She stated that 3.5 thousand rubles “is quite enough for the minimum physiological needs. The statement of the official was removed by the correspondent of the Public Opinion publication.
Natalya Sokolova expressed her point of view during the discussion of the issue of increasing the living wage in the Saratov region.
The minister proposed to increase the living wage by 288 rubles next year, but the deputies of the Saratov Duma insisted on an increase of 500 rubles.
“I can make a menu for you based on the shops I visit, with discounts, and you will understand that you can live! Balanced [nutrition], but dietary! You will become younger, more beautiful and slimmer! Makaroshkas always cost the same! ”Sokolova said.
According to Tatiana Golikova, poverty turned out to be “one of the most difficult topics”, and “the measures implemented today to reduce poverty are not producing the desired effect.”
“Now we see that the measures that we have so far do not give us the opportunity to hold out the reduction by half,” she said in September following a government meeting.
Last but not least, according to her, this is influenced by the parameters of the macroeconomic forecast. The government is responsible for this.
The department proposed for budgetary purposes to proceed from the expectations of a decrease in economic growth in 2019 to 1.3% of GDP against 1.8% this year. Low growth is a consequence of the increase in VAT from January 1, 2019 from 18% to 20%. In the remaining two years of the three-year budget, growth will slowly recover and reach 2% in 2020.
According to the forecast, it will “reach” the world average level of 3.1% only in 2021, but only if global growth “slows down” its step from the current 3.7% to 3.2% in 2024.
“I had to learn to live on 7,500 rubles a month - social payments for children, which are provided by the state.
Six months ago I became a single mother of two children. In parting, the father of my four and a half years old boys promised to buy us a large private house, and personally to me - a spacious car so that they would not use public transport. And the main thing is to send us for life from 20 to 30 thousand rubles a month ...
In reality, I had to learn to live on 7,500 rubles a month - social payments for children, which are provided by the state.
Piece of sausage for two
"You want blood sausage too, but a whole circle is too much?"- I asked the old woman, nervously fiddling with an old fabric wallet. A nod in response.
- So, maybe we can take a circle for two and ask him to cut it in half?
- Let's. Even though I'm feasting today. Only now I received a pension - five thousand. Eh, walking is like walking: give me, girl, also 200 grams of ham for 280 rubles.
Although my monthly income is one and a half times greater than my grandmother's, I can hardly arrange such a holiday for myself. Otherwise, the children will remain hungry. But initially we came to the weekend fair for vegetables and fruits just for them.
The elder wanted persimmons and apples, the younger loves mashed potatoes with cauliflower and carrots.
Half a circle of sausage came out at 120 rubles. There are still 150 left. Now I'm smart: I keep a small amount in my wallet. When there is nothing to spend, there are fewer temptations.
An unpleasant surprise awaited at the vegetable market: yesterday cauliflower was on the shelves at 35 rubles per kilogram, and today it cost 55 rubles. Tried to negotiate a discount, if I immediately take cabbage, and carrots, and dill with parsley.
The gray-haired man, looking at me and my kids, suggested another option - to take all this at the usual price, plus half a pumpkin for free. Nobody asked her today anyway.
Five minutes later, leaving 60 rubles for cabbage, 20 for carrots, 30 for greens and having received a free delicious gift, I set off on my way. Ahead is a bread kiosk, which means that I have to withstand a deafening (by the loudness of the screams) battle for a bun.
It so happened that both of my kids, for various reasons, cannot eat everything that ordinary children eat. The list of allowed products is compressed to the required minimum, and in fact, a bun with cottage cheese should not be included there. But sometimes, when I see that the unleavened biscuits no longer bring them joy, I arrange a small holiday - I buy the coveted treat. Moreover, the price is low - only 15 rubles.
Acquaintance - cheaper
Food expenses are perhaps the only item that is not difficult for me to control. Partly "due" to the allergy of the elder, and partly my passion for cooking... Once carried away by cooking, I could no longer stop.
Porridge - wheat, oatmeal and barley - in my favorite supermarket cost no more than 15 rubles per kilogram. Canned beans - from 15 to 25 rubles for a 360-gram can, white cabbage - 8-10 rubles, carrots - 15-25 rubles. Relatives from the village send us half a rabbit every month. As well as potatoes and onions.
Once a month I buy 3 kg of beef and pork at the Hay Market. At 180-200 rubles per kilogram. Of course, you still have to look for good meat at this price, but I know a secret: I found not only "Their" sellers, but also the ideal time when prices "drop" strongly - from 12 to 14 hours.
There are fewer buyers, and the desire to go home is growing stronger.
Often good aunts themselves offer to buy goods for 30-50 rubles cheaper.
Budget vacation
The biggest expense item in my small family is utility bills. In winter, the local REP sends receipts for payments from 1,700 to 2,500 rubles for a one-room apartment. Plus 300-400 rubles for electricity, 60 rubles for gas and 30 rubles for the monthly use of the intercom.
Keeping my oldest child in kindergarten costs one thousand rubles a month. If we are sick - less. Another 500 rubles - additional drawing lessons. Last month, I had to provide "voluntary" help to the garden - I brought detergent for baby clothes to the laundry. But since there was no money for a new pack, I had to pour half of the already started house.
Fortunately, there were no complaints about this. From small, but still undermining my monthly budget, "contributions" for shoe covers, new towels, jewelry and toys, I categorically refused. At least until the financial situation in the family is evened out.
Thus, for the most necessary needs it takes me up to 6,500 thousand rubles a month. The remaining money is in the piggy bank... After all, every mother knows how sometimes autumn boots, sports uniforms can break at the wrong time, or a large pack of washing powder ends up.
Although I live in austerity, my children (and even some relatives) are not aware of this. Over the past two months we have been to the circus once - tickets are half the price of the initial price offered by a friend who received them as a gift.
We visited the local history museum twice - admission to one exhibition is from 30 to 60 rubles, children under five years old are free - and once - at a dinosaur exhibition: 150 rubles per adult and a child free of charge.
Of course, this form of "economical" leisure will seem "redneck" to someone. But, believe me, children do not suffer from this at all, because the pleasure from the knowledge gained about the history and nature of their native land is not measured in money. "
The Minister of Labor and Employment of the Saratov Region, Natalya Sokolova, said that the subsistence level is quite enough to provide "minimal physiological needs" for a month
She stated this in a conversation with a local deputy. The video of the conversation was published by the Public Opinion portal.
The conversation took place after a meeting of the Committee on Social Policy of the Regional Duma, which was about raising the living wage.
There was a dispute between the participants in the meeting about how much is enough to meet the minimum needs for a month.
Sokolova expressed the opinion that everything depends on the diet. In particular, she noted that she herself has not eaten meat for many years. And she even suggested that she could keep within seven thousand rubles, eating seasonal vegetables and fruits.
"I can make a menu for you ... Balanced, but dietary! You will become younger, prettier and slimmer! Macaros always cost the same, but kefir? It's still very cheap, even taking into account the rise in price," she said.
Also, Sokolova noted that she would buy groceries at discount stores. However, she made a reservation that after a month of diet, she would go in search of work in order to have more funds. At some point, the minister noticed that the "status of minister" does not allow her to experiment with food at the subsistence level.
Earlier, the Ministry of Labor of Russia announced its intention to increase the cost of living in the second quarter of 2018 in Russia to 10,444 rubles.
The Minister of Labor, Employment and Migration of the Saratov Region, Natalya Sokolova, was dismissed after speaking about the living wage.
RIA Novosti was informed about this by the head of the governor's press service, Nina Popova.
Earlier on YouTube, a video appeared with a recording of a dispute between Sokolova and a deputy of the regional Duma from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Nikolai Bondarenko. Politicians tried to figure out how much you can live on for a month. The official expressed the opinion that three and a half thousand rubles is quite enough "for minimal physiological needs."
Saratov Governor Valery Radaev called disdainful attitude to topics "of vital importance to people" unacceptable.
“The most severe measures will be taken towards those who forget about responsibility,” he concluded.
Subsistence minimum - the cost of a conventional consumer basket, the minimum level of income required to ensure a certain standard of living. In Russia, the annual consumer basket consists of 100 kilograms of potatoes, 126.5 kilograms of bread, pasta and cereals, 60 kilograms of fruit, 58 kilograms of meat, 210 eggs and other items. In addition to products, it includes manufactured goods and utility bills. The indicator is calculated separately for each region.
The subsistence minimum in the Saratov region in the second quarter of 2018 is 8707 rubles per capita, 7176 rubles for pensioners, 9354 rubles for the working-age population, 9022 rubles for children.
Why do ordinary people like scary movies so much? It turns out that this is an opportunity to pretend to survive your fears, to become more confident and even let off steam. And this is really so - you just need to choose an exciting horror film for yourself, which will make you care for the characters properly.
Silent Hill
The story takes place in the city of Silent Hill. Ordinary people would not even want to drive past it. But Rose Dasilva, the mother of little Sharon, is simply forced to go there. There is no other choice. She believes that this is the only way to help her daughter and save her from the psychiatric hospital. The name of the town did not come out of nowhere - Sharon constantly repeated it in her dreams. And it seems that the cure is very close, but on the way to Silent Hill, mother and daughter have a strange accident. Waking up, Rose discovers that Sharon is missing. Now the woman needs to find her daughter in a cursed city full of fears and horrors. A trailer for the film is available for viewing.
Mirrors
Former detective Ben Carson is going through hard times. After being accidentally killed, his colleagues remove him from his job at the New York City Police Department. Then the departure of his wife and children, addiction to alcohol, and now Ben is the night watchman of the burnt-out department store, left alone with his problems. Occupational therapy bears fruit over time, but one nighttime detour changes everything. Mirrors begin to threaten Ben and his family. Strange and frightening images appear in their reflection. To save the lives of his loved ones, the detective needs to understand what the mirrors want, but the problem is that Ben has never encountered mysticism.
Asylum
After the death of her husband, Kara Harding is raising her daughter alone. The woman followed in her father's footsteps and became a famous psychiatrist. She studies people with multiple personality disorder. Among them there are those who claim that there are many more of these personalities. According to Kara, this is just a cover for serial killers, so all her patients are sent to the death penalty. But one day the father shows his daughter the case of the vagrant patient Adam, which defies any rational explanation. Kara continues to insist on her theory and even tries to cure Adam, but over time, completely unexpected facts are revealed to her ...
Mike Enslin doesn't believe in an afterlife. As a horror writer, he is writing yet another book on the supernatural. It is dedicated to poltergeists living in hotels. In one of them, Mike decides to settle. The choice falls on the infamous room 1408 of the Dolphin Hotel. According to the owners of the hotel and residents of the city, evil lives in the room, killing guests. But neither that fact nor the senior manager's warning scares Mike. But in vain ... In the room, the writer will have to go through a real nightmare, from which there is only one way to get out ...
The material was prepared with the help of ivi online cinema.
Our correspondent spent four weeks on the minimum Moscow pension
I became a rogue on the instructions of the editorial board. For a month. She lived in Moscow for 12,000 rubles - this is the minimum pension in the capital.
By the way, whoever thinks that "rogue" is today's Internet meme is mistaken. Very famous people in their time were rogue. For example, Maxim Gorky.
Remember his Childhood? “The disciples ridiculed me, calling me a ragman, a rogue ...” So this word was not born at all by today's crises: it was, is, and, one must think, will always be. A rogue is a person forced to survive. Nowadays it is actual. So I was faced with the task of finding out what monthly income I need to have today in order to simply survive - one, and in order to survive without giving up too much of the usual way of life - two.
I can't say that the offer to become a rogue for a while scared me so much. To be honest, I have already lived like this more than once. And in Soviet times, and in perestroika, and in crises, from which Russia, in fact, does not really crawl out, regardless of the dollar exchange rate.
And I, like thousands of other Russians, also lost my savings, paid off loans, was on maternity leave, was the only one working in the family, and so on, and so on. And, probably, this is why the word "crisis" for me is just such an unpleasant period of time when a change in my pocket is good money, and not at all an apocalypse, as for some who have lost their diamonds today.
Being in the camp of those who think every day what to put in the cabbage soup, I plunged into the ship of forced poverty with complete calmness. It was decided to take the minimum pension in Moscow as a starting point. I proceeded from 12 thousand rubles and decided to check how long you can hold out on them, so as not to go at all with an outstretched hand.
12 thousand for a month is very little money. Therefore, I had to spend them under the strictest control.
First of all, a communal apartment
To cope with the task, I undertook to save from the very first minutes. What should have been done first? I set aside the money needed to pay utility bills. Yes, yes, this is before, when I knew that on the 10th and 25th of every month I would consistently receive a certain amount as a salary and this amount would be quite enough to survive until next month, for some reason I always did not have enough money to pay for utilities.
Any other waste, be it a large purchase, a big celebration, a trip, some kind of renovation in the apartment, always forced me to save money, first of all, on a communal apartment.
“Well, think about it,” I figured, “I’ll make two payments next month, or even three in a couple of months”. At the same time, it was never possible to save on paying for the phone - it was turned off very quickly, but it was possible to postpone the payment for electricity on the back burner, although it was quite risky. The electricity is not cut off immediately, you can sit in debt for three months, but the shutdown process itself, if I had reached this point, would have turned out to be much more unpleasant than a silenced telephone - since the connection is restored after payment immediately and without fines, but the electricity is just with a fine, which would be unpleasant to bump into.
Delay in payment for an apartment also usually ends only with the receipt of a debt receipt, in the worst case with small penalties, which is why it always seemed to me a fairly harmless thing to "intercept money" in debt from a single settlement center.
First retreat:
Anyone who thinks that in the blessed West it is quite possible to do the same procedure is deeply mistaken. An unpaid apartment can be evicted the next day after the payment is overdue.
At the same time, no one will be worried about your temporary financial difficulties, such as lack of work or, conversely, the presence of small children. As a rule, in the West, both in Europe and in the USA, by agreement with the bank, bills are paid automatically from the card, and the person is more likely to leave with a minus, that is, in fact, they will automatically receive a small loan from the bank, which, however, will then have to be returned from interest than the unpaid apartment bill will allow itself.
Paying for an apartment in the budget of a middle-class representative can take up to a third of his income ...
But even in Russia, I could afford to take such liberties with paying bills only with a much higher income than the minimum pension. Now, having limited myself to 12 thousand, I perfectly understood that my rent - 4.5 thousand rubles for a two-room apartment in a panel house located almost on the Moscow Ring Road - is a lot of money in relation to my income.
It will be enough to be overdue for a month, and I will have to starve - I will not be able to survive on 12 thousand minus 9 thousand rent in any situation, not to mention the phone and electricity bills.
So, the first thing I did was deduct 4.5 per apartment from 12 thousand income. There are 7.5 thousand left.
Farewell to the bread maker
Shock therapy continued with the exclusion from the list of the usual things in everyday life, which for many years have made my existence very pleasant, albeit a little more expensive. But against the background of normal wages, this did not seem like a waste of money to me at all.
Now, almost all household appliances were immediately put an end to. I put away in distant drawers such amenities as a bread maker with its offer to serve me hot buns for breakfast, which required turning it on for the whole night in the network, setting the timer at the right time. And along with it, a microwave oven, a multicooker and even an electric kettle.
Having cried over my own stupidity, when, instead of an ordinary gas stove, I bought a separate panel (well, not an electric one) and an electric oven, I mentally said goodbye to the latter.
And, literally already sobbing, she explained to herself that there would be no more dishwasher either. It's no secret that it is heating devices that "consume" a huge amount of energy, and besides, powder for a dishwasher is now prohibitively expensive - almost a thousand would cost me its monthly consumption.
Thus, I switched to natural gas, thank God, Russia is his homeland. As a result of such a radical sequestration, my electricity bill has lost about a thousand.
All I could afford now was charging a cell phone with my favorite gadget, and light, and not throughout the apartment, which is convenient in the evening, but only in the room where I am at the moment, and God forbid me to forget about him for the night in the bathroom or toilet.
Adding to the waste of electricity the payment for the phone, the Internet (I refused to exist without it) and the cell phone, based on the ability to send SMS and receive incoming calls, I stayed at my 7.5 minus 2 - a total of 5.5 thousand. With this money, I actually had to live a month.
It's good that, logically, as a supposed pensioner, I was entitled to a free travel card, so I allowed myself to pay for the road from non-experimental money.
Second retreat:
And what about "them"? Probably, many will be greatly surprised, but everything is even much worse for them. In the winter-autumn period, Europe, including the most blessed, from our point of view, countries, such as Great Britain, elementary freezes.
In many houses, especially in the UK, there is no central heating and people are forced to heat their apartments with additional heating devices, which are really very expensive to use. Pensioners, as a rule, cannot afford it, and not all workers can afford to live in a warm place.
Therefore, for Europe, it is considered the norm not to heat housing too much, but simply to dress very warmly while in an apartment and use an electric blanket at night.
In Switzerland, according to the stories of the Russians who have moved there, it is not considered shameful to sleep in a sweater and a hat, and for a window open for airing, you can immediately get a scolding from the landlord, who in a matter of minutes will be told by neighbors that you are wasting heat ...
Soap opera
So, I minimized expenses, paid all the necessary bills and planned to live for 5,500 days for 30 days.
However, it was still far from calculating the menu. First you had to take care of your hygiene and cleaning your home. It took another three hundred rubles for detergents and cleaning products - despite the fact that I bought half of what I needed in a store at one fixed price "all for 45 rubles."
They managed to buy 5 pieces of laundry soap, shower gel, toothpaste, cleaning agent, paper towels and washing powder for a total of 270 rubles.
Shampoo - I didn't want to save on it - cost another 150 rubles, a total of 430.
Another seventy were purchased: ammonia, hydrogen peroxide and soda. Combinations of the latter allowed me to save almost a thousand rubles on expensive stain removers and whitening products, which, no matter how much they cost, are based on the above components.
Thus, my wallet, however, lightened by another five hundred rubles, and its contents were already five thousand.
I decided to spend some more at the pharmacy, having bought in advance the cheapest medicines that could help with a sudden cold.
Instead of high-profile, expensive drugs, the price of which simply went off scale and their purchase would have pulled for two thousand rubles, I bought a penny, even taking into account the latest price increases. The cheapest antiviral drug cost 70 rubles, and in total, the wallet was lightened by 100 in the pharmacy.
Third retreat:
In the West, unlike in Russia, pharmacies do not replace clinics and a pharmacist will not work for you as a voluntary consultant on the use of any drug.
There, in order to acquire almost any medicine, even banal antibiotic nasal drops, you will first have to get a prescription from a doctor, which is associated with both the loss of money and a significant waste of time ...
Grocery tricks
"Five hundred" - you never know what will happen! - I put it off for a rainy day. The remaining 4400 were divided into four weeks. In total, I could only spend 1100 rubles on food per week.
The study of the assortment in the nearest supermarkets allowed us to make the following grocery calculation for a week: milk 5 bags of 45 rubles a liter (at this price, milk with a short shelf life in soft bags is sold, its price is about 15-20 rubles cheaper than milk in rigid packaging, which gives almost one hundred rubles of savings per week; you can store such packages without any problems in the freezer of the refrigerator) - 225 rubles.
Two packets of kefir - 90 rubles, three loaves of white bread and two loaves of black bread - 110 rubles.
A bottle of sunflower oil - 100 rubles (since one bottle is enough for a month, every next week I bought this hundred in turn: a pack of butter (110 rubles), a 250-gram pack of sour cream (85 rubles), a pack of cottage cheese (75 rubles).
Rice, buckwheat, rolled oats - a kilogram of each cereal - they took another 150 rubles from me. At the same time, all the cereals had to be selected unprocessed, long boiled. The cheapest varieties were placed on the lower shelves of supermarkets, where not everyone will notice them, if you do not look specifically, they turned out to be three times cheaper than beautifully packaged, washed, steam-treated cereals, and some - for example rice - even four times.
Potatoes, onions, carrots, beets and black radish at a price of 25 to 35 rubles per kilo cost another 200 rubles.
For sixty rubles, I managed to buy a dozen eggs.
For a hundred rubles, I asked to hang up good loose tea, but I tried not to think about coffee at all, but only persistently remembered the dangers of caffeine, so that it would not be so excruciatingly painful. Thank you also that I am not a sugar lover and I hardly eat it.
As for meat, not to mention cheese and sausage, a blessed prospect was drawn to forget about them forever. But somehow I didn't want to become a vegetarian.
Once again running through the flow chart and thinking about where to squeeze out at least another hundred, say, a half kilo of chicken breasts, I found the only bottleneck - water.
Indeed, if, for example, you do not take a bath, but confine yourself to a shower, wash the floors differently than I used to - changing the water in the bucket two or even three times, and at the rate of 10 liters for the entire cleaning, turn off the water while brushing your teeth and use the washing machine with only minimal heating of the water, then, perhaps, I can manage to scrape even a whole chicken a week.
The fourth retreat:
The middle class in Europe, as well as in the United States, by no means fattens, as many Russians dream. No one eats tons of oysters and expensive cheeses, feeding the leftovers to pets. Alas.
The middle-income European or American makes extensive use of the discount coupons he collects all week. Only in Russia is the use of discount days, hours and coupons considered the lot of losers and despised to such an extent that admitting such a degrading way of life is tantamount to shame.
For Europe, this is just the norm of existence. Moreover, they will look at you askance and give you public censure, if you allow yourself to neglect such an opportunity to save money ...
As for hot water, it’s just its economy in the regions blessed in our imagination reaches the point of absurdity. For example, for many in the West, it is considered the norm to turn on the shower for 40 seconds to moisten the body, after which, in the process of soaping it, the water turns off and turns on for another forty seconds to rinse. Otherwise expensive.
And it is expensive according to European concepts - it is not "it is impossible, but if you really want it, then you can", as it is in our country, but it is simply not possible and that is all. Therefore, we are surprised and look at how foreigners, once in Russia, can lie in a hot bath for two hours, muttering, moreover, that Russia is “a crazy country that does not know how to save money” ...
Without a cat and without sails
The social experiment, which I decided on, showed that, in principle, it is possible to survive on the minimum pension, but it is impossible to live.
Such a way of existence, when a haircut in a hairdressing salon even at "retirement" prices (in our area we managed to find a simple haircut for only 150 rubles) becomes a serious gap in the budget, it is difficult to call life.
And you can't even take a pet as a consolation, because cats are dear nowadays. Keeping a cat or a small dog will cost at least a thousand rubles a month (and without taking into account the services of a veterinarian, which may be required at any time), and this is already a very serious burden on an already meager budget.
Just don't say that living on 12 thousand a month is an extreme and now no one, well, very few people, live on that kind of money.
Do not forget with single mothers with a child, or even with two children, about loans taken out, about the far from elusive possibility of losing your job, and about many other crisis situations.
I'm not talking about people with diseases that cannot be cured with a penny syrup, and daily medication can easily leave you not only without a nest of five hundred rubles, but also without milk and tea.
Again, the situation with a poverty line of 12 thousand does not imply the purchase of clothes and shoes. It's good if your cramped circumstances are a temporary problem and the clothes you already have will be enough for you for a couple of years.
And if not? And if you have children who are rapidly growing out of everything? Not to mention the need to buy school supplies, books, toys and sweets for them.
Yes, and such "little things" as a cell phone, I considered a priori available, that is, inherited from better times.
There is no need to talk about rest at all - there would be money for seeds to plant them in the country and at the expense of the grown crop (potatoes, carrots, cabbage, berries, apples) significantly reduce food costs - and that would be happiness. And you also need to pay something for the dacha - the same electricity ...
However, in Moscow you can, if you search well, find a lot for free.
First, even if you are out of work, you may well look pretty. And for the "thank you". Indeed, many beauty centers that train students regularly invite those wishing to be models for beginners.
True, there they will cut you not as you want, but as the master needs, but they will do it for free. And they will also give a manicure, a pedicure, and cosmetic procedures, and even hair coloring (the paint, however, is yours). Moreover, you can even get professional makeup for free!
In Moscow, it is quite possible to feed yourself for free at presentations of new products, which are often held in large expensive supermarkets on weekends and in the evenings.
In Moscow, you can study for free, starting with reading the necessary books in free reading rooms of libraries and ending with free courses in foreign languages that exist at embassies and cultural centers.
In Moscow, you can save a lot on clothing or buying meat if you join the "collective use" group. Such groups order clothes or food at wholesale prices, which are half the market prices, and divide the batch among themselves.
In Moscow, you can find free large things by ad, which people give just for pickup, and get clothes at the nearest church or social center, where better-off people bring them.
In Moscow, you can buy branded cosmetics and even perfumes with a significant discount, the packaging of which is dented or torn, and thus the presentation is spoiled.
In Moscow, finally, you can always earn extra money by posting or distributing ads, live advertisements, standing with a banner on the street, or filming in a television or serial crowd.
But those who do not live in Moscow and their living wage is below 12 thousand ...
To paraphrase Lenin, it is quite possible to say that in Russia, of all the arts, the most important for us is not cinema, but the art of survival.
