Acting primarily as the main space for the reproduction of the individual, everyday activity, on the one hand, is just as immutable in its purpose as labor (because without satisfying physiological and everyday needs, as well as without labor, a person cannot exist). On the other hand, it contains a certain freedom to choose a behavior option, a sequence of actions, which is a characteristic of predominantly leisure activities. Hence, everyday activity turns out to be, in fact, intermediate between work and leisure.
The material and material habitat serves to ensure the most comfortable living conditions for a person; satisfying his needs and desires; creating a warm and friendly climate. Let us also pay attention to the fact that in the past
It is necessary to learn the correct behavior, to form a culture of everyday relations.
The culture of everyday relations is traditionally understood as the rules and norms of human behavior in the non-productive material and social spheres of life. A number of components can be distinguished: food culture; culture of arrangement and organization of living quarters; housekeeping culture; culture of organizing personal (family) leisure.
Food culture first of all, it assumes a balanced diet, satisfies all the energy needs of the body. It is built taking into account gender, age, severity of labor, climatic conditions, national and individual characteristics of each person. What constitutes a food culture? Moderation in food and variety of food, a balanced diet, economic calculation in the purchase of food and adherence to the diet.
Among the most difficult and time-consuming types of human activity is Homework. If work in a specialty requires a certain range of knowledge and skills, then household chores require a wide variety of abilities and skills from a person. Here you have to be a cook and a cleaner, an artist and a dressmaker, an economist and a laundress, a teacher, a locksmith, a gardener, etc.
Household culture evolved over the centuries. Traditionally, a woman stood by the family hearth. In modern conditions, the structure and nature of domestic work is largely determined by the quantitative composition of the family, the number of children, the presence of pensioners and sick people, the age of all family members, professional employment, the level of monetary and natural income, the family microclimate, life guidelines and attitudes, the size of the living space, the level the provision of household appliances, the state of the wardrobe, the level of household amenities, the demand for goods and their supply, etc.
For a rational household, it is necessary to skillfully distribute responsibilities and types of work among family members. Even if the division of labor does not lead to a reduction in the working time, it will certainly reduce the workload. It is better to distribute work taking into account the abilities, health, experience of each family member.
It is necessary to teach children to work from an early age. In the beginning, this is a self-service job: collecting toys, cleaning your bed, washing your dishes. Over time, jobs and responsibilities become more complex, broadened and modified. Children must have a part of the economic burden. Rus-
A writer KM Simonov (1915-1979) in his autobiography described the division of labor in his parental home. From the age of 6-7, he wiped the dust, washed the floors, helped his mother wash the dishes, peeled potatoes, looked after the kerosene stove, bought bread and meat for the family. No one ever made the bed behind him or helped him dress.
URBANIZATION AND LIFE
In big cities, many people live in close proximity, remaining mostly unfamiliar with each other. The depersonalization of many everyday contacts in modern cities has become a fact of the social life of the entire modern society. Certain aspects of the urban lifestyle characterize the social life of modern society as a whole, and not just those who live in big cities.
Urbanization should be viewed as an ambiguous process, during which multilevel, multidimensional changes in the social, economic and cultural plan take place. The urbanization of the country is characterized not only and not so much by an increase in the size and number of cities, an increase in the number of the population living in them, but above all by the formation and increasingly widespread dissemination of an urban lifestyle, urban culture in the proper sense of the word.
The overwhelming majority of Russian townspeople are first or second generation immigrants from the countryside. The share of urban residents in the third generation, according to rough estimates, is less than 20%. And the descendants of pre-revolutionary townspeople are even less, for example, in Moscow - about 3%. These townspeople were literally dissolved by the huge influx of rural migrants. In small towns, where more than 15% of the townspeople live, the way of life of the population is still close to the rural one, a considerable part of the population has a sufficiently developed subsidiary farming.
Life in megacities changes a person, his perception of nature and his psyche. The urbanization process led to the destruction of previously stable traditional social ties and traditional regulatory institutions. This causes socially significant negative consequences and may turn out to be dangerous for the future of humanity. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are aggravated by such factors as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, the increase in the number of dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, and the rise in crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy are becoming more noticeable.
Hence, many modern requirements for creating a favorable living environment follow, implying: planning of residential development; planning and placement of industrial enterprises; accessibility of the natural area and ease of contact with it; improving the forms and methods of organizing leisure time; educational and health improvement work; most importantly, the city should be governed by a strong, competent government.
To create a favorable living environment, social mood, well-being, people's satisfaction with their place of residence, the ability to realize material and spiritual needs are decisive. The practice of urban development increasingly confirms the fact that social problems can be solved only on the basis of taking into account the interests of the population.
SHSHBasic concepts: everyday life, social and domestic interests, material and material environment of a person, culture of everyday relations.
1111 Terms: types of social unification and communication, interior design, housework, household chores, balanced nutrition, leisure, urbanization.
Check yourself
1) Expand the content of the concept of "everyday life". 2) What is the peculiarity of social and domestic interests in comparison with other social interests of a person? 3) On what grounds are social and domestic relations classified? What types are distinguished based on each of them? 4) What objective and subjective factors influence the development of social and domestic interests? 5) What are the main components of the material and material environment of a person? 6) What is the culture of everyday relations? 7) How does urbanization affect everyday life?
Think, discuss, do
1. Formulate a few rules in accordance with the
with which modern man will be able to rationally organize
call the material and material environment of their habitat.
2. Once one of the American banks suggested
their male depositors calculate how much money
save their wives for the family by housekeeping.
It turned out that if you pay for everything they do in ka
laundresses, cleaning ladies, nannies, cooks, then, by the most
modest prices, there would be a more significant amount,
than their husbands' salaries. Using the example given
and drawing on personal social experience, do a few
conclusions about the importance of domestic work.
3. In Germany, for more than a hundred years, there has been a law according to which
Much children are required to do their homework. Of the law
the government determines the range of work: up to 6 years old - only games; 6-
10 years - help in washing dishes, small purchases; ten-
14 years - lawn cleaning, shoe shine; 14-16 years old - work
on a personal plot. Suggest why the circle is obya
were the children's interests distributed in this way?
Why and for what purpose do you think such a law was created?
Do you think that such a law should be passed in
Russia? Explain your answer.
4. Comment on the following information: German
the family spends 12.1 hours a week just cleaning the premises
sa. This is as much as our specialists planned
for all types of households per week.
5. In Moscow in the 60s. XX century according to the plan of the enthusiasts was
the House of New Life (DNB) was built. Its creators sincerely ve
thought that he would serve as a model for new living conditions,
liberating the family from "domestic slavery". Architek
Torah placed in the house a dining room, cafe, cafeteria, department
cooking, laundry, hairdresser, club. In apartments
kitchens were not provided, a small snack was made
current for a small stove "just in case". The assumption
elk that the family will not waste time and energy at home
her cooking.
Give your opinion on the idea of the disappearance of the individual household. How do you think the DNB story ended? Substantiate your assumptions.
6. In 1972, at the XII International seminar on the problem
mothers of the family, a group of sociologists stated that modern ten
family development trends are not associated with an even distribution
sharing household responsibilities between family members, and
with the complete destruction of the household as a social
institute.
At the same time, modern processes occurring in the family show that the tendency towards individualization of family life is not weakening, but intensifying. Household work is constantly evolving towards greater rationalization and technical equipment. Household management in civilized forms will provide an individual basis for everyday life, preserve the uniqueness of the home, its uniqueness. Under favorable conditions, some types of domestic work will develop. Why do you think sociologists' expectations were not met?
Work with the source
Read an excerpt from the article "The Warmth of Homemade Pies" by modern Russian writer Larisa Kuznetsova.
A kitchen that takes a woman's time gives a lot to the family as a whole. A home lunch on Sunday brings the whole family together at the table, all sorts of goodies are on the plates, the children are dressed up, and Mom and Dad are happy. A table conversation is not a substitute for any other conversation. At the table, we not only teach children how to hold a fork and a knife, but also how to behave in general. The Sunday lunch ritual grows into a serious pedagogical action and an occasion for family consolidation ...
We are all professionals now. Intellectuals. According to the laws of some strange irony, the adjustment of our everyday life is sometimes made almost inversely dependent on the height of the intellect. Now many people know what cybernetics, synchrophasotron, and supersonic speeds are. But that milk soup does not need to be cooked under a tightly closed lid, how to start pies, bake pancakes, are often known by those who are just poorly versed in cybernetics. Surely such a bias towards intellect and professionalization is justified by the requirements of the moment and lies, as they say, in the mainstream of the century ... Aversion to domestic work, that's for sure, can poison life if a person does not tolerate this work, but cannot get rid of it. Therefore, I dare to express the idea that grief and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons, as well as because of many ambiguities, doubts and even theoretical ambiguities about how and from which side to look at everyday life.
Much in our home bustle is gradually being replaced by public service, but much remains - for the most varied reasons. Obviously, it will be so as long as the family is alive. Let's not repeat once again: everyday life is, you know, awful! It sucks so much! A poorly organized and poorly thought out life is sucked in, where there is not even a hint of mutual assistance and cooperation of efforts of adults and growing up family members, where a woman is turned into a servant. In addition, the clumsy and dissipation of both sexes are in greater everyday slavery than smart smart people whose hands are good for everything.
Kuznetsova L, The warmth of homemade pies // Be happy. -
M., 1990.- S. 272-273.
Yves Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How, according to the author, are the height of the intellect and the well-organized life connected? 2) The author writes that "grievances and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons." Give some examples to illustrate these words of the author. 3) Based on the text of the source and the paragraph, indicate what requirements the everyday life of a modern person should meet.
§ 13. Youth in modern society
Remember:
what characterizes an individual society? What are the main socio-demographic groups in modern society? What groups are called informal?
Awareness of adolescence as a special stage in a person's life, and of young people as a separate social group, occurred relatively recently by historical standards. In a traditional society, a person entered adulthood straight from childhood, without any intermediate stages. There were special rites of initiation into adulthood.
For many centuries, the experience accumulated by older generations has been passed on to young people by including them directly in labor activities, which began very early. In peasant families, children from the age of five were entrusted with feasible work. The younger ones in the family learned not so much “by speaking and listening” as by participating. Many aspects of life were strictly regulated, and even in their young years there was little room for independent and independent action. So, back in the 19th century. the choice of a spouse was not a personal matter, which concerned only young people about to get married. The preparation for marriage was regulated by relatives.
One of the first to speak about youth was the French philosopher-educator J.-J. Russo. He viewed her as a second birth of a person, thereby emphasizing the depth and significance of the changes taking place at this stage of life; in youth, the physical maturation of a person is completed, his intellect and will develop.
The scientific study of the problems of young people began about a century ago. Initially, a biological, physiological approach prevailed. The main cause of personality changes in adolescence was associated with human puberty. Gradually, more and more attention was paid to the role of social factors: the impact of the surrounding cultural environment, the nature of upbringing in the family and school, the influence of friends. It was social formation, the development of basic social roles that began to be considered as the main vector of personality development in adolescence.
Usually there are two stages on the path of growing up: adolescence and adolescence. However, the age limits for each of the stages are rather vague. In modern Russian psychology, adolescents are most often considered age
11-15 years, and early adolescence - 16-18 years, however, in some cases, the upper limit is 20 years of age. From Western psychology, the term "teenager" came to us, covering young people from 13 to 19 years old, that is, in the age indicated by the numbers ending in "teen" (thirteen-nineteen).
URBANIZATION AND LIFE
In big cities, many people live in close proximity, remaining mostly unfamiliar with each other. The depersonalization of many everyday contacts in modern cities has become a fact of the social life of the entire modern society. Certain aspects of the urban lifestyle characterize the social life of modern society as a whole, and not just those who live in big cities.
Urbanization should be viewed as an ambiguous process, during which multi-level, multifaceted changes in the social, economic, and cultural plan take place. The urbanization of the country is characterized not only and not so much by an increase in the size and number of cities, an increase in the number of the population living in them, but above all by the formation and an ever wider spread of the urban way of life, urban culture in the proper sense of the word.
The overwhelming majority of Russian townspeople are first or second generation immigrants from the countryside. The share of urban residents in the third generation, according to rough estimates, is less than 20%. And the descendants of pre-revolutionary townspeople are even less, for example, in Moscow - about 3%. These townspeople were literally dissolved by a huge influx of rural migrants. In small towns, where more than 15% of city dwellers live, the way of life of the population is still close to the rural one, a considerable part of the population has a sufficiently developed subsidiary farming.
Life in megacities changes a person, his perception of nature and his psyche. The process of urbanization has led to the destruction of previously stable traditional social ties and traditional regulatory institutions. This causes socially significant negative consequences and may turn out to be dangerous for the future of humanity. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are aggravated by such factors as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, an increase in the number of dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, and an increase in crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy are becoming more noticeable.
Hence, many modern requirements for the creation of a favorable living environment follow, implying: planning of residential development; planning and placement of industrial enterprises; accessibility of the natural area and ease of contact with it; improving the forms and methods of organizing leisure time; educational and recreational work; most importantly, the city should be governed by a strong, competent government.
To create a favorable living environment, social mood, well-being, people's satisfaction with their place of residence, the ability to realize material and spiritual needs are decisive. The practice of urban development increasingly confirms the fact that social problems can be solved only on the basis of taking into account the interests of the population.
SHSHBasic concepts: everyday life, social and everyday interests, material and material environment of a person, culture of everyday relations.
1111 Terms: types of social association and communication, interior terrier, housework, household, rational nutrition, leisure, urbanization.
Check yourself
1) Expand the content of the concept of "everyday life". 2) What is the peculiarity of social and domestic interests in comparison with other social interests of a person? 3) On what grounds are social relationships classified? What types are distinguished based on each of them? 4) What objective and subjective factors influence the development of social and domestic interests? 5) What are the main components of the material and material environment of human habitation? 6) What is the culture of everyday relations? 7) How does urbanization affect everyday life?
Think, discuss, do
1. Formulate several rules in accordance with the
which modern man will be able to rationally organize
call the material and material environment of their habitat.
2. Once one of the American banks suggested
their male depositors calculate how much money
save their wives for the family by housekeeping.
It turned out that if you pay for everything they do,
laundresses, cleaning ladies, nannies, cooks, then, by the most
modest prices, there would be a more significant amount,
than their husbands' salaries. Using the example given
and drawing on personal social experience, do a few
conclusions about the importance of domestic work.
Give your opinion on the idea of the disappearance of the individual household. How do you think the DNB story ended? Substantiate your assumptions.
6. In 1972, at the XII International Seminar on the
mothers of the family, a group of sociologists stated that modern tendencies
family development trends are not associated with an even distribution
sharing household responsibilities between family members, and
with the complete destruction of the household as a social
institute.
At the same time, modern processes taking place in the family show that the tendency towards individualization of family life is not weakening, but intensifying. Household work is constantly evolving towards greater rationalization and technical equipment. Household management in civilized forms will provide an individual basis for everyday life, preserve the uniqueness of the home, its uniqueness. Under favorable conditions, some types of domestic work will develop. Why do you think sociologists' expectations did not come true?
Work with the source
Read an excerpt from the article "The Warmth of Homemade Pies" by modern Russian writer Larisa Kuznetsova.
A kitchen that takes a woman's time gives a lot to the family as a whole. A homemade dinner, arranged on Sunday, is gathered around the table by the whole family, all sorts of goodies are on the plates, the children are dressed up, and Mom and Dad are happy. A table conversation is not a substitute for any other conversation. At the table, we not only teach children how to hold a fork and a knife, but also how to behave in general. The ritual of Sunday lunch will grow into a serious pedagogical action and an occasion for family consolidation ...
We are all professionals now. Intellectuals. According to the laws of some strange irony, the adjustment of our life is sometimes put almost in inverse dependence on the height of the intellect. Now many people know what cybernetics, synchrophasotron, and supersonic speeds are. But that milk soup does not need to be cooked under a tightly closed lid, how to start pies, bake pancakes, are more often known by those who are just poorly versed in cybernetics. Surely such a bias towards intelligence and professionalization is justified by the requirements of the moment and lies, as they say, in the mainstream of the century ... Aversion to domestic work, that's for sure, can poison life if a person does not tolerate this work, but get rid of it cannot. Therefore, I dare to express the idea that grief and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons, as well as because of many ambiguities, doubts and even theoretical ambiguities about how to which side to look at life.
Much in our home bustle is gradually being replaced by public service, but much remains - for the most varied reasons. Obviously, it will be so as long as the family is alive. Let's not repeat once again: everyday life is, you know, awful! It sucks so much! A poorly organized and poorly thought out life is sucked in, where there is not even a hint of mutual assistance and cooperation of efforts of adults and growing up family members, where a woman is turned into a servant. In addition, the clumsy and profligacy of both sexes consist in a greater everyday slavery than smart smart people whose hands are good for everything.
Kuznetsova L, The warmth of homemade pies // Be happy. -
M., 1990.- S. 272-273.
Yves Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How, according to the author, are the height of the intellect and the well-organized life connected? 2) The author writes that "grievances and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons." Give some examples to illustrate these words of the author. 3) Based on the text of the source and the paragraph, indicate what requirements the everyday life of a modern person should meet.
§ 13. Youth in modern society
Remember:
what characterizes an individual society? What are the main socio-demographic groups in modern society? What groups are called informal?
Awareness of adolescence as a special stage in a person's life, and of young people as a separate social group, occurred relatively recently by historical standards. In a traditional society, a person entered adulthood straight from childhood, without any intermediate stages. There were special rites of initiation into adulthood.
Over the course of many centuries, the experience accumulated by older generations has been passed on to young people by including them directly in labor activities, which began very early. In peasant families, children from the age of five were entrusted with feasible work. The youngest in the family learned not so much “by speaking and listening” as by participating. Many aspects of life were strictly regulated, and even in his younger years there was little room for independent and independent action. So, back in the 19th century. the choice of a spouse was not a personal matter, which concerned only young people about to get married. The preparation for marriage was regulated by relatives.
One of the first to speak about youth was the French philosopher-educator J.-J. Russo. He viewed her as a second birth of a person, thereby emphasizing the depth and significance of the changes taking place at this stage of life; in youth, the physical maturation of a person is completed, his intellect and will develop.
About a century ago, the scientific study of the problems of young people began. Initially, a biological, physiological approach prevailed. The main cause of personality changes in adolescence was associated with human puberty. Gradually, more and more attention began to be paid to the role of social factors: the impact of the surrounding cultural environment, the nature of upbringing in the family and school, the influence of friends. It was social formation, the development of basic social roles that began to be considered as the main vector of personality development in adolescence.
Usually, two stages are distinguished on the path of growing up: adolescence and adolescence. However, the age limits for each of the stages are rather vague. In modern Russian psychology, adolescence is most often considered age
11-15 years, and early adolescence - 16-18 years, however, in some cases, the upper limit is 20 years of age. From Western psychology, the term "tee nager" came to us, covering young people from 13 to 19 years old, that is, the age indicated by the numbers ending in "teen" (thirteen-nineteen).
YOUTH AS A SOCIAL GROUP
Sociologists refer to it as people between the ages of 16 and 25 (some researchers include people under 30 in it). But age boundaries are not as significant as the characteristic specific features of youth consciousness and behavior.
One of the main, according to psychologists, gains of this period is the discovery of one's own “I”. If for a teenager, first of all, external events and actions are important, then with the advent of adolescence, his inner world becomes more and more important for a person. Own thoughts and feelings become no less a reality than the surrounding reality.
A person is more and more clearly aware of his individuality, uniqueness. And if in adolescence many prevailed the desire to be like others, then in youth their own uniqueness is recognized as a value; it is developed, demonstrated.
It was already noted above that young people as a special social group began to be perceived by society only with the transition to the industrial phase of development. This was due to a number of reasons. First, the further deepening of the division of labor caused by the Industrial Revolution separated the family from the production process and the management of social processes. This made family education insufficient for mastering many social roles. Secondly, the complication of technology, the growing specialization demanded for mastering the necessary knowledge and skills to lengthen the period of general education. As a result, entry to the labor market for the majority of young people was postponed to ever later terms. Third, the growth of people's mobility, the complication of social life, the acceleration of the pace of social change led to the fact that the way of life of the older and younger generations began to differ significantly; a youth subculture arose (this will be discussed further).
The commonality of the social position is no longer children, not yet adults, the peculiarities of consciousness, lifestyle and behavior create the basis for the formation of youth communities with clearly expressed personal features.
CIVIL PERFECTION
From the age of 18, in accordance with the Constitution of our state, a citizen of Russia can independently exercise his rights and obligations in full. Today, our Basic Law guarantees everyone, as you already know, a wide range of rights and freedoms: civil and socio-economic rights (the right to property, free labor, education, health care, etc.) "political rights ( the right to association, participation in government, the right to elect and be elected), personal rights (the right to life, freedom and personal integrity, the right to freedom of movement, etc.), as well as freedom of conscience, thought and speech, mass media information.
Having reached the age of 18, a citizen can legally marry. At the same time, if there are valid reasons (pregnancy, childbirth, immediate threat to the life of one of the parties), local authorities have the right to lower the marriageable age.
Full legal capacity presupposes not only the ability to use rights, but also the need to fulfill a certain range of civic duties. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, these include: compliance with the Constitution and laws of the country, parental care for children, as well as children, if they have reached the age of 18 and are able to work, about their disabled parents, timely payment of legal taxes and fees, nature conservation, monuments history and culture. It is compulsory to obtain a basic general education. The duty of the citizens of Russia is to defend the Fatherland. The law stipulates that men - citizens of the Russian Federation between the ages of 18 and 27, who do not have the right to exemption or deferment from military service - are subject to conscription for military service.
Acquiring all the fullness of rights and obligations changes the position of a young person in society and significantly expands his opportunities. The roles of the child and adolescent are mainly related to the family (son, daughter, brother, sister, grandson), school (student), various forms of leisure activities (participant in the sports section). Later, while maintaining some of the previous social positions (son, brother, etc.), new ones appear: a student, a worker, a soldier, an elector, a member of a political party, a parent, a member of one of the public organizations and many others.
However, in adolescence, as psychologists point out, many of the new roles are not learned seriously and completely, but are, as it were, tried on, tested. Youth is peculiar to
kat, choose, try. And the older generations reserve for the young the right to make a mistake, to some rash act or a risky undertaking: "A smile for a young mistake, a bitter tear for an old one," he lived. " But such a breadth of choice of social roles and a high degree of freedom of young people have become established in society relatively recently.
Young people are often accused of infantilism (from Lat. Infantis - infantile, childish), that is, in the desire for izh-divinity, demands for the constant care of others for themselves, low criticality towards themselves and lack of responsibility for their own actions. It is obvious that such manifestations are not uncommon among young people. At the same time, the very fact that a young person acquired the fullness of civil rights and obligations indicates that society already recognizes him as a high degree of social maturity, a developed sense of responsibility, the ability to make decisions, guided not only by personal interests, but and civic feelings.
EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
A significant part of the youth are pupils and students. In addition to tens of thousands of schools, thousands of vocational schools, secondary specialized educational institutions and universities are opening doors in our country every day. More than 5 million people study in educational institutions providing vocational training for young people - almost a third of young people aged 16 to 24.
The importance of education in modern conditions is understood by many. It is considered today as the most important indicator of a person's social status. If earlier the parents linked the worthy future of their children with a successful marriage, now more and more often - with a prestigious university. In the current century, which has already been called the century of knowledge and information, education is predicted to become even more valuable.
What are the principles of education in our society? The RF Law "On Education" states that the state guarantees to citizens the accessibility and free of charge of general secondary and primary vocational education, as well as, on a competitive basis, free secondary vocational and higher education in state educational institutions.
Along with the state education system, private gymnasiums and lyceums, colleges and universities have emerged and are gaining strength. Most non-state, and also partially
state educational institutions operate on a paid, commercial basis.
The attitude to paid education in our society is ambiguous: there are those who support it, but critical assessments are also expressed. Let's consider the arguments of each of the groups. Supporters of paid education point out, first of all, the shortcomings of state educational institutions: low salaries of teachers, overcrowding of school classes and student auditoriums, which does not allow taking into account the individual characteristics of students, lack of technical means, outdated laboratory equipment. This situation is due to the fact that education gets just crumbs from the impoverished state pie. But not only this. As the experience of developed countries shows, private schools and universities in a wealthy state are more attractive and prestigious than state ones. The disadvantages of state universities and technical schools also include the fact that they are poorly focused on new specialties that are in demand on the market. The consequence of this is a high level of unemployment among graduates of vocational educational institutions: in the mid-90s. about 40% of young unemployed had higher and specialized secondary education.
Among the arguments put forward by opponents of the expansion of paid educational services, we highlight the following. The commercialization of education violates the legislatively enshrined principles of its humanization and democratization, since it destroys equality of chances in acquiring knowledge and culture, deepens property and social inequality in society. Private educational institutions in their current form are schools for the rich, and wealth in our country is often associated with power. This means that the con-word character of the school is being revived. In addition, the transformation of education into a commodity makes it difficult to access it, often leaving the capable and promising overboard. In such conditions, we are unlikely to get new Lomonosovs.
What is your position on this issue? Discuss it in class.
Many of those who happened to study at the institute at one time remember the student body as the best time in their lives. Creative activity, openness in communication, big life plans and belief in one's own strengths and capabilities paint life in optimistic tones. At the same time, not everyone, especially in the first years, manages to properly dispose of the increased degree of freedom, including in educational activities. Inability for systematic mental effort, work in fits and starts can be the cause of failure and disappointment in school.
STARTING EMPLOYMENT
During adolescence, as we have already noted, for many young people, the leading activity remains study. At the same time, the problems of choosing a future profession or direct employment are already coming to the fore. The study itself (even in the senior grades of school, not to mention a higher educational institution) is perceived not as a value in itself, but as a step towards mastering a profession.
The beginning of labor activity after graduation from school, college, institute has always been a serious test for a young man. The same is the case today.
The current situation in terms of employment opportunities for young people is very contradictory.
First, the 90s of the last century were a period of decline in domestic production, a decline in the level of wages at many state enterprises. This inevitably led to job cuts. Available vacancies do not always attract young people due to insufficient wages. The largest number of refusals occurs among young people under the age of 18 who have neither a profession nor work experience. In other words, an orientation toward high earnings is not always supported by one's own capabilities.
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Acting primarily as the main space for the reproduction of the individual, everyday activity, on the one hand, is just as immutable in its purpose as labor (because without satisfying physiological and everyday needs, as well as without labor, a person cannot exist). On the other hand, it contains a certain freedom to choose a behavior option, a sequence of actions, which is a characteristic of predominantly leisure activities. Hence, everyday activity turns out to be, in fact, intermediate between work and leisure.
The material and material habitat serves to ensure the most comfortable living conditions for a person; satisfying his needs and desires; creating a warm and friendly climate. Let us also pay attention to the fact that in the past
It is necessary to learn the correct behavior, to form a culture of everyday relations.
The culture of everyday relations is traditionally understood as the rules and norms of human behavior in the non-productive material and social spheres of life. A number of components can be distinguished: food culture; culture of arrangement and organization of living quarters; housekeeping culture; culture of organizing personal (family) leisure.
Food culture first of all, it assumes a balanced diet, satisfies all the energy needs of the body. It is built taking into account gender, age, severity of labor, climatic conditions, national and individual characteristics of each person. What constitutes a food culture? Moderation in food and variety of food, a balanced diet, economic calculation in the purchase of food and adherence to the diet.
Among the most difficult and time-consuming types of human activity is Homework. If work in a specialty requires a certain range of knowledge and skills, then household chores require a wide variety of abilities and skills from a person. Here you have to be a cook and a cleaner, an artist and a dressmaker, an economist and a laundress, a teacher, a locksmith, a gardener, etc.
Household culture evolved over the centuries. Traditionally, a woman stood by the family hearth. In modern conditions, the structure and nature of domestic work is largely determined by the quantitative composition of the family, the number of children, the presence of pensioners and sick people, the age of all family members, professional employment, the level of monetary and natural income, the family microclimate, life guidelines and attitudes, the size of the living space, the level the provision of household appliances, the state of the wardrobe, the level of household amenities, the demand for goods and their supply, etc.
For a rational household, it is necessary to skillfully distribute responsibilities and types of work among family members. Even if the division of labor does not lead to a reduction in the working time, it will certainly reduce the workload. It is better to distribute work taking into account the abilities, health, experience of each family member.
It is necessary to teach children to work from an early age. In the beginning, this is a self-service job: collecting toys, cleaning your bed, washing your dishes. Over time, jobs and responsibilities become more complex, broadened and modified. Children must have a part of the economic burden. Rus-
A writer KM Simonov (1915-1979) in his autobiography described the division of labor in his parental home. From the age of 6-7, he wiped the dust, washed the floors, helped his mother wash the dishes, peeled potatoes, looked after the kerosene stove, bought bread and meat for the family. No one ever made the bed behind him or helped him dress.
URBANIZATION AND LIFE
In big cities, many people live in close proximity, remaining mostly unfamiliar with each other. The depersonalization of many everyday contacts in modern cities has become a fact of the social life of the entire modern society. Certain aspects of the urban lifestyle characterize the social life of modern society as a whole, and not just those who live in big cities.
Urbanization should be viewed as an ambiguous process, during which multilevel, multidimensional changes in the social, economic and cultural plan take place. The urbanization of the country is characterized not only and not so much by an increase in the size and number of cities, an increase in the number of the population living in them, but above all by the formation and increasingly widespread dissemination of an urban lifestyle, urban culture in the proper sense of the word.
The overwhelming majority of Russian townspeople are first or second generation immigrants from the countryside. The share of urban residents in the third generation, according to rough estimates, is less than 20%. And the descendants of pre-revolutionary townspeople are even less, for example, in Moscow - about 3%. These townspeople were literally dissolved by the huge influx of rural migrants. In small towns, where more than 15% of the townspeople live, the way of life of the population is still close to the rural one, a considerable part of the population has a sufficiently developed subsidiary farming.
Life in megacities changes a person, his perception of nature and his psyche. The urbanization process led to the destruction of previously stable traditional social ties and traditional regulatory institutions. This causes socially significant negative consequences and may turn out to be dangerous for the future of humanity. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are aggravated by such factors as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, the increase in the number of dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, and the rise in crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy are becoming more noticeable.
Hence, many modern requirements for creating a favorable living environment follow, implying: planning of residential development; planning and placement of industrial enterprises; accessibility of the natural area and ease of contact with it; improving the forms and methods of organizing leisure time; educational and health improvement work; most importantly, the city should be governed by a strong, competent government.
To create a favorable living environment, social mood, well-being, people's satisfaction with their place of residence, the ability to realize material and spiritual needs are decisive. The practice of urban development increasingly confirms the fact that social problems can be solved only on the basis of taking into account the interests of the population.
SHSHBasic concepts: everyday life, social and domestic interests, material and material environment of a person, culture of everyday relations.
1111 Terms: types of social unification and communication, interior design, housework, household chores, balanced nutrition, leisure, urbanization.
Check yourself
1) Expand the content of the concept of "everyday life". 2) What is the peculiarity of social and domestic interests in comparison with other social interests of a person? 3) On what grounds are social and domestic relations classified? What types are distinguished based on each of them? 4) What objective and subjective factors influence the development of social and domestic interests? 5) What are the main components of the material and material environment of a person? 6) What is the culture of everyday relations? 7) How does urbanization affect everyday life?
Think, discuss, do
1. Formulate a few rules in accordance with the
with which modern man will be able to rationally organize
call the material and material environment of their habitat.
2. Once one of the American banks suggested
their male depositors calculate how much money
save their wives for the family by housekeeping.
It turned out that if you pay for everything they do in ka
laundresses, cleaning ladies, nannies, cooks, then, by the most
modest prices, there would be a more significant amount,
than their husbands' salaries. Using the example given
and drawing on personal social experience, do a few
conclusions about the importance of domestic work.
3. In Germany, for more than a hundred years, there has been a law according to which
Much children are required to do their homework. Of the law
the government determines the range of work: up to 6 years old - only games; 6-
10 years - help in washing dishes, small purchases; ten-
14 years - lawn cleaning, shoe shine; 14-16 years old - work
on a personal plot. Suggest why the circle is obya
were the children's interests distributed in this way?
Why and for what purpose do you think such a law was created?
Do you think that such a law should be passed in
Russia? Explain your answer.
4. Comment on the following information: German
the family spends 12.1 hours a week just cleaning the premises
sa. This is as much as our specialists planned
for all types of households per week.
5. In Moscow in the 60s. XX century according to the plan of the enthusiasts was
the House of New Life (DNB) was built. Its creators sincerely ve
thought that he would serve as a model for new living conditions,
liberating the family from "domestic slavery". Architek
Torah placed in the house a dining room, cafe, cafeteria, department
cooking, laundry, hairdresser, club. In apartments
kitchens were not provided, a small snack was made
current for a small stove "just in case". The assumption
elk that the family will not waste time and energy at home
her cooking.
Give your opinion on the idea of the disappearance of the individual household. How do you think the DNB story ended? Substantiate your assumptions.
6. In 1972, at the XII International seminar on the problem
mothers of the family, a group of sociologists stated that modern ten
family development trends are not associated with an even distribution
sharing household responsibilities between family members, and
with the complete destruction of the household as a social
institute.
At the same time, modern processes occurring in the family show that the tendency towards individualization of family life is not weakening, but intensifying. Household work is constantly evolving towards greater rationalization and technical equipment. Household management in civilized forms will provide an individual basis for everyday life, preserve the uniqueness of the home, its uniqueness. Under favorable conditions, some types of domestic work will develop. Why do you think sociologists' expectations were not met?
Work with the source
Read an excerpt from the article "The Warmth of Homemade Pies" by modern Russian writer Larisa Kuznetsova.
A kitchen that takes a woman's time gives a lot to the family as a whole. A home lunch on Sunday brings the whole family together at the table, all sorts of goodies are on the plates, the children are dressed up, and Mom and Dad are happy. A table conversation is not a substitute for any other conversation. At the table, we not only teach children how to hold a fork and a knife, but also how to behave in general. The Sunday lunch ritual grows into a serious pedagogical action and an occasion for family consolidation ...
We are all professionals now. Intellectuals. According to the laws of some strange irony, the adjustment of our everyday life is sometimes made almost inversely dependent on the height of the intellect. Now many people know what cybernetics, synchrophasotron, and supersonic speeds are. But that milk soup does not need to be cooked under a tightly closed lid, how to start pies, bake pancakes, are often known by those who are just poorly versed in cybernetics. Surely such a bias towards intellect and professionalization is justified by the requirements of the moment and lies, as they say, in the mainstream of the century ... Aversion to domestic work, that's for sure, can poison life if a person does not tolerate this work, but cannot get rid of it. Therefore, I dare to express the idea that grief and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons, as well as because of many ambiguities, doubts and even theoretical ambiguities about how and from which side to look at everyday life.
Much in our home bustle is gradually being replaced by public service, but much remains - for the most varied reasons. Obviously, it will be so as long as the family is alive. Let's not repeat once again: everyday life is, you know, awful! It sucks so much! A poorly organized and poorly thought out life is sucked in, where there is not even a hint of mutual assistance and cooperation of efforts of adults and growing up family members, where a woman is turned into a servant. In addition, the clumsy and dissipation of both sexes are in greater everyday slavery than smart smart people whose hands are good for everything.
Kuznetsova L, The warmth of homemade pies // Be happy. -
M., 1990.- S. 272-273.
Yves Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How, according to the author, are the height of the intellect and the well-organized life connected? 2) The author writes that "grievances and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons." Give some examples to illustrate these words of the author. 3) Based on the text of the source and the paragraph, indicate what requirements the everyday life of a modern person should meet.
§ 13. Youth in modern society
Remember:
what characterizes an individual society? What are the main socio-demographic groups in modern society? What groups are called informal?
Awareness of adolescence as a special stage in a person's life, and of young people as a separate social group, occurred relatively recently by historical standards. In a traditional society, a person entered adulthood straight from childhood, without any intermediate stages. There were special rites of initiation into adulthood.
For many centuries, the experience accumulated by older generations has been passed on to young people by including them directly in labor activities, which began very early. In peasant families, children from the age of five were entrusted with feasible work. The younger ones in the family learned not so much “by speaking and listening” as by participating. Many aspects of life were strictly regulated, and even in their young years there was little room for independent and independent action. So, back in the 19th century. the choice of a spouse was not a personal matter, which concerned only young people about to get married. The preparation for marriage was regulated by relatives.
One of the first to speak about youth was the French philosopher-educator J.-J. Russo. He viewed her as a second birth of a person, thereby emphasizing the depth and significance of the changes taking place at this stage of life; in youth, the physical maturation of a person is completed, his intellect and will develop.
The scientific study of the problems of young people began about a century ago. Initially, a biological, physiological approach prevailed. The main cause of personality changes in adolescence was associated with human puberty. Gradually, more and more attention was paid to the role of social factors: the impact of the surrounding cultural environment, the nature of upbringing in the family and school, the influence of friends. It was social formation, the development of basic social roles that began to be considered as the main vector of personality development in adolescence.
Usually there are two stages on the path of growing up: adolescence and adolescence. However, the age limits for each of the stages are rather vague. In modern Russian psychology, adolescents are most often considered age
11-15 years, and early adolescence - 16-18 years, however, in some cases, the upper limit is 20 years of age. From Western psychology, the term "teenager" came to us, covering young people from 13 to 19 years old, that is, in the age indicated by the numbers ending in "teen" (thirteen-nineteen).
The main components of the material and material environment of a person in everyday life include, first of all, dwelling and objects that ensure the comfort of a person's living.
In the broadest sense of the word, a home is a place where a person recovers after a hard day, communicates with family and friends, finds comfort and tranquility; a kind of "ecological niche" where a person is recognized and loved, provides an opportunity to hide from everyday storms and get support. Nothing in the setting should cause discomfort, annoy, interfere, or be uncomfortable. It is no coincidence that when characterizing domestic relations they use such a concept as "home".
Naturally, the main condition for the transformation of a dwelling into a home is a friendly atmosphere in the family. But it, in turn, largely depends on some objective circumstances: a modern house must meet certain requirements that provide
Normal life and family development opportunities. Security, location, provision of all utilities are planned during construction and often do not depend on the inhabitants of the dwelling.
We can not always radically change what the architect conceived and built by the builder, but it is in our power to give our home individuality, originality, make it cozy and comfortable. Comfort, mood, rest, saving time, and sometimes cash costs are largely determined by the interior decoration and arrangement of the dwelling, or its interior(from French interieur - internal), which must first of all correspond to the complex of vital needs, lifestyle, interests and tastes of a person and (or) family.
Unfortunately, today many Russian families do not have the opportunity to live in comfortable living conditions. Solving housing and domestic problems requires significant efforts of both the citizens themselves and the state.
For each person, each family, the list of things to buy is strictly individual, you should never be guided by others. We can say that each person must have the required amount of clothes and shoes for any weather, dishes, furniture, a set of household appliances in the house for normal living, but the quantity and quality of these things are determined individually. Everyone has their own level of income, their own needs and, therefore, their own expenses. It is on these grounds that the order of acquiring certain things, their need for a family, is established.
Everyday life often brings to the fore the material-material "shell" of values, reduces their spiritual content to it. Thus, many people develop a cult of consumerism, a cult of things that provide prestige. Often, exhibitions and performances are visited not for the sake of aesthetic pleasure, but in order to be known as a cultured person (and to feel that way). But the understanding of beauty cannot be bought for money, just as you cannot really be respected and loved, receiving only outward signs of attention from other people.
Substitution of values by their material carriers sometimes leads to an indifferent, scornful and mocking attitude towards the highest spiritual values and ideals of human existence. It happens that the personality itself ceases to be a value and begins to be considered as a thing. As a result, a person is absorbed by the external environment and himself becomes a thing among other things, a slave to circumstances, a toy in the hands of unknown forces. He goes with the flow, does what he has to do, because that's the way it is.
The Roman philosopher Lucius Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD) wrote: “The wise man does not like wealth, but prefers it to poverty; he does not open his heart to him, but lets him into his house. " Let's do the same: keep things out of your heart, but open the doors of your home for them. And in order to feel rich, we will limit our desires.
The set of necessary items varies depending on many factors: the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, the level of well-being, the material development of society. So, for example, your grandmother in her youth had no idea about a mixer for whipping cream, and your grandfather about an electric drill. Your parents considered these items prestigious, but for you they are already required. More technically complex and expensive things are also firmly included in household use: a food processor, a multifunctional vacuum cleaner, a VCR, an automatic washing machine, etc. These devices and devices allow us to make our life more comfortable.
So, with all the variety of specific social and domestic interests, we can say that they are associated with the non-productive material and social sphere of a person's life and are aimed at creating comfortable conditions for meeting the corresponding human needs. Of course, the idea of the level of domestic comfort largely depends on the social status of a person; the level of his claims and wealth; material well-being; the need for specific goods, etc. But the set of these objects and phenomena, in general, is quite typical and constitutes the material and material environment of a person.
HOUSEHOLD RELATIONSHIP CULTURE
Acting primarily as the main space for the reproduction of the individual, everyday activity, on the one hand, is just as immutable in its purpose as labor (because without satisfying physiological and everyday needs, as well as without labor, a person cannot exist). On the other hand, it contains a certain freedom to choose a behavior option, a sequence of actions, which is a characteristic of predominantly leisure activities. Hence, everyday activity turns out to be, in fact, intermediate between work and leisure.
The material and material habitat serves to ensure the most comfortable living conditions for a person; satisfying his needs and desires; creating a warm and friendly climate. Let us also pay attention to the fact that in the past
It is necessary to learn the correct behavior, to form a culture of everyday relations.
The culture of everyday relations is traditionally understood as the rules and norms of human behavior in the non-productive material and social spheres of life. A number of components can be distinguished: food culture; culture of arrangement and organization of living quarters; housekeeping culture; culture of organizing personal (family) leisure.
Food culture first of all, it assumes a balanced diet, satisfies all the energy needs of the body. It is built taking into account gender, age, severity of labor, climatic conditions, national and individual characteristics of each person. What constitutes a food culture? Moderation in food and variety of food, a balanced diet, economic calculation in the purchase of food and adherence to the diet.
Among the most difficult and time-consuming types of human activity is Homework. If work in a specialty requires a certain range of knowledge and skills, then household chores require a wide variety of abilities and skills from a person. Here you have to be a cook and a cleaner, an artist and a dressmaker, an economist and a laundress, a teacher, a locksmith, a gardener, etc.
Household culture evolved over the centuries. Traditionally, a woman stood by the family hearth. In modern conditions, the structure and nature of domestic work is largely determined by the quantitative composition of the family, the number of children, the presence of pensioners and sick people, the age of all family members, professional employment, the level of monetary and natural income, the family microclimate, life guidelines and attitudes, the size of the living space, the level the provision of household appliances, the state of the wardrobe, the level of household amenities, the demand for goods and their supply, etc.
For a rational household, it is necessary to skillfully distribute responsibilities and types of work among family members. Even if the division of labor does not lead to a reduction in the working time, it will certainly reduce the workload. It is better to distribute work taking into account the abilities, health, experience of each family member.
It is necessary to teach children to work from an early age. In the beginning, this is a self-service job: collecting toys, cleaning your bed, washing your dishes. Over time, jobs and responsibilities become more complex, broadened and modified. Children must have a part of the economic burden. Rus-
A writer KM Simonov (1915-1979) in his autobiography described the division of labor in his parental home. From the age of 6-7, he wiped the dust, washed the floors, helped his mother wash the dishes, peeled potatoes, looked after the kerosene stove, bought bread and meat for the family. No one ever made the bed behind him or helped him dress.
URBANIZATION AND LIFE
In big cities, many people live in close proximity, remaining mostly unfamiliar with each other. The depersonalization of many everyday contacts in modern cities has become a fact of the social life of the entire modern society. Certain aspects of the urban lifestyle characterize the social life of modern society as a whole, and not just those who live in big cities.
Urbanization should be viewed as an ambiguous process, during which multilevel, multidimensional changes in the social, economic and cultural plan take place. The urbanization of the country is characterized not only and not so much by an increase in the size and number of cities, an increase in the number of the population living in them, but above all by the formation and increasingly widespread dissemination of an urban lifestyle, urban culture in the proper sense of the word.
The overwhelming majority of Russian townspeople are first or second generation immigrants from the countryside. The share of urban residents in the third generation, according to rough estimates, is less than 20%. And the descendants of pre-revolutionary townspeople are even less, for example, in Moscow - about 3%. These townspeople were literally dissolved by the huge influx of rural migrants. In small towns, where more than 15% of the townspeople live, the way of life of the population is still close to the rural one, a considerable part of the population has a sufficiently developed subsidiary farming.
Life in megacities changes a person, his perception of nature and his psyche. The urbanization process led to the destruction of previously stable traditional social ties and traditional regulatory institutions. This causes socially significant negative consequences and may turn out to be dangerous for the future of humanity. The overcrowding of the population, the facelessness of the urban environment, the lack of proper social control are aggravated by such factors as the housing problem, the spread of mass culture, the increase in the number of dysfunctional families, the involvement of young people in various forms of deviant behavior, and the rise in crime. The alienation of people, the growth of loneliness, the lack of mercy are becoming more noticeable.
Hence, many modern requirements for creating a favorable living environment follow, implying: planning of residential development; planning and placement of industrial enterprises; accessibility of the natural area and ease of contact with it; improving the forms and methods of organizing leisure time; educational and health improvement work; most importantly, the city should be governed by a strong, competent government.
To create a favorable living environment, social mood, well-being, people's satisfaction with their place of residence, the ability to realize material and spiritual needs are decisive. The practice of urban development increasingly confirms the fact that social problems can be solved only on the basis of taking into account the interests of the population.
SHSHBasic concepts: everyday life, social and domestic interests, material and material environment of a person, culture of everyday relations.
1111 Terms: types of social unification and communication, interior design, housework, household chores, balanced nutrition, leisure, urbanization.
Check yourself
1) Expand the content of the concept of "everyday life". 2) What is the peculiarity of social and domestic interests in comparison with other social interests of a person? 3) On what grounds are social and domestic relations classified? What types are distinguished based on each of them? 4) What objective and subjective factors influence the development of social and domestic interests? 5) What are the main components of the material and material environment of a person? 6) What is the culture of everyday relations? 7) How does urbanization affect everyday life?
Think, discuss, do
1. Formulate a few rules in accordance with the
with which modern man will be able to rationally organize
call the material and material environment of their habitat.
2. Once one of the American banks suggested
their male depositors calculate how much money
save their wives for the family by housekeeping.
It turned out that if you pay for everything they do in ka
laundresses, cleaning ladies, nannies, cooks, then, by the most
modest prices, there would be a more significant amount,
than their husbands' salaries. Using the example given
and drawing on personal social experience, do a few
conclusions about the importance of domestic work.
3. In Germany, for more than a hundred years, there has been a law according to which
Much children are required to do their homework. Of the law
the government determines the range of work: up to 6 years old - only games; 6-
10 years - help in washing dishes, small purchases; ten-
14 years - lawn cleaning, shoe shine; 14-16 years old - work
on a personal plot. Suggest why the circle is obya
were the children's interests distributed in this way?
Why and for what purpose do you think such a law was created?
Do you think that such a law should be passed in
Russia? Explain your answer.
4. Comment on the following information: German
the family spends 12.1 hours a week just cleaning the premises
sa. This is as much as our specialists planned
for all types of households per week.
5. In Moscow in the 60s. XX century according to the plan of the enthusiasts was
the House of New Life (DNB) was built. Its creators sincerely ve
thought that he would serve as a model for new living conditions,
liberating the family from "domestic slavery". Architek
Torah placed in the house a dining room, cafe, cafeteria, department
cooking, laundry, hairdresser, club. In apartments
kitchens were not provided, a small snack was made
current for a small stove "just in case". The assumption
elk that the family will not waste time and energy at home
her cooking.
Give your opinion on the idea of the disappearance of the individual household. How do you think the DNB story ended? Substantiate your assumptions.
6. In 1972, at the XII International seminar on the problem
mothers of the family, a group of sociologists stated that modern ten
family development trends are not associated with an even distribution
sharing household responsibilities between family members, and
with the complete destruction of the household as a social
institute.
At the same time, modern processes occurring in the family show that the tendency towards individualization of family life is not weakening, but intensifying. Household work is constantly evolving towards greater rationalization and technical equipment. Household management in civilized forms will provide an individual basis for everyday life, preserve the uniqueness of the home, its uniqueness. Under favorable conditions, some types of domestic work will develop. Why do you think sociologists' expectations were not met?
Work with the source
Read an excerpt from the article "The Warmth of Homemade Pies" by modern Russian writer Larisa Kuznetsova.
A kitchen that takes a woman's time gives a lot to the family as a whole. A home lunch on Sunday brings the whole family together at the table, all sorts of goodies are on the plates, the children are dressed up, and Mom and Dad are happy. A table conversation is not a substitute for any other conversation. At the table, we not only teach children how to hold a fork and a knife, but also how to behave in general. The Sunday lunch ritual grows into a serious pedagogical action and an occasion for family consolidation ...
We are all professionals now. Intellectuals. According to the laws of some strange irony, the adjustment of our everyday life is sometimes made almost inversely dependent on the height of the intellect. Now many people know what cybernetics, synchrophasotron, and supersonic speeds are. But that milk soup does not need to be cooked under a tightly closed lid, how to start pies, bake pancakes, are often known by those who are just poorly versed in cybernetics. Surely such a bias towards intellect and professionalization is justified by the requirements of the moment and lies, as they say, in the mainstream of the century ... Aversion to domestic work, that's for sure, can poison life if a person does not tolerate this work, but cannot get rid of it. Therefore, I dare to express the idea that grief and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons, as well as because of many ambiguities, doubts and even theoretical ambiguities about how and from which side to look at everyday life.
Much in our home bustle is gradually being replaced by public service, but much remains - for the most varied reasons. Obviously, it will be so as long as the family is alive. Let's not repeat once again: everyday life is, you know, awful! It sucks so much! A poorly organized and poorly thought out life is sucked in, where there is not even a hint of mutual assistance and cooperation of efforts of adults and growing up family members, where a woman is turned into a servant. In addition, the clumsy and dissipation of both sexes are in greater everyday slavery than smart smart people whose hands are good for everything.
Kuznetsova L, The warmth of homemade pies // Be happy. -
M., 1990.- S. 272-273.
Yves Questions and tasks to the source. 1) How, according to the author, are the height of the intellect and the well-organized life connected? 2) The author writes that "grievances and difficulties in our everyday bustle arise not only for objective, but also for subjective reasons." Give some examples to illustrate these words of the author. 3) Based on the text of the source and the paragraph, indicate what requirements the everyday life of a modern person should meet.
§ 13. Youth in modern society
Remember:
what characterizes an individual society? What are the main socio-demographic groups in modern society? What groups are called informal?
Awareness of adolescence as a special stage in a person's life, and of young people as a separate social group, occurred relatively recently by historical standards. In a traditional society, a person entered adulthood straight from childhood, without any intermediate stages. There were special rites of initiation into adulthood.
For many centuries, the experience accumulated by older generations has been passed on to young people by including them directly in labor activities, which began very early. In peasant families, children from the age of five were entrusted with feasible work. The younger ones in the family learned not so much “by speaking and listening” as by participating. Many aspects of life were strictly regulated, and even in their young years there was little room for independent and independent action. So, back in the 19th century. the choice of a spouse was not a personal matter, which concerned only young people about to get married. The preparation for marriage was regulated by relatives.
One of the first to speak about youth was the French philosopher-educator J.-J. Russo. He viewed her as a second birth of a person, thereby emphasizing the depth and significance of the changes taking place at this stage of life; in youth, the physical maturation of a person is completed, his intellect and will develop.
The scientific study of the problems of young people began about a century ago. Initially, a biological, physiological approach prevailed. The main cause of personality changes in adolescence was associated with human puberty. Gradually, more and more attention was paid to the role of social factors: the impact of the surrounding cultural environment, the nature of upbringing in the family and school, the influence of friends. It was social formation, the development of basic social roles that began to be considered as the main vector of personality development in adolescence.
Usually there are two stages on the path of growing up: adolescence and adolescence. However, the age limits for each of the stages are rather vague. In modern Russian psychology, adolescents are most often considered age
11-15 years, and early adolescence - 16-18 years, however, in some cases, the upper limit is 20 years of age. From Western psychology, the term "teenager" came to us, covering young people from 13 to 19 years old, that is, in the age indicated by the numbers ending in "teen" (thirteen-nineteen).
