Adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that
1) indicate the sign of the subject and answer questions what?, whose?;
2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective ranks by meaning
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.
Quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (barbed ).
relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object (book ), action (reading room ) or another feature (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-th ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).
Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mum-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - uy - ( fox ). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjectivefathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).
Quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (rigor ) and adverbs in -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue-enky-y, evil-yushch-y) ;
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very happy ).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all categories have non-constant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.
Qualitative adjectives that stand in a short form (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseologized and do not reflect the current state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives that stand in a simple comparative and a compound superlative degree built on its basis (higher, higher than all) .
The Russian language hasindeclinable adjectives , which stand for:
1) colors:beige , khaki , marengo , an electrician ;
2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , urdu ;
3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , flare , mini .
Invariable adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .
Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjacency to a noun, location after, and not before, a noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .
Comparative the degree of the adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there ).
The comparative degree issimple and composite .
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the basis of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( quicker, higher, earlier, deeper ).
The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from a different stem:pl about hoi - worse , good - better .
Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attachedon- ( newer ) .
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. It:
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in non-isolated position with the prefix po- in position after a noun (Buy me fresher newspapers ).
Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:
more/less element + adjective (more / less high ).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form (more handsome );
3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition (Less interesting article was presented in this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )
excellent the degree of comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.
Simple superlative adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the omnibus of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, z, x, causing alternation):good-eysh-th, high-aysh-th.
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .
The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of an adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed in three ways:
1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );
2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );
3) adding a wordall orTotal to comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).
Compound superlative forms formed by the first and second methods have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, they can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.
The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine -a for women, -about / -e for the average, -s / -and for plural (deep- , deep-a , deep-about , deep-and ) .
A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that:
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;
2) denote the colors of animals:brown , crow ;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , little blue .
The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.:child is sick - child sick .
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .
Transition of adjectives from category to category
It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox hat (relative) -fox habits (kach.).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
II. Morphological features.1. Constant signs: rank by value (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Non-permanent signs: 1) for quality adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. syntactic role.
An example of morphological parsing of an adjective.
And for sure, she was good: tall, thin, her eyes are black, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).
1. Good (what?) - adjective,
initial form is good.
2. Constant signs: qualitative, short;
non-permanent features: units. number, female genus.
3.
She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).
initial form - high.
Variable signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p ..
3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).
1. Thin - adjective,
the initial form is thin.
2. Permanent signs: high-quality, complete;
non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.
3. She (was what?) Thin
initial form is black.
2. Constant features: quality;
non-permanent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, pl. number, I. p..
3. Eyes (what?) black (predicate).
Lesson Objectives:
Give the concept of three categories of adjectives, introduce students to quality adjectives;
To form the ability to find high-quality adjectives in texts, standing in a short form or in the form of a comparative degree;
Develop the ability to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives;
To consolidate the skill of written morphemic, word-formation and syntactic analysis;
Cultivate love for folk arts and crafts.
Lesson type: explanation of new material.
Equipment:
Illustrations;
Task cards;
Reference table for ranks of adjectives.
Interdisciplinary connections: connection with literature and technology.
Topic of the speech:"Ancient handicraft art".
DURING THE CLASSES
I. The word of the teacher.
We continue to get acquainted with adjectives that decorate our speech, make it brighter and more figurative. What important features of this part of speech did you learn about in the last lesson? (Adjectives can have a short form and degrees of comparison.)
II. Checking homework.
1. How are the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives formed?
2. Give examples of adjectives used in short form and in the form of a simple comparative degree from the exercise “My Fatherland is Russia. Ural".
3. Individual tasks (performed by 2-3 students at their desks, and then selectively at the blackboard).
Exercise 1. What is the lexical meaning of the words brocade and morocco? Write off. Insert the missing letters. Explain which punctuation mark is missing in the 3rd sentence. Perform morphemic analysis of the highlighted words.
In the Tver region coastal h_lmakh of the river Tvertsa ra (z, s) the city of Torzhok rushed. (3,s)here saved in Russia_ since the XIII century, the center of gold embroidery. And (s, ss) ku (s, ss) craftsmen sewed with gold thread on brocade and morocco they decorated royal clothes with embroidery.
Task 2. Write off. Insert the missing letters. Explain which punctuation mark is missing in the 1st sentence. Perform word-formation analysis of the highlighted words. Break down the word amazing. Find an adjective in the simple superlative degree.
Gold embroidery is the most difficult kind hands-on and (s, ss) ku (s, ss) tva. Ru (s, ss) cue gold_sewing and (h, s) used in the decorative design of liturgical fabrics and vestments holy_ministers amazing patterns.
4. Conversation with the class.
The teacher shows an illustration of a painting by V.A. Tropinin "Zolotoshveyka".
- For what occupation did the artist portray the craftswoman?
In ancient Russia, every girl had to be able to sew and embroider. Diligence in needlework was revered as a special virtue. At the courts of princes, boyars, wealthy servicemen and merchants, there were their own needlework workshops - “svetlitsy”, where embroiderers worked. At the end of the 19th century, gold-embroidered items made by the craftswomen of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow enjoyed well-deserved fame.
Task 3. Make up sentences using these words and phrases. Underline the adjectives as members of the sentence.
Gold embroidery, gold embroidery (embroiderers, craftswomen, needlewomen); decorative design of fabrics and clothes; brocade, morocco; amazing (outlandish, wonderful, unusual) patterns.
III. Explanation of new material.
– While completing the tasks, we were convinced that adjectives can appear in different forms (in full or short, in the form of a comparative or superlative degree). But they also differ in meaning. Today we will get acquainted with three categories of adjectives.
1. Work with the handout "Digits of adjectives by value" (see table).
2. Work with the textbook: reading theoretical material.
Name the characteristics of quality adjectives.
3. Performing exercise No. 290 (p. 116) according to the textbook. Find relative adjectives in the text.
IV. Consolidation of new material.
1. Fulfillment of individual tasks on cards.
Card 1. Guess what story these lines are from. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain the punctuation in sentences under the number 2. Underline the adjectives as members of the sentence. Determine the rank.
1. And d_vyas, in front of you
Looks like the city is bigger,
Walls with frequent teeth,
And behind the white walls
Shine_t domes of churches
And holy monasteries.
2. Hello, you are my beautiful prince!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
Saddened for what?
Card 2. Guess what characters are being talked about in these passages. Write off. Determine the class of adjectives. Explain your point of view. Name (orally) the form in which adjectives are used. In the 3rd and 4th sentences, underline the adjectives as members of the sentence.
1. White-faced, black-browed,
I like such a meek one.
And the groom was found by her,
Prince Elisha.
2. Only the blacksmith was stubborn and did not leave his red tape ...
3. People lie, I'm not good at all.
4. For me, you are all equal,
All daring, all smart,
I love you all from the bottom of my heart...
5. And what ribbons on the head! You never see a richer galloon! My father bought all this for me so that the best fellow in the world would marry me!
2. Distributive dictation.
Determine the category of adjectives by value and enter in one of the three columns. (Clue: use the table to explain your point of view.)
Table
ADJECTIVE CATS BY VALUE
| Name | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Quality | a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object in more or less degree | dark night (darker, darkest), friendly person, joyful event |
| relative | a sign of an object that cannot be more or less. Designate: – material from which the object is made; - attribute of the object at the place or time of its existence; - attribute of the object appointment |
silver spoon (silver spoon); wooden whistle, copper coin, gold embroidery; city dweller (city dweller); yesterday's newspaper, afternoon session, winter morning; sports shoes, washing machine |
| Possessive | object sign according to its belonging to some person or animal (whose? whose? whose?) | mother's letter, father's jacket, sister's mittens, rabbit ears |
Winter evening, raspberry chime, raspberry jam, warm bread, scarlet flower, tin soldier, hare hut, pleasant companion, steel ring, quiet voice, holiday outfit, cheerful mood, gingerbread house, nightingale trills, kind person, glass slipper, sincere recognition , parental blessing, miraculous transformation, misbehavior, straw hat, crow's nest, swan song, fragrant cake, fox collar, deep feeling, fox hole, sister's needlework, hairy bumblebee.
v. Summing up the lesson.
VI. Homework: exercise no. 295, p. 118.
Students need to find adjectives in riddles, write them out, determine the category by value.
| The red maiden got up early, Got up white and blush. Washed with clear dew, Curled with a golden scythe. She herself, kind, looks at everyone, But he does not order himself. (Sun.) |
|
| In the world there is no stronger In the world there is no more violent. Can't hold it in your hands And do not overtake on a horse. (Water.) |
The guest stayed Golden bridge paved - No knife, no axe, Without iron chisel. (Freezing.) |
| On the trees lope yes lope - A red light flickers. |
|
| red maiden, Stone heart. (Cherry.) |
Little Yegorka Fell into the lake. bathed in the water, But it remained dry. (Feather.) |
| There is a fat woman - Wooden belly, Iron belt. |
LITERATURE
1. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, L.A. Trostentsova and others. Nauchn. ed. N.M. Shansky. Russian language: Textbook for the 6th grade. M.: Enlightenment. JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005.
pp. 113–119.
2. G.M. Naumenko. Folklore holiday in kindergarten and at school. Songs, games, riddles, theatrical performances in the author's recording, musical transcription and editing. M.: Linka-Press, 2000. S. 36–38, 41–42, 47, 50.
3. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova, L.Yu. Komissarov. Teaching Russian in the 6th grade. Guidelines for the textbook for the 6th grade. educational institutions. M.: Education, 2001. S. 26–27.
4. A.S. Pushkin. Collected works. In 10 volumes. T. 3. Poems. Fairy tales. Note. CM. Bondy. M.: Fiction, 1975. S. 285–286, 311.
5. H.V. Babushkina. Golden embroidery. M.: Olma-Press, 2003. S. 3–8.
6. V.P. Polukhin. Literature: 6th grade. Textbook reader for educational institutions. M.: Enlightenment. JSC "Moscow textbooks", 1998. S. 94.
T.V. EFANOVA,
Moscow city
- express signs of objects and phenomena. For this, the Russian language has ranks of adjectives by meaning. Each of them has its own lexical and grammatical features - they are easy to remember with the help of tables. But how to determine the category of an adjective if it is used in a figurative sense? To do this, there is a reasoning algorithm that will not make mistakes in the most confusing cases.
In a figurative sense, the category of the adjective changes
What is the lexico-grammatical category of adjectives
In order to choose the right adjective and express the necessary feature of the subject, one must clearly understand what categories the adjectives are divided into. There are only three of them in Russian: , relative, . The categories of adjectives have their own lexical (semantic) content and describe the subject in various aspects:
- reflect the perception of the object by our senses;
- relative characterize it in relation to the outside world;
- possessives indicate ownership.
Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives Adjectives from different categories indicate different features of the subject, are not homogeneous members of the sentence, are not separated by a comma. The table shows the analysis of adjective names by meaning in the expressions: "dad's favorite evening show" and "uncle's bulky wooden prosthesis".
| Rank adjectives by meaning | Example with explanation |
|---|---|
| Quality (what? what?) | Darling- the quality of the program in the evaluation of the one who watches it Bulky- prosthesis size |
| Relative (what?) | Evening– ratio of transmission to viewing time Wood- relation to the material of manufacture of the prosthesis |
| Possessive (whose?) | Daddy's- belonging of the transfer to the sphere of interests of the pope Dyadin- belonging of the prosthesis to the uncle's property |
The category of an adjective with grammatical phenomena peculiar only to it is a kind of calling card, the only morphological feature of this part of speech.
Quality adjectives
The most common adjectives are qualitative, they have the largest set of features:
- Qualitative adjectives express a person's mental reaction to an object, its analysis by our senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste.
- They are primary: their meaning cannot be expressed by other parts of speech.
- The features that express qualitative adjectives have different degrees of severity and are evaluated subjectively. This category of adjectives differs from the rest in a large number of grammatical forms.
The table presents the entire set of word-formation, grammatical, lexical features, by which a qualitative adjective can be easily distinguished from a relative one.
| Signs of quality adjectives | Examples |
|---|---|
| Indicates the evaluation of an object by the senses | |
| By sight | Green color Size: huge Shape: square |
| by rumor | Quiet, melodic |
| Smell | Fragrant, smelly |
| touch | Thick, prickly, hot |
| taste | Sweet, sour |
| Overall score | Pleasant, disgusting |
| 1. Form a short form (what?) | Heather beaver; quick to deal |
| 2. Have degrees of comparison | Black - blackest - blackest |
| 3. Combine with adverbs of degree and measure | Completely dumb, immeasurably rich |
| 4. Form estimated forms of decrease / increase | Smart - smartest - smartest |
| 5. Form: abstract nouns; verbs with a manifestation of a sign; adverbs in -o/-e | High - height Blue - turn blue Fresh - fresh; sincere - sincerely |
| 6. Have antonyms | Fascinating - boring |
| 7. Replaced with synonyms | Red - scarlet, crimson |
| 8. Used with a particle NOT, which is written together | Slow - immediate |
| 9. Form a compound adjective by repetition | gray-haired |
| Note. In adjectives: barefoot, alive, blind, humpbacked, naked the attribute is fully expressed, so they do not form degrees of comparison |
|
| Role in the proposal | |
| Definition | White sail (what?) lonely. |
| Compound nominal predicate | He was lonely. True, children, I was, there is, will, what?) good? |
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives express a sign of an object, indicating its connection with the phenomena and objects of the outside world. This feature is unchanged, therefore there are no evaluative forms in this category of adjectives. Relative adjectives are easily replaced by noun constructions with prepositions in, from, for:
- forest edge - forest edge in forest;
- paper document - document from paper;
- operating knife knife for operations.
The close connection with the noun is expressed in the fact that in constructions with heterogeneous definitions, relative adjectives always stand next to the noun: delicious wild berry, but not: forest tasty berry.
Relative adjectives are easily distinguished from qualitative adjectives by features. Table. Signs of relative adjectives
| signs | Examples |
|---|---|
| Denotes attitude to the phenomena of the external world | |
| Place | Houseplant, city dweller |
| Time | Maybug, summer heat |
| Material | Silver spoon, water column |
| Units | Stopudovy bell; three-storey house |
| Functions | Reading room; fishing hook; space rocket |
| Lexico-grammatical features | |
| Answers the question what? ( from what, for what is done in than located) | garden vegetable vegetable from the garden |
| Does not have: short form, comparative degrees, other features of quality adjectives | ----- |
| Suffixes of relative adjectives | |
| -an/-yan | Leather en shoes, clay yang th soil |
| -sk/-esk | Kyiv sk th train, baby esk th age |
| -ov/-ev | Banana ov th plantation, bo ev action |
| -n | Kamen n th ax |
| -l | Run l th sound |
| null suffix | golden decoration |
Possessive adjectives
Unlike the previous categories, possessive adjectives answer the specific question for them whose? - and are easily differentiated. They express the belonging of the object to the owner, are used mainly in colloquial speech. In the past, with their help, many surnames and geographical names, set expressions were formed: citizen Petrov, Bering Bay, crocodile tears.
A feature of possessive adjectives is the answer to the question “whose?” Table. Features of possessive adjectives
| signs | Examples |
|---|---|
| Answer the question whose?; indicates that the item belongs to the owner | the swallow nest Boyish Secrets |
| Formed only from animate objects | sparrow squeak |
| Suffixes for possessive adjectives | |
| -ov/-ev | Grandfather's award, the king's decree |
| -in/-yn | Machine diploma, chicken clucking |
| -th/th | Wolf howl, fox (i = ya) mouth |
| -ovy | filial duty |
| -achy | dog barking |
| -insk | sister post |
Algorithm for distinguishing ranks of adjectives Transition between digits
In determining the category of an adjective, it is not formal features that are of primary importance, but the quality that is expressed by the phrase “noun + adjective”. With a figurative meaning and in stable expressions, possessive and relative adjectives pass into the category of qualitative ones and answer the question which one?, while synonyms are selected. To define relative adjectives, we first exclude the question whose? and then we replace the adjective with the construction “preposition + noun”.
| Example | quality | Relative | Possessive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crimson | Raspberry beret (color - dark pink) | Raspberry jam (from raspberries) | |
| Amber | Amber shine (color - bright yellow) | Amber pendant (from amber) | |
| Paternal | Fatherly feelings (what? - warm, like a father's) | Father's house (whose?) | |
| Iron | Iron character (what? - hard, like iron) | Iron scrap (from iron) | |
| Twilight | Twilight mood (what? - sad, like twilight) | Twilight lighting (at dusk | |
| lion | Lion character (what? - bold, like a lion) | Lion hunting (for a lion) | Lion's footprint (whose?) |
| Falcon | Hawkeye (what? -sharp, like a falcon) | Falconry (with a falcon; for a falcon) | Falconry (whose?) |
| Feline | Cat's gait (what? - inaudible, like a cat) | Cat food (for a cat) | Cat's paw (whose?) |
How to distinguish a possessive adjective from a qualitative one in a figurative sense Adjective
The adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that
1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions which?, whose?;
2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective ranks by meaning
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.
Quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size ( big), shape ( round), color ( blue), physical characteristics ( cold), as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action ( talkative).
relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading room) or another feature ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-th), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).
Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mum-in), -ov- (father-ov), -uy- (fox). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).
Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( rigor) and adverbs in - about(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue-yushch-y, evil-yushch-y);
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).
Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives reason to many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, which, with sequential grammatical selection of parts of speech, also includes ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives.
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all ranks have non-permanent signs kind(singular) numbers and case in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I see beautiful shoes and I see pretty girls) - see the animation of the noun.
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.
Quality and relative adjectives decline the same way. This type of declension is called adjective.
In Russian, there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:
1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;
2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;
3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.
Invariable adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to single out three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and excellent. The positive degree of comparison is the original form of the adjective, in relation to which we are aware of other forms as expressing a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of attribute.
comparative adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there.).
The comparative degree can be simple and compound.
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed as follows:
base of positive degree + formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same (quicker, higher, earlier, deeper).
If there is an element at the end of the base of a positive degree to /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.
Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e., formed from another stem, forms: bad - worse, good - better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached on- (newer). Simple comparative degree with a prefix on- is used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a new newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what the given feature is compared with. If the sentence contains both what is being compared and what is being compared, the prefix on- introduces a colloquial tone ( These shoes are newer than those).
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. it
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-isolated position with a prefix on- in position after a noun ( Buy me fresher newspapers).
Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:
element more / less + positive degree ( more / less high).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form ( more handsome);
3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)
superlatives comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.
simple superlatives Comparison adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed as follows:
basis of positive degree + formative suffixes -aysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-th, Supreme
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.
The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of a positive degree, i.e., variability in gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Compound Superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a feature and is formed in three ways:
1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);
2) element most / least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);
3) simple comparative degree + element total / all (He was smarter than everyone).
The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of a positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, numbers and cases, they can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
The absence of a simple comparative and superlative degree may be due to
1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective has a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * thinner, * thinner, advanced - * more advanced);
2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in suffix ( fat-enn-th - * thicker, evil-shinning - * furious, white-oval - * whitish, blue-enk-th - * bluer).
Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic restriction, that is, in the second case. Yes, no forms. *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.
In Russian, this is a part of speech, the main function of which is the designation of a non-procedural attribute of an object (as opposed to a participle, which designates a sign of an object by action). Adjectives can change according to cases and numbers, and in the singular form - also according to gender, and are also classified according to special lexical and grammatical groups - categories. Thus, the ranks of adjectives are three large groups that combine words that are similar in meaning and way of designating a sign of an object. Adjectives belonging to each of the categories have their own characteristics of change and use. We will talk about this in more detail later, and below is a summary table.
Ranks of adjectives
Discharge | Hue of value | Degree of comparison | short form | Combination with the adverb "very" | Examples |
Quality | A sign of an object from the side of its quality, that is, a sign can manifest itself in one way or another | Good, kind, easy, beautiful, poor, old |
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relative | A sign of an object, denoting a relationship to a place, time, material, etc., that is, constant, unchanging | Evening (hours), iron (rod), dairy (soup), continental (climate) |
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Possessive | A sign of an object as a designation of belonging to something or someone | Wolf (skin), girlish (honor), grandfathers (jacket) |
features of meaning, change and use
Qualitative adjectives are a lexical and grammatical category that combines words denoting the quality of an object, that is, a feature that can manifest itself to one degree or another, to a greater or lesser extent, for example: expensive doll, beautiful girl, poor artist, talented actor. Qualitative adjectives, in addition to changing in cases, genders and numbers, are also able to form short forms, degrees of comparison and be combined with the adverb "very". Other digits and possessive) do not have these characteristics.
Formation of short forms
The short form is formed from the full one and has a close semantic connection with it: cramped - cramped, cramped, cramped; beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful; harmful - harmful, harmful, harmful. There are a number of adjectives that once had both full and short forms in Russian, but today they are used only in short, for example: glad, love, much, must and others.
It is noteworthy that historically it is considered the basic, initial, and at the initial stages of the development of the language, the full form was formed from the short one. Today, when forming a short form, alternation or loss of vowels can be observed: green - green, green, green; sharp - sharp, cutting, cutting. Short form adjectives change by number and by gender (in the singular), but are not declined. In a sentence, as a rule, they perform the function of a predicate: In this dress, the Countess was unusually beautiful.
Formation of degrees of comparison
Comparative and comparisons are an illustration of how vividly and fully this quality is expressed in the subject: dad is good - better - best; talented artist - more talented than another - most talented. Recall that other categories of adjectives designate the attribute of an object as constant, incapable of gradation.
The degrees of comparison can be formed as synthetically - suffixally ( expensive - more expensive, beautiful - most beautiful), and analytically - with the help of special words:
- comparative - more, less + initial form of the adjective ( more complex, less interesting);
- superlative - most, least, most + initial form of adjective ( the most attractive, the funniest) or all, all + simple comparative degree of the adjective ( sings best of all, most valued).
The words of a given part of speech in a synthetic comparative form do not change in cases, numbers and genders and do not agree with the noun whose sign they designate. Their syntactic function in a sentence is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate ( An old friend is better than two new ones).
For most quality adjectives, simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison can exist in parallel, but there are words that in the modern language do not form a simple comparative degree: massive, early, timid and others.
Another nuance that you need to pay attention to is education from different bases, for example: good - better, bad - worse, small - less.
From adjectives in a comparative and superlative degree, one should distinguish words-manifestations of a subjective assessment, which indicate not the degree of manifestation of a given feature in a particular situation, but the assessment of this feature by the speaker: tiny hand, pretty face, big paws. Adjectives with the suffixes - should not be included in this group. ovate-/-evat-: such words do not denote a subjective assessment of a feature, but an objective incompleteness of its manifestation, for example: whitish haze, greenish tint.
Relative adjectives
If we compare the categories of nouns and adjectives, then we can draw the following parallel: real nouns denote a substance, material, and relative adjectives - a sign in relation to this substance, material: wood - wooden, rice - rice, ice - ice. However, the sign denoted by the adjectives of this group can refer not only to the material, but also to the place, time, etc., for example: evening, summer, foreign, domestic, coastal. This sign appears constantly and cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent, therefore relative adjectives are unable to form degrees of comparison.
Possessive adjectives
This category combines adjectives that answer the question whose? and denoting the belonging of an object to someone or something: dad's friend, wolf's fang, sheep's wool, grandfather's cap.
Ranks of adjectives: the use of words in a figurative sense
To increase in some cases, adjectives from one category can be used in the meaning of words from another category, for example: iron mug - iron nerves, wolf trail - wolf look, golden chain - golden hands. In this regard, the category of the adjective is determined not only taking into account general formal indicators, but also with close attention to the context.
