Russian language to do the task 7. Morphological norms of verbs. In sentences with homogeneous terms, there is a generalizing word

Useless information, lots of water, thanks for your time

03/22/2016 10:47:59 PM, Ashati

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Learn to spot grammatical mistakes. If you learn to confidently recognize them in the assignment, you will not lose points in the essay. (Criterion 9 - "Compliance with language norms.") In addition, the task for which you can get 5 points requires special treatment!

Assignment 7 Unified State Exam in Russian

Statement of the assignment: Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

How do you complete such a task? It is more advisable to start from the left side. Find the named syntactic phenomenon (participle, subjects and predicates, etc.) in the sentences on the right and check if there is a grammatical error. Start with the ones that are easier to find and identify.

Let's look at common grammatical mistakes in the order in which they should be checked on the exam.

Inconsistent application

An inconsistent application is the title of a book, magazine, movie, painting, etc., enclosed in quotation marks.

Changes in the sentence by cases generic word, and the inconsistent application is in its initial form and does not change: v novel"War and Peace"; picture Levitan "Golden Autumn", at the station metro station "Tverskaya".

If there is no generic word in the sentence, the application itself changes in cases: heroes of "War and Peace"; I'm looking at Levitan's Golden Autumn, we'll meet at Tverskaya.

Grammar mistake : in the novel "War and Peace"; in the painting "Golden Autumn", at the Tverskoy metro station.

In the task, such an error occurred in sentence 3.

Direct and indirect speech.

A sentence with indirect speech is a complex sentence. Compare:

The conductor said: “I'll bring you tea.” The guide said that he would bring us tea. Grammar mistake: The guide said that I would bring you tea.(The personal pronoun must change.)

The passenger asked: "Can I open the window" - The passenger asked if he could open the window. Grammar mistake : The passenger asked if he could open the window.(The sentence contains LI in the role of a union, the union WHAT is unacceptable in the sentence.)

Participial

We find sentences with participial phrases, see if there are any mistakes in its construction.

1. The defined (main) word cannot get inside the participial turnover, it can stand before or after it. Grammar mistake: come spectators to a meeting with the director. Right: viewers who came to meet with the director or viewers who came to meet with the director.

2. The participle must agree in gender, number and case with the main word, which is determined by the meaning and by the question: residents mountains (what?), frightened by the hurricane or residents mountains(what?), overgrown with fir trees. Grammar mistake: the inhabitants of the mountains frightened by the hurricane or the inhabitants of the mountains, overgrown with firs.

Note: one of the events that happened last summer(we will coordinate the participle with the word ONE - we are talking about one event). I recall a number of events that happened last summer (we ask a question from EVENTS "what?").

3. The participle has a present tense ( rule learner), past tense ( student who remembered a rule), but there is no future tense ( learner remembering a rule- grammar mistake).

In the task, such an error was encountered in sentence 5.

Participial turnover

Remember: The participle calls the additional action, and the predicate verb calls the main one. The participle and predicate verb must refer to the same actor!

We find the subject in the sentence and check whether it performs the action called the gerunds. Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova had natural excitement... We argue: excitement arose - Natasha Rostova walked- different characters. Correct option: Going to the first ball, Natasha Rostova experienced natural excitement.

In a definite personal sentence, it is easy to restore the subject: I, WE, YOU, YOU: When making an offer, keep in mind(you) grammatical meaning of a word... We argue: you take into account and you make up- there is no error.

The predicate verb can be expressed infinitive: When composing a sentence, one must take into account the grammatical meaning of the word..

We argue: After reading the sentence, it seems to me that there is no error. It cannot be a subject to ME, since it is not in its initial form. This sentence has a grammatical error.

The grammatical relationship between subject and predicate.

The error can be hidden in complex sentences built on the model "THOSE, WHO ...", "EVERYONE, WHO ...", "EVERYTHING, WHO ...", "NONE OF THOSE, WHO ...", "MANY OF THOSE WHO ...", " ONE OF THOSE WHO ... ". Each simple sentence in the composition of a complex subordinate will have its own subject, it is necessary to check whether they agree with their predicates. WHO, EVERYONE, NOBODY, ONE, are combined with predicates in the singular; TE, ALL, MANY combine with their plural predicates.

Analyzing the offer: None of those who have been there in the summer were disappointed. NOBODY WERE - grammatical error. WHO VISITED - no error. Those who did not come to the opening of the exhibition regretted it. Those are regretted - no error. WHO DIDN'T COME - a grammatical mistake.

In the task, such an error was encountered in sentence 2.

Violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms.

Pay special attention to predicate verbs: incorrect use of the tense of the verb leads to confusion in the sequence of actions. I work inattentively, with interruptions, and as a result I made a lot of ridiculous mistakes. Let's fix the error: I work inattentively, with interruptions, and as a result I make a lot of ridiculous mistakes.(Both imperfective verbs are in the present tense.) I worked inattentively, with interruptions, and as a result I made a lot of ridiculous mistakes.(Both verbs are in the past tense, the first verb - imperfect - indicates a process, the second - perfect - indicates a result.)

In the task, such an error was encountered in sentence 1: Turgenev exposes and revealed ...

Homogeneous Sentence Members

Grammatical errors in conjunction sentences AND.

1. Union AND cannot associate one of the members of the sentence with the whole sentence. I do not like to get sick and when I get a deuce... Moscow is a city which was the birthplace of Pushkin and described in detail by him. When Onegin returned to Petersburg and when he met Tatiana, he did not recognize her. We listened to a lecture on the meaning of sport and why do they need to do. (Let's fix the error: Listened to a lecture on the importance of sports and the benefits of sports activities... Or: We listened to a lecture about what does sport matter and why do they need to do .)
2. Union AND cannot bind homogeneous members expressed in full and short forms of adjectives and participles: He is tall and thin. She is smart and beautiful.
3. Union AND cannot connect an infinitive and a noun: I love doing laundry, cooking and reading books.... (Right: I love doing laundry, cooking and reading books.)
4. It is difficult to recognize an error in this syntax: The Decembrists loved and admired the Russian people. In this sentence, the addition BY THE PEOPLE refers to both predicates, but is grammatically connected with only one of them: ADMIRED (BY WHOM?) BY THE PEOPLE. From the verb LOVED we ask the question WHO? Be sure to ask a question from each predicate verb to the object. Here are the typical mistakes: parents care and love children; I understand and sympathize with you; he learned and used the rule; I love and am proud of my son. Correcting such an error requires the introduction of different additions, each will be consistent with its own predicate verb: I love my son and am proud of him.

Using compound unions.

1. Learn to recognize the following conjunctions in a sentence: "NOT ONLY ..., BUT AND"; "LIKE ..., SO AND". In these unions, you cannot skip individual words or replace them with others: Not only us, but our guests were surprised. The atmosphere of the era in comedy is created not only by the characters, but also by non-stage characters. Work is in full swing both during the day and at night.
2. The parts of the double union must be placed directly in front of each of the homogeneous members . Wrong word order leads to grammatical error: We examined not only the ancient part cities, but also visited new areas.(Correct order: We not only examined ... but also visited ...)In the essay it is necessary how about the main characters, so tell about artistic features... (Correct order: In the essay you need to tell how about the main characters, and about artistic features. )

Generalizing words for homogeneous terms

The generalizing word and the following homogeneous terms stand in the same case: Do two sports:(how?) skiing and swimming.(Grammar mistake: Strong people have two qualities: kindness and humility.)

Prepositions for homogeneous members

Prepositions before homogeneous members can be omitted only if these prepositions are the same: He visited v Greece, Spain, Italy, on Cyprus. Grammar mistake: He visited v Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus.

Complex sentence

Errors associated with the incorrect use of conjunctions, union words, and index words are very common. There can be many error options, let's consider some of them.

Extra union: I was tormented by the question whether it was necessary to tell everything to my father. I didn't think that how far I was from the truth.

Mixing compositional and subordinate unions : When Murka got tired of messing with kittens, and she went somewhere to sleep.

Extra particle WOULD: It is necessary that he would come to me.

Missing index word: Your mistake is that you are in too much of a hurry.(Omitted IN VOL.)

The union word WHICH is cut off from the defined word: The warm rain moistened the soil, which the plants so needed.(Right: Warm rain in which needed plants, moistened the earth.)

In the task, such a mistake was made in sentence 9.

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

1. Prepositions THANKS TO, ACCORDING TO, CONTRAST, DIRECTLY, OPERATED, LIKE + noun in the DATAL CASE: thanks to the skillNS , according to the scheduleNS , contrary to the rulesam .

• The preposition PO can be used to mean "AFTER". In this case, the noun is in the prepositional case and has an ending AND: at the end of school (after graduation), upon arrival in the city (after arrival), after the expiration of the period (after the expiration of the period).

Remember: on arrival AND, at the end AND, upon completion AND, after expiration AND, upon arrival E, upon arrival E.

• We memorize the control features in the following phrases:

Prove (what?) Right

Marvel at (why?) Patience

Give an example (why?) Error

Summarize (what?) Work

Confess (what?) To a crime

To miss, to be sad (for whom?) For you

Pay attention (to what?) The little things

Point out (what?) Disadvantages

To reproach (for what?) In greed

Remember the pairs:

Worry about your son - Worry about your son

Believe in victory - confidence in victory

Construction issue - construction problems

Extract rental income - receive rental income

Unawareness of the problem - unfamiliarity with the problem

To be offended by distrust - to offend with distrust

Pay attention to health - pay attention to health

Business anxiety - Business anxiety

Pay the fare - pay the fare

Essay review - essay review

Service fee - payment for the service

Superiority over him is an advantage over him

Warn against danger - warn against danger

Distinguish Friends and Enemies - Distinguish Friends from Enemies

Surprised at patience - surprised at patience

Characteristic for him - inherent in him

Morphological norms (formation of word forms)

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. Non-declining nouns that denote inanimate objects are neuter: coupe, medley, bikini.
2. Exceptions: curlers, riding breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m and wed), mocha, penalty, euro (m).
3. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they belong: beautiful madam, serious monsieur, sly frau etc.
4. The genus of geographical names, names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - an island (m), Jungfrau - a mountain (f), Monaco - a principality (Wed), Borjomi - a city (m); The Times is a newspaper (f).
5. Abbreviations usually refer to the genus to which the pivot word belongs in them: NATO - alliance (noun), CIS - commonwealth (Wed); Moscow State University - University (m.r.).
6. Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural instead of ending -s (s) may have a shock ending -and I):
   • monosyllabic nouns: side - sides, forest - forests, eye - eyes, house - houses, eye - eyes, eyelids - eyelids, silk - silk, feed - feed, side - sides etc.;
   • Disyllabic nouns with the stress on the first syllable in the singular nominative: buffer - buffers, shore - strands, pearls - pearls etc.
7. The gender of compound nouns is determined by a word that expresses the broader meaning of a noun: Admiral butterfly, pay phone, sofa bed... And if both concepts are equivalent, the genus is determined by the first word: armchair-bed, cafe-restaurant.

Morphological norms of adjectives

1. You cannot combine the simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of the adjective into one structure:better composition / this composition is better (not this composition is better)
2. You cannot mix the simple and complex superlatives of the adjective:the wisest old man / the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)

Morphological norms of pronouns

1. The mistake is the formation of the form of the possessive pronountheirs instead of their: their a son.
2. After the prepositions of the personal pronouns he, she, they appear in the indirect cases with the lettern: to him, from her.

Morphological norms of numeral names

1. When declining compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declined, receives forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes in it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand and two.
2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: saw twenty-four classmates.
3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numbers:
   • with male nouns: two brothers, three men, four guys.
   • with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
   • with nouns for baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
   • with nouns that have the plural form only. h .: five days.
   • with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
   • with pronouns: two of us, five of them.
4. Numeral bothis used only with nouns:both girls, both books... With nouns m. R. and cf. R. the form is usedboth: both brothers, both elephants.

Morphological norms of verbs

1. Verbs to win, to convince, to convince, to dissuade, to find yourself, to feel, to overshadow, to dare, to vacuumand some others do not have the form of 1 person unit. h.
2. Formation of return forms:met, wanted, greeted(after vowels -s is used),sorry(no return form).
3. Formation of forms of the imperative mood:go, wave, disperse, put, buy, lie down.
4. Formation of past tense forms:got stronger, dried out, got wet(not got stronger, dried out, got wet).

Morphological norms of participles

1. Formation of participles: rushing, waving, wanting(not gargling, waving, wanting);
2. Present participles are not formed from perfect verbs.

Morphological norms of participles

1. The perfect verbal participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of the suffix -v: pour - spill, save - preserve, thin out - thin out.There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed with the suffix -and I or - lice, - lice: go in - going in, looking - looking, leaning - leaning.
2. The gerunds of the imperfect form are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -and I: thinking - thinking, walking - walking, flying - flying.

Morphological norms of adverbs

1. Formation of adverbs: from there, to come off, inside, I can hardly be able to, divide in half.
2. The formation of a comparative degree of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.

Assignment 7 Unified State Exam in Russian, theory.

Task 7 of the exam 2018 is a test of your knowledge of syntactic norms.

For this task you can get 5 points... Therefore, its correct implementation is very important. This is one of the most voluminous and difficult tasks of the exam.

So, in the demo, this task is formulated as follows:

Changes in the exam 2018 did not affect task 7, therefore, as in the past year, it is necessary to select an example for each error.

The difficulty of the task lies in the fact that there are 9 variants of sentences, and there are only five names of errors. This means that 4 sentences can be related to:

1) To another type of error not listed in the left column.

2) To sentences without error (this also occurs).

Remember that task 7 is a task for the correct connection of words with each other, for correct management and coordination. Therefore, you need to carefully monitor that all words are in the required gender, number, case, time.

Execution algorithm:

1) For the correct execution of task 7, you need to learn to see the word markers.

2) As in other tasks, the information is grouped by the names of the errors. First, you need to learn and understand all the terms used in the assignment. For example, know what an application is and what it looks like. It is important to be able to distinguish between participial and adverbial phrases, as well as to know their correct construction, to find homogeneous terms and double conjunctions, to find the subject and predicate and to check them for correct connection, to know the verb control, and the prepositional-case control.

Algorithm for completing USE tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveyed the MAIN information contained in the text?

Algorithm for completing the task:

Task 2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By sequentially selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with a gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in place of the gap.

Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meanings of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) The sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Algorithm for completing the task:

read the assignment carefully;

find the specified offer;

include each of the suggested lexical interpretations instead of the word given for the analysis;

listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;

Determine whether or not a sentence has lost its semantic integrity in the course of a linguistic experiment:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

  if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted. Write this word down.

Remember: the fluidity of the Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task.

agent, august, agency, agony, acropole, alcohol, alphabet, anapest, anatom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, aest, aristocracy, argum, asymmetry, astronomer, atlas, bylAssia (cloth), atlas

bureaucracy, airports

SCAM, crimson, ballot, spoil, spoiled, spoiled, bow (bant, bant)

barmen, unrestrained, birch and birch bark, petrol line, blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (fixing something to someone), armor (protective sheathing), bar, boot, bourgeois bureaucracy

gross, cook (boil, boil, boil, boil), watchman, verba, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgodonsky, wolf (wolf, wolves, wolves), thief (thieves, thieves, thieves), magic, about thieves, thieves curved, arouse, three-way

gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier,

cousin, devichiy, democracy, department, despot, defis, act, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, white-hearted, dobycha, dogma, contract, contractual, bareheaded, red-hot, documentary, report, report, donate, report slumber, spiritual father,
heretic,
blinds, vents, life,

BOOK, (to assign something to someone), book (to cover with armor), enviously, cursed, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), cursed, for a long time, overwhelmed, busy (person), occupied (by someone ), cork, sealed, moldy, seal, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, knowledge, significance, knowledge, toothed

scoop, scoop, cleaner,
CHASSIS, SEWER, SHIELD, SYRINGES, DORK, GRAVEL, SHIPS, SHIPS,
Excursion, ekspert, export, equipped, express, epilOg, pullover

juridical

religion
flounder, katalOg, rubber, chop, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, kokljush, college, colossus, kompas, complex, greed, more beautiful, nettles, flint, scrap, culinary leftovers), flap (piece of cloth),
alluring, workshops, medics, a little, a manager, metallurgy, scanty (allowed - scanty), youth, milkman, monolOG, taxing,

WHITE, NAGOLO (SHARP), NAKED (Keep checkers), Bent, Long, Intention, Roll, Backhand, Start, Started, Underpayment, Illness, Necrolog, Hate, Unpretentious, Oil pipeline, Newborn
providing, lighten, sharpen, embraced, embraced, eased, encouraged, borrowed, embittered, wholesale, educated, spiked, otkupit, adolescence, despair, parallich,
PARTNER, PASSION, FUNERAL, MOLD, PIZZAIRE, PROPOSE, FABLE, ACCEPTED, ATTENDED, UNDERSTOOD, RISE, SEMI-DAY, Briefcase, POST, FUNERAL, FUNERAL, PLATE, PREVIEW, PREMIUM, PREPARE, PREPARE

presenter, beet, sylos, orphan, orphans, word of mouth, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statuing, status, statute, stenography, carpenter, boat, bent,
there is fire, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoes,
decoration, speed up, deepen, coal, ukrainian, improve, deceased, mentioned, mention, consolidate, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, fairy, phenom, fetish, fluorography, phOrzats, shaping,
chaos, characteristic (typical), character (actor), move, intercession, intercession, clergy (pric.), clerk (adj.), christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsy,

Task 5. In one of the suggestions below WRONG used the highlighted word. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly. Algorithm for completing the task:

read all sentences carefully;

determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronyms by choosing synonyms and antonyms or taking into account which words each of them can be combined with;

please provide the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee... Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - a person or organization sending a postal item (sender).

Anecdotal - Anecdotal... Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

Archaic - archaic... Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - obsolete, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

Weekday - everyday... Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Breathe in - breathe. Inhale - to take in, to draw in air (to breathe in oxygen), to inspire something (to breathe in courage); breathe - breathe out (breathe a sigh of relief); rest a little (let me breathe); yearn, sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational... Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the educator (educational room).

Everyone - everyone... Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective... Elected - related to elections, elected by voting (elective office); selective - partial (random check)

Harmonic - harmonious... Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - harmonious, harmonious (harmonious personality).

Main - capital... Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover... Engine - a machine that sets in motion a force (electric motor); mover - what sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated.).

Democratic - Democratic... Democratic - referring to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of a democracy, a democrat (a democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, motion (dynamic theory); dynamic - possessing great internal energy (dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long... Long - having a great length (long report); long - long term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - voluntary... Voluntary - performed without compulsion (voluntary labor); volunteer - referring to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

Dramatic - dramatic... Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (drama circle).

Friendly - friendly... Friendly - referring to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

Pitying - pitying... Pitying - expressing sorrow, longing, suffering; plaintive, sad (pitiful voice); compassionate - inclined to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty... Spare - available as a reserve (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Evil - malicious... Evil - full of feelings of enmity (evil person); malicious - having a bad purpose, willful (malicious defaulter).

Executive - performing... Executive - diligent, having as his goal the implementation of something (executive worker); performing - referring to the performer (performing skill).

Business traveler - business trip... Posted - a person on a business trip (posted specialist); business trip - referring to a business traveler (travel expenses).

Comic - comic. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comic - funny (comic look).

Critical - critical... Critical - referring to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

Logical - logical... Logical - related to logic (logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

Methodical - methodical... Methodical - related to methodology (methodical conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful... Hateful - infused with hatred (hateful actions); hateful - hateful (hateful enemy).

Intolerant - Intolerant... Intolerable - one that cannot be tolerated (intolerable cold); intolerant - intolerable (intolerant attitude).

Lunch - impoverish... To become poor - to become poor (to become poor as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

Dangerous - cautious... Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

Clerk - unsubscribe... Clerk - an accidental mistake in writing (annoying clerk); unsubscribe - an answer that does not affect the essence of the case (daring unsubscribe).

Learn - learn... To master - to learn how to use something, to include in the circle of their activities (to master the release of new products); to learn - to make it habitual; understand, remember (assimilate what you read).

Organic - organic... Organic - related to the plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion... Conviction - an expression of disapproval, passing a sentence (conviction of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible. Response - being the response (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible employee).

Reporting - distinct... Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - well distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - Political... Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, cautiously (political hint).

Intelligent - understandable. Intelligent - quickly understanding (quick-witted person); understandable - clear (understandable reason).

Representative - Representative. Representative - making an advantageous impression (personable appearance); representative - elected (representative body); related to representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - giving. Presentation - presenting for acquaintance, nomination for promotion (presentation of characteristics); provision - the allocation of something to someone's order (granting a loan).

Perceptive - perceptible... Sharp-witted - able to notice (sharp-witted critic); conspicuous - conspicuous (conspicuous displeasure).

Realistic - realistic... Realistic - following realism (realistic painting); realistic - true, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive... Hidden - secret, invisible (latent threat); secretive - unrepentant (secretive person).

Tactical - tactical... Tactful - possessing tact (tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical. Technical - related to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).

The lucky one is the lucky one. Lucky is happy; the one who is lucky (lucky researcher); successful - successful (lucky day).

Actual - factual. Factual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (factual report).

Master's - economic... Master - related to the owner; such as that of a good owner (owner's interest); economic - busy with the economy, related to the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - Explicit. Explicit - obvious, unconcealed (clear superiority); distinct - distinct, well distinguishable (distinct whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

Find mistakes in education and use

case forms of names of numerals;

numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred;

collective numerals, including numerals both, both;

comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

nominative and genitive plurals of some nouns;

forms of the imperative mood of some verbs.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Determine which part of speech this word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

for complex quantitative names of numerals both sides are inclined;

Cases

50 - 80

200, 300, 400

500 - 900

fifty

toe and ten and

toe and ten and

fifty

five NS ten NS

oh heels and ten and

two hundred

dv uh honeycomb

dv mind st am

two hundred

dv being able st ami

oh dv uh st Oh

five hundred

toe and honeycomb

toe and st am

five hundred

five NS st ami

oh heels and st Oh

when declining compound ordinal numbers only changes the last word;

numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both- female;

Cases

M., cf. genus

G. genus

both

both

both

both

both

about both

both

both

both

both

both

about both

collective numbers ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting males, the names of baby animals, paired objects, or having only a plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, see if the forms of the degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

Comparison of adjectives

Comparative

Excellent

simple

compound

simple

compound

beautiful her (s)

less she

deeper e

more beautiful

less beautiful

beautiful eish- ui

magnitude aish- ui

nai hardest

most beautiful

most beautiful

Comparison of adverbs

comparative

excellent

simple

compound

compound

her (s)- it hurts - it hurts her, sick her

-e - easy - easy yeah- thin - thin e

adverb + more (less) more thin

less interesting

comparative + pronoun everyone, total:

did best of all (of all)

4. If this is a verb, pay attention to the correctness of the formation

forms of imperative mood;

forms of the past tense, used without a suffix, are -УУ-.

(there is - well - in the verb - error - correct answer)

5. If this is a noun, make sure the education is correct.

nominative plural forms;

forms of genitive plural.

Nominative case of plural

m sort

With the ending - and I(ending stress)

With the ending - s, -and ( accent based)

influence of the dual number)

Addresses, coast, century, fan, director, doctor, chute, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, leave, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, haystack, paramedic, wing, barn, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

sentences, mines,

editors, snipers, tractors, tots, fronts, chauffeurs.

volumes

Locksmiths bakers

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-torus, -sor stylistically neutral: director

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on -er,

-er:engineers

2. Inanimate. foreign words in

-torus, -sop:processors

3. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor with a bookish tint: editors.

Remember: oil - pl. hours - oil a

cream - plural - cream NS(not cream a)

male

female

average

banknotes

giraffe

Hall

corrective

piano

roofing paper

tulle

shampoo

sandal, boot

cuff, callus

sneaker

reserved seat

gravy (with gravy)

slipper

shoe (no shoes)

surname

bast

tentacle

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for mistakes in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the conjunction I. Ask a question from a verb to homogeneous members of a sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then an error !!! This will be the correct answer. (I see ??? (missing sentence member) and proud nature? See what?, Proud of what?)

2) with participial phrases; (look at the end of the participle, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names, enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derived prepositions thanks, according to, in spite of and the non-derivative preposition on, used in turns of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double unions not only but; like ... so and;

6) using quotes;

7) starting with the words: all who ...; those who ...; none of those who ...

Task 8. Find the word missing the unstressed verifiable vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with alternating vowels at the root ( gar - gor, zar - zor, clan - clone, creature - creature, lag - lodge, bir - ber, pir - per, dir - der, tir - ter, mir - mer, blist - shine, style - stele, gig - burned, cheat - even, cas - kos, rast - rash - grew, skok - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, an unstressed vowel in which requires memorization;

3) if you find a dictionary word, then you can cross it out, since it will not be the correct answer;

4) if you managed to find a test word for a word, in which an obscure vowel sound was stressed and clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Define a row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

spelling of prefixes in -З and -С;

spelling of the prefixes PRE and PRI;

PRE -

AT -

Stay (= re-)

Arrive (Approach)

Despise (hate)

Haunt (give someone shelter)

Betray (= over-)

Add (give in addition, change something, add)

Bow down, bow down (= over-)

Lean (Approach)

Translate (translate)

Pretend (incomplete action)

Transient (= re-)

Coming (coming closer)

Endure (endure)

Get used to (get used to)

Successor (= over-, take over)

Receiver (radio)

Die (die)

Put (put close)

Vicissitudes (coups in fate)

The gatekeeper - the gatekeeper

Immutable (immutable, indestructible)

Attach (attach)

Indispensable condition (mandatory)

Unacceptable conditions (impossible)

Limit (border)

Chapel (annex in the church)

Downplayed (very much)

Downplayed (slightly)

Remember:

PRE-

AT-

preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, deceive, do not fail, premiere, neglect, drug, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, challenger, preference

private, finicky, privilege, passing circumstances, handsome, picky, adventure, prima donna, primate, primitive, priority, regrettable, oath, pretense, embellish, unpretentious, bizarre

-Z and -C prefixes:
the spelling depends on the subsequent consonant

before voiced consonants - z appeal, rootless

before voiceless consonants - with

bake, carefree, silent

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E / I / is written at the place of the pass

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If the vowel is missing in the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to set its conjugation:

vowels E, U are written in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation;

in the personal endings of the verbs of the second conjugation, the vowels I, A (Z) are written.

3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes yasch, yusch, asch, yasch, im, eat (ohm).

missing vowel before participle suffix lw, nn .

4) Spelling participle suffixes yasch, yasch, asch, yasch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

in participles formed by from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written uzh, yusch, eat (ohm) ;

in participles formed by from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written asch, yasch, im.

5) Vowel spelling before suffixes participles lice and nn depends from being on yat - yat or it - it the indefinite form of the original verb ends:

eat or eat then before nn vowel is preserved in passive past participles and I);

if the original verb ends in it or it then before nn only written e ;

before the suffix vsh keeps the same vowel as before the end be in an indefinite form.

TIP: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (WHAT DO THEY DO? WHAT DO THEY DO?) E,

Ending - at-yat- verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write the letter AND.

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass

You need to know the spelling of suffixes

noun names ( ec, itz; inc, enk; out, in; ichk, echk; hik, ek );

adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );

verbs ( willow, yva; eva, ova; I, E before the shock suffix wa) .

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the required rule.

adjective

-ev- unstressed: glue ev oh, enamel ev th

-iv- percussion: flax iv th

Exception: mercy iv oh, holy fool iv th

-chiv-:infusion chiv th

-liv-: talent liv th

verb

-ova- (-eva-)

hang out

i hang

Yva- (-iva-)

to annoy

i'm annoyed

DEFINITION TABLE

ENDING VERBS AND COMMON SUFFIXES

Endings of verbs

Suffixes are valid. participles

Suffixes suffer. participles

I conjugation

rest

-eatwriteeat

-youwriteeat

youwriteyea

-NSwriteNS

arethoughthut

-ush-writeug ui

-usch-thoughtyusch ui

-oh-carriedohm th

-eat-blowing eatth

II conjugation

N.F. on - and be

-themstrthem

-youstrsee

-youstrgo

-atstryat

-atstoreyat

-sh-breatheasch ui

-sch-storebox ui

-them-storethem th

Task 12. Determine a sentence in which NOT with a nightingale is written LITTLE. (SEPARATE). Expand the parentheses and write out this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

NOT with nouns, qualitative adjectives, adverbs in - О and - Е;

NOT with verbs and participles;

NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives., Adverbs in O, E

together

apart

1.Not used without a NOT:

ignorant
fables

careless

ridiculous

1.If there is opposition with the uniona Not true, but a lie

Not joyful but sad

Not close but far

adverb not in O-E: did not enter like a friend

2.If a word with a prefix NOT can be matched with a synonym without NOT

Foe (enemy)

Misfortune (grief)

Enemy (enemy)

Unhappy (sad)

Not close (far away)

2. If with the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all

Far from beauty

Not a friend at all

Not at all interesting

Not at all sweet

3. Remember:

small

slave

confusion

imperfections

undergrowth

dunno

idiot

3. Remember:

not in measure, not in an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not to strength, not to my liking, not to hand, etc .; b) neither give nor take, neither me nor here nor there, nor dawn, not for anything

not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not a sniff of tobacco, not a penny etc.

not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - not once (often) .

2.Not with verbs and participles

together

apart

1.Not used without a NOT:

resent (resent)

rampage (rampage)

unwell

dislike

hate

1.Always Separate

Was not

Not catching up

Without knowing

2.With the prefix under-

NEDO-= below normal, not 100%, be in insufficient quantity,
there is an antonym with re- (= excess)
undersalt soup (oversalt soup)
unsatisfactory result
lack = little
You lack patience.
^ I always lack money.

2.With prefixes no + up

not done to end
do not watch the film, do not take it home
She did not finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
does not reach = does not reach
The rope is missing before floor.
Before poplar lacks the fifth floor

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

together

apart

1.not used without NOT:
n units assuming (also, not packing without NOT)
2. There is NO opposition with the union A and
dependent words: n ez sown field (no a, ЗС)

1.s short participles: not_ closed
2. IS opposites with union a:
not_ finished, a started meeting
3. IS dependent the words:
not_ seeded in time field not yet plowed field

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNDS

together

apart

There is NO excuse between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one

THERE IS a pretext

With no one, no one

Task 13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are written LITTLE (SEPARATE). Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Alliances so that, too, also, but, moreover, and, so, therefore, are written together ; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words similar to these unions in sounding of other parts of speech what would be the same the same, for that, though, at what , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (same, would) can be either removed from the sentence, or rearranged to another place; another component (what, what, so, that) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: CONSEQUENCE = because of, I LOOK = because of, ABOUT = oh, FACE = to, in spite of = in spite of.

Derivative prepositions are written separately: OVER = IN CONTINUATION, IN EXCELLENCE, IN CONCLUSION, OVER.

For continuous, hyphenated, or split adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions

Nouns with prepositions

during

There was no news v flow of the year.

How long?

(time value)

in the course of (what?) rivers

Look v continuation (what?) series.

V(fast) currents rivers

Look v(soon) continuation series

in continuation

She said in continuation hours.

Finally articles

In the end, in the end

Sat v conclusions.

Sat v(in debt) conclusions.

in contrast from others

(used with from)

Difference v differences life.

Difference v(strong) differences life.

due to= because of

He did not come due to illness.

Remember: later And - adverb

in consequence

Intervened in consequence in the case of theft.

Intervened v(new) consequence in the case of theft.

like= like

vessel like flasks

Error v kind noun.

about= about, about

Reach an agreement about excursions.

Put on check in the bank.

Put on(mine) check.

towards= to

Go towards friend.

To go to a meeting with friends.

To go on(long awaited) meeting.

in view of= because of

In view of rain we did not go to the cinema.

I AM meant tomorrow. (stable expression).

as cone

in mind cities

(cone view, city view)

adverbs

Nouns with prepositions

climb up up (refer to the verb)

climb up to the top the mountains

on(most) top the mountains

shoes for me just right

in time flowering -

v ( spring) time to flowering

Derivative prepositions

Gerunds with negation

In spite of rain, drove out of town

(although it was raining).

Regardless of bad weather, we went on a hike.

(despite what?)

Despite father, he got up from the table.

Regardless of me, he left the room.

(= not looking)

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which НН (Н) is written

determine to which part of speech a word with a missing letter belongs;

apply the spelling rule H and HH in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

NN

N

1. If the root of a word ends in H, and the suffix begins with H:

malinn uk(mali n a)

2.If n. formed from an adj. having NN, or from a participle:

sicknessyenn spine(disease yenn th)

spoiledness(spoiled)

3. Remember: outrage nn itza

1. In words derived from noun, which have suffixes -in -, - an-, -yan-

peatyang uk(from noun peat)

2. In words derived from adj. with one H: studyn uk(from adj. study n th), martyr, toiler

3. In words:

bagr yang itza (bagr yang th), hemp yang uk (cannabis yang th)

var yen hic (var yong th), smoked yong awn (smoked yong th)

cost yang ika (cost yang oh), wise yong awn (wise yong th)

oil yen itza (oil yen th), oats yang itza (oats yang th)

GOST in itza (gost in th), firewood yang hic (firewood yang Oh)

smart yong awn (clever n th), velikomuch yen itza

Adjective:

NN

N

1.noun -H + -H-: karmann th

2. -OHN-, -ENN-: commissionion th, cranberriesyenn th,

! without wind nn th

3.exceptions with -JANN-: GLASSNN OUCH, TINNN OUCH, WOODNN OUCH

NS nn and you ( young th nat Uralists)

1.-IN-: goose in th

2.exception WINDN OUCH(day, person)

3. -AN- (-YAN-): skinsan th

Remember: NS n th;

bagr yang th, room yang oh, ry yang th, p yang oh, straight n th (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n uh, swi n oh si n oh, green n oh, one n oh, core n th.

In short adjectives, write as many n as in full

Tuma nn aya dal - dal tuma nn a

wind n th girl - girl in the wind n a

Communion:

N - NN IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICULARS AND SECONDARY APPENDICES

NN

N

1. There is a prefix: about seeded flour

(except for the prefix not-)

But: not asking her nn th flour

1. There is a prefix not-: not sowing n th flour

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: sowing nn and I through a sieve flour

2. No ¬: sowing n th flour

3.has a suffix -ova - / - eva-:

marin ovann cucumbers

3. Exceptions: kova n oh, chew n oh, bite n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

4. Formed from the perfective non-prescriptive verb:

Reshe nn th task (to solve - what with make?)

But: from wound nn th , wound nn th in leg fighter

! Being woundnn th, the soldier remained in the ranks.

The women immediately hung erasednn oh.(Suffering acc., Because they retain the verb meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., Calm

4. Exception: wound n oh, windy

5. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles : name nn th play, it's over nn th work.

5. When a participle changes into an adjective name, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, planted father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, finished person.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired,

unheard of, unseen, sacred,

unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, made, slow, not asleep, boastful, hammered

6. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: gold n oh, scrap n th-fracture n th, Word everything in general has value adj.(high degree of quality), not the meaning of "adj. + participle ".

7. Brief participles: the girl is spoiled n a

SHOULD BE DIFFERENT

Short adjective

Short participle

Girl raised nna (itself is a short appendix). Can be replaced with a full adjective: educated I am.

Girl raised n and in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short reason .. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.

Adverb

Short participle of the neuter

 chap.  pl.

He answered deliberately(how? how?).

Deliberately is a circumstance.

natural  cr. with

A business deliberate (what is it?) from all sides.

Considered - predicate.

Task 15. Arrange punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of the sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous terms in the sentence.

2. Determine which unions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or separating union ( and, or, or, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not put ;

if it is a double union ( both ... and; not so much ... how much; not only but; although ... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double conjunction ;

if this repeated unions , then comma is put only in front of those that are between homogeneous members ;

in front of adversarial alliances between homogeneous members always put a comma .

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16. Solve punctuation marks: include all numbers, in place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Remember:

participial answers the questions which? which? which? which? ;

gerunds answers the questions what having done? what are you doing? And denotes an additional action with a verb - predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions as? when? why?

the setting of punctuation marks in the participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

the adverbial turnover is always highlighted in the letter with commas;

homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find participles and adverbs in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies (BEFORE - is not separated by commas !!! AFTER the word being defined - is highlighted !!!).

3) Check if there are homogeneous members in the sentence with the conjunction And, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma in front of the AND conjunction.

4) .Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of a turn, this is provocation!!! Eliminate them !!!Use the technique of excluding the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the final analysis, it seems, it is unlikely, all the same, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely rare, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit decisively, nevertheless, only, ostensibly.

Task 18. Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in their place in the sentence must be commas.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to determine the incorrectly found solution, or, conversely, to confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with clauses , in them union word which is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but In the middle her, therefore no comma is placed before the union word. (1.Exclude the numbers around the word "which"

4. Attention to the union I). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

Task 19. Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in their place in the sentence must be commas.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences in a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are related.

4. Find out if the sentence is present union And , and if present in the sentence, define what it connects:

if homogeneous members , then there is a comma in front of it not put ;

if parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma in front of it put .

5. Find 2 unions next to each other: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so if, and when:

Comma between unions NOT put if the words go further in the sentence then, so, but

Comma between unions put, if no THAT, SO, BUT.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

they (argument and output) contain the main information;

therefore, among the answer options, one should look for one in which the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences is combined.

Remember the main information is given only in its direct meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICLY)

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the cause-and-effect relationship between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, union words, introductory constructions.

3. Reduce the text by crossing out secondary information (various kinds of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your proposal that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary "photographing":

if it is possible to "photograph" the entire text in one frame, this is description ;

if it is possible to "photograph" the text with a successive series of frames - this is narration ;

if the text cannot be "photographed" - it is reasoning .

3. Remember that

description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);

narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of the characters);

reasoning proves and builds according to the scheme: thesis - proof - the final conclusion.

Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Types of speech

Compositional scheme

Narration

(what happened?)

I came, I saw, I won.

report a sequence of actions or events.

Verbs are used.

Multiple frames

Exposition

Tie

Action development

Climax

5. Interchange

Description

(which?)

indicate the signs of an object, person, place, condition. Adjectives are used.

1 frame

From overall impression to detail.

Reasoning (why?)

substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.

It talks about causes and effects, events and phenomena, their ideas, assessments, feelings. - that it is impossible to photograph.

1. Thesis (thought that is being proved) →

2.arguments (proofs, examples) →

3. conclusions.

Task 22. Write out synonyms (synonymous pair) from the specified sentences. (There may be different lexical means.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. If in the task you need to find a certain lexical unit in the specified passage of text, you must

remember the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in this context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual.

Homonyms-these are words, the samesound (withpossible differentwriting) or writesania (if possibledifferent soundnii), but different in meaning.

Histories- these are outdated words that have gone out of use due to the disappearance from life of objects and phenomena that they denoted.

Neologisms- new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang up your nose, win a victory, a crying voice)

Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun (another means of communication). Write the number of this sentence.

Lexical means of communication required in task B7:

lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);

synonyms and synonymous substitutions;

contextual synonyms;

antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

unions;

personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;

adverbs;

the degree of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

The syntactic means of linking sentences include:

syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences);

parceling (removal of any part from the proposal and its registration in the form of an independent incomplete proposal);

incomplete sentences;

introductory words and sentences, addresses, rhetorical questions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronoun connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must define the relationship of the given sentence with the previous , with the one that is before the proposal you are considering .

DISCHARGES OF PRONOUNDS BY VALUE

Personal

Unit h. pl. h.

1 l. - I we

2 p. - you you

3 l. - he, she, it they

Returnable

myself

Interrogative

Relative

who, what, what, whose, which, how much, what is

Undefined

someone, something, some, some, some, some, something, someone, someone, someone, some, some, some, some, some, some, some- sometime

Negative

nobody, nothing, no, nobody, nobody, nothing

Possessive

my, your, your, our, your, his, her, them

Indicative

that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)

Definitive

all, everyone, everyone, himself, any, different, very, different

When declining some pronouns, the whole word changes: I - to me, you - to you ...

Distinguish between the categories of pronouns.

Wed Her (him, them) book- whose? - possessive pronoun.

We sawher (him, them ) - whom? - personal pronoun.

Who is the duty officer today? - interrogative pronoun.

We do not know, who duty today is a relative pronoun.

Task 24. Restore the terms missing in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive means of language presented in the sample of answers.

Divide all terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.

Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list of those terms that, according to their meaning, cannot be in the place of gaps in the text.

1. Trails - words and expressions used in a figurative sense:

epithet - figurative definition (Through wavy fog the moon sneaks in ... / А.S. Pushkin /);

impersonation - attribution of qualities, actions, emotions of a person to objects, nature, abstract concepts ( The earth sleeps in blue radiance / M.Yu. Lermontov /);

comparison - comparison of two objects or phenomena, in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice fragile on the icy river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov /);

metaphor - transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (on mountain ash bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin /);

metonymy - allegorical designation of the subject of speech, "renaming", replacing one concept with another that has a causal relationship with it ( All flags will visit us / A.S. Pushkin /);

synecdoche - a kind of metonymy, when the name of the part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);

hyperbola - excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (In a hundred thousand suns, the sunset blazed / V.V. Mayakovsky /);

litotes - excessive understatement of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (your spitz, adorable spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboyedov /);

irony - hidden mockery; the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal (Split, clever you are raving head? / I.A. Krylov /);

paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their distinctive features or an indication of characteristic features ( King of beasts/instead of a lion/);

2. Figures of speech - special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:

antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images (You are poor, You are abundant, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother - Russia! / N.A. Nekrasov /);

inversion - reverse word order (turns white lonely sail/ M.Yu. Lermontov /);

gradation - the arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Shone, burned, shone huge blue eyes);

oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);

parceling - deliberate violation of the boundaries of the proposal (It happened a long time ago. Anna had a problem. Big.);

anaphora - monotony, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait really hard. Wait when the yellow rains bring sadness, Wait when the snow is swept Wait when it's hot Wait, when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov /);

epiphora - repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent structures (I would like to know why I titular counselor? Why exactly titular counselor? / N.V. Gogol /);

a rhetorical question - a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (to be or not to be? / Shakespeare /);

rhetorical address - an emotional appeal to people who are not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);

ellipsis - the omission of the predicate, giving the speech dynamism (We villages - to ashes, hailstones - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);

lexical repetition - deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance emotionality, expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).

questioningly - response form of presentation - a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What to do? I don’t know. Who to ask for advice? Unknown.);

syntactic parallelism - the same syntactic structure of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. / M.Yu. Lermontov /);

homogeneous members of a sentence .

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words - a word or phrase used in a particular locality (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialecticism): rooster-cocks

Slang- speech of a social group, different from the general language, containing many artificial words and expressions. Jargon is different: salon, bourgeois, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. "Chuyat" - from the hunter's jargon, "amba" - from the sea.

Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on uma - name) - words that have opposite meanings: "Treachery and Love", "Only the shine is whiter, the shadow is blacker."

Archaisms(from the Greek. Archaios - ancient) - an outdated word or turn of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek. Neos - new and logos - word) - a word, newly formed, appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). The neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, "mediocrity" instead of "mediocrity".

Synonyms(from the Greek - the same name) 1) Words, different in spelling, but close (or the same) in meaning: conquer-conquer (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - adorable; hippopotamus - hippo. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that converge in meaning in the same context, these words are of an individual, situational nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); talk (murmur) of waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) foliage.

Contextual synonyms - words or a combination of words that acquire a similar meaning only in a certain context. Doing nothing is passive rest.

Phraseologism - lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, integral in meaning, a phrase reproduced in the form of a ready-made speech unit. (Frown up, win a victory, lower your head, bruise your nose, burn out with shame, grinning your teeth, sudden death, melancholy takes, bitter frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate position)

Homonyms- the same sounding words that have different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (a lot and change your decision). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) appear - words that sound the same, although they are spelled differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author's position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and convincingly expressing your own attitude to what you read. The length of the essay is at least 200 words.

To complete the task correctly, you need to know criteria for evaluating part C.

Essay writing plan - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, drawn up on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of Part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem. K-2

4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.