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Uralic family of languages. Chuvash encyclopedia. "Ural language family" in books

URAL LANGUAGES - language family, which includes 2 branches: Finno-Ugric and Samoyed. Finno-Ugric kinship. and the Samoyedic languages were proved by E.N. Network. It was concluded that the Urals existed in the past. language-base and origin from it Finno-Ugric. and Samoyed languages.

It is believed that the Urals. the base language was widespread and sparsely populated. region, in general, falling on the outskirts of the South. Ural. In modern W.I. with enough with a degree of reliability, only approx. 150 common root morphemes tracing back to the host language. Ural decay. linguistic unity, most likely, occurred no later than 6 thousand years ago.

W.I. distributed among the population living on separate islands between 54 and 72 degrees north. latitude by a strip stretching from northern Norway on the west to the Taimyr Peninsula on the east; to the south - in the Carpathian region, Romania, north. parts of the former. Yugoslavia, on Wednesday. Volga region. From the time of. the area of distribution of W.Ya. do not form a single continuous. space. There are 3 states, the majority of the population of which speaks Finno-Ugric. languages - Finland, Hungary and Estonia, the rest are Finno-Ugric. and Samoyed languages are represented in Ross territory. Fed. In the past, the territory of distribution of W.I. was more extensive, as evidenced by hydronymy and toponymy.

The question of the ancestral home of the Ural. peoples, localized in the period from 5 to 3 (or 6-4) thousand BC. to the north. parts of the West. Siberia, in the area between the lower Ob and the Urals. mountains is controversial. This territory was favorable at that time. climatic conditions. After the collapse of the Ural. the linguistic community of the Finno-Ugric peoples moved to the West and approx. 3 thousand BC settled in the basin of the Pechora, Kama and in the territories to the west of the Urals. According to P. Haidu, the ancestral home of the Finno-Ugrians occupied the south. and west. (to the west of the Ural mountains) part of the Ural territory. ancestral home. During this period, the ancestors of the Samoyeds moved to the area of the Sayan Mountains, from where a new stage of their settlement to the north and then to the west began later.

Finno-Ugric. languages are subdivided into the following groups: Baltic-Finnish - Finnish, Izhora, Karelian. and Vepsian, making up the north. group; Estonian, Votsky, Livonian languages, forming the south. group; Volga - (Mokshan. and Erzyan.), also (meadow, east., north-west. and mountain dialects); Permian - , (Komi-zyryan., Komi-Permyats. and Komi-Yazvin.); Ugric - Khanty and Mansi (Ob-Ugric) languages, as well ; Sami - a group of languages spoken by the Sami. It is impossible to establish exactly to which group the extinct tribal languages belonged. , and .

Samoyedic languages are traditionally divided into 2 groups: northern - Nenets, Nganasan, Enets languages; southern - Selkup and extinct (Sayan-Samoyed) Kamasin, Mator, So-Yot, Taig, Karagas., Koibal. languages. Some researchers believe that the languages of the south. groups are self-contained. branches of W.I. The existence of extinct languages and peoples is known from the records of the 18th century. and partly early. 19th century The Sayan-Samoyed languages disappeared due to the transition of their speakers to the Turkic or Russian languages.

Concerning the occurrence of the Ural. families of languages into larger genetic associations, there are different hypotheses, none of which is recognized by experts in W. Ya. According to the Nostratic hypothesis (see. ) U.Ya., along with other linguistic families and macrofamilies, are part of a larger entity - the Nostratic macrofamily, and there they converge with the Yukaghir languages, forming the Ural-Yukagir group. In the 19th century. and up to about mid. 1950s the Ural-Altai hypothesis was popular, combining the Urals into one macrofamily. and ... She was recognized , , , , O.Böthlingk, O. Donner, G. Winkler, , and others. Most of the modern. linguists it is not supported.

In typological terms, U. Ya. heterogeneous. Possibly ural. the proto-language was more homogeneous. Means. typological discrepancy, manifested at different levels, is explained by the absent-mindedness of W.Ya. over a large area, their duration. isolation and, in part, the influence of the languages of other peoples. Perm., Ob-Ugric., Mordov. and Mari languages are agglutinative. languages, in the Baltic-Fin., Samoyed and especially in the Sami, there are noticeable elements of inflection.

Phonological systems U. Ya. are also very heterogeneous. In some there is a contrast between long and short vowels, vowels of complete formation with reduced ones, in others - no. Perm. languages, the number of consonant phonemes reaches 26, while in Finnish there are only 13. In some U.Ya. the stress falls on the first syllable (in the Baltic-Finnish), in others - a different place (meadow Mari, Nenets, Permian Komi.), in Udmurt. language, with few exceptions, it falls on the last syllable of the word. There are U.Ya. who have preserved their harmony (for example, the Finnish language); in others, it completely disappeared (for example, the Permian languages).

In morphology, the general features of W.Ya. can be called a signifier. the number of cases (although there are 3 cases in the Middle Ob dialect of the Khanty language, while there are more than 20 in Hungarian); lack of grammar. categories of gender and article; the use, along with cases, of postpositions; There are 2 types of declension - impersonal and personal possessive. Denial in many W.I. expressed by the forms of the negative. the verb, however, in Estonian. and eel. languages this phenomenon has disappeared; all languages have 3 moods (indicative, imperative and conditionalis). Along with languages possessing a three-member. system of past tense - simple past, perfect and pluperfect, - languages and dialects with one past tense are encountered. Syntax. the Samoyed system, Obsko-Ugric. (to a certain extent also the Udmurt and Mari languages) resembles the syntax of the Altaic languages, while the syntax of the Baltic-Finnish, Sami and Mordovians. languages can be called the syntax of Indo-European. type. The impersonal forms of the verb (participles, gerunds, verbs. Nouns) make it possible to form polypredicatives. constructions, which in other languages correspond to a subordinate clause. suggestions. W.I. generally refer to synthetic. languages, but they have many elements of analyticism.

Throughout its history, W.I. were influenced by the languages of other peoples, to-rye left noticeable traces in their vocabulary, and partly in grammar. line. On Ross territory. Fed. on W.Ya. significant influence of Russian. language, often leading to complete assimilation and loss of the native language.

To the most ancient. the monuments of the letter to W.Ya. include: first writing. monument hungarian. language in Latin, created by approx. 1200 ("Funeral speech and prayer", before that the Hungarians used Hungarian runes), 2 short inscriptions on Karelians. language to Novgorod. birch bark letters (dated to the beginning of the 18th century), the first monuments on the ancient. Komi language (18th century, written in the alphabet of Stephen of Perm), the most ancient. Finnish and Estonian. monuments date back to the 16th century. Written monuments of other Finno-Ugric languages. peoples belong to the con. 17 and early. 18th century Modern ural. peoples writing is developed rather unevenly. Along with languages from ancient literature. tradition (Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian), there are languages with a poorly developed written language (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi) and non-written or writing to-rykh is being developed (Vod, Veps, etc.).

Lit .: Languages of the peoples of the USSR. T. 3. Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages. M., 1966; Fundamentals of Finno-Ugric linguistics (questions of the origin and development of the Finno-Ugric languages). M., 1974; Khelimsky E. A. The most ancient Hungarian-Samoyed parallels. Linguistic and ethnogenetic interpretation. M., 1982; Haidu P. Ural languages and peoples. M., 1985; Languages of the World: Uralic Languages. M., 1993; Kindred by language. Budapest, 2000.

Classification of the Uralic languages The Uralic languages are a language family that includes two branches - Finno-Ugric and Samoyed.
■
The Finno-Ugric languages are classified as follows
groups:
Baltic-Finnish - Finnish, Izhora,
Karelian and Vepsian languages that make up the northern
group; Estonian, Votian, Livonian languages, forming
southern group;
common in the area around the Baltic
seas.
Volga - Mordovian languages (Mokshan, Erzyan
with the Shokshan dialect), also the Mari language with
meadow, eastern, northwestern and mountainous
adverbs;
Permian - Udmurt, Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yazvin languages;
Ugric - Khanty and Mansi, as well
Hungarian languages;
Sami is a group of languages spoken by the Sami.
■ Samoyedic languages are traditionally divided
for 2 groups:
northern - Nenets, Nganasan,
Enets languages;
southern - Selkup, and extinct
Kamasin, Mator, Soyot,
taigian, karagasky, koibalsky
languages.

Language map

TYPOLOGY OF LANGUAGES
Typologically, the Uralic languages are heterogeneous. Possibly Uralic
the proto-language was more homogeneous in this respect. Great typological
the diversity is explained by the scattering of the Uralic languages over a large territory,
their long-term isolation and, in part, the influence of the languages of other peoples. Perm, Obskougorsk, and the languages of the Volga group are agglutinative languages, in
Baltic-Finnish, Samoyed and especially in the Sami there are noticeable
elements of inflection.

The prevalence of languages of the Uralic family:
(according to the 2010 census)
1) In the group of Finno-Ugric languages there are about 23 million speakers:
Hungarian - about 14 million people
Finnish - about 5 million people
Estonian - about 1.1 million people
many Finno-Ugric languages are languages of national minorities and
are on the verge of extinction. Such languages, for example, include
Izhorian language, which is now spoken by only 123 people.
2) There are about 25 thousand speakers in the group of Samoyed languages:
Nenets (Nenets language) - about 22,000 speakers
Selkup (Selkup language) - 1023 speakers
Enets (language of the Enets) - 43 speakers
and there are also a number of extinct languages (Mator, Taigian, etc.)

As they say…

Perm phrasebook:
Edrishki-bumps! Yok-makaryok! Yoshkin light! - Ouch,
well, how is that! what a misfortune!
Don't drizzle! - Don `t cry! Leave me alone!
Basco! Zybansko! - Great!
Yukaghir:
Numudielme - during the installation of the plague after
wanderings
Hodeichendeҥ - with laziness, no mood, sad
endu nyilayaat - one after another, in turn
Nyorkhochendeҥ - wrinkled
Why are you bothering me? - Why do you need
Are you kidding me?
He's so basque! - He's cute, he's me
Like.
He generally shook. - He's a poor man.
She is generally Yegarma. - She has a very difficult
character.
I am like a zimogor today. - I'm too
dressed warmly.
Hungarian:
Hello - üdvözlöm (from one person) - udvözlöm
goodbye - Viszontlátásra - Visontlaataasra
I speak Russian - Beszélek oroszul - Besiilek
orosul

The Sami languages are a group of related languages spoken by the Sami (the old name is
Lapps) in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, in Finland and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia.
They are part of the Finno-Volga group of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family. Total number
native speakers - about 25 thousand people, while the Sami population is estimated at around 80 thousand.

Sami writing
languages in Russia
based on Cyrillic,
in other countries - on
Latin alphabet. By the author
first Sami
the alphabet was Jaakko
(Jacob) Felman (1795-
1875), Finnish
priest and naturalist,
Sami collector
folklore.
The first alphabet was
developed in 1933 on
based on the Latin alphabet. V
1936 transferred to
Russian graphic
basis. Modern
alphabet approved in
1892 year.

Speakers of different Sámi languages do not always understand each other
6 out of 10 Sami languages today have their own written language
Of the approximately 70,000-100,000 Sami, fewer than 20,000 speak Sami
languages.
Today, in some regions of Northern Norway, children grow up to be completely bilingual.
with Sami and Norwegian (revitalization in progress)
Writing for foreign Sami based on the Latin alphabet was created in the 17th century in
Sweden
In the 1880-1890s, books for the Kola Sami were published on a Cyrillic basis.
787 Sami out of 1991 living in Russia speak the Sami language

SAAMI FOLKLORE
Sami folklore concentrates elements of history, economic concepts,
religious and ceremonial traditions, legal and moral norms and various forms
public amusements.
The main types of folklore phenomena among the Sami of Russia should be considered:
epic, songs, ritual folklore. But since ritual folklore is almost equally
manifests itself in both epic and song forms, the imposition of folklore genres can
be exhausted by two kinds: fairy tales and songs.
According to the content, Sami tales can be classified
into the following sections:
1) heroic legends (heroic epic);
2) mythological legends and fairy tales;
3) fairy tales and stories of everyday life (former);
4) Russian fairy tales (of different content)

The main national symbols of the Sami - the flag
and a hymn. The Sami national flag was
approved in 1986 at the Conference
northern Sami.
National anthem
Sami - put on
music poem
Norwegian school
teachers and political
activist Isak Saba.

ANTHEM OF THE SAMS. 1 STROPHA
Guhkkin davvin Dávggáid
vuolde
sabmá suolggaid
Sámieatnan.
Duottar leabbá duoddar
duohkin,
jávri seabbá jávrri lahka.
Čohkat čilggiin, čorut
čearuin
allanaddet almmi vuostái.
Šávvet jogat, šuvvet
vuovddit,
cáhket ceakko
stállenjárggat
máraideaddji mearaide.
Under the Bear
Big
the edge turns blue in the distance
Sami,
the mountain leaves behind the mountain,
water flashes behind water,
hailstones of peaks and ridges
hills
strive for the sky high,
forests rustle, flow there
rivers,
steel capes
reach
spaces of exciting
seas. November 10, 2016

The Uralic language family is a separate independent language family. The number of speakers of the languages belonging to this group is approximately twenty-five million people, mainly living in the territory of North-Western Europe.

Status of the Uralic languages

The most common Uralic languages are Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, which are the official languages in Hungary, Finland and Estonia, respectively, and in the European Union. Other Uralic languages that have a significant number of speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt and Komi, which are officially recognized in various regions of Russia.

The name "Ural language family" stems from the fact that the territories where these languages are spoken are located on both sides of the Ural Mountains. In addition, territories in the vicinity of the Urals are traditionally considered its original homeland (or ancestral homeland).

The term "Finno-Ugric languages" is sometimes used synonymously with the Uralic languages, although they are only part of this language family and do not include the Samoyedic languages. Scientists who do not accept the traditional notion that the Samoyedic languages are a structural part of the Uralic languages propose to exclude them from this family. For example, the Finnish scholar Tapani Salminen considers the two terms synonymous.

Branches of the Uralic language family

Uralic languages — language family, which includes two branches:

Finno-Ugric;
samoyed.

The closeness of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages was established by E. Setyal. Scientists have come to the conclusion about the existence in the distant past of the Uralic language-base and the emergence from it of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages. Although the term "Uralic languages" has existed in science for a long time, the study of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages is often carried out separately, together with the more voluminous concept of "Uralistics", there is still a branch of linguistics as "Finno-Ugric studies" languages.

Classification of the Uralic languages

The traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late nineteenth century. It was introduced by Richard Donner. The Doner classification model is frequently cited in whole or in part in encyclopedias, reference books and reviews of the Ural family. Donner's model looks like this:

Finno-Ugric group:

1. Ugric languages, among them:

Hungarian;
Ob-Ugric (Ob-Ugric);
languages of the Khanty-Mansi.

2. Finno-Permian (Perm-Finnish) languages:

Permian (Udmurt language);
Finno-Volga (Finno-Mari);
Volga-Finnish;
Mari;
Mordovian.

3. Finno-Sami;

Finnish
Sami.

In Donner's time, Samoyedic languages were still poorly known, and he was unable to solve these problems in research. Since they became famous in the early 20th century, they have come under scrutiny. In the terminology adopted for the Uralic languages as a whole family, the name "Finno-Ugric group" is still used to this day as a synonym for the whole family. Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages are the main branches of the Uralic family.

What peoples belong to the Uralic language family?

The most numerous people speaking the languages of the Uralic family are the Hungarians. The number of Hungarian speakers is about fifteen million. Finns also belong to the Ural peoples, the population of Finland is about six million people. Estonians living in Western Europe also speak the Finno-Ugric language (Baltic branch) and belong to the Uralic peoples. All these languages have a fairly close lexical relationship, which forms this language substrate called the Uralic language family. The peoples who also belong to this language branch are less numerous.

For example, these are the Mari, the Erzya and Komi peoples, the Udmurts. The rest of the Ugric languages are on the verge of extinction. There are especially big differences in the Uralic languages in the direction of syntax. The Uralic language family is a fairly diverse and vast geographically linguistic branch of Europe. The syntax and grammar of the Uralic languages are considered very difficult to learn, as they are very different from European languages.

Source: fb.ru

Actual

Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous

Caucasian languages

Caucasian languages are a conventional name for the languages of the Caucasus that are not included in any of the known language families spread outside the Caucasus (Indo-European, Altai or Semitic).

Three groups are generally recognized within the Caucasian languages:

Abkhaz-Adyghe(northwest); nakh-dagestan(north-east); kartvelian(southern). Until recently, the view was widespread (especially in Soviet linguistics) about the kinship of all three groups and the existence of the so-called. Ibero-Caucasian family... However, the closeness of all three groups is explained rather by the typological closeness and possible existence of the Caucasian linguistic union, and not by genetic relationship. Another, more common view - about the kinship of the Abkhaz-Adyg and Nakh-Dagestan languages and the existence of the North Caucasian family - has recently been supported by the publication of the North Caucasian etymological dictionary. However, many foreign Caucasian scholars are skeptical about this work, and the point of view about the existence of three independent Caucasian families remains the most generally accepted. In modern comparative studies, the North Caucasian family is included in the Sino-Caucasian macrofamily, and the Kartvelian one in the Nostratic macrofamily.

The Uralic family of languages includes two branches - Finno-Ugric and samoyed... The relationship of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages was proved by E. N. Setyal. The conclusion was made about the existence in the past of the Uralic language-base and the origin of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed languages from it.

Most of the Uralists assume that the Uralic base language was widespread in a vast and sparsely populated region, in general, in the vicinity of the Southern Urals. Of the modern Uralic languages, only about 150 common root morphemes that go back to the base language are recovered with a sufficient degree of reliability. The disintegration of the Uralic linguistic unity, most likely, occurred no later than 6 thousand years ago.

The Uralic languages are spread over a large territory, but the modern areas of distribution of the Uralic languages do not form a single continuous space. There are three Finno-Ugric states - Finland, Hungary and Estonia. The rest of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples live on the territory of Russia. There are separate settlements of the Finno-Ugric peoples in Siberia, on the lower Volga and in the Caucasus. In the past, the territory of distribution of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples was even more extensive, as evidenced by toponymy and hydronymics.

Finno-Ugric languages are subdivided into the following groups:

Baltic-Finnish (northern)- Finnish, Izhora, Karelian and Vepsian languages;

southern- Estonian, Votian, Livonian languages;

Volga- Mordovian languages (Mokshan and Erzyan), also the Mari language with meadow, eastern, north-western and mountain dialects;

Perm- Udmurt, Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permian and Komi-Yazvin languages;

Ugric- Khanty, Mansi, Hungarian languages.

Samoyed languages are traditionally divided into 2 groups: northern (Nenets, Nganasan, Entsy languages) and southern (Selkup, and the extinct Kamasin, Mator, Soyot, Taigian, Karagas, Koibal languages).

It is a separate independent language family. The number of speakers of the languages belonging to this group is approximately twenty-five million people, mainly living in the territory of North-Western Europe.

Status of the Uralic languages

Branches of the Uralic language family

Uralic languages — language family, which includes two branches:

Finno-Ugric;
samoyed.

Classification of the Uralic languages

The traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late nineteenth century. It was presented by the Doner Classification Model which is frequently cited in whole or in part in encyclopedias, reference books and reviews of the Ural family. Donner's model looks like this:

Finno-Ugric group:

1. Ugric languages, among them:

Hungarian;
Ob-Ugric (Ob-Ugric);
languages of the Khanty-Mansi.

2. Finno-Permian (Perm-Finnish) languages:

Permian (Udmurt language);
Finno-Volga (Finno-Mari);
Volga-Finnish;
Mari;
Mordovian.

3. Finno-Sami;

Finnish
Sami.

What peoples belong to the Uralic language family?

The most numerous people speaking the languages of the Uralic family are the Hungarians. The number of Hungarian speakers is about fifteen million. The Finns also belong to the Uralic peoples - about six million people. Estonians living in Western Europe also speak the Finno-Ugric language (Baltic branch) and belong to the Uralic peoples. All these languages have a fairly close lexical relationship, which forms this language substrate called the Uralic language family. The peoples who also belong to this language branch are less numerous.