The purpose of the lesson:
- Find out the reasons for the emergence of the movement of the Decembrists; goals of members of secret organizations; the significance of the uprising in the Senate Square;
- Develop skills in filling out tables, teach to highlight the main thing, to define and explain concepts.
New terms and dates: Union of Salvation (1816-1817), Union of Welfare (1818-1820), Northern and Southern Society (1821-1825), Decembrists, Decembrist uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825, dynastic crisis.
Equipment: portraits of the Decembrists, Alexander I, Nicholas I.
Lesson plan:
1. The emergence of an organized social movement and the spread of liberal ideas
2. Secret societies
3. Southern Society
4. Northern Society
5. Power and secret societies
6. Dynastic crisis
During the classes
1. The emergence of an organized social movement and the spread of liberal ideas.
- Stage 1. 18th century Catherine II, the ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire.
- Stage 2. After the Patriotic War of 1812, as a result of the government's inaction, secret societies and circles were created.
2. Secret societies
Salvation Union (1816-1817)
Welfare Union (1818-1821)
3. Southern Society
4. Northern Society
Textbook pp. 54-55, filling in the table.
Results of work with points 2, 3, 4.
| Organization, years of existence | Participants | The nature of society, methods | Goals |
| Salvation union (since 1817 - Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland) 1816-1817 |
The initiator of the creation is Muraviev. Included: N.M. Muravyov, brothers Muravyov-Apostles, S.P. Trubetskoy, P.I. Pestel | Conspiratorial character, conspiracy; there are no clear means. (At the time of the change of kings, to pull out the constitution; the first draft of regicide) | The introduction of the constitution, the abolition of serfdom. But there is no clear program of transformations. |
| Welfare union | About 200 people | More open-minded. Propaganda and educational activities, bloodless political coup |
The middle one is educational: the formation of progressive public opinion, the dissemination of the true rules of morality and education. Dalnaya - the introduction of a constitution and lawful free government, equality of citizens before the law, publicity in public affairs and legal proceedings, the abolition of serfdom, recruitment and military settlements. |
| Northern Society | N. M. Muravyov, N.I. Turgenev, M. S. Lunin, S.P. Trubetskoy, E. P. Obolensky, I. I. Pushchin, K.F. Ryleev. |
Secret society. | Establishment of a constitutional monarchy, Russia - federation. The emperor is the executive branch, the "supreme official". The highest legislative power is a bicameral parliament - the People's Chamber (the Supreme Duma and the House of People's Representatives). All positions in the state are elective. The abolition of serfdom (but the bulk of the land belongs to the landlords). Equality of all before the law, elimination of estates. Introduction of civil rights and freedoms. |
| Southern society | P.I. Pestel, A.P. Yushnevsky, brothers Kryukov, V. I. Ivashev, A. P. Baryatinsky, S. G. Volkonsky, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. |
Secret society. Armed demonstration during the change of emperors on the throne. |
Establishment of the republic, Russia - a single state. Separation of powers: legislative - to the unicameral parliament - to the People's Veche, executive - to the Sovereign Duma, controlling - to the Supreme Council. Abolition of serfdom, division of all lands into public and private. Destruction of estates, proclamation of civil liberties. |
5. Power and secret societies
1822 Adopted a special decree banning all secret societies
1823 Persecution of members of secret societies
6. Dynastic crisis
Nicholas I
He announced his rights to the throne.
Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov
Renounced the throne.
December 14, 1825
11 a.m. on Senate Square:
Life Guards Moscow Regiment.
13 o'clock on Senate Square Guards sea crew and grenadier regiment.
Only 3 thousand soldiers and 30 officers.
Dictator S.P. Trubitskoy did not appear; Yakubovich refused to capture the Winter Palace; Bulatov refused to seize the Peter and Paul Fortress; Kakhovsky did not dare to encroach on the life of Nicholas I
By 6 o'clock in the evening, the uprising was suppressed by regular troops.
"Manifesto to the Russian people" Decembrists textbook p.62.
8. Investigation and trial of the Decembrists
Pestel, Releev, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, S. Muravyov-Apostol, Kakhovsky - were hanged in the Peter and Paul Fortress. More than 100 people were sent to hard labor. Many officers were demoted to soldiers and exiled to the Caucasus. In total, 579 people were brought to justice.
9. The historical significance and consequences of the Decembrist uprising.
Social movement.
The peasant reform of 1861 became the "finest hour" for leaders from the liberal camp, both Westernizers and Slavophiles, who were given the opportunity to implement their ideas. The liberal movement in the 1860s-1870s, headed by university professors K.D. Kavelin and B.N. Chicherin, put forward a rather moderate program on the whole, did not demand the convocation of parliament, considered it untimely and pinned all hopes on the continuation and development of liberal reforms "from above", at the behest of the emperor. The liberals took an active part in the implementation of the zemstvo, city and judicial reforms, in the activities of the new court and new bodies of local self-government. By the end of the 1870s. among them, a certain radicalization is observed, the slogan "crowning the building" is being put forward (the creation, in addition to local zemstvos, of an all-Russian zemstvo, that is, parliament), certain representatives of the liberals (I. I. Petrunkevich) are looking for contacts with the revolutionary movement.
The reforms of the 1860s and 1870s, although they made significant changes in the life of Russia, nevertheless had an incomplete and largely inconsistent character, preserving much of the remnants of the past. The most important of the reforms - the peasant one, giving the peasants personal freedom, further increased their economic dependence on both the landlord and the state. The feeling of disappointment, disappointed hopes led to the growth of radical sentiments among the intelligentsia and student youth, among whom the share of commoners - people from the middle and lower classes who received an education - increased. The ranks of the commoners were also replenished at the expense of the ruined, impoverished nobles. It was this stratum of people, deprived of a certain place in the estate structure of society, that became fertile ground for the revolutionary movement, which gained significant strength during the reign of Alexander II.
- 1861 - the first revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom" appears, headed by the editor of the journal "Sovremennik" N. G. Chernyshevsky. The name of the organization contained its main ideas - the transfer of all the landlord's land to the peasants without redemption and the elimination of the autocracy, its replacement by a democratic republic. The leaders of Zemlya i Volya were quickly arrested (Chernyshevsky in 1862), not having time to develop active activities, and by 1864 the organization ceased to exist. Since the early 1860s. in many cities of Russia, primarily in university, youth anti-government circles are springing up. Participants of the youth movement who protested against the noble manners and customs were called nihilists.
- 1866 - D. V. Karakozov, a member of the Ishutintsev circle, makes an unsuccessful attempt on the tsar's life in protest against the "fraudulent" peasant reform. Karakozov was hanged, his assassination attempt led to a tightening of the political regime and increased police persecution of nihilists.
- 1874 - the beginning of "going to the people" and the formation of a populist movement among the revolutionaries. The Narodniks, based on the ideas of A. I. Herzen and N. G. Chernyshevsky, were convinced that the basis of socialism in Russia was the peasant community.
Many of them went to live and work in the countryside, getting jobs as zemstvo teachers and doctors. Among the populists, three directions stood out:
- propaganda (P. L. Lavrov) - they believed that it was necessary to go to the people to propagate socialist ideas, that the revolution required a long preparation;
- rebellious, or anarchist (M. A. Bakunin), - they believed that the peasants were ready for a riot at any moment, and the task of the revolutionary intelligentsia was to help them organize an all-Russian uprising;
- conspiratorial (P.N. Tkachev) - in their opinion, the most effective way of revolution was the seizure of power by an organized revolutionary party, which, having come to power, will carry out all the transformations necessary for the people.
At first, representatives of the propaganda, to a lesser extent rebellious, trends prevailed. However, "going to the people" ended in failure - most of the populists were arrested by the police, including at the initiative of the peasants themselves, who were suspicious of the city dwellers with "lordly" habits. During the trials, they were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. Among the populists, the idea was born of the need to create a centralized, unified, all-Russian organization.
- 1876 - the party "Land and Freedom" appears, taking the name of the first revolutionary organization of the 1860s. Its leaders are V. N. Figner, N. A. Morozov, A. D. Mikhailov. The landowners tried to move on to establishing systematic propaganda in the countryside, and also began to establish contacts with urban workers. They began to respond to police harassment with terrorist acts. B1878
V. I. Zasulich, who was in the "Land and Freedom", seriously wounded the St. Petersburg Governor-General F. F. Trepov as a sign of protest against corporal punishment for political prisoners used on his orders. The jury acquitted Zasulich.
- 1879 - the split of "Land and Freedom" into "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Redistribution". Chernopredeltsy (G.V. Plekhanov) advocated the continuation of the old tactics of work in the countryside and agitation for the "black redistribution", that is, the division of the landlord's land among the peasants. People's will (A.I. Zhelyabov, S.L. Perovskaya) were supporters of terror and the advancement of political tasks - the destruction of autocracy and the establishment of political freedoms. "Narodnaya Volya" turned into a strong, conspiratorial, ramified organization that had connections among the intelligentsia, workers, officers, and its agents in the ranks of the police. The People's Will undertook a series of assassination attempts against high-ranking officials and the emperor himself. In 1880, Alexander II granted the Minister of Internal Affairs MT Loris-Melikov extraordinary powers to fight terrorists and at the same time entrusted him with the development of a project for further reforms. Loris-Melikov proposed to the tsar to create a legislative body of power from among the representatives of the zemstvos appointed by the emperor. On March 1, 1881, Alexander II approved this project, but on the same day he was killed by the People's Will.
Searched here:
- social movements under Alexander 2
- social movement under Alexander 2
- social movements under alexander 2 table
In the second half of the XIX century. in Russia, the social and political movement, opposition and even radical sentiments in society became more active. This was largely due to the inconsistency of the internal political course of the government of Alexander II, the departure from the policy of liberal reforms, the high cost of the accelerated modernization of the country, the main burden of which fell on the shoulders of the people.
Other factors:
the transitional nature of the economy and social structure of the 60-80s.
preservation of the rural community, autocracy, large landowners
the accelerated development of capitalism, which was stimulated by the state, strengthened its negative aspects
the impoverishment of a part of the peasantry under market conditions was experienced by the radical intelligentsia as a national disaster, aroused the desire to save the peasantry from the horrors of capitalism, and created the conditions for the spread of socialist ideas.
the influence of theories that penetrated the country from the West (ideas socialism and etc.)
AlexanderIII (1845 - 1894) came to the throne in 1881, thirty-six years old after the death of his father Alexander II from a terrorist bomb. The reactionary transformations of Alexander III were called counterreforms.
The closest adviser to the tsar was the former mentor of Alexander K.P. Pobedonostsev (1827-1907), who served as the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod (that is, an official in charge of relations between the Orthodox Church and the state). The famous reactionary journalist M.N. Katkov also enjoyed great influence during the reign of Alexander III. In the 1860s. Katkov and Pobedonostsev participated in the preparation of the Great Reforms; by the 1880s. they became their fierce enemies. Katkov proposed to completely eradicate the principles introduced by the reforms into Russian life, and called for administrative and political restructuring. Pobedonostsev pinned more hopes on changes in the minds and souls of people, on strengthening the influence of the church.
In the early 1880s. the autocracy significantly improved its punitive policy, which allowed it to crush the internally weakened "Narodnaya Volya".
In August 1881 it was approved "Regulations on measures to preserve state security and public peace". According to him, any locality could be declared in a state of emergency, the head of the province had the right to prohibit meetings, close the press and educational institutions, arrest and expel unwanted persons without trial. Since 1883, they began to operate security departments(secret police) - gendarme bodies specialized in undercover activities.
In August 1882 were adopted Temporary Printing Regulations. From now on, a meeting of four ministers (of internal affairs, justice, public education and the chief prosecutor of the synod) received the right to close any publications and prohibit unwanted persons from engaging in journalistic activities. In 1884, a new university charter appeared, eliminating the election of professors, deans, rectors, and sharply limiting the rights of university self-government.
The government tried to give education an estate character: tuition fees at universities were increased, and the Minister of Public Education issued in 1887 the so-called "circular on cook's children", ordering that children from the lower classes should not be allowed into the gymnasium.
In the sphere of primary education, church schools were intensively introduced, to which Pobedonostsev strove to impart a strictly protective character.
In 1889 was adopted the law on zemstvo chiefs, concerning the local peasant government. The estates of the peasant administration were preserved and consolidated, it was placed under the authority of the zemstvo chiefs - special officials from among the local landowners who combined judicial and administrative power in their hands.
In 1890 there was a new Zemsky position, significantly increased the power of the administration over local government. Elections to the zemstvo began to be held strictly on the basis of class, the representation of the nobility increased significantly. In 1892 a new City position, significantly curtailed the independence of city government, three to four times reduced the number of city voters.
Several times the government launched an attack on judicial institutions, but it was not possible to carry out decisive changes here, it had to be limited to rather minor amendments. In the socio-economic sphere, the government sought to protect the interests of the nobility. For this, the Noble Bank was established, and the Regulation on hiring for agricultural work, which was beneficial for landowners, was adopted. The government tried to prevent social stratification of the peasantry: family divisions of the peasants were limited, measures were taken against the alienation of peasant holdings.
The reactionary policy of the government of Alexander III proclaimed the establishment of nationally distinctive principles in the life of Russia. This affected the deterioration of the situation of non-Russian peoples, religious and national minorities. A number of restrictive measures were taken against the Jews, and the Russification of the Baltic was carried out. Measures of state coercion often supported the activities of Orthodox missionaries in different parts of the Empire - among the Lutherans of the Baltic and the Uniates of Western Ukraine, Muslims of the Volga region and Buddhists of Transbaikalia, Old Believers and sectarians.
The first underground populist organizations emerged in the late 1850s and early 1860s. "Land and Freedom" (1861-1864) was the first large organization of populists, numbering several hundred members. Its leaders were A.A. Sleptsov, N.A. Serno-Solovievich, N.N. Obruchev, V.S. Kurochkin, N.I. Utin. The main goal of the organization was considered to create conditions for the revolution, which was expected in 1863, when the signing of the charter was to be completed. For this, legal and illegal propaganda was used, proclamations were issued.
In 1864, during the period of repression associated with the suppression of the Polish uprising, and as a result of the absence of the so expected peasant uprisings, the organization disbanded itself.
Ishutins. In 1863-1866, a revolutionary organization headed by N.A. Ishutin ("Ishutins"). In 1866, a member of the organization D.V. Karakozov made an unsuccessful attempt on the life of Alexander II.
"People's reprisal" was created in the late 60s. revolutionary fanatic S.G. Nechaev... Nechaev denied any ethics, believing that the end justifies the means. For the sake of the interests of the revolutionary cause, he even went to the organization of a criminal offense.
"The Great Propaganda Society "(" Tchaikovsky ") existed in 1869-1874. It was headed by M.A. Natanson, N.V. Tchaikovsky, S.L. Perovskaya, S.M. Kravchinsky, P.A. Kropotkin. The society was engaged in the study of socialist literature.
In 1874, the Chaikovites took part in the preparation of a mass action - the so-called. " going to the people"when hundreds of students, gymnasium students, young intellectuals went to the countryside, some for agitation, and some for propaganda of the peasants. But, in the end, it was not possible to rouse them to revolt, or to propagate them in a socialist spirit.
"Land and Freedom" (1876-1879). The organization was headed by M.A. Natanson, A.D. Mikhailov, G.V. Plekhanov, L.A. Tikhomirov. In an effort to rouse the people to revolution, they considered it necessary:
Campaigning in word and deed;
Actions to disorganize the state (that is, attracting officers, officials, killing the most harmful representatives of the government);
The landowners switched from flying agitation to sedentary propaganda, and began to create populist settlements in the countryside. But the new popularity of the people also did not give results, and in 1879 the party split into supporters of propaganda and the continuation of the struggle for socialist ideals ("villagers"), united under the leadership of G.V. Plekhanov to the party Black redistribution, and supporters of political struggle and the achievement of political freedom, as a necessary condition for socialist propaganda, as well as the tactics of individual terror ("politicians") who formed The will of the people.
Party "People's Will"(1879-1882) headed the Executive Committee, which included A.I. Zhelyabov, A.D. Mikhailov, S.L. Perovskaya, V.N. Figner, N.A. Morozov, etc.
Narodnaya Volya set as their goal:
Revolutionary seizure of power;
Convocation of the Constituent Assembly;
Approval of political freedoms;
Building, in perspective, communal socialism.
The main means was recognized as a political coup with the help of the army and with the support of the people.
To disorganize power, individual terror was also used, which, gradually, involved all the forces of the party and became the main means of political struggle. Several regicide attempts were made, in particular, prepared S.N. Khalturin an explosion in the Winter Palace in February 1880. On March 1, 1881, Alexander II was killed, but the revolution or mass demonstrations of the people expected by the People's Will did not take place, and the organization was eventually destroyed by the police.
"Black redistribution"(1879-1882). Its leaders are G.V. Plekhanov, P.B. Axelrod, L.G. Deich and V.I. Zasulich the goal of their activities was considered the preparation of a peasant revolution - a riot with the help of propaganda in the countryside.
In 1883, disillusioned with populism and finding themselves in emigration, the black-redirectors headed by Plekhanov switched to the position of Marxism and created a group in Geneva " Liberation of labor"- the first Russian social democratic organization.
The assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881 - the highest peak of the activity of the revolutionaries-populists - was the beginning of their decline: the death of the emperor did not cause, as the populists expected, neither the destruction of the political system of autocracy, nor the people's revolution. The police, with the help of persecution and provocations, destroyed the internally weakened "Narodnaya Volya"; by 1884 the main backbone of this organization had ceased to exist. An unsuccessful attempt to revive Narodnaya Volya's methods was the attempt on the life of a group of Petersburg students under the leadership of A.I. Ulyanov (Lenin's older brother) on Alexander III on March 1, 1887.
To the fore in the 1880s. liberal populism emerged, the ideologists of which were V.V. Vorontsov. II Kablits and others. Retaining faith in the peasant community as the embryo of socialism, the liberal populists focused primarily on cultural and educational measures. Views close to populist ones were expressed by the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, led by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and N.K. Mikhailovsky, and subsequently by the journal Russkaya Mysl.
Russia's entry onto the path of capitalism was accompanied by an intensification of the labor movement and the emergence of the labor question. In 1885, at the Nikolskaya manufactory in Orekhovo-Zuev, owned by T.S. Morozov, broke out "Morozov strike". The strikers demanded the establishment of effective state control over the situation of the workers, and the adoption of legislation on the conditions of employment. The government was forced to prohibit the night work of women and children, to more clearly define the obligations of the factory owners in relation to the workers.
An attempt to explain the new socio-economic realities was the activity of Russian Marxists. In 1883, the populist emigrants who switched to the position of Marxism - G.V. Plekhanov, V.I. Zasulich, P.B. Akselrod and others - founded a group "Emancipation of Labor". She launched an active translation and publishing activity. Plekhanov in the works "Our Differences". "Socialism and Political Struggle" proved that Russia had already embarked on the path of capitalism and that the populists' hopes for coming to socialism through the peasant community were groundless. Revolutionaries, Plekhanov declared, should be guided not by the peasantry, but by the proletariat — the only consistently revolutionary class.
Marxist circles also appear in Russia: the Petersburg groups of D.I. Blagoev (1884-1885) and M.I.Brusnev (1889-1892), the group of N.I. Fedoseev (1888-1889), in whose activities V.I. I. Lenin.
In the second half of the XIX - early XX century in Russia there was a process of systematic creation of a new full-fledged economic model, due to the use of both new social forms and the introduction of new production technologies.
In the 19th century, the civilized world, which included, first of all, the countries of Europe was swept by the wave of the formation of a new social system -. A comprehensive definition of capitalism was developed both in the works of communist ideologists, such as K. Marx and F. Engels, and in the purely liberal ones, to whom A. Smith belonged.
Capitalism represents a new form of social and economic relations between subjects, citizens of the state, in which there is a redistribution of economic resources towards both large industrial and commercial owners. The legal basis for the capitalist system is the legislative consolidation of the right to private property and its inalienability for the state system.
In Russia, this process began much later than most of the European powers, the reason for this was the unpreparedness of society and the state leadership for radical changes, the general backwardness of the economy and the presence of archaic legislation regarding the property rights of industrialists and merchants, as well as the status of the main labor force - the peasantry.
Preconditions for the formation of a progressive capitalist system
The preconditions for the transition to a new model of economic development were both the political situation in the world and objective socio-economic requirements. The latter include the presence of such a transition in the countries of Western Europe, which led to rapid economic growth, and, accordingly, a strong lag in Russia in many respects.
The transition was also conditioned by purely political prerequisites. After the defeat, the government realized the backwardness of the Russian economy from the leading world powers and made every effort to level this backwardness. The development of capitalist forms in the economy and social life has become an effective and fast way.
The economic impact of the development of capitalism in Ingushetia
The influence of capitalism on the country's economy was colossal. In fact, the complete transition led to the emergence of certain new sectors of the economy - the chemical, automobile, aircraft-building industries, as well as a significant expansion of heavy industry in the total "weight" of the economy.
The expansion of the range of the economy, as well as high growth rates, made it possible to improve the life of ordinary people. For 60 years of development of the capitalist system, the natural growth of the country's population amounted to about 70 million people, which was impossible to achieve without improving the general standard of living.
During the period of the formation and development of capitalism, the average annual growth of the Russian economy was about 7-10%, which ultimately made it possible to take first place in Europe in industrial production by the beginning of the 20th century.
Industrial sector
A significant component of all changes in the time period from the second half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century took place precisely in the industrial sector, which constituted a kind of "locomotive" of the entire economy of the country. The consolidation of the basic rights of large owners and the ongoing changes have affected the number of industrial enterprises in certain industries:
Over 50 years of transformations, oil production has appeared and has achieved significant success. In the production of oil products, Russia has become the world leader, far ahead of its closest competitor, the United States;
The coal and metal-working industries have collectively increased their production more than 16 times in comparison with the beginning of the transformation;
The construction of railway junctions and junctions, as well as the organization of centralized road support made it possible to reliably connect different parts of the largest country in the world. The most significant project of the tsarist government in this area was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which to this day is the longest single railway section in the world;
The emergence of the chemical industry, as well as the development of machine tool construction, made it possible to achieve high rates of industrial production.
Agriculture
Unlike industry, the agricultural sector did not develop at such an active pace. This was due to the general lag of the industry throughout the historical development of Russia. It was not profitable for large owners to invest in agriculture in the presence of a huge amount of free land and labor.
The introduction of modern technology and new methods of growing crops began to occur only at the beginning of the 20th century and at a slow pace. In comparison with industry, the average annual growth of agricultural production was about 1–3%.
Agriculture - the American way
The American way of developing agriculture in capitalist society consisted in the active introduction of the farming model. The farmers were separate families, endowed with their own large land plots, cultivating them with modern agricultural means.
In Russia, the elements of this path were the creation of farms and the initiative of the Prime Minister to create such farms in Siberia. However, the initiative was not implemented and, in fact, Russia did not go in agriculture to introduce elements of the American way.
The influence of the development of capitalism on the political organization of society
During the development of the capitalist system, the political life of the state has also undergone changes. Due to the accumulation of significant capital, capitalists and manufacturers - representatives of big business - began to play an ever greater role in the life of the state. In the convocations of the State Duma, it was the manufacturers who played the leading role and had the greatest political power. The influence of the nobility steadily diminished.
The strengthening of the political power of the manufacturers and bankers led to the February bourgeois revolution of 1917, when representatives of the capitalist system played the leading role in removing the emperor from power.
The reasons for the progressive development of the system in the second half of the XIX - early XX century
The reasons for the rapid introduction and development of this system in the country were:
- Availability of huge internal human resources;
- The presence of the entire range of natural resources and a large number of undeveloped areas;
- The political will of the top leadership of the state;
- The presence of untapped capital and foreign investment;
- Effectiveness of reforms carried out by the government;
- Active support of the society for the introduced forms of production.
The "Prussian" path of capitalism
A distinctive model of the development of capitalism was the "Prussian" way, which was characterized by the absence of rejection of many customs and traditions of the feudal system. Such relations were built into the new system as part of a single whole and had a significant impact in Russia.
The main sign of the presence of features of such a path of development in Russia was the presence of a huge number of landless peasants of debtors - farm laborers who, in fact, were forced to agree to any working conditions and did not have civil rights.
In addition, the nobility retained a significant influence on the economic and political processes in the country, which did not contribute to the development of fair competition and rapid economic growth of the economy.
Reforms of S. Yu. Witte
The reforms of the tsarist prime minister were aimed at strengthening the monetary unit of the Empire - the ruble. As a result of the tight pegging of the ruble to the price of gold, the currency has strengthened significantly, and began to enjoy stable demand both within the country and abroad. This reform made it possible not only to increase the money supply of foreign loans, but also to accelerate the rates of industrial and economic growth.
Also S. Yu. Witte was one of the main ideologists of the accelerated construction of railways and actively carried out reforms in the field of modernization of communication lines. These improvements also had a positive effect on economic growth and the rise of capitalism in Russia as a whole.
The transition to capitalism
The main incentive and driving force for the transition to a capitalist society became, which affected almost all spheres of life. The manifesto changed the status of the most numerous group of the population - the peasantry, manufacturers and owners of industrial enterprises with the abolition of serfdom received huge labor resources at their disposal.
The zemstvo reform allowed representatives of the wealthy estates to directly participate in the political and social life of the provinces. The military reform streamlined the system of recruiting for military service, thereby freeing up additional labor resources for the development of industry. Judicial reform expanded the rights of judges to administer fair and legal justice and strengthened the rights of the new "bourgeois".
Features of the development of Russian capitalism
The main signs and features of the formation and development of the capitalist system in Russia are:
High growth rates of certain industries (metallurgy, railway construction) to the detriment of other types of economy (agriculture has not been affected by modernization);
The use in industrial development of the often disenfranchised labor force in huge quantities;
The presence in public life of certain features of a feudal society according to the "Prussian" model;
The consolidation of property rights for individual "bourgeois" and the actual formation of a new social group of manufacturers and capitalists, who previously did not belong to the nobility;
A significant reduction in the gap with the leading world powers in all economic indicators, which subsequently led Russia to the place of the European economic leader.
The results of the development of the system up to the collapse of the Russian Empire
The result of the formation of the capitalist system in the Russian Empire was the presence of a relatively modern industry, a sufficiently developed railway network. This reserve was actively used by the Bolsheviks in the future when carrying out industrialization.
However, by the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire, the growth rates had slowed down significantly due to the revolutions and the ongoing First World War, and almost all the "reserves" for the development of the capitalist system were used up. As a result, for the Empire, capitalism in economic terms turned out to be an absolute boon, which made it possible to improve the economy.
Lesson topic: "social movements under Alexander 2"
Lesson type- modeling lesson.
The purpose of the lesson.
Know:
the main directions of social movement;
goals and objectives of each direction;
the reasons for the revitalization of the social movement in the 19th century in Russia;
to highlight the new in the social movement in accordance with the changed political situation;
generalize the information received in the form of a model;
highlight the main in each direction, transforming the model into a scheme;
1. Organizational moment.
2. Creation of a situation of success through knowledge optimization:
creating a problem situation;
solving a problem situation through mastering new knowledge;
creation and analysis of a new model.
5. Homework.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Optimization of the educational process, creating a situation of success.
|
Teacher actions. |
Student actions. |
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-When and why did the social movement become active? |
-After the uprising of the Decembrists regarding the limitation of the tsar's power and the abolition of serfdom. |
|
-What directions have arisen in the social movement in 30-50 years. XIX century in Russia? |
-Conservative, liberal, revolutionary. |
|
-What are the goals of each direction? |
-The goal of the conservative movement is to protect the existing order and state power. The liberal movement believed that the reforms in the country should go through the reforms carried out by the government. Radical changes in a country can only come about through a revolution. |
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-Remember what criteria underlie the model of social movement in Russia in the first half of the 19th century? |
-We have identified three criteria: political directions, ways of solving problems, ideologists. |
Model of social movement in the first half of the 19th century.
1. Political direction.
3. Ideologists.
3. Work on new material.
A) Creation of a problem situation.
B). Work on new material for 22 textbooks.
What new criteria will help analyze the social movement?
Read section 1 of the paragraph.
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What has changed in the liberal movement? |
- The liberal movement has become more active; Advocate for the further implementation of reforms with a view to expanding local self-government bodies; Establishment of democratic freedoms in the country; The social base is the bourgeois strata of the nobility; Ideology - zemstvo liberalism. |
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Read section 2 of the paragraph. What has changed in the conservative movement? |
- The conservative movement has become heterogeneous; A conservative-liberal wing has emerged; The social base is the large-scale nobility, government officials; Ideology is the theory of an official nation. |
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Read section 3 of the paragraph. What has changed in the revolutionary movement? |
- Social base - intelligentsia, commoners, workers; - ideology - populism; the task is to prepare the socialist revolution through propaganda. |
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Let's summarize: What's new in the social movement? |
- An ideology took shape in every direction of the social movement; The social base of each direction was determined; Their activity intensified. |
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What new criteria for assessing social movement can you single out? |
- The following criteria can be distinguished - ideology, social base, form of activity. |
Create a new model.
A model of social movement at the end of the 19th century.
Social movement:
political direction;
ideology;
goals;
social base;
form of activity.
ideologues.
On the basis of the model, draw up a diagram on a given topic.
Social movement during the reign of Alexander 2.
60s - 70s of the XIX century.
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Criteria. |
Conservative movement. |
Liberal movement |
Revolutionary movement. |
|
1. Objectives. |
Protection of the existing order |
Reforming public policy |
Change the state order through revolution. |
|
2. Ideology. |
The theory of the official nationality. |
Zemsky Liberalism. |
Populism. |
|
3. Ideologists. |
S.S. Uvarov, M.N. Katkov. |
N.K. Mikhailovsky, V.P. Vorontsov, S.N. Krivenko. |
N.G. Chernyshevsky, P.N. Tkachev, P.N. Lavrov. |
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4. Social base. |
Large-scale landowners, government officials. |
Bourgeois strata of the nobility, the intelligentsia. |
Intelligentsia, commoners, workers. |
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5. Forms of activity. |
Creation of a third department for the protection of order, persecution of dissidents, censorship. |
Submission of addresses to the name of the emperor, 1879 - a secret congress of supporters of the liberal reform. |
The activities of circles and secret societies, the intensification of the labor movement. |
5. Lesson summary. Homework - 22 paragraph. Questions - 3, 4, 5.
