Pure oxygen for breathing benefits and harms

Hypoxia

Oxygen harm

Technology

Air purity

Danger / safety

Efficiency

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Oxygen - harm or benefit?

Watching even modern foreign films about the work of ambulance doctors and paramedics, we repeatedly see a picture - a Chance collar is put on the patient and the next step is oxygen to breathe. This picture has long been in the past.

The current protocol for caring for patients with respiratory distress involves oxygen therapy only with a significant decrease in oxygen saturation. Below 92%. And it is carried out only to the extent necessary to maintain a saturation of 92%.

Our body is designed in such a way that oxygen is needed for its functioning, but back in 1955 it was found out….

Changes in the lung tissue when exposed to various oxygen concentrations were noted both in vivo and in vitro. The first signs of changes in the structure of alveolar cells became noticeable after 3-6 hours of inhalation of high oxygen concentrations. With continued exposure to oxygen, lung damage progresses and animals die from asphyxia (P. Grodnot, J. Chôme, 1955).

The toxic effect of oxygen is primarily manifested in the respiratory organs (M.A. Pogodin, A.E. Ovchinnikov, 1992 G.L. Morgulis et al., 1992., M.Iwata, K.Takagi, T.Satake, 1986; O. Matsurbara, T. Takemura, 1986; L. Nici, R. Dowin, 1991; Z. Viguang, 1992; KL Weir, PW Johnston, 1992; A. Rubini, 1993).

The use of high oxygen concentrations can also trigger a number of pathological mechanisms. Firstly, this is the formation of aggressive free radicals and the activation of the process of lipid peroxidation, accompanied by the destruction of the lipid layer of the cell walls. This process is especially dangerous in the alveoli, since they are exposed to the highest oxygen concentrations. With prolonged exposure, 100% oxygen can cause lung damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. It is not excluded that the mechanism of lipid peroxidation is involved in damage to other organs, such as the brain.

What happens when we start inhaling oxygen to a person?

The concentration of oxygen during inspiration increases, as a result, oxygen begins to firstly affect the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, reducing the production of mucus, and in addition, drying it out. Humidification works little here and not as much as you want, because oxygen, passing through the water, converts part of it into hydrogen peroxide. There is not much of it, but it is quite enough to influence the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi. As a result of this effect, mucus production decreases and the tracheobronchial tree begins to dry out. Then, oxygen enters the alveoli, where it already acts directly on the surfactant contained on their surface.

The oxidative degradation of the surfactant begins. The surfactant forms a certain surface tension inside the alveoli, which allows it to keep its shape and not collapse. If there is little surfactant, and when oxygen is inhaled, the rate of its degradation becomes much higher than the rate of its production by the alveolar epithelium, the alveolus loses its shape and collapses. As a result, an increase in the concentration of the oxygen level during inspiration leads to the occurrence of respiratory failure. It should be noted that this process is not fast, and there are situations when oxygen inhalation can save a patient's life, but only for a fairly short period of time. Long-term inhalations, even of not very high oxygen concentrations, unambiguously lead the lungs to partial athelictasis and significantly worsen the processes of sputum discharge.

Thus, as a result of oxygen inhalation, an absolutely opposite effect can be obtained - a deterioration in the patient's condition.

What to do in this situation?

The answer lies on the surface - to normalize gas exchange in the lungs not by changing the oxygen concentration, but by normalizing the parameters

ventilation. Those. we need to make the alveoli and bronchi work so that 21% of the oxygen in the surrounding air is enough for the body to function normally. This is helped by non-invasive ventilation of the lungs. However, it should always be borne in mind that the selection of ventilation parameters during hypoxia is a rather laborious process. In addition to tidal volumes, respiratory rate, rate of change in pressure on inspiration and expiration, we have to operate with many other parameters - blood pressure, pressure in the pulmonary artery, the resistance index of the vessels of the small and large circle. Often it is necessary to use drug therapy, because the lungs are not only an organ of gas exchange, but also a kind of filter that determines the blood flow rate both in the small and in the large circle of blood circulation. It is probably not worth describing the process itself and the pathological mechanisms involved in it here, because it will take more than one hundred pages, it is probably better to describe what the patient receives as a result.

As a rule, as a result of prolonged inhalation of oxygen, a person literally "sticks" to the oxygen concentrator. Why - we have described above. But even worse, the fact that in the process of treatment with an oxygen inhaler, for a more or less comfortable state of the patient, more and more oxygen concentrations are required. Moreover, the need to increase the oxygen supply is constantly growing. There is a feeling that a person can no longer live without oxygen. All this leads to the fact that a person loses the ability to serve himself.

What happens when we start replacing the oxygen concentrator with non-invasive ventilation of the lungs? The situation is changing dramatically. After all, non-invasive ventilation of the lungs is needed only occasionally - a maximum of 5-7 times a day, and as a rule, patients manage 2-3 sessions for 20-40 minutes. This greatly rehabilitates patients socially. Exercise tolerance increases. Shortness of breath goes away. A person can serve himself, live not tied to the apparatus. And most importantly, we do not burn out the surfactant and do not dry the mucous membrane.

Man tends to get sick. As a rule, it is respiratory diseases that cause a sharp deterioration in the condition of patients. If this happens, then the number of non-invasive ventilation sessions during the day should be increased. Patients themselves, sometimes even better than the doctor, determine when they need to breathe again on the apparatus.

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Why you can't breathe pure oxygen

Home »Why not» Why not breathe pure oxygen

Oxygen is an indispensable substance for maintaining the vital functions of all living things. The mixtures, which contain an increased oxygen content, are used by astronauts, divers, and pilots. Very often, to save a person's life, they are given additional inhalation of pure oxygen. But everyone should know that a lack of oxygen is harmful to human life, and an overdose, that is, oxygen poisoning can occur.

Oxygen is essential to sustain life

With an excess of oxygen, hyperoxia occurs. It can provoke a whole range of different reactions of the body, which can be pathological. Usually this disease occurs when the rules in the use of breathing mixtures are violated. It can be a pressure chamber or apparatus for regenerative breathing. Usually, when an overdose of oxygen enters the body, oxygen intoxication occurs. It is expressed by the following symptoms:

• noises in the ears are heard;
• dizzy;
• confused consciousness.

This condition occurs in most urban people when going out into nature, very often in a coniferous forest, where the air is cleaner and saturated with oxygen. Also in athletes who are forced to inhale and exhale vigorously.

Symptoms of hyperoxia

Symptoms of hyperoxia: tinnitus, dizzy, confused consciousness

With a short inhalation of a saturated amount of oxygen, the body tries to compensate for its excess by slowing down breathing, reducing the frequency of heart contractions, and narrowing the blood vessels. But if you continue to inhale excess oxygen, pathological processes associated with the transfer of gases by blood begin to develop. And this pathological process is expressed by the following symptoms:

• a person feels the onset of pain in the head;
• the face turns red;
• shortness of breath occurs;
• convulsions may appear;
• the victim loses consciousness.

Cell membranes are destroyed. If oxygen is supplied normally, then its complete oxidation occurs, and with an excess, metabolic products that are not part of the reaction remain, that is, free radicals that harm the body.

Oxygen intoxication, its symptoms

Oxygen intoxication is possible in diving enthusiasts, divers

In case of oxygen poisoning in humans, the same symptoms are observed as in other intoxications. They begin to appear within a short time, the most striking indicator is:

• involuntary muscle contraction;
• trembling lips;
• numbness of fingers and toes;
• the occurrence of nausea and vomiting;
• deterioration of vision.

These are disorders in the activity of the nervous system: anxiety, excitement, as well as loud tinnitus. The person cannot move, as coordination is impaired.

Forms of hyperoxia

There are three forms of oxygen poisoning and the course of the disease. They are identified by their dominant symptoms. In case of damage to the respiratory tract and lungs, the pulmonary form is determined. The mucous membrane becomes irritated, there is a cough, a burning sensation behind the breastbone. With continued inhalation of supersaturated oxygen, the person's condition worsens.

The most dangerous form of hyperoxia is vascular

Hemorrhage into internal organs may occur. If the causes of these pathological processes are eliminated, then the victim's condition improves after 2 hours, and the body will return to normal after 2 days. If hearing disorders dominate, vision deteriorates, muscles begin to twitch, then this is another form - this is convulsive hyperoxia. It can occur during submersion.

A complication of this form is the occurrence of convulsive seizures, they are somewhat reminiscent of epileptic seizures. Typically this form occurs when pure oxygen or mixtures are inhaled, with an applied pressure of 2 bar. The danger of this form is that the victim can drown. As soon as the excess supply of oxygen is eliminated, the person will fall asleep for several hours, after which there will be no further consequences.

The most dangerous form for life is vascular hyperoxia. Oxygen poisoning occurs at pressures exceeding 3 bar. Symptoms are such that there is a drop in blood pressure, hemorrhages of internal organs begin. The heart may even stop. If the partial pressure is 5 bar, then it will lead to the fact that hyperoxia begins to develop at a rapid pace, the person loses consciousness and dies. Sometimes, when immersed under water, mixing of two forms is observed: pulmonary and convulsive.

First aid

You can not dive without preparation

Most often, hyperoxia occurs in diving enthusiasts, divers. Usually, not all people are prepared to inhale mixtures with oxygen, which is why hyperoxia occurs. Types of work for first aid include the following actions:

• it is necessary to cancel the dive and raise the victim to a stop;
• bring him to his senses and restore his breathing;
• supply air with a low oxygen content;
• in case of convulsions, make sure that the victim does not hit.

Usually, the patient needs to lie in bed throughout the day, preferably in a slightly darkened room, with an open window.

Ways to restore health

After it is determined what was the hyperoxia, its signs, appropriate treatment will be prescribed. If symptoms of pulmonary form are observed, then the treatment will be as follows: tourniquets must be applied to the limbs. A procedure is performed to suck out the formed foam from the lungs. Diuretics are prescribed. Try to prevent the development of acidosis.

In a convulsive form, treatment is to relieve the convulsions. For this, chlorpromazine and diphenhydramine are administered intravenously. If there are symptoms of violations in the work of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs, then the treatment is aimed at normalizing them. In order to prevent pneumonia from developing, antibiotics are prescribed.

Prevention measures

It is important to maintain the required depth when diving.

In order to avoid hyperoxia, preventive measures must be observed. Oxygen mixtures and breathing apparatus must be used with great care. Preventive measures include:

• compliance with the required depth when diving;
• being under water for the allotted time;
• use only those mixtures that correspond to the pressure and depth markings;
• time tracking in the decompression chamber;
• checking the serviceability of devices for immersion in water.

Oxygen in excess can be dangerous to health, acts like a poison, various pathological processes can occur. Normally, it should contain about 21%. When pure oxygen or mixtures containing it are inhaled, a disease can occur - hyperoxia or oxygen poisoning. It occurs mainly in people who require an additional supply of oxygen.

The main symptoms are: involuntary muscle contraction, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, often impaired vision, limb cramps, shortness of breath. If the diver feels any symptoms of discomfort, he should immediately stop the dive and return to the decompression chamber, restore breathing. He must always first of all take care of his health and life.

But if the supply of saturated oxygen is removed, everything returns to normal for a short time. If severe cases arise, the help of the medical staff is sometimes required.

OxyHaus »Benefits and harms of oxygen

In our body, oxygen is responsible for the production of energy. Oxygenation occurs in our cells only thanks to oxygen - the conversion of nutrients (fats and lipids) into cell energy. With a decrease in the partial pressure (content) of oxygen in the inhaled level - its level in the blood decreases - the activity of the body at the cellular level decreases. It is known that more than 20% of oxygen is consumed by the brain. Oxygen deficiency contributes. Accordingly, when the oxygen level falls, well-being, performance, general tone, and immunity suffer. It is also important to know that it is oxygen that can remove toxins from the body. Please note that in all foreign films, in case of an accident or a person in serious condition, emergency doctors first of all put on the victim an oxygen apparatus in order to increase the body's resistance and increase his chances of survival.

The therapeutic effect of oxygen has been known and used in medicine since the end of the 18th century. In the USSR, the active use of oxygen for preventive purposes began in the 60s of the last century.

Hypoxia

Hypoxia or oxygen starvation is a low oxygen content in the body or individual organs and tissues. Hypoxia occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air and in the blood, in violation of the biochemical processes of tissue respiration. Due to hypoxia, irreversible changes develop in vital organs. The most sensitive to oxygen deficiency are the central nervous system, heart muscle, kidney and liver tissue. The manifestations of hypoxia are respiratory failure, shortness of breath; dysfunction of organs and systems.

Oxygen harm

Sometimes you can hear that "Oxygen is an oxidizing agent that accelerates the aging of the body." Here, the wrong conclusion is drawn from the correct message. Yes, oxygen is an oxidizing agent. Only thanks to it, nutrients from food are processed into energy by the body.

The fear of oxygen is associated with two of its exceptional properties: free radicals and oxygen poisoning under excessive pressure.

1. What are free radicals? Some of the huge number of constantly occurring oxidative (generating energy) and reduction reactions of the body are not fully completed, and then substances with unstable molecules that have unpaired electrons at the outer electronic levels, called "free radicals", are formed. They seek to capture the missing electron from any other molecule. This molecule, having turned into a free radical, steals an electron from the next one, and so on .. Why is this necessary? A certain amount of free radicals, or oxidants, is vital for the body. First of all - to combat harmful microorganisms. Free radicals are used by the immune system as "projectiles" against "invaders". Normally, in the human body, 5% of the substances formed during chemical reactions become free radicals.

The main reasons for the disruption of the natural biochemical balance and the increase in the number of free radicals, scientists call emotional stress, heavy physical activity, injury and exhaustion against the background of air pollution, the consumption of canned and technologically improperly processed foods, vegetables and fruits grown with the help of herbicides and pesticides, ultraviolet and radiation exposure.

Thus, aging is a biological process of slowing cell division, and free radicals, mistakenly associated with aging, are natural and necessary defense mechanisms for the body and their harmful effects are associated with disruption of natural processes in the body by negative environmental factors and stress.

2. "Oxygen is easy to poison." Indeed, excess oxygen is dangerous. Excess oxygen causes an increase in the amount of oxidized hemoglobin in the blood and a decrease in the amount of reduced hemoglobin. And, since it is the reduced hemoglobin that removes carbon dioxide, its retention in the tissues leads to hypercapnia - CO2 poisoning.

With an overabundance of oxygen, the number of free radical metabolites grows, those very terrible "free radicals" that are highly active, acting as oxidants that can damage the biological membranes of cells.

Terrible, isn't it? I want to stop breathing right away. Fortunately, in order to get poisoned with oxygen, you need an increased oxygen pressure, as, for example, in a pressure chamber (during oxygen barotherapy) or when diving with special breathing mixtures. In ordinary life, such situations do not occur.

3. “There is little oxygen in the mountains, but there are many long-livers! Those. oxygen is harmful. " Indeed, in the Soviet Union, in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus and in the Transcaucasus, a certain number of centenarians were recorded. If you look at the list of verified (i.e. confirmed) centenarians of the world throughout its history, the picture will not be so obvious: the oldest centenarians registered in France, the USA and Japan did not live in the mountains.

In Japan, where the oldest woman on the planet, Misao Okawa, who is more than 116 years old, still lives and lives, there is also the "island of long-livers" Okinawa. The average life expectancy here for men is 88 years, for women - 92; this is 10-15 years higher than in the rest of Japan. The island has collected data on more than seven hundred local centenarians over a hundred years old. They say that: "Unlike the Caucasian highlanders, the Hunzakuts of Northern Pakistan and other peoples who boast of their longevity, all Okinawan births from 1879 have been documented in the Japanese family register - koseki." The Okinwans themselves believe that the secret of their longevity rests on four whales: diet, active lifestyle, self-sufficiency and spirituality. Local residents never overeat, adhering to the principle of "hari hachi bu" - to eat eight-tenths. These eight-tenths are made up of pork, seaweed and tofu, vegetables, daikon and local bitter cucumber. The oldest Okinawans do not sit idle: they actively work on the ground, and their rest is also active: most of all they like to play the local variety of croquet. Okinawa is called the happiest island - there is no rush and stress characteristic of the large islands of Japan. The locals are committed to the philosophy of yuimaru - "a kind-hearted and friendly cooperative effort." Interestingly, as soon as the Okinawans move to other parts of the country, there are no longer centenarians among such people. Thus, scientists studying this phenomenon have found that the genetic factor does not play a role in the longevity of the islanders. And we, for our part, consider it extremely important that the Okinawa Islands are in an actively wind-blown zone in the ocean, and the oxygen level in such zones is recorded as the highest - 21.9-22% oxygen.

Therefore, the task of the OxyHaus system is not so much to INCREASE the oxygen level in the room, but to RESTORE its natural balance. In the tissues of the body saturated with the natural level of oxygen, the metabolic process is accelerated, the body is "activated", its resistance to negative factors increases, its endurance and the efficiency of organs and systems increase.

Technology

Atmung oxygen concentrators use NASA's PSA (Pressure Swing Absorption Process) technology. Outside air is purified through a system of filters, after which the device releases oxygen using a molecular sieve made from a volcanic mineral zeolite. Pure, almost 100% oxygen is supplied at a pressure of 5-10 liters per minute. This pressure is sufficient to provide the natural oxygen level in a room up to 30 meters.

Air purity

"But the air is dirty on the street, and oxygen carries all the substances with it." That is why OxyHaus systems have a three-stage intake air filtration system. And the already purified air goes to the zeolite molecular sieve, in which the oxygen from the air is separated.

Danger / safety

“Why is the use of the OxyHaus system dangerous? Because oxygen is explosive. " The use of the concentrator is safe. There is a risk of explosion in industrial oxygen cylinders because they contain high pressure oxygen. The Atmung oxygen concentrators, on the basis of which the system is built, are free of combustible materials, they use the PSA (pressure swing adsorption) technology developed by NASA, it is safe and easy to operate.

Efficiency

“Why do I need your system? I can reduce the CO2 level in the room by opening a window and ventilating it. ”Indeed, regular ventilation is a very useful habit and we also recommend it to reduce CO2 levels. However, the city air cannot be called truly fresh - in addition to the increased level of harmful substances, the oxygen level is reduced in it. In the forest, the oxygen content is about 22%, and in the city air - 20.5 - 20.8%. This seemingly insignificant difference has a tangible effect on the human body. "I tried to breathe oxygen and felt nothing."

The effects of oxygen should not be compared with the effects of energy drinks. The positive effects of oxygen have a cumulative effect, so the oxygen balance of the body needs to be replenished regularly. We recommend turning on the OxyHaus system at night and for 3-4 hours a day during physical or intellectual activity. It is not necessary to use the system 24 hours a day.

"What's the difference with air purifiers?" An air purifier performs only the function of reducing the amount of dust, but does not solve the problem of balancing the oxygen level of stuffiness. "What is the most favorable oxygen concentration in the room?"

The most favorable oxygen content is close to the same as in the forest or on the seashore: 22%. Even if, due to natural ventilation, your oxygen level will be slightly above 21% - this is a favorable atmosphere.

"Can you get poisoned with oxygen?"

Oxygen poisoning, hyperoxia, - arises from breathing oxygen-containing gas mixtures (air, nitrox) at elevated pressure. Oxygen poisoning can occur when using oxygen devices, regenerative devices, when using artificial gas mixtures for breathing, during oxygen recompression, and also due to exceeding therapeutic doses in the process of oxygen barotherapy. In case of oxygen poisoning, dysfunctions of the central nervous system, respiratory and circulatory organs develop.

We are aging ... from oxygen! How to breathe to prolong youth?

Recently, the country has spread the news: the state corporation "Rusnano" is investing 710 million rubles in the production of innovative drugs against age-related diseases. We are talking about the so-called "Skulachev ions" - a fundamental development of domestic scientists. It will help combat oxygen-induced cellular aging.

"How so? - you will be surprised. "It is impossible to live without oxygen, and you say that it accelerates aging!" In fact, there is no contradiction here. The engine of aging is reactive oxygen species, which are already formed inside our cells.

Energy source

Few know that pure oxygen is dangerous. It is used in medicine in small doses, but if you breathe it for a long time, you can get poisoned. Laboratory mice and hamsters, for example, live in it for only a few days. The air we breathe contains a little more than 20% oxygen.

Why do so many living things, including humans, need a small amount of this dangerous gas? The fact is that O2 is a powerful oxidizing agent, almost no substance can resist it. And we all need energy to live. So, we (as well as all animals, fungi and even most bacteria) can receive it by oxidizing certain nutrients. Literally burning them like wood in a fireplace insert.

This process takes place in every cell of our body, where there are special "energy stations" for it - mitochondria. This is where everything that we ate ultimately ends up (of course, digested and decomposed to the simplest molecules). And it is inside the mitochondria that oxygen does the only thing it can - oxidize.

This method of obtaining energy (called aerobic) is very beneficial. For example, some living creatures are able to receive energy without oxygen oxidation. Only thanks to this gas, several times more energy is obtained from the same molecule than without it!

A hidden catch

Of the 140 liters of oxygen that we breathe in a day from the air, almost everything is spent on obtaining energy. Almost - but not all. Approximately 1% is spent on the production of ... poison. The fact is that during the useful activity of oxygen, hazardous substances, the so-called "reactive oxygen species", are also formed. These are free radicals and hydrogen peroxide.

Why did nature even want to produce this poison? Some time ago, scientists have found an explanation for this. Free radicals and hydrogen peroxide with the help of a special protein-enzyme are formed on the outer surface of cells, with their help our body destroys bacteria that have entered the blood. It is very reasonable considering that the hydroxide radical competes with chlorine in its toxicity.

However, not all of the poison ends up outside the cells. It is also formed in those very "energy stations", mitochondria. They also have their own DNA, which is damaged by reactive oxygen species. Then everything is clear and so: the work of power plants goes wrong, DNA is damaged, aging begins ...

A shaky balance

Fortunately, nature has taken care to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Over the billions of years of oxygenated life, our cells have basically learned to keep O2 in check. Firstly, it should not be too much or too little - both of which provoke the formation of poison. Therefore, mitochondria are able to "expel" excess oxygen, as well as "breathe" so that it cannot form those very free radicals. Moreover, in the arsenal of our body there are substances that fight well against free radicals. For example, antioxidant enzymes that convert them into more harmless hydrogen peroxide and just oxygen. Other enzymes immediately take hydrogen peroxide into circulation, converting it into water.

All this multi-stage protection works well, but over time it starts to malfunction. At first, scientists thought that protective enzymes against reactive oxygen species weaken over the years. It turned out no, they are still vigorous and active, however, according to the laws of physics, some free radicals still bypass the multi-stage protection and begin to destroy DNA.

Can you maintain your natural defenses against toxic radicals? Yes, you can. After all, the longer these or those animals live on average, the better their protection is honed. The more intensive the metabolism of a particular species, the more efficiently its representatives cope with free radicals. Accordingly, the first aid to oneself from the inside is to lead an active lifestyle, not allowing the metabolism to slow down with age.

We train youth

There are several other factors that help our cells cope with toxic oxygen derivatives. For example, a trip to the mountains (1500 m and above sea level). The higher, the less oxygen in the air, and the inhabitants of the plain, once in the mountains, begin to breathe more often, it is difficult for them to move - the body is trying to compensate for the lack of oxygen. After two weeks of living in the mountains, our body begins to adapt. The level of hemoglobin (a blood protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to all tissues) rises, and cells learn to use O2 more economically. Perhaps, scientists say, this is one of the reasons that there are many long-livers among the mountaineers of the Himalayas, Pamirs, Tibet, and the Caucasus. And even if you only get into the mountains on vacation once a year, you will get the same beneficial changes, even if only for a month.

So, you can learn to breathe in a lot of oxygen or, conversely, a little, there are a lot of breathing techniques in both directions. However, by and large, the body will still maintain the amount of oxygen entering the cell at a certain average, optimal level for itself and its load. And that very 1% will go to the production of poison.

Therefore, scientists believe that it will be more effective to go from the other side. Leave alone the amount of O2 and enhance cellular defense against its active forms. We need antioxidants, and those that can penetrate into the mitochondria and neutralize the poison there. These are exactly what Rusnano wants to produce. Perhaps, in a few years, such antioxidants can be taken, like the current vitamins A, E and C.

Rejuvenating drops

The list of modern antioxidants is no longer limited to the listed vitamins A, E and C. Among the latest discoveries are the SkQ antioxidant ions, developed by a group of scientists led by a full member of the Academy of Sciences, honorary president of the Russian Society of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists, Director of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology named after ... A. N. Belozersky Moscow State University, USSR State Prize laureate, founder and dean of the Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics of Moscow State University Vladimir Skulachev.

Back in the 70s of the twentieth century, he brilliantly proved the theory that mitochondria are the "power plants" of cells. For this, positively charged particles ("Skulachev ions") were invented, which can penetrate into the mitochondria. Now Academician Skulachev and his students have "attached" an antioxidant substance to these ions, which is able to "deal" with poisonous oxygen compounds.

At the first stage, these will not be "pills for old age", but drugs for the treatment of specific diseases. First in line are eye drops for some age-related vision problems. Such drugs have already given absolutely fantastic results when tested on animals. Depending on the species, new antioxidants can reduce early mortality, increase life expectancy, and prolong maximum age - tempting prospects!

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Oxygen therapy: oxygen treatments

Everyone knows from childhood that a person cannot live without oxygen. People breathe it, it takes part in many metabolic processes, saturates organs and tissues with useful substances. Therefore, oxygen treatment has long been used in many medical procedures, thanks to which it is possible to saturate the body or cells with important elements, as well as improve health.

Lack of oxygen in the body

The person breathes oxygen. But those who live in large cities with developed industry experience a lack of it. This is due to the fact that there are harmful chemical elements in the air in megalopolises. In order for the human body to be healthy and fully functioning, it needs pure oxygen, the proportion of which in the air should be approximately 21%. But various studies have shown that in the city it is only 12%. As you can see, the inhabitants of megalopolises receive a vital element 2 times less than the norm.

Oxygen deficiency symptoms

• increased breathing rate,
• increased heart rate,
• headache,
• the work of organs slows down,
• violation of concentration,
• the reaction slows down,
• lethargy
• drowsiness,
• acidosis develops,
• cyanosis of the skin,
• change in the shape of the nails.

As a result, the lack of oxygen in the body negatively affects the work of the heart, liver, brain, etc. The likelihood of premature aging, the appearance of diseases of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system increases.

Therefore, it is recommended to change your place of residence, move to a more environmentally friendly area of ​​the city, and it is better to move out of the city altogether, closer to nature. If such an opportunity is not foreseen in the near future, then try to get out to parks or squares more often.

Since residents of large metropolitan areas can find a whole "bunch" of diseases due to the lack of this element, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the methods of oxygen treatment.

Oxygen treatment methods

Oxygen inhalation

It is prescribed for patients suffering from diseases of the respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, tuberculosis, asthma), for heart disease, for poisoning, malfunctioning of the liver and kidneys, and for shock conditions.

Oxygen therapy can also be done for the prevention of residents of large cities. After the procedure, a person's appearance becomes better, mood and general well-being increases, energy appears, strength for work and creativity.

Oxygen inhalation

Oxygen inhalation procedure

Oxygen inhalation requires a tube or mask through which the breathing mixture will flow. It is best to carry out the procedure through the nose, using a special catheter. The proportion of oxygen in breathing mixtures is from 30% to 95%. The duration of inhalation depends on the state of the body, usually 10-20 minutes. This procedure is often used in the postoperative period.

Anyone can purchase the necessary devices for oxygen therapy in pharmacies and carry out inhalation on their own. Oxygen cartridges are usually commercially available, approximately 30 cm in height, with an internal content of oxygen gas with nitrogen. The cylinder has a nebulizer for breathing gas through the nose or mouth. Of course, the balloon is not endless in use, as a rule, it lasts 3-5 days. It is worth using it daily 2-3 times.

Oxygen is very beneficial for humans, but an overdose can harm them. Therefore, when carrying out independent procedures, be careful and do not overdo it. Do everything according to the instructions. If, after oxygen therapy, you have the following symptoms - dry cough, convulsions, a burning sensation behind the breastbone - then immediately consult a doctor. To prevent this from happening, use a pulse oximeter, it will help monitor the oxygen content in the blood.

Barotherapy

This procedure means the effect of high or low pressure on the human body. As a rule, they resort to an elevated one, which is created in pressure chambers of different sizes for various medical purposes. There are large ones, they are designed for operations and childbirth.

Due to the fact that tissues and organs are saturated with oxygen, swelling, inflammation decreases, and cell renewal and rejuvenation is accelerated.

It is effective to use oxygen under high pressure in diseases of the stomach, heart, endocrine and nervous systems, in the presence of problems with gynecology, etc.

Barotherapy

Oxygen mesotherapy

It is used in cosmetology with the aim of introducing active substances into the deep layers of the skin, which will enrich it. Such oxygen therapy improves the condition of the skin, it rejuvenates, and cellulite also disappears. At the moment oxygen mesotherapy is a popular service in cosmetology salons.

Oxygen mesotherapy

Oxygen baths

Are very helpful. Water is poured into the bath, the temperature of which should be approximately 35 ° C. It is saturated with active oxygen, due to which it has a therapeutic effect on the body.

After taking an oxygen bath, a person begins to feel better, insomnia and migraines go away, blood pressure normalizes, and metabolism improves. This effect occurs due to the penetration of oxygen into the deep layers of the skin and stimulation of nerve receptors. Such services are usually provided in spa salons or in sanatoriums.

Oxygen cocktails

They are very popular now. Oxygen cocktails are not only healthy, but also delicious.

What are they like? The base that gives color and taste is syrup, juice, vitamins, phytonastes, in addition, such drinks are filled with foam and bubbles containing 95% of medical oxygen. Oxygen cocktails should be drunk for people suffering from diseases of the gastrointestinal, having problems with the nervous system. Such a medicinal drink also normalizes blood pressure, metabolism, relieves fatigue, eliminates migraines and removes excess fluid from the body. If oxygen cocktails are consumed daily, then a person's immunity will be strengthened and efficiency will increase.

You can buy them in many health resorts or fitness clubs. You can also prepare oxygen cocktails on your own, for this you need to purchase a special device at the pharmacy. Use freshly squeezed vegetable, fruit juices or herbal mixtures as a base.

Oxygen cocktails

Nature

Nature is perhaps the most natural and enjoyable way. Try to get out into nature and parks as often as possible. Breathe in clean, oxygenated air.

Oxygen is an essential element for human health. Get out into the forests, at sea more often - saturate your body with useful substances, strengthen your immunity.

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If you don’t remember the delicious foam of oxygen cocktails from childhood, you’re obviously not old enough: from the moment of invention in the 60s to the 2000s, they were made in any sanatoriums, hospitals and institutions for preschool children. We enjoyed the drink's unusual format, believing doctors to say it was extremely healthy. But how exactly does it work and why is it not so popular now?

What are they made of?

These cocktails can be made from any liquid, as long as you have a frother, oxygen, and an apparatus that will foam up. Now, at points of sale, ordinary purchased juices are most often taken as a basis, but at least tea, even mineral water, even ordinary water can be converted into foam.

The juice is used to make the drink tastier, but it is better to choose the base itself that is more healthy for the body. Yes, in an oxygen cocktail, it does not play a decisive role in the issue of usefulness, but it is a good habit to monitor what enters your body. Packaged juices are full of sugar and unhealthy preservatives and stabilizers. So if the herbal tea option is available, it's best to opt for it.

Simple cocktail maker equipment is available for purchase and home use, as are spum mixes, which are responsible for the formation of foam.

And yet the main ingredient here is far from the liquid taken as a basis: you can get benefits from herbal teas, even if it is not foamed. In our case, it is oxygen and the preparation technology that are important, which provide the cocktail with its unique properties.

How does it work?

When a study by Soviet scientists showed that oxygen is absorbed into the blood many times faster when it enters the gastrointestinal tract, people who were shown such therapy were simply poured oxygen into the stomach. But this procedure was not an easy one, and the potential and breadth of application of the method was impressive, so it was decided to dress oxygen therapy in a more digestible form.

The new format made it possible to use an oxygen cocktail for children without hysterics, and facilitated the procedures for adults at times. Now oxygen therapy was more like a regular meal than a treatment.

After drinking the cocktail, the body was enriched with oxygen, providing enough oxygen for the prevention and even fight against many diseases. The benefits of an oxygen cocktail for the body have long been considered unconditional, because several systems of the human body fell under its beneficial effect at once.

How is it useful?

It would seem that it is a simple oxygen foam, and the benefits for a person from it can hardly be overestimated. It is not for nothing that an oxygen cocktail for children was sold in every clinic, and the use of an oxygen cocktail during pregnancy was considered almost mandatory. Sometimes it was generally a separate procedure, which the doctor prescribed along with, for example, warming up.

• The increased oxygen content in the body is an excellent prevention of respiratory diseases like cough or bronchitis, and both children and adults are susceptible to them.
• These cocktails also serve to prevent heart disease, although they cannot fully contribute to the fight against existing problems. Oxygen increases blood circulation, which can prolong cardiovascular health.
• One of the most obvious effects of enriching the body with oxygen is the elimination of hypoxia. Mild oxygen starvation is a common occurrence among people who live in large cities and work indoors most of the time and do not have frequent access to fresh air in nature or in the countryside. But the lack of oxygen suppresses the work of absolutely all body systems.
• It is also recommended to drink an oxygen cocktail during pregnancy: a lack of oxygen can adversely affect the development of the fetus, and in order to eliminate risks, it is better to play it safe a little.
• The benefit of an oxygen cocktail for pregnant women may also be that a sufficient supply of oxygen to the body plays a role in the mechanism of strengthening the immune system, and it is simply dangerous to get sick during pregnancy.
• In addition, oxygen affects the functioning of the nervous system and, as a result, the emotional state of a person.
• The benefits of an oxygen cocktail for children are also manifested in the elimination of fatigue and the prevention of overwork, the risk of which is still greater in children than in adults. For adults, the cocktail will help to improve performance and fight stress, which again is associated with the importance of oxygen for the functioning of the brain and nervous system.
• Another bonus for the nervous system is sleep regulation. Oxygen cocktails are clearly indicated for use in case of non-critical insomnia, prolonged falling asleep and other mild sleep disorders.
• Another group of people who will appreciate these cocktails are athletes. Oxygen is involved in redox reactions, so oxygen foam will help you recover faster after a hard workout.
• In addition, sufficient oxygen is essential for the gastrointestinal tract to function. Cocktails are even recommended for some chronic diseases of the digestive system.
• Well, one cannot leave aside the fact that oxygen affects metabolism, accelerating metabolism and allowing nutrients to be absorbed faster. In particular, carbohydrates from the base juice will be absorbed very quickly, enhancing the tonic effect of oxygen on the nervous system.

Do not think that whipping the juice and oxygen into the foam will give you real medicine. The oxygen-enriched cocktail is not a medicinal product, but rather a prophylactic and general tonic.

Still, answering the question of whether there is any benefit from oxygen cocktails, whether they are harmful or are a dummy, doctors still argue that there is still a beneficial effect from their use. Then why are there so few outlets in cities where you can buy a similar drink?

Is it really dangerous to health?

Parents did not ask that such foam has both benefits and harm for children, and doctors prescribed an oxygen cocktail during pregnancy. It is unlikely that a potentially dangerous product would have earned this level of popular confidence. You will get the maximum discomfort with individual intolerance to the liquid base or ingredients in the spum mixture. Well, and, perhaps, your stomach will react to the unusual format with a little flatulence or upset. The rest of the cocktail is absolutely safe. So why is it not as popular now as in the USSR?

Probably, his fault is that it costs a penny and at the same time really works, and modern pharmaceutical companies need to somehow implement their developments. So, you are more likely to be sold dietary supplements at an unrealistic price or specialized vitamins than they will advise you to pamper yourself with tasty and healthy oxygen foam a couple of times a week.

Therefore, if you see a counter with the inscription "Oxygen cocktails", do not pass by: the probability that right now your body would not be disturbed by a charge of oxygen is extremely high, and the drink itself is not only healthy, but also tasty!

An oxygen cocktail is that strange foamy product often found in parks, fairs, and pharmacies and sanatoriums. Yes, in fact, wherever there are many people. At first glance, this seems to be something well, not at all useful, another deception of buyers, at best a dummy, at least in my subjective opinion. However, in fact, this weightless and somewhat tasteless foam in a glass - an oxygen cocktail is still useful, has certain positive properties, and is even used in the treatment of certain diseases.

Officially, such a concept as an oxygen cocktail appeared in 1963, when the stomach and intestines were experimentally proven to be able to assimilate not only liquids and solid food, but also gases.

In those days, oxygen therapy began to be used as an adjuvant in diseases of the cardiovascular system, liver, and central nervous system. Unfortunately, for a long time, only high-ranking officials could enjoy the benefits of oxygen therapy (as well as many other benefits).

Later, such a drink began to be used for children in large children's sanatoriums, for the elderly as a rejuvenating agent, for pregnant women in order to prevent fetal hypoxia.

And then and now, the disputes of specialists about the benefits of an oxygen cocktail for the body, contraindications and, in general, about the appropriateness of its use, do not subside.

• Skeptics believe that, although our digestive tract absorbs oxygen, it is negligible compared to the lungs.
• Until now, there are no full-fledged studies of the long-term results of the effectiveness of such courses of therapy.
• The introduction of herbal decoctions into oxygen cocktails, as well as natural juices, which are designed to increase the therapeutic effect, is also criticized. under the influence of oxygen, they lose most of their healing properties.

Because there is no unanimous informed opinion about the effect of this drink on the body, the benefits and dangers of an oxygen cocktail for children and adults, the decision to use it or not rests on our fragile shoulders of consumers. In any case, this product is interesting for its unusual appearance and taste.

Oxygen cocktail composition

To understand the benefits and potential dangers of an oxygen cocktail, you need to pay attention to its composition, because it is he who gives the body the necessary substances, vitamins and trace elements.

D 90 - 95% of the entire cocktail glass is oxygen itself.

A more saturated drink can be obtained at a medical institution or in a pharmacy, and in entertainment centers or at home, the concentration will be lower, but still the drink will not lose its useful properties.

The flavor base, as a rule, is juices, syrups, herbal solutions. Sometimes fruit drinks are used. And in case of allergy, for example, to some flavoring components, it can be made even on the basis of water.

And the component that forms the foam and retains oxygen in the drink is most often licorice root, powdered egg white, or gelatin solution.

About calories

Anyone interested in the calorie content of an oxygen cocktail - it depends on the filler, because oxygen itself is non-caloric. But even a sweet filler will not make your drink very high in calories, because it is practically weightless. Just ask what kind of flavoring the seller is using and how many ml of it goes for one cocktail - just like that and find out how many calories are in your glass.

How does an oxygen cocktail work on the body

Although the oxygen cocktail is not a medicine, but only an auxiliary one, it has quite definite properties.

Why oxygen cocktail is useful:

• It saturates the body with oxygen and prevents oxygen starvation.
• It has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
• Promotes the establishment of the digestive tract, the elimination of constipation.
• They increase the protective properties of the body, resistance to stress, and improve overall well-being.
• Tones up, increases efficiency.

In principle, a drink will only benefit any person, but there are categories of people and various diseases who are shown to regularly consume this delicious foam:

• Residents of large cities, people who work in hazardous industries and those who spend most of their time indoors (office).
• Elderly people to stimulate vital functions.
• For athletes as a tonic drink after exhausting workouts and competitions.

What else is an oxygen cocktail for? In addition to these conditions, an oxygen cocktail reduces the risk of blood clots, improves blood circulation, and increases concentration and memory.

It is also useful for pregnant women to drink an oxygen cocktail, which helps with severe toxicosis. In addition, even now it is sometimes prescribed to eliminate fetal hypoxia.

Due to oxygen, there is an enhanced absorption of vitamins (they are often added to the basis of a cocktail), therefore it is recommended to be regularly consumed by children for lifting.

Who should refrain from drinking

Many people, seeing only one benefit, plus a pleasant taste, begin to consume the cocktail in unlimited doses, and this, in turn, can already harm the body.

Despite the fact that the beneficial properties can be listed for a very long time, in some cases the oxygen cocktail has contraindications:

• acute period of bronchial asthma
• exacerbation
• stomach ulcer
• the presence of urinary or gallstone disease
• high blood pressure or its sudden jumps

Attention! If you are prone to food allergies, be sure to find out what is included in the base of the drink!

How often can you drink an oxygen cocktail and in what quantities

An oxygen cocktail is considered absolutely safe if you do not exceed the daily allowance, which is:

Children 3-6 years old - 150 ml

7-10 years old - 200 ml

11-14 years old - 250 ml

over 14 years old and adults - 300 ml

Children under two years old should not use such a product.

It is contraindicated to drink a cocktail on an empty stomach, because it strongly irritates the mucous membranes.

The course of admission is usually 10-14 days, after which it is necessary to take a break for 1-2 months.

What can happen with an "overdose"

Excessive use can lead to the following pathologies:

1. Accelerate the movement of kidney or bladder stones, which in turn will lead to inflammation.
2. To provoke the rapid growth of stomach ulcers, as well as aggravate the symptoms of gastritis with high acidity.
3. If there is inflammation in your body, then frequent consumption of the drink will quickly spread to nearby organs and tissues.

Remember, any product can be beneficial and harmful, including an oxygen cocktail. Regular and moderate consumption will give strength and health to the body, but if you overdo it a little and the drink will have the opposite effect.

Ksenia Poddubnaya

Our modern world suffers from a deteriorating ecology, and the human body suffers accordingly. Polluted air, smog in megacities, and other environmental problems create oxygen starvation of cells, cause a decrease in immunity, the body's defenses. Here oxygen cocktails come to the rescue.

What is an oxygen cocktail?

This is a drink that is saturated with oxygen using special devices. The oxygen used for such cocktails must comply with health care standards and is designated as food additive E948. In addition to the main component, the cocktail also includes additional ones: juices, water, milk, syrup, extracts, phyto solutions, fruit drinks.

Traditionally, an oxygen cocktail is prepared using a cocktail, this is a device to which a concentrator is connected oxygen, it is this that forms the foam from the liquid components, which are pre-filled into it. A special foaming agent is added to the liquid base, it can be dry egg white, gelatinous infusion, or licorice root. In general, an oxygen cocktail is a fluffy foam from a certain drink (juice, water, etc.), saturated with oxygen bubbles, they are very useful, as they quickly saturate the body, and are very tasty. These cocktails are drunk through a straw or eaten with a spoon, children get special pleasure from them. The cocktail gets its taste qualities thanks to additional additives.

The benefits of an oxygen cocktail

According to reviews, an oxygen cocktail is just a magical remedy that helps to cope with some ailments, a general apathetic state, helps to charge the body not only with oxygen, but also with energy, improves the skin, tones it, and brings pleasure from use. For children, this is generally an excellent remedy that combines medicinal properties, as well as a lot of pleasure in the process of use.

How to properly take an oxygen cocktail

Children can drink it only after 2 years. At the same time, its reception is limited, you should not drink more than twice a day. Try not to drink it on an empty stomach, it irritates the mucous membrane and can lead to disruptions in work, it is advisable to use the cocktail an hour and a half after eating. Drink it slowly so that it can be absorbed.
For children of different ages, there are certain restrictions that it is advisable to take into account. For children from 3 years old to 6, the daily allowance will be 150 ml., For children from 7 years old to 10 - 200 ml., From 11 to 14 - 250 ml., Over 14 years old - 300 ml. If you have no direct contraindications to the use of such diet cocktails, or an allergic reaction to the components of the cocktail, then take the opportunity to taste such a healthy and tasty product with pleasure.

Oxygen cocktail is a special drink for people who are worried about their health. It is tasty, healthy and contains very few calories. Let's look at what its use can lead to and how to make it at home.

The name speaks for itself. Yes indeed, oxygen is the basis of this drink, and it is he who has an effect on the body. Moreover, he must necessarily meet all the requirements, along with other medications, although he himself is not.

All other constituents of the drink are minor additives to add flavor or color change. In addition, juices from vegetables, berries and fruits, cow's milk, fruit drinks or just water can be used for cooking. But most often such drinks are made on the basis of licorice root or spum mixtures. This is what gives the cocktail such a characteristic froth.

Understanding the calorie content of a product, you must definitely know what became its basis. A drink prepared in water has almost no calories, but if it is based on milk or juice, then 100 grams will have about 300 Kcal. It contains almost only carbohydrates, so it can serve as a snack during a diet.

Benefits for the human body

The benefits of an oxygen cocktail are, of course, in its chemical composition.

Please note that it is not a medicine, but only a food supplement.

Regular consumption of the cocktail has the following effects on the body:

• strengthens the immune system;
• tones up;
• eliminates hypoxia;
• relieves fatigue, increases efficiency;
• helps burn fat;
• the condition of the skin improves, sleep is normalized.

Useful properties for pregnant women and children

An oxygen cocktail for pregnant women is a kind of helper for women in position. After all, it is believed that one glass of the drink completely replaces a walk in the forest.

The effect of a lack of oxygen should not be underestimated. It can lead to hypoxia, which in turn will cause fetal death. To prevent this, pregnant women should definitely feed the body with oxygen cocktails.

In addition, such a drink will help to avoid circulatory disorders in the placenta, will maintain normal hemoglobin levels, relieve insomnia and contribute to the normalization of metabolic processes.

Among those who took an oxygen cocktail while carrying a child, the following changes were noted:

• the level of fatigue is lower;
• dizziness disappeared;
• colds were much less common;
• the general state of health has become much better;
• complete absence of deviations in the development of the unborn baby.

Such a cocktail is no less useful for children, because everyone knows that the composition of the city air is far from ideal. Many children's institutions have already included the drink in the permanent menu, and all because it charges with energy that children need so much during the period of active growth, relieves fatigue, positively affects the nervous system and strengthens the immune system.

How to take an oxygen cocktail?

Despite the fact that this is not a medicine at all, the drink still requires adherence to certain conditions of admission.

• First of all, regularity. Only daily use will have a tangible effect. If you drink cocktails from time to time, then you should not expect a special result.
• A serving for children from 3 to 6 years old should not exceed 150 milliliters.
• Children a little older and up to 11 years old can drink 200 milliliters of the drink.
• For adolescents under 14 years of age, the permissible dose is 250 milliliters.

As for adults, the regimen for them is the same as for children, but the daily rate is no more than two cocktails in a volume of 200-300 milliliters.

Before or after meals?

Another important point - at what time would it be correct to drink the drink?

It is advisable to do this in the middle of the day, about an hour and a half before the main meal, or 120 minutes after having already eaten. Do not drink it on an empty stomach - the drink can irritate the mucous membrane and thus disrupt the functioning of the organ.

How to make an oxygen cocktail at home?

In order to undergo a course of treatment with an oxygen cocktail, most often you have to go to the clinic or even go to a sanatorium.

Of course, you can do it yourself, but it's not as easy as it seems. In addition, you will need certain equipment and oxygen. Where can you get it?

There are several options:

• Oxygen cushion equipped with oxygen transfer tube. It is often used by bartenders.
• Oxygen balloon. The pleasure is not cheap, but it will last a long time.
• A special cylinder filled with oxygen. It is sold for making cocktails or for improving the condition of the respiratory tract. There are different options, both in terms of volume and price category, depending on the manufacturer.
• Another option is to carry out a chemical reaction using potassium permanganate or peroxide.

If you figured out the oxygen, then you should familiarize yourself with the nuances before you start cooking.

1. Decide on the basis. This can be juice, infusion, slimming tea, or licorice syrup.
2. For a large, thick foam that won't fall off after a few minutes, you need yolk or gelatin.
3. You can purchase a ready-made spum mixture that is quite simple to turn into a ready-made drink.

Cocktail recipe

Get everything you need, including an oxygen mixer and concentrator.

1. Take a container, rinse it well and dry it with towels.
2. Pour in oxygen liquid and mix with the selected syrup.
3. Connect the mixer and the hub with a silicone tube, plug in the appliances.
4. Begin to whisk the contents of the glass, for at least 15 seconds, while not forgetting to supply oxygen, by pressing the button on the device.

Another way. Place about 300 milliliters of sweet base in a glass, add licorice root, stir for about 30 seconds, send a foaming agent into the container almost to the very bottom and hold until the foam completely fills the volume. Instead, natural blowing agents can also be used.

Contraindications to use

Despite the large number of positive effects of this food supplement, it also has some contraindications. You should definitely pay attention to them so as not to harm your health.

1. It is forbidden to drink an oxygen cocktail for people suffering from asthma and prone to bronchial attacks. Especially during the period of exacerbation of the disease.
2. It is not recommended to drink the drink for people with a diagnosis of hyperthymia, as well as for adhesions and stones in the gall bladder of stages 2-3.
3. You can harm the body if you drink a cocktail for poisoning or urolithiasis.
4. It is completely contraindicated to carry out recovery with cocktails for people with damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, colitis and ulcers.

When buying a ready-made mixture for preparing a drink, be sure to study its composition. It may contain a potential allergen (colorant, fragrance, etc.). When preparing a cocktail for young children, it is better not to use sweet juices and herbal decoctions.