVNA ERSHOVA. DRAFTED ON FEBRUARY 15, 1862.

I. 1) According to the 10th national census, the number of peasants' souls is 44 in the village of Barkine.

Of these, they were not released after the audit.

2) Of those who are among the peasants, they are not subject to the allotment of land as those who renounced it on the basis of Art. Local situation - 5 souls.

3) Then, on the basis of the Regulations, they must receive for use the land allotment of thirty-nine auditing male souls.

II. 1) All the land was used by the peasants before the promulgation of the Regulations on the peasants 214 dessiatines 1212 fathoms.

2) Of these, actually under the peasant estate settled, five dessiatines three hundred sixty-six fathoms (which include 1 tithe 266 fathoms of pasture, which is used by the peasants). (...)

3) For the area where the village is located, the highest size of the per capita allotment is 4 tithes, and the lowest - 1 tithe 800 sazhens, determined by the Local Regulations on the land arrangement of peasants; and according to the number of souls in the village: the highest allotment for the entire peasant society would be 156 dessiatines, and the lowest 52 dessiatines.

4) Although, on the basis of the figures for the highest size of the per capita allotment determined by the Local Regulations on the peasants, 156 dessiatines should remain in the use of the peasants of the village of Barkin, but as all the land convenient on the estate with a forest is listed under the plan of 214 dessiatines 1212 yards, then according to the right granted to the owners on the basis of 20 Art. The local situation is to keep at its disposal up to one third of the total amount - the peasants are left in permanent use one hundred and forty-three tithes 8 fathoms, the rest of the land must be cut off and put at the disposal of the landowner. (...)

III. 1) A peasant building with a settled settlement is not subject to transfer to other places.

2) The watering hole located at the village remains in the common use of the landowner and peasants.

3) The drive of cattle to a watering hole from the land remaining at the disposal of the landowner to the pond has to be along a country road leading to the village of Barkinu.

4) The pasture located at the village remains in the use of the peasants.

IV. 1) For the land provided for the use of peasants in the amount of 3 dessiatines 1,600 fathoms per capita, on the basis of the Regulations of the quitrent, eight rubles sixty-two and a half kopecks per year are due from each per person allotment, and three hundred thirty-six rubles thirty-seven s from all 39 shower allotments. half a kopeck in silver a year. But as the peasants, before the promulgation of the Regulations, paid from the whole society of the quitrent two hundred seventy-four rubles thirty-four kopecks, then on the basis of Art. According to the local situation, they must remain with the existing quitrent, which will amount to seven rubles three and a half kopecks a year for each auditor's soul.

2) The peasants are obliged to make the quitrent in two terms: March 1 and October 1, 137 rubles each. 17 kopecks. (...)

4) The whole society of peasants is responsible for the serviceable serving of duties with mutual responsibility on the basis of the rules established by the Local Regulations.

Avdotya Semyonovna Ershova had a hand in the genuine charter of Lieutenant-General Avdotya Semyonovna Ershova.

1862 On October 20, the charter of the village of Barkina was certified by the conciliator of the 1st section of the Gorbatovsky district. Signed by the conciliator Babkin 1862 November 24 days.

The charter was approved by the Gorbatov district congress.

Signed by: the world mediator of the 2nd section Beklemishev, the world mediator of the 3rd section Astafiev and the world mediator of the 4th section Gutyar.

With a genuine charter, it is true: the world mediator Babkin.

1. Statement of the problem, characteristics of the historical moment described in the source

2. Characteristics of the source and the possibilities that it gives to highlight the problem

3. Analysis of the situation of the peasants and the essence of how the relationship between the landowner and the peasants is defined by the document.

4. Conclusions. Assessment of their importance for understanding the implementation of the peasant reform.

We ask you to designate with numbers the parts of the work corresponding to the points of this plan.

Keep in mind that the jury will focus on being able to clearly articulate your positions and argue for them with the help of a source - pay special attention to the third point of the plan.

THIRD TOUR

HISTORICAL ESSAY

Maximum score - 50 points

Before you are the statements of historians and contemporaries about the events and figures of Russian history. Choose one of them, which will be the topic of your essay essay. Your task is to formulate your own attitude to this statement and substantiate it with the arguments that seem to you the most essential. When choosing a topic, proceed from the fact that you:

1. You clearly understand the meaning of the statement (it is not necessary to fully or even partially agree with the author, but it is necessary to understand what exactly he claims).
2. You can express your attitude to the statement (you can reasonably agree with the author or completely or partially refute his statement).
3. You have specific knowledge (facts, statistics, examples) on this topic.
4. You know the terms necessary for a competent presentation of your point of view.

Keep in mind that the Jury evaluating your work will be guided by the following criteria:

1. Reasonableness of the choice of the topic (explanation of the choice of the topic and the tasks that the participant sets for himself in his work).
2. The creative nature of the perception of the topic, its comprehension.
3. Competent use of historical facts and terms.
4. Clarity and evidence of the main provisions of the work.
5. Knowledge of different points of view on the selected issue.

ESSAY TOPICS

1. “After Kalita’s death, Rus long remembered his reign, when for the first time in a hundred years of slavery she managed to breathe freely” (VO Klyuchevsky).
2. "Prudence, slowness, caution, a strong aversion to decisive measures, which could have won a lot, but also lost, and at the same time steadfastness in bringing to the end what has been begun, composure - these are the distinguishing features of his activities" (S.M. Soloviev about Ivan III).
3. “With one foot he still firmly rested against his native Orthodox antiquity, and the other had already been brought over the line, and he remained in this indecisive transitional position” (V.O. Klyuchevsky about Alexei Mikhailovich).
4. “The designation of the Russian state as an empire and Peter as the emperor of all Russia reflected profound changes in the internal and international situation of the country. The state, whose participation in international affairs was limited to relations with the neighboring countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, has now firmly entered the circle of European powers ”. (N.I. Pavlenko).
5. “The Decembrists are a historical accident, overgrown with literature” (VO Klyuchevsky).
6. “It would be unfair to deny the tremendous successes made during this 30-year reign (of Nicholas I) in all branches of the state structure of Russia; in everything that was done during this period, the Tsar belonged to personal, direct leadership ”(DA Milyutin).
7. "It was possible to completely disagree with many of the ideas of the Bolsheviks ... but one must be impartial and admit that the transfer of power into the hands of the proletariat in October 1917, carried out by Lenin and Trotsky, conditioned the salvation of the country, saving it from anarchy" (V. Ignatiev) ...
8. “One of the main mistakes of the Germans is explained by the fact that they were deceived in their calculations of the lack of cohesion of the multinational Soviet state and underestimated the patriotic readiness of the Russians to fight for their Motherland” (From the English magazine 1945).
9. “Having won a victory, despite colossal sacrifices and destruction, the Soviet Union increased its power and international authority to an unprecedented degree” (V.P. Smirnov).
10. “Unfortunately, Kosygin was unable to complete the reform for a number of reasons, one of which - and the main one, in my opinion, was the lack of support from the majority of the Politburo members.” (N.K.Baibakov).

SECOND ROUND

INSTRUCTIONS FOR JURY

Time to prepare a project and an essay - 3 hours

Both tasks - the project and the essay - are given to the participants at the same time, they can independently allocate the time assigned for their completion.

Research project

The maximum total number of points for the project is 50. In accordance with the recommended work plan of paragraphs. 1, 2, 4 are estimated at a maximum of 10 points, point 3 (the main part of the work) - a maximum of 20 points. Evaluating each of the necessary elements of the essay, the jury should pay attention to the clarity and literary presentation, to the ability to formulate their thoughts and operate with facts and excerpts from the source to prove it. Gross speech and grammatical errors that make it difficult to understand what is written can also be considered a reason for a decrease in points.

1. Statement of the problem, characteristics of the historical moment (up to 10 points)

It is important that this part is just a statement of the problem, and not a presentation of the corresponding sections of the textbook. In the latter case, the assessment of the entire first part of the work is not higher than 4.

It is imperative that the question must be clearly raised that the land, according to the Regulation on the peasants who emerged from serfdom, was recognized as landlord, while the peasants were legally assigned the right to redeem part of it. The size of the land to be redeemed was determined depending on the pre-reform peasant allotment, but if the pre-reform allotment exceeded the highest rate, cuts were made, and if it was less than the lowest, cut-offs. The calculation of the amount of land was made on the basis of the number of men included in the audit, women and children born after the audit were not taken into account. Household people were not subject to land allotment. It is also important that the participant knows the term "temporarily liable" and can explain its essence: until the peasants make a redemption operation, they have the right to use allotted land, but must bear feudal duties for this - corvee or quitrent. The amount of duties was calculated on the basis of their pre-reform size, with an adjustment upward or downward, if it went beyond the higher or lower norms specified in the law for a given locality.

1. Characteristics of the source and the possibilities that it gives to highlight the problem (up to 10 points).

The participant must understand that the Charter documents determined the boundaries of peasant allotments and the amount of duties and were drawn up by agreement of the landowner with the peasants with the participation of a world mediator. They recorded the relationship between peasants and landowners for the entire period of the temporarily liable state. It is good if the participant knows that it was the signing of the charter that caused the greatest difficulties in the first years of the reform: as of January 1, 1863, the peasants refused to sign about 60% of the charter.

1. Analysis of the situation of the peasants and the essence of how the relationship between the landowner and the peasants is determined by the document (up to 20 points).

The participant's reasoning may contain the following ideas:

On the situation of the peasants (up to 10 points). The village of Barkino, according to the Charter, appears as a small quitrent estate, in which there was no lordly economy before the reform. Judging by the fact that all the land was in the use of the peasants, there was no estate either. At the same time, the village, apparently, was relatively poor, because the quitrent paid earlier turned out to be lower than that established by law. The participant must say very clearly that as a result of the reform, the economic situation of the peasants has deteriorated, since the size of the allotments was reduced by a third, while the size of the quitrent remained the same. It is also good if he knows that such a situation is not typical for the Nizhny Novgorod province, where sidetracks slightly prevailed over segments. At the same time, the author may note that the total size of allotments in the village of Barkino is still close to the maximum norm.

On the essence of the relationship between the landowner and the peasants (up to 10 points). Works that contain at least attempts to determine the features of the area in which the village under study is located should be highly appreciated. Ideally, if the author is able to formulate the idea that in the Non-Black Earth Region, where the size of the quitrent depended not so much on the size of the peasants' field economy, but on the profitability of peasant trades, the calculation of payment for the use of allotments based on the quitrent meant, in essence, the obligation of the peasants to redeem their personal freedom ... Judging by the fact that the letter was not signed by the peasants, this state of affairs caused their displeasure.

It is very important that each of the stated provisions was formulated clearly and supported by quotations from the source. For unclear wording or weak argumentation, you should deduct points.

If the participants offer original ideas that are not provided for in this instruction, the commission should make a collegial decision on a case-by-case basis. In this case, the number of experts reading the work cannot be less than four, and their decision must be approved by a general vote of the jury.

1. Conclusions. Assessment of their significance for understanding the Peasant Reform (up to 10 points).

The jury should evaluate the depth of the findings and the clarity of their wording. Assessing the importance of their results for understanding the implementation of the peasant reform, the participant must clearly understand that the document studied does not allow characterizing this process as a whole, can only be used as an illustration, a special case.

Essays on history for the All-Russian Olympiads

year 2013

1. “By cruelly dealing with his opponents from among other Russian princes,

not disdaining Tatar help for this, Kalita achieved a significant strengthening

the power of the Moscow principality "

(L.V. Cherepnin).

I never thought that the idea expressed by the famous historian L.V. Cherepnin that Ivan Kalita is a kind of "policeman", a traitor to the entire Russian people, a protege of the Mongolian Khan Uzbek. On the one hand, we can agree with this point of view, because in 1237, when the Mongol Khan Uzbek decided to create a puppet state on the Russian lands occupied by the Horde, he needed people who could control the situation in such vast spaces. They could suppress constant Russian anti-Mongol uprisings that threatened to result in the expulsion of the invaders from Russia. And such traitors, according to L.V. Cherepnin. were found - they were headed by the prince of the then provincial city of Moscow - Ivan Kalita. He decided, relying on Mongol spears and bows, to expand his possessions at the cost of betraying the Russian liberation struggle. And for this he received a label (powers of the governor) and military assistance from Uzbek. In exchange, Ivan Kalita had to suppress all Russian anti-Mongol demonstrations, which he did with sophisticated cruelty, as is typical of all traitors to his people.In 1960, the capital work of L.V. Cherepnin was publisheddedicated to the history of Russia in the XIV - XV centuries. There is in it and the characterization of the personality of Ivan Kalita was given. “Kalita does not need to be idealized. (That's what didn't happen, that didn't happen! - NB) He was a son of his time and class, a cruel, cunning, hypocritical ruler, but clever, stubborn and purposeful. " ... "This prince (Kalita) brutally suppressed those spontaneous popular movements that undermined the foundations of the Horde's domination over Russia ... Brutally cracking down on his opponents from among other Russian princes, not disdaining Tatar help for this, Kalita achieved a significant increase in the power of the Moscow principality." ...

Ivan Kalita, what can you say about the person who bore this name and this nickname? The first Moscow ruler ... The hoarder prince, nicknamed the "money bag" for tight-fistedness ... A cunning and unprincipled hypocrite who managed to gain confidence in the Khan of the Golden Horde and led the Tatars to Russian cities in the name of his personal interests ... and that's it. This is the usual image of Ivan Kalita. But this image is nothing more than a myth created for the needs of innocent curiosity. In the sources, we will not find its unconditional confirmation. However, we will not find its complete denial. As is often the case, short historical documents leave room for a wide variety of interpretations. In such cases, much depends on the historian, on what he wants to see, peering into the misty mirror of the past.

Although, indeed, there are some paradoxes here, which were noticed even by the first Russian historian N.M. Karamzin. “A miracle happened. The town, barely known until the XIV century, raised its head and saved the fatherland. " The ancient chronicler would have stopped at this, bowing his head before the incomprehensibility of God's Providence. But Karamzin was a man of modern times. The miracle as such did not suit him. He wanted to find a rational explanation for him. And therefore he was the first to create the learned myth of Kalita.

Based on the sources, Karamzin defined Prince Ivan with the words that one ancient Russian author found for him - "The Gatherer of the Russian Land." However, this was clearly not enough, because all Russian princes of that time collected land and power as best they could.

Then Karamzin offered additional explanations. Kalita was "cunning". With this trick, he "won the special favor of Uzbek and, along with it, the dignity of the Grand Duke." With the help of the same "trick", Ivan "lulled the khan's vigilance with caresses" and convinced him, firstly, not to send his Baskaks anymore to Russia, but to transfer the collection of tribute to the Russian princes, and secondly, to turn a blind eye to the annexation of many new territories to area of ​​the great reign of Vladimir. Following the precepts of Kalita, his descendants gradually “gathered Rus”. As a result, the power of Moscow, which at the end of the 15th century allowed it to gain independence from the Tatars, is "a force brought up by cunning."

Another classic of Russian historiography, S. M. Soloviev, in contrast to Karamzin, was very restrained in the characteristics of historical figures in general and Ivan Kalita in particular. He only repeated the definition of Prince Ivan, found by Karamzin, as "the Gatherer of the Russian land" and noted after the chronicle that Kalita "saved the Russian land from the Tatei."
Some new thoughts about Kalita were expressed by N. I. Kostomarov in his famous work "Russian history in the biographies of its main figures." He noted the unusually strong friendship for the princes of that time between Yuri and Ivan Danilovich, and about Kalita himself he said: "Eighteen years of his reign were the era of the first strong strengthening of Moscow and its rise over the Russian lands." At the same time, Kostomarov could not resist repeating the stereotype created by Karamzin: Kalita was "a man of non-military character, albeit a cunning one."

The famous student of Soloviev V.O. Klyuchevsky was a great lover of historical paradoxes. In essence, the whole history of Russia was presented to them as a long chain of large and small paradoxes. "Living conditions," said Klyuchevsky, "often develop so capriciously that big people are exchanged for small deeds, like Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, and small people have to do big things, like the princes of Moscow." This premise about "small people" and predetermined his characterization of Kalita. According to Klyuchevsky, all Moscow princes, starting with Kalita, are cunning pragmatists who “diligently courted the khan and made him an instrument of their designs».

So, to the portrait of the flatterer and cunning created by Karamzin, Klyuchevsky added a couple more dark strokes - hoarding and mediocrity. The resulting unattractive image became widely known due to its artistic expressiveness and psychological authenticity. It was engraved in the memory of several generations of Russian people who studied from the school history textbook of D.I. Ilovaisky.

Debunking and demeaning Ivan Kalita in the end raised a legitimate question: could such a base person fulfill such a great historical task as the foundation of the Moscow state? The answer was twofold: either he was not the founder, or the image of Kalita created by historians is unreliable.

Nine-tenths of all the information we have about Ivan Kalita comes from the chronicles. These strange literary works, where there are only two characters - God and man, never ended. Each generation, by the hand of a scribe-monk, wrote new pages into them. In the annals, the opposite principles are surprisingly combined: the wisdom of the ages - and almost childish naivety; the crushing flow of the stream of time - and the invincibility of the fact; the insignificance of man in the face of Eternity - and his immeasurable greatness as "the image and likeness of God." At first glance, the chronicle is simple and unpretentious. The weather presentation of events in the form of short messages is sometimes interrupted by insertions - independent literary works, diplomatic documents, legal acts. But behind this external simplicity, there is an abyss of contradictions. First, the chronicler sees events and depicts them "from his bell tower": from the point of view of the interests and "truth" of his prince, his city, his monastery. Beneath this layer of unconscious distortion of truth is another: distortions that arose when new chronicles were compiled on the basis of old ones. Usually new chronicles (more precisely, chronicle "vaults") were compiled on the occasion of some important events. The compiler of the new chronicle ("the porter") edited and put together the content of several chronicles at his disposal in his own way, and created new text combinations. Therefore, the order of events in the text of the annalistic annual article does not always correspond to their real sequence. Finally, the chroniclers were always very brief in their messages and when describing the event, they did not give its reasons.

Summing up losses and problems, we will note the main thing: our knowledge about Ivan Kalita and his time is fragmentary and fragmentary. His portrait is like an ancient fresco, wounded by time and hidden under a thick layer of late oil painting. The path of cognition of Ivan Kalita is the path of painstaking restoration. But at the same time it is also the path of self-knowledge. After all, we are dealing with the builder of the Moscow State, whose hand has left its mark on its facade forever.

It is impossible to evaluate Ivan Kalita only from a negative point of view, because at the end of his life he took monastic vows and wrote a testament, analyzing which, one can draw a conclusion about the moral qualities of the ruler: humility, kindness. It was Kalita who became the founder of Moscow's "big politics", defined its principles, goals and means. He gave a political order to his sons - to preserve by any means that “great silence”, under the cover of which the slow “gathering of Rus” around Moscow was going on. The two components of this “great silence” are peace with the Horde and peace with Lithuania.

In the annals of the death of Prince Ivan through the usual rhetoric of the obituary, a sincere feeling of orphanhood breaks through. "... And on the square near the temple crowded the crying, frightened Moscow people, who had lost their defender and leader."

Russian history

Unified State Exam: Writing a Historical Essay

A good essay can bring 11 points out of the maximum 55 for the entire work on the exam in history. The teacher and textbook author Roman Pazin analyzed in detail the criteria for evaluating this important assignment and gave advice on preparing for it.

Task number 25

The graduate must write an answer for one of three eras. First: IX - end of XVII centuries. Second: the end of the 17th century. - 1914. Third: XX century from the First World War to December 1991. Dates in the second and third intervals are often indicated with months, as a kind of hint to the student. For example, if the period "March 1801 - December 1812" is chosen, you need to tell not only about the Patriotic War of 1812, but also about the domestic and foreign policy of the first stage of the reign of Alexander I.

A historical essay is a creative work according to a certain algorithm. The very wording of the assignment includes almost all the criteria by which the text will be assessed by an expert. Let's consider these criteria in more detail.

Indication of events (phenomena, processes)

The essay must indicate two events (no dates possible) from the selected time period. If everything is done correctly, 2 points are awarded. If only one event is indicated correctly - 1 point. The sequence of presentation and the connection of events with each other are not taken into account. According to statistics, more than 76% of essays meet the first criterion.

When more than two phenomena are indicated and two of them are correct, the rest, according to this criterion, does not matter, but still, of course, affects the result. Example: “In the period 1825-1855. the III branch of S.E.I.V. was created. chancellery, as well as a reform of the state village. In addition, during the same period, military settlements began to be created in Russia ”. The expert will fairly give 2 points according to the first criterion, but then he will fine for the presence of an error, since the third event does not fit into the period.

Historical figures and their role

It is necessary not only to name the names, but also to indicate the role of individuals in these events. If two historical figures are correctly disclosed, the expert gives 2 points. If only one person is correctly represented, 1 point is awarded. This task is difficult for most graduates.

The difficulty lies in the fact that the role in the event is understood as concrete actions. These actions should be of a single nature and be expressed without fail in personal activity.

Incorrect examples:

• "Ivan III played a decisive role in the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow",
• "Rumyantsev took part in the Seven Years War",
• "Lenin headed the SNK."

Correct examples:

• "Polzunov has developed the first project of a steam engine in Russia",
• "Egorov and Kantaria hoisted the Victory Banner over the Reichstag",
• “Khrushchev spoke at the XX Congress of the CPSU with a report on the personality cult of I.V. Stalin ".

Actions like “ascend the throne” and “be the commander-in-chief” are too abstract, they will not deduct a point, but they will not be credited either. According to this criterion, it is easy to work with cultural figures and results from creativity, for example: “A.I. Solzhenitsyn wrote the story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.

The workbook is a part of the teaching staff on the history of Russia I.L. Andreeva, L.M. Lyashenko, O. V. Volobuev and others and complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of basic general education and the historical and cultural standard. The structure of the workbook corresponds to the structure of the textbook for grade 10 by O.V. Volobueva, S.P. Karpachev, P.N. Romanov. The notebook contains a variety of tasks: tests, writing an essay, working with a historical map, correlating dates and events, etc. and adapted for training students for the OGE and the Unified State Exam.

Causal relationships

If two causal relationships are indicated correctly, 2 points are awarded, if one relationship - 1 point. More than half of the graduates cannot cope with this.

A causal relationship should be understood as a relationship between historical events (processes, phenomena), in which one event (reason), in the presence of certain conditions, generates another event (consequence). Causal relationships prescribed in the role of personality are no longer considered here. However, in addition to the reasons themselves, the prerequisites of events that go beyond the boundaries of the period, and the reasons (if it is indicated that this is a reason) are taken into account.

Example:"One of the reasons for the beginning of the era of palace coups was the publication of the decree of Peter I on succession to the throne."

Assessment of the impact of events on the further history of Russia

For a correct assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of one period on the further history of Russia, based on historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, the expert assigns 1 point. Here, the student must go beyond the upper limit of the specified period of time. This is one of the most difficult criteria.

If a graduate does not mention a specific historian, but writes, for example, “in the opinion of a number of historians ...”, then the answer is also counted as correct (of course, when the point of view is really present in historiography). In any case, it is better to rely on historical facts, and cite the opinion of historians additionally.

Fact-based example:"1565-1572: The blow to the boyar aristocracy helped to strengthen the tsarist power, but at the same time the oprichnina became one of the factors that caused the structural crisis in the Russian state, which, in turn, led the country to the Troubles."

An example based on the opinion of historians:"1237–1242: As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Russian lands fell into political and economic dependence on the Golden Horde, which lasted for more than two hundred years and, according to the historian Karamzin, had a decisive influence on the nature of power in the Russian state."

The workshop is intended for the organization of independent educational and cognitive activities of high school students in the study of the course of the history of Russia (grade 10). It can also be used to organize educational activities in the classroom within the framework of the basic history course, as an elective course, a system of lessons for a specialized level of study of the subject, additional classes in preparation for passing the exam.

Use of historical terminology

To get another 1 point, it is enough for a graduate to correctly use at least one historical term. This, according to statistics, succeeds the overwhelming majority.

A historical term means a word or phrase denoting a historical concept associated with a certain event, characteristic of a certain period (era), or the historical process as a whole. Such words can be used as: polyudye, veche, tithe, Troubles, localism, manufacture, parsuna, guard, food appropriation, industrialization, collectivization, rehabilitation, privatization and others. Expanding the meaning of the term in parentheses is optional, but desirable.

Example:"Princess Olga carried out a tax reform, established lessons and graveyards."

Existence of factual errors

If there are no factual errors in the essay, 2 points are added, if there is one error - 1 point. It is important to take into account that the expert considers this criterion when the graduate scored at least 4 points for the first four. Unfortunately, mistakes are encountered even in very “strong” compositions.

It is better for the guys to act according to the principle: "I'm not sure - I'm not writing." Stylistic, grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors are not taken into account if they do not lead to meaningful errors (Metropolis - Metropolis).

Typical Factual Errors

• Excessive generalizations ("The Battle of Kalka should be perceived as a defeat for all Russian principalities").
• Controversial judgments ("The decree on the succession to the throne of Paul I did not allow women to take the throne").
• The use of terms and concepts in an inadequate historical context ("Horde occupation").
• Content errors. Associated with the relationship between personality and events ("Peter I waged the Seven Years War"), dating ("Paul I issued a decree on succession to the throne in 1799"), the names of posts ("NS Khrushchev was the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee"), initials (V.I. Stalin, S.S. Karamzin) and others.

The anthology is an integral part of the teaching materials "History of Russia. Early XX - early XXI century. Grade 10." with any textbook on Russian history for grade 10 included in the Federal List.

Presentation form

If the answer is presented correctly, in the form of a historical essay with a sequential presentation of the material, 1 more point is added. But also only on condition that at least 4 points were awarded for the first four criteria. Slightly more than half of the graduates grapple with the uniform.

Tips for students:

• Do not confuse a historical essay with an essay (there are no problems in it, but there are facts that must be indicated).
• Do not forget about logical connections and paragraph division of the text.
• Do not neglect the rules of the Russian language.

Algorithm for working on an essay

1. Choosing a period. It makes sense not to take a difficult period with a confusing course of events.
2. We work with a draft. It can be compiled in the form of a table with 4 columns: “Event”, “Reason”, “Role and actions of the individual”, “Consequences”. We also prescribe terms and conclusion.
3. We are writing an introduction (general description).
4. We write the main part with an indication of events, personalities, cause-and-effect relationships, not forgetting about the terms.
5. We write a conclusion.

How to prepare students for essay in grades 10-11

• Explain the structure of the historical essay (what to write, what to discard).
• Explain the criteria for the assessment.
• Train students to work with drafts.
• Write essays in class together as you progress through the material.
• Ask home essays.