Sweets are a variety of chocolate or sugar desserts, candied pralines and fruits. They are divided into unglazed, glazed and with chocolate filling. Sweets will be an excellent answer to the question “ what can you quickly prepare for tea?».
There are many varieties of sweets that differ in color, shape, composition, consistency and other parameters. Among confectionery products, there are the following types of sweets:
- Caramel obtained by heating sugar or cooking sugar solution with invert syrup or starch syrup;
- Iris made by boiling condensed milk with molasses, butter, sugar;
- Chocolate candies made on the basis of cocoa butter;
- Licorice candy obtained from the plant of the same name;
- Truffles they are made in a rounded shape, and ganache is placed inside;
- Marzipans made on the basis of sugar syrup and almond flour;
- Praline made from ground almonds, which are fried in sugar;
- Fondant candy obtained from boiled sugar syrup, which is quickly cooled and mixed;
- Fruit candy made with the addition of various fruits;
- Milk candy made from cream;
- Liqueur made by adding or sealing a sweet alcoholic beverage - liqueur inside the candy;
- Waffle sweets made from thin dry biscuits, with a characteristic imprint on the surface, and various additives;
- Multilayer candy are a sweetness consisting of several types of other candies;
- Cream candy made with the addition of butter paste or a mixture of butter and sugar;
- Bars- sweetness containing sugar, milk, nougat, nuts, cocoa. Fruit and various chemical additives;
- Nut candy are made with the addition of nuts to the bulk or by dipping the nut, for example, in chocolate;
- Candied fruit- These are fruit fruits that have been cooked in sugar syrup;
- Lollipop is a candy made with candis. Usually soft or hard;
- Jelly candies- these are sweets prepared from an edible colloidal solution with gelatin;
- Salmiak sweets similar to licorice, but unlike them, they are based on a substance of chemical origin.
What candies can you make at home?
In fact, they are much easier to prepare than they seem. If you are interested what can you cook without eggs for tea then candy will save the day. For example, caramel products only need sugar and water. Most other types of candy require ingredients that every woman can find at home.
Chocolate is a delicacy that almost no one can refuse. Avid sweet tooths indulge themselves with this popular product every day. It is worth noting that those who follow the figure allow themselves to periodically eat sweets, because dark chocolate is produced, which is good for the body and in small quantities is not capable of harming the figure. Famous brands of chocolate are produced by manufacturers from all over the world.
Ritter Sport
A well-known brand of chocolate that is produced in Germany and sold all over the world. Each type of Ritter Sport chocolate bar has a square shape and is divided into 16 small squares. "Ritter Sport" has 28 types of chocolate, which are packaged in packages of different colors. The product from a German manufacturer is of the highest quality, as it is made from natural ingredients.
Snickers
Snickers chocolate is produced by the American manufacturer Mars Incorporated and is very popular among our compatriots. The bar contains roasted peanuts (seeds, hazelnuts, almonds), caramel and nougat, and is covered with milk chocolate on top. Today, sales of the beloved bar reach $ 2 billion per year.
Milka
Delicious milk chocolate Milka is produced by Kraft Foods (now Mondelēz International). For the first time, a chocolate bar with this brand was released back in 1901. Since then, many of us have tried quality chocolate bars with raisins, nuts and other ingredients. The packaging of the chocolate is decorated with a purple cow, which has become the symbol of the company.
Alpen gold
Alpen Gold chocolate (Alpen Gold) is a variety of tastes, high quality and quite affordable cost of the product. This brand occupies a leading position among the world's chocolate manufacturers. The company produces both black and milk chocolate. There are also interesting options for bars with peanuts and cornflakes, with strawberries and yogurt, with cookies and raisins, etc. 
Twix
The most popular brands of chocolate include the Twix bar. It consists of two strips, each of which contains cookies and caramel inside and is covered with a layer of milk chocolate. This product was originally called the Raider and was manufactured in the UK (from 1968 to 1979). Later, the American manufacturer gave the bar a new name. Despite this, Twix is sold under the Raider brand in many European countries.
Lindt
The Swiss chocolate maker offers its customers only a truly high quality product. Black and milk chocolate is available in regular and gift packages. This manufacturer also produces Lindt dark chocolate with 99% cocoa content. Such a product will be appreciated only by true amateurs. 
Ferrero rocher
Round chocolates are packed in a very nice box and are perfect as a delicious present. The Italian manufacturer has created a real luxury: the Ferrero Rocher candy contains a whole hazelnut and a thin waffle with hazelnut cream. "Sharik" covered with milk chocolate with chopped hazelnuts. The product is quite high-calorie - the candy hidden behind the gilded wrapper contains 69 kcal.
KitKat
KitKat chocolate bars are produced by the American company Nestle. The sweet product combines waffles with a nut-cream filling and a milk chocolate coating. Many buyers prefer Kit Kat for its delicate and pleasant taste. It is produced in various volumes: from one to several bars in a package.
“The highest quality at an affordable price” is the motto of the factory that produces a delicious product called “Russian Chocolate”. It is very popular in Russia. There are several types of porous chocolate of this brand: white, milk and black. White chocolate of the “Russian Chocolate” brand acquires a very interesting taste due to its porous structure.
Bounty
The name of such a brand of chocolates as Bounty (Bounty) means "generosity". Indeed, a large amount of coconut pulp was very generously put into the chocolate. On top, it is covered with quality milk chocolate. Bounty bars are produced by Mars Incorporated.
Traditional milk chocolate Seagull with the addition of roasted grated nuts. The product contains a minimum amount of cocoa - 33%. Popular chocolate bars are produced by the Ukrainian company Roshen. The blue packaging with the image of a seagull is familiar to both grandmothers and children.
Aero
Traditional aerated chocolate Aero (Aero) in the form of a small bar. Produced under the Nestle brand. Due to the large number of bubbles, the chocolate simply melts in the mouth. Milk type of chocolate is very popular.
Alenka
Milk chocolate Alenka, which was produced in the USSR (since 1965). Now it is produced in Russia by the Krasny Oktyabr factory. A distinctive feature of this tile is a creamy "greasy" taste. The chocolate box depicts a chubby girl in a handkerchief.
Milky way
Another popular product from the renowned manufacturer Mars Incorporated. The bar contains caramel and light chocolate nougat, covered with a layer of milk chocolate. Recently, Milky Way with strawberry flavor is also popular.
Nuts
This is the only chocolate bar with whole hazelnuts on the Russian market. The delicious sweetness also includes delicate nougat, viscous caramel and chocolate. Nuts has been produced in Russia since 1996. Now it can be purchased in three formats: a 50-gram or 60-gram bar, as well as a multi-pack (consists of 5 chocolates of 30 grams each).
Mars
The Mars chocolate bar, produced by the American company Mars Incorporated, was first released back in 1932. Since then, he has millions of fans. The main ingredients of the bar are nougat and quality milk chocolate.
Ristora
The famous brand of hot chocolate is produced by an Italian manufacturer that guarantees the high quality of its product. The product is an instant drink based on cocoa powder. The result is a delicious and aromatic Ristora hot chocolate with a unique and rich taste.
Each confectionery manufacturer has a variety of chocolates: white, milk, and black. Some companies also produce products with various fillings. To find "your" chocolate, you have to work hard and eat an unmeasured amount of sweets!
Probably, there is not a single person who, at least once in his life, has not wondered who comes up with the names of sweets and what is this someone guided by? Even just because some names surprise us, others seem funny, funny, and some even strange and ridiculous.
Experts from one of the Volgograd confectionery factories told the correspondent of the Krivoye Mirror Internet newspaper how new sweets and new names are born.
Earlier, in Soviet times, when all the names of sweets were in the public domain, any factory could use, for example, such a name as "Bear in the North". However, after the United Confectioners holding patented all the names, all other candy manufacturers had to either buy out licenses from it, or stop the production of “Soviet” confectionery products, or rename them. Now every factory, if it wants to produce sweets, for example, even according to a recipe similar to "Bear in the North", it has no right to do so. Only one factory has the right to produce "Bear in the North", so everyone else has to come up with similar names to a well-known product, because the buyer knows and loves this candy. That is how the names “Bear on the Ice” appeared, the Tuzik sweets became Polkanchik, ”says Tatyana Dementieva, senior process engineer of the factory's production department.
This all concerns the names of sweets that factories have been making for many years in the whole country.
The new names of sweets, as a rule, are the creativity of the entire team of the enterprise, the technological service. Employees can submit all their ideas and names of sweets during competitions held in factories.
According to the head of the marketing department Maria Pimkina, the main thing in this process is human imagination.
“Everyone who participates in contests thinks up, based on their own worldview, some life moments and creative abilities. If, for example, the competition did not give the desired result, then we turn to
agencies dealing with naming, that is, the development of names, ”said Maria.
Further, the names of the confectionery that you like are considered by the artistic council of production, and then checked for patent purity. If the name passes through the patent purity, then a decision is made on its patenting.
“It very rarely happens when we make a name for a product, more often the other way around. The patenting process lasts more than a year, and if we come up with a product and then patent its name, then it is a very long time, and when there is a good idea for some kind of candy, we don’t want to wait that long. We try to patent the names that can fit any kind of sweets, ”explains Tatiana.
In the names of sweets, manufacturers also use unusual, beautiful female names, the names of rivers, fruits, animals, birds, flowers, seasons, some events, etc. Heroes from fairy tales and famous cartoons are also used.
It is quite simple to come up with the name of the candy, its shape and packaging, as, for example, in the case of the well-known lemon caramel. It is made according to the shape, color and sour taste of the fruit of the same name. Hence the logical name and the yellow candy wrapper with green letters.
In the caramel "Snezhok" everything is also harmonious: the name, and the color, and the taste. The candy is white, it crunches like snow, and its wrapper is made in blue and white "frosty" colors with painted snowflakes.
The popularity or success of a candy, according to experts, depends on many components, including the packaging, although, as sweet tooths say, if you like a candy, it is not so important in what clothes it is sold, however, it is doubly pleasant when your favorite delicacy is wrapped in a pretty wrapper.
By the way, for many, candy wrappers are collectibles and there are unique collections of candy wrappers that have been collected by whole generations. Candy wrappers can tell a lot. They reflect the spirit of the times, the tastes of people, the talent of the artist, historical events. Many works can even be called works of art.
If earlier, when wrapping sweets, paper wrappers and boxes were mainly used, now the manufacturer has other types of packaging material - various types of cling film, foil. In the confectionery industry, there is even such a concept as fashion - fashion in design, in the packaging of sweets, in terms of convenience for the customer, in how to arrange sweets on a shelf, showcase, etc.
Summing up, it can be noted that there are no secrets, in particular, how and who comes up with the names of sweets, as well as in the packaging of sweets. The secret is only the recipe of the product, and if you season it with quality, you get delicious sweets.
Alena Romanova
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Introduction
All of us, young and old, love candy, each has a favorite variety. The first sweets appeared a very long time ago, and since then they have only become tastier.
The word "candy" itself came into the Russian language from the Latin language, which meant "prepared potion". It was first used by pharmacists in the 16th century for medicinal purposes. Subsequently, the term began to denote a wider range of confectionery products from different ingredients.
A rare tea party is complete without sweets. They are a wonderful treat, add warmth and joy to any holiday, delicious and beautiful.
When we eat candy, we throw away candy wrappers, which, in turn, turn into trash. Looking at the bright shiny candy wrappers, I suggested that using the names of the candies could make Russian lessons more interesting. My project provides examples of what learned rules can be found on candy wrappers.
purpose of work: Analyze the names of sweets from the point of view of the Russian language.
Tasks:
1. In order to expand your horizons and replenish your vocabulary, get acquainted with the history of the origin of sweets.
2. Consider the names of the candies and divide them into thematic groups.
3. Parse the names of sweets according to their lexical meaning and morphological characteristics.
Hypothesis: The names of sweets, like other words in Russian, must have lexical meaning and morphological features.
1. The history of the appearance of sweets
From early childhood, we all fall in love with this miracle, invented by man many centuries ago. It’s hard to believe, but the first sweets appeared in Egypt more than 3 thousand years ago. During the excavation, they found pictures and records containing information about how the candies looked and how they were made. In those days, sugar was unknown to people, so honey was used as a sweetness. And the main component of sweets in Egypt was dates. This is how, by accidentally mixing dates, nuts and honey, the world's first sweets were invented.
They learned how to make sweets in Ancient Russia, they were cooked from maple syrup, molasses and honey. Many people know lollipops, but few people thought about the origin of these legendary sweets. Ancient Russia was the homeland of candy canes. In Russia, lollipop has been around for over 500 years. We can assume that they were the very first sweets in our country. The first Russian confectioners made candy from molasses and honey, and they were intended for tsars, boyars and nobles. The first confectionery factory appeared in our country in the 19th century. To date, sweets from the Krasny Oktyabr and Rot-Front factories, and the V.I. Babaeva, "Korkunov". In our city, sweets are produced by the Yuzhuralkonditer factory
Currently, there are many types of sweets, here are some of them: caramel, toffee, chocolates, truffles, pralines, etc.
This is a long journey and how many different delicacies were invented before the candy acquired its familiar shape in a beautiful wrapper.
2. Candy wrapper
Fantik - candy wrapper, which is used to wrap sweets.
Nowadays it is difficult to imagine a candy without a candy wrapper. Candy wrappers are like clothes for people: they protect and decorate the candy. The beauty of the wrapper depends on the artist who created the sketch. Every year, artists come up with bright and interesting packaging for sweets.
It seems that interesting things can be found in candy wrappers. It turns out that he can tell a lot, for example, he can remind us of the rules of the Russian language.
3 . Themetic group names of sweets
Having studied the names of the sweets, I came to the conclusion that they can be divided into thematic groups.
I made six thematic groups: fairy tale, animal world, flora, natural phenomena, names of fruits, geographical names.
Below, I have drawn a diagram of these groups.
Scheme of thematic groups of names of sweets.
1.Vegetable world... This group includes the names of plants and flowers: "Barberry", "Cornflower", "Chamomile", "Red poppy", "Nuts in chocolate", "Mint".
2. Names fruit also used in names. By these names we can determine the taste of our sweets: "Pineapple", "Lemon", "Apricot", "Prunes in chocolate", "Orange".
3. Animal world. This group is represented by the names of animals and birds: "Teddy bear", "Swallow", "Bear in the north", "Squirrel", "Cow". vocabulary candy lexical
4. Sweets, the names of which include different geographical names. By some names, we can easily determine the place where this candy was made: Chelyabinskie, Rodnye Prostory, Kuibyshevskie, Karakum, Moskvichka.
5.Fairy talea... This group is one of the most common names for candies in Russia. Since the sweets are mainly aimed at children, the names of this group use fairy-tale characters: "Golden scallop cockerel", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Gulliver", "Golden Key", "Masha and the Bear", etc.
6.Natural phenomena, seasons."Spring", "Taste of Summer", "Meteorite", "Marine", "Blizzard", "Snowball", "Sun".
4. Russian language on candy wrappers
All the names of sweets (candy wrappers) we have considered can be classified according to the following criteria:
1. by composition
2.by lexical meaning
3.by morphological characteristics
I noticed that the names of sweets consist of one or more words. Having examined monosyllabic names, I found out that they are divided into a noun and an adjective, both in the singular and in the plural. And also, they are masculine, feminine and neuter.
Cornflower - noun singular h., husband. R
Chamomile - noun, pl. h
Mint - adjective, singular h, f
Lemon - adjective plural
Sun - noun singular
It is more fun to study vocabulary with candy wrappers. Each name has its own meaning.
Cornflower - meadow flower
Spring is the season
Meteorite is a cosmic body
There are also word combinations in the names of sweets.
Most often it is a noun and an adjective:
"Golden Cockerel", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Golden Key" and others.
Less common are phrases where the noun and the noun in the genitive case: "Taste of Summer".
Output
All the names of sweets that I have studied are essentially parts of speech that we have already studied in Russian lessons.
The names are extremely diverse: it can be a word and phrases.
Candy names can be grouped into thematic groups.
Each name has its own meaning.
Posted on Allbest.ru
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For most people, sweets are a favorite delicacy that can not only please with their taste, but also cheer up and add energy. These sweets of various types have been prepared for several centuries, and the name of the sweets (the list of which is presented in the article) has changed significantly during this time.
This article will tell you about what types of sweet treats are produced today by confectionery enterprises, how they differ and what they are called.
When did they appear?
Sweet delicacies, the predecessors of our beloved sweets, have been loved in different countries since ancient times. So the culinary specialists of Ancient Egypt created sweets from honey, lemon balm, orris roots, reeds and dates, and the ancient Romans - from boiled poppy seeds, nuts, honey mass and sesame seeds. In Russia, they loved a delicacy made from maple syrup, honey and molasses.
Sweets, outwardly similar to modern ones, began to be produced only in the 16th century in Italy. This is due to the fact that sugar was established, without which it is impossible to make sweets. It was originally thought to be a fairly strong drug and was only sold in pharmacies. Over time, candied fruits in sugar, it was they who received the names of sweets, ceased to be considered medicines, but became popular sweets.
What it is?
The word “candy” itself came into Russian from Italian, where confetto means “pill, candy”. It was originally used by Italian pharmacists to refer to candied fruit pieces, known as candied fruits, sold as medicines. The form - "sweets" - appeared somewhat later in the 19th century, when Italian carnivals became popular, at which participants threw confetti - fake plaster sweets at each other.
Today, sweets are understood as sweet confectionery products that are different in shape, taste and structure.
What are they like?
The modern assortment of sweets is so large that confectioners have come up with many classifications. We are also interested in what types of sweets we can buy in the store, the names of which may differ slightly from different manufacturers. The most popular and demanded by Russian buyers:
- Caramel. Consists of molasses and sugar.
- Lollipops. One of the easiest to manufacture, obtained as a result of cooking molasses, sugar or the resulting composition is flavored and poured into special forms. The name of the sweets is listed below.
Candy on a stick;
Lollipops in a paper wrapper;
Soft lollipops - monpasier;
Licorice or salty candy;
Elongated or oblong candy. The names and photos of such "pencils" and "sticks" are presented below.
Soufflé, for example, "Bird's milk", which can also be called "Wonderful bird", "Bogorodskaya bird", "Zimolyubka" and others;
Roasted nuts obtained from crushed nuts filled with sugar, fruit or honey syrup. These are such candies as "Chocolate-covered roasted nuts", "Roasted nuts fairy tale", "Strawberry roasted nuts" and others;
Pralines - chocolates with a filling of ground with sugar and cocoa nuts mixed with cognac or some other flavoring agent: "Buton", "Babaevskie", "Shokonatka", "Juliet";
Liqueur sweets contain inside a filling of liqueur or sugar syrup with cognac: "Cream Liqueur", "Liqueur in Chocolate", "Blue Velvet";
In candies with jelly filling under a layer of chocolate there is a thick berry or fruit jelly: "Lel", "Yuzhnaya noch", "Swan", "Zaliv" and others;
- "Fondant" or sweets with fondant filling obtained from milk, molasses, cream, sugar, fruit fillers and other components: "Miya", "Rakhat", "Spanish Night" and others;
Truffles are elite round-shaped chocolates filled with a special French cream - ganache. It is made from butter, cream, chocolate and various flavors. The outer surface can be coated with crushed or ground nuts, waffle chips or cocoa powder.
Chocolate stories
Many favorite chocolate sweets appeared thanks to the famous navigator - Hernando Cortez, who discovered the American continent. It was he and his associates who brought cocoa beans to Europe and introduced the Europeans to chocolate. Monk Benzoni contributed to the fact that the Spanish monarch began to regularly use chocolate sweets to maintain health, and after him his courtiers. Subsequently, the fashion for chocolates spread to other countries, where influential persons used them as medicine. Until the 17th century, only confectioners in Spain made chocolate and sweets from it, and sent sweets to many royal courts. Over time, the secret of making chocolate sweets became known to other countries, but until the end of the 17th century they were made only by hand.
How did candy appear in Russia?
The first confectionery factory for the production of chocolates was opened at the end of the 17th century by the French pastry chef David Shelley. Until the 19th century, Russia did not have its own candy production, and the delicacy was brought from abroad, or prepared by special chefs in the kitchens in the homes of wealthy nobles. The first Russian confectionery factory was opened in St. Petersburg only in the middle of the 19th century.
What was the name of sweets before?
As already mentioned, until the 19th century, sweets were either imported into our country from abroad, or were made at home in the estates and palaces of nobles. For home-made sweets, names were given descriptive, taking into account the shape, method of preparation, size, fruits and fruits used. The book "The New Perfect Russian Confectioner, or a Detailed Confectionery Dictionary", published at the end of the 18th century in St. Petersburg, contains such funny names for sweets for us as Strawberry cakes and green apricots in caramel, Jasmine candies and Aniseed sugar snacks, Cherry marzipans and Apricots in candies.
Industrial names
The opening of the first Russian confectionery factory led to the fact that already at the beginning of the 20th century, many different varieties of sweets appeared. At first, French recipes and names of sweets prevailed, the list of which was not very large:
- "Baton de Gralier";
- Finshampagne;
- "Crème de Rizien";
- "Boule de gom";
- "Crème de Noison";
- "Maron Praline" and others.
Over time, the French name for chocolates began to be translated into Russian, and “Creamy Venus”, “Cat's Language”, “Maiden's Skin”, “Salon” appeared on sale, decorated in accordance with Russian grammar. Nevertheless, in some cases, bilingual names of sweets were also used, for example, "Decorated with pearls, or Coriander pearl". Russian confectioners called the new sweets they created themselves in Russian and often used names associated with images of the fair sex: "Sophie", "Marianna", "Merry Widow", "Rybachka", "Marsala". Educational series were also issued, for example, "The Riddle". A simple riddle was placed on the wrapper of such sweets. Before the revolutionary events of 1917, the chocolate series "Sport", "Geographic Atlas", "Peoples of Siberia" and others were produced.
Up to the October 1917 coup, it was possible to buy caramel "Tsarskaya raspberry" or "Tsar Fyodor Mikhailovich". After him, the names of sweets changed dramatically. Caramels "Krestyanskaya" and "Krasnoarmeyskaya", "Hammer and Sickle" and "Our Industry" appeared on sale.
However, most of the chocolates retain their French names: "Dernier Cree", "Miniatures", "Chartreuse", "Bergamot", "Peperment" and others. Such neutral names as "Squirrels", "Tornadoes" and "Bunnies" have not undergone ideological rethinking. The Soviet names for the new sweets reflected current events and achievements. So in the 30s of the last century the following were published: "Fight for Technique", "Be Ready", "Sabantuy", "Milkmaid", "Chelyuskintsy", "To Heroes of the Arctic", "Ice Winner".
The conquest of space by man in the 60s of the XX century was reflected in the appearance of the Cosmic and Cosmos sweets.
Around the same time, it became popular to introduce into the names of chocolates and literary characters: "Snow Maiden", "La Bayadere", "Blue Bird", "Sadko", "Little Red Riding Hood" and others.
