Formation of the Black Sea Cossack army.

Outwardly, the political situation in the second half of the 18th century required the Russian government to take serious measures to strengthen the country's defense capability. It was necessary to find forces and means to protect the southwestern borders of the Russian Empire from the raids of the Nogai, Crimean, Tatar and other peoples. The government saw a way out of this situation in the former Zaporozhye Cossacks.

For a long time, the Zaporozhye Cossack army was a large and cheap force in the empire. Having liquidated the Sich in 1775, as a hotbed of constant numerous unrest among the Zaporozhye Cossacks, the government still needed the experience and military practice of the Cossacks, primarily in connection with the greatly aggravated Russian-Turkish relations. Already in 1783, under the influence of the intrigues of the Turkish government, a revolt of the Tatar feudal lords broke out in the Crimea. To suppress it, the government turned to the former Zaporozhye Cossacks, more precisely to the Zaporozhye foreman. A. Golovaty was instructed to recruit 1000 Cossacks to take part in suppressing the rebellion. The Cossacks were recruited from among those who remained in Russia and settled in different provinces, while those who left for Turkey formed the Transdanubian Sich (about 5,000 Cossacks) there, had nothing to do with recruiting.

Back in 1775, Potemkin, having demanded from General P.A.Tekkel lists of trustworthy foremen, kept their salaries and provisions, as D.I. Evarnitsky writes, according to wartime norms, that is, having destroyed the Sich, the government still tried to maintain support its influential elements and the Zaporozhye foremen, in order to prevent anti-government protests. And, if necessary, be able to re-use the Cossacks for the needs of the state. The Cossack elite, wishing to return the lost rights and privileges, was ready to restore the Cossack army even in the absence of Cossack liberties and strict administrative subordination to the government.

The beginning of the future Black Sea army can be considered the order of Prince G. A, Potemkin of August 20, 1787. "In order to have military teams of volunteers in the governorship of Yekaterinoslav, I entrusted the seconds-majors Sidor Bely and Anton Holovaty to collect hunters, both horse and foot for boats, from the Zaporozhye Cossacks who settled in this governorship." The name of this military contingent was different: "free Zaporozhye command", "loyal Zaporozhye army", "loyal Zaporozhye Cossacks", "loyal Cossack army" and others.

However, the latter eventually supplanted other names. The Cossacks were initially subordinate to the Main Duty of the 3rd, and then the 2nd division of the Yekaterinoslav army. They were paid a salary: privates 12 rubles a year, and kuren atamans 30 rubles.

The number of troops can only be determined relatively, since some Cossacks were constantly either on the run or in legal absences. At the end of 1787 there were 600 people, and at the end of 1788 - 1812 people.

The Cossack foreman in the person of Z. Chepega, Sidor Bely, A. Golovaty appeals to Catherine II with a request to create a new Cossack army. The moment turned out to be successful, given the current foreign policy situation, the Empress allows the creation of an army. Catherine's decree of January 22, 1788 announced the organization of an army of loyal Cossacks, in contrast to the “infidels” who left for Turkey. Lieutenant Colonel Sidor Bely was appointed the chieftain of the troops. Z. Chepega was appointed responsible for the collection of the mounted Cossacks, and Sidor Bely was responsible for the footmen.

The old division of posts was restored: the military (koshevoy) chieftain, the military judge and the military foreman (esaul, cornet, clerk) - the top leadership. Then followed the regimental foreman (dovbysh and kuren atamans), and the junior rank-and-file Cossacks and gunners.

The army consisted, as before, of horse and foot teams. It had its own rowing flotilla. The banners and regalia of the former Zaporozhye army were presented to the “army of loyal Cossacks”.

The army led by A. V. Suvorov under the command of S. Bely, A. Golovaty and Z. Chepegi participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.

In April 1788, it received the name of the Black Sea Cossack Host, for the displayed courage and loyalty.

Although on January 14, 1788, Catherine issued a decree on the allotment of lands to the Cossacks on Taman or in the Kerch Kut, at the discretion of Potemkin, initially the army was settled on the territory between the Bug and the Dniester, on the Black Sea coast, since Potemkin considered the resettlement ruinous. After the death of the prince, the Cossack foreman asked Catherine II to expand the territory of residence and provide the Cossacks with Taman and all the lands of the Kuban Territory (about 6 million dessiatines).

Considering that the lands received under the Kuchuk-Kainadzhirsky and Yassky treaties must be protected and developed, and the Cossacks could do both at the same time, as well as the reluctance of the landowners to have Cossacks as neighbors, since peasant escapes were becoming more frequent, Catherine II signed on June 30, 1792 the highest Certificate of Merit, granting the army in eternal possession, the island of Phanagoria and all the lands of the Right-Bank Kuban from the river mouth to the Ust-Labinsky redoubt, so that the border of the military lands becomes on the one side the Kuban River, and on the other the Sea of ​​Azov to the Yeisk town. In total, the Cossacks received 3 million acres of land.

The resettlement of the bulk of the Cossacks (25,000 people) occurred in the period from 1792-1793. It was carried out in two directions: through Taman and from the north across the river Yeu.

The first batch, set off on August 16 by sea, consisted of 61 boats and one yacht under the command of S. Bely. The brigadier of the Russian fleet P. Pustoshkin was assigned to escort the flotilla to Taman. On May 25, the Cossacks reached Taman. The number of arrivals was 3247, although it is difficult to establish precisely.

The second batch of immigrants, under the command of Colonel T. Kordovskiy, moved by dry route and, consisting of 600 people, arrived at Taman on September 4.

On September 2, 1792, Koshevoy Ataman Z. Chepega set out on a campaign together with the marching Holy Trinity Church and the military government. 2063 people took part in the campaign, but a little more arrived, as a result of the replenishment of the detachment on the way. On October 23, the detachment reached the Khan town (Yeysk), and, having overwintered, in the spring of 1793 reached the Kuban River.

In 1793, military judge A. Golovaty arrived in the Kuban with a detachment of 5 thousand people.

The last to arrive from Hajibey were 1,000 people under the command of Esaul Chernenko. The socio-economic development of the lands given to them by the Cossacks begins.

About 40 kurens were founded, which received the former Sich names: Vasyurinsky, Derevyankovsky, Dinskoy, Bryukhovetsky and others. Places for kurens were chosen by lot. Each kuren had two chieftains of a village and a kuren. Out of 40, only two kurens received new names - Ekaterinovsky and Berezansky.

The future location of the kurens was chosen by foremen under the leadership of Z. Chepega, although then their location changed due to an unsuccessful initial choice.

The population of the kurens was small; according to the census of the beginning of 1794, 12,645 people lived in 40 kurens (of which 43% were Cossacks), in 1795 there were 25,000 souls of both sexes (17,000 men).

To protect the borders of such a number of Cossacks was not enough, so the government decides to resettle here and Little Russian Cossacks from the Poltava and Chernigov provinces. The first resettlement took place in 1809-1811. In subsequent years, the Kuban line from the mouth of the Laba to Stavropol was inhabited by the Don Cossacks, who made up the line army. The Cossacks of the former Yekaterinoslav army (3000 people) were relocated to the Kuban line back in 1802. In 1828 the Khoper Cossacks were resettled to the Kuban. They all founded their own villages. The fugitive peasants also constantly replenished the population of the Kuban, no matter how the government fought against this. The attitude of the Black Sea administration to the fugitives was ambiguous: it could not ignore the instructions of the authorities to ban the admission of fugitives, and at the same time looked at the enrollment of fugitives in the Cossacks, as it was interested in population growth and the use of cheap labor. Yes, and the government itself, on the one hand, defended the interests of the landlords, and on the other hand, it was interested in the growth of the military population, at least at the expense of fugitive peasants. In 1793, on August 15, the Military Government decided to erect "the main city of Yekaterinodar, build 40 kurens and a military government in it." It was decided to name the city in honor of the “Great Empress Empress Catherine Alekseevna”. The site was chosen Karasunsky kut. E. D. Felitsin and V. S. Shalgrai indicate the date of foundation of Yekaterinodar - November 24, 1793. On January 1, 1794, the military orders adopted the "Order of the Common Benefit" - a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use of the Black Sea Cossack army. The name and status of the city were officially fixed in it. On March 17, 1794, 4 annual fairs were established in the city, on September 18, 1794, the demarcation of the city began.

In 1794, there were 9 houses, 75 huts, 154 dugouts in Yekaterinodar. 42 Cossacks had no housing. In 1802, a military cathedral was consecrated, and in 1803 the first school was opened, in 1806 it was transformed into a school. In January 1805, the population of Yekaterinodar was 1,710 people (1108 men and 602 women). The city grew and developed.

The highest power at the local level in the Black Sea region, which constituted a special administrative-territorial unit subordinate to the Tavricheskiy governor, was in the hands of the military government. It was headed by an ataman, a judge and a clerk. The military council was abolished in accordance with the "Order of the common good" in the Black Sea region, 5 districts were allocated: Yekaterinodar, Fanagoria, Beisugsky, Yeysky, Grigorievsky. Their boundaries were conditional. District boards were located in kuren villages.

From the very beginning of its existence, the military administration was under the strict control of the military and civilian authorities.

In 1796, the government of Paul I reorganized the Tauride province and included the Black Sea region in the Rostov district of the Novorossiysk province.

The management structure was also changed: the military government was abolished and a military chancellery was created, subordinate to the governor.

Since 1802, the military chancellery began to be subordinate to the civilian unit, the senate, and to the military-military collegium.

In 1802, the Novorossiysk province split into three: Tavricheskaya, Nikolaevskaya, Ekaterinoslavskaya. Chernomoria became part of the Tauride province.

The administrative-territorial structure also underwent changes in 1802: on May 20, 1802, the troops divided the land into Yekaterinodar, Beisugskoe, Yeisk and Taman detective authorities. In 1820, Chernomoria became part of the Caucasian province and is subordinate to the head of the Separate Caucasian Corps, General A.P. Ermolov.

In 1827 Chernomoria became part of the Caucasian region.

Since 1842, Chernomoria has been divided into three districts: Taman, Yekaterinodar and Yeisk.

The economic development of the region began with the expansion of agricultural areas, although for some time cattle breeding remained the leading branch of the economy. They raised cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Black Sea horses, unlike mountain horses, were distinguished not so much by their beauty as by their endurance and unpretentiousness. The beef breed of cattle bred from Zaporozhye was known far beyond the Black Sea region. Non-pedigree sheep, hardy and fertile, were also famous, fine-wool sheep breeding developed poorly.

Arable farming initially played a secondary, subsidiary role. Due to the lack of use of the fallow and transfer system, the yields were not great. Crop rotation was not yet applied at that time. The settlers adopted the experience of farming from the local peoples. They grew wheat, rye, millet, buckwheat, oats, barley, peas.

Initially, bread went mainly for their own needs, and the surplus was sold only in very productive years, but gradually the crops increased. Gardening developed. Fruit trees and vineyards exported from Crimea became widespread. They were engaged in the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, melons and potatoes. Fibrous crops were also grown - hemp and flax, from which various oils and yarn (hemp) were made. Beekeeping was well developed, the products of which were used for their own needs and for sale.

The industry developed slowly and was represented mainly by handicraft production. Each village had its own blacksmiths, carpenters, weavers, shoemakers, etc. Combined-arms operations included the extraction of oil and salt, which was carried out by hand and was often outsourced to private individuals. Salt was mined in the lakes by special Cossack teams. Fishing was widespread, especially in the spring, when the fish went to spawn. Fishing in the waters assigned to the army was duty-free, although the Cossacks had to acquire fishing rights from the military government.

Trade was very poorly developed and in the early years was mainly of an exchange nature. However, as already mentioned, in 1794, 4 fairs and several barter houses were opened. The gradual revival of trade promoted the development of commodity-money relations and overcoming the isolation of the Cossack and mountain economy. This reinforced the already existing social differentiation.

Taken from here

After the annexation of the Right-Bank Kuban to Russia in 1783 and the legal consolidation of the new border along the Kuban River by the Yass Treaty (1791), the tsarist government decided to populate this region with Cossacks for the development of lands and protection from external invasion. With a diploma dated June 30, 1792 Empress Catherine II bestowed the Kuban lands to the Black Sea Cossack army, formed in 1787 from the former Zaporozhians. The Black Sea Cossacks received about 3 million acres of land stretching between the Kuban and Eya rivers, the Black and Azov seas and the mouth of the Laba. According to eyewitnesses, "the region was an unseen stock of natural resources that could be used with the help of modest expenditures of labor and capital. A favorable climate, deep rivers and fertile land promised material well-being."

The tsarist charter emphasized that the Cossacks receive lands "in full possession and disposal" for "diligent and zealous service, for inviolable loyalty, strict obedience and meritorious behavior, for brave and courageous deeds on land and water." He was also ordered to protect the southern Russian borders and the development of the Kuban lands.

The resettlement of the Black Sea residents from beyond the Bug to the Kuban took place in two ways: by sea and by land. In August 1792, foot Cossacks led by Colonel Savva Belyi were the first to arrive on rowing ships across the Black Sea and landed on the Taman Peninsula. Koshevoy ataman Zakhary Alekseevich Chepiga walked with cavalry regiments, family Cossacks and military property overland. He arrived on the Kuban land in late autumn and spent the winter in the Yeisk fortification. The remaining Black Sea residents were gathered and brought in the next, in 1793, to the new lands by the military judge Anton Vasilyevich Golovaty. In total, 17 thousand of the former Cossacks moved to the Kuban, who then formed the basis of the Black Sea army.

In the spring of 1793, the Cossacks began to fortify the Kuban border with cordons and build kurens (villages). They tried to transfer the way of life in the Zaporizhzhya Sich to new lands. In the center of the kuren, as a rule, there was a maidan (square), where the Cossacks gathered to solve their common affairs. On the Maidan, a military church was erected, in which, according to custom, were kept the Cossack regalia received "on the field of honest services to the state" and testifying "to the valiant service and bravery of the ancestors."

The Chernomorski even outwardly looked very much like their Zaporozhian ancestors: a long drooping mustache, a shaved head, a shaved head behind the ear, a shirt, wide trousers, boots. In winter they wore a high fur hat with a red top, wide trousers, and sheepskin coats. Horse Cossacks were armed with rifles, pistols, melee weapons - checkers and pikes. Many of them were skilled warriors, shooting accurately at targets from a horse at full gallop and even by ear in the dark. A battle horse, together with weapons, was the main wealth of the Cossack.

The newly founded settlements retained the old names of 38 Zaporizhzhya kurens (Baturinsky, Vasyurinsky, Dinsky, Umansky, Shcherbinovsky, etc.) and were supplemented by two new ones: Catherine's, in honor of Empress Catherine II, and Berezansky - in memory of the feat of the Cossacks on the Black Sea - the capture of the fortress on the island of Berezan by the Turks. Thus, in the Kuban, the Black Sea men founded 40 settlements (villages).

At the same time, the Kuban line, from the mouth of the Laba to Stavropol, was inhabited by the Don Cossacks, who made up the Line Army. They founded here the villages of Vorovskoleskaya, Prochnokopskaya, Kavkazskaya, etc.

Cossack kurens on the Black Sea coast were distributed in such a way that, along with the development of land, the Russian border along the Kuban River was strengthened (see the map "Kuban lands at the end of the 18th century"). The temporary settlements of the Cossacks were equipped with earthen ramparts, wicker fences and cannons.

In the fall of 1793, the Cossacks founded the military city of Yekaterinodar on the banks of the Kuban, which became the military-administrative center of Chernomoria and got its name in honor of St. Catherine. Its construction began on the territory of the Karasunsky kut (the area of ​​the M. Gorky park and the former Regional Hospital). To the south, opposite the bend of the Kuban River, a fortress was founded, which resembled the former Sich. The fortress housed a military administration with barracks for accommodating kuren atamans, homeless and elderly Cossacks.

Yekaterinodar was built up strictly according to the plan, which allowed the city to maintain the straightness of the streets and quarters. Already in 1794 in the capital of the Black Sea region there were 9 brick houses, 75 huts, and the population reached 580 people.

The tsarist government granted land to the landowners in the Kuban. They transported serfs from the central regions of Russia to new places, but such relocations did not meet the hopes of the owners.

More significant was the flow of fugitives from central Russia. They were attracted by the fertile land, mild climate and freedom. But they encountered numerous obstacles in obtaining land. It was necessary to overcome difficulties in the development of virgin lands. The local administration tried to stop such relocations, to catch the fugitives and return them to their old places. However, this attempt was unsuccessful.

Many problems associated with the development of the Kuban, the organization of the life and social life of the settlers, the management of the Black Sea army remained unresolved.

The beginning of 1794 was marked by a general meeting of the military foreman in Yekaterinodar, at which the order of commanding the army was discussed. Some forms of government used in the Zaporizhzhya Sich turned out to be outdated and inapplicable in the Black Sea region.

The meeting adopted a document called "The Order of the Common Benefit", according to which a military government was approved in the Black Sea army, which consisted of a kosh chieftain, a military judge and a clerk. The entire Black Sea region was divided into five districts (Yekaterinodar, Fanagoria, Beisugsky, Yeysky, Grigorievsky), for which colonels were appointed. All military and civil affairs were concentrated in the government.

The historically established Cossack self-government has undergone changes. The Military Rada was abolished, all questions of internal life were now decided by the Military Government, which was subordinate to the Tauride provincial government.

Cossack self-government was preserved only in kurens. At a general meeting, the Black Sea residents solved their local problems, elected chieftains. The village chieftain was engaged in civil affairs, the kurennaya - in the military. However, the solution of land and judicial issues, orders for service were transferred to the higher Cossack administration. The atamans were subordinate to the district government.

In accordance with the "Order of General Benefit" the Cossack received a land allotment, a salary and various benefits for military service. The land was given to him for life use with the right of inheritance, but without the right of alienation. The foreman secured a privileged property position, (land holdings became inviolable) received "open sheets" for land and the right to be allocated for the farm.

All of the above was the political and economic basis of the life of the Cossacks. The settlement of the Kuban by the Black Sea people, the organization of military service, civil self-government and the life of immigrants, the creation of economic and social relations on the principles of Cossack democracy made it possible to quickly and efficiently for that time carry out the economic development of the region and reliably strengthen the southern borders of Russia.

There was a Russian-Iranian war. In 1796, two regiments of the Black Sea Cossacks, 500 men each. headed by military judge D. Golovaty were sent to the troops of the Caspian flotilla.

The regiments were selected "the most serviceable and reliable Cossacks and zealous foremen" who could fight on foot, and carry out naval service on boats, and "join the ranks of the cavalry."

The pedestrian passage of the Cossacks began on February 26, 1796 from the Ust-Labinsk fortress to Astrakhan. It was 757 versts. Then they were transported to Baku on the ships of the Caspian Flotilla, but the Cossacks were not involved in hostilities. Their strength was often spent on unnecessary movement and overwhelming physical work. Cossacks packed food in piles, unloaded transport ships, supplied food to the army corps along the Kura River, chopped wood for firewood and for the construction of batteries. They were sent to private household jobs to gentlemen Akhmatov and the brother of Catherine II's favorite V. Zubov. The military foreman weighed, measured, counted ordinary Cossacks and kept them on a half-starved ration. She was selling Cossack provisions. So, for example, Nikita Sobakar claimed that the Cossack foreman in Baku received 1,700 rubles for the food sold to the Persians, and 700 rubles for the portioned vodka. She also concealed from the Cossacks 16 thousand rubles, which they earned on government jobs.

Illness began among the Cossacks, mortality increased. In the Persian campaign, up to half of the Cossacks perished. A. Golovaty also died of illness. Colonel I. Chernyshev took command of the Black Sea regiments.

Exhausted and exhausted Cossacks returned home only on July 22, 1797. They were met at the fortress tower of Yekaterinodar by a member of the military board K. Kordovsky, together with a group of foremen and chieftains. The archpriest with the clergy served a thanksgiving prayer service at the church. Then the order was given to the Cossacks to disperse to the kurens.

However, the Cossacks, offended by the attitude towards them and the aimless campaign, refused to obey the order. They demanded "satisfaction for all the grievances suffered in the Persian campaign." The next day, the Cossacks filed a petition with the Military Board, in which they sought monetary compensation for deductions from salaries, payment for transporting things, for non-payment of money earned from the treasury and for provisions sold by the foreman.

But the ataman T. Kotlyarevsky perceived the petition as a riot. He refused to comply with the requirements of the Cossacks, ordered the arrest of the leaders of the delegation.

According to the testimony of Lieutenant General Markov, who inspected the fortifications of the Black Sea army in April 1798, "the whole disorder, then called a" riot ", occurred through the fault of the ataman T. Kotlyarevsky, who did not satisfy the requests of the Cossacks who returned from the Persian campaign.

In early August, the unrest of the Cossacks escalated into a riot. Ordinary Cossacks joined the participants of the Persian campaign. The insurgents replaced the atamans on the ground, removed a number of officials in the Army Administration. In their place, they chose the Cossacks from among the rebels. So, Fyodor Dikun was elected to the post of military esaul, Osip Shmalko - military gunner, Nikita Sobakar - superintendent of the exchange yard in Yekaterinodar. Among the nicknames stood out F. Dikun - a young Cossack from the village of Vasyurinskaya. He enjoyed great prestige among ordinary Cossacks for his firmness and fair character, endurance and courage. The insurgent Cossacks found like-minded people among the foremen and clergy, however, very few. So, N. Sobakar was a foreman, Dubovitsky was a priest. The latter gave advice, instructions, blessed the Cossacks.

The main demand put forward by the mutinous Cossacks is to restore elective positions in the Black Sea army. The fact is that in 1797 Paul I forbade the election of atamans and appointed T. Kotlyarevsky, who was hated by the Cossacks, as a military ataman.

The rebels put forward demands: to return the lands taken from them by the officers, to allow them to cut wood along with the foreman, to reduce duties for fishing and salt extraction. From 5 to 12 August 1797, power in Yekaterinodar was in the hands of the rebels. Ataman T. Kotlyarevsky fled in fear to the Ust-Labinsk fortress. The rule of the Black Sea army passed to the rebels led by F. Dikun. He established strict order in the city, which was maintained by the detachments of the Cossacks who patrolled the streets. The perpetrators of violations were punished.

The displaced military government was in confusion and fear. T. Kotlyarevsky asked the high command to send troops to "pacify the rioters." However, Colonel Puzyrevsky, sent from St. Petersburg, offered to use a trick: to send the leaders of the riot to the capital to file a complaint with the emperor, and then deal with the rebels. The idea was a success. F. Dikun and all the Cossacks believed the colonel, who convinced them that the emperor would sort out all grievances and satisfy the demands of the rebels. At the insistence of Puzyrevsky, F. Dikun ordered the Cossacks to disperse to their places before his return from St. Petersburg.

On August 12, 14 Cossacks, led by the new ataman of the Black Sea army F. Dikun, left for the capital. The next day, repressions began in Yekaterinodar. The participants in the riot were arrested. They were kept in the open and poorly fed.

The Cossacks of the village of Dzherelievskaya decided to release the arrested Cossacks from the pore. They linked up with detachments from the villages of Poltava and Ivanovskaya and waited for the approach of the Cossacks from other places. From the report of Major Bely it is clear that the participants in the campaign of 200 people reached the village of Myshastovskaya, which was located 40 km from Yekaterinodar. However, they were not supported by the Cossacks of other villages.

The fate of the Cossack delegation that went to St. Petersburg with a letter was tragic. They arrived at the imperial palace on September 7, 1797, waited for a long time to be received by Paul I. But the arriving guard arrested them and escorted them to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The investigation lasted three years. The riot participants were sentenced to death by hanging. But Paul 1, fearing new unrest among the Cossacks, softened the sentence. In the tsar's decree of August 28, 1800, the leaders of the speech of F. Dikun, O. Shmalko, N. Sobakar, I. Polovoy were commanded to be whipped, branded and sent to Siberia to hard labor; other participants "leave unpunished free". Of the 222 arrested participants in the Persian riot, 55 had already died by the time the verdict was pronounced. The large number of deaths is due to the terrible maintenance of prisoners in prisons. The survivors were released.

F. Dikun died under mysterious circumstances on the way from St. Petersburg to his homeland, where he was to be subjected to shameful punishment. O. Shmalko died in prison in Yekaterinodar, N. Sobakar and I. Polovoy were sent to Siberia.

Thus ended the Persian riot of the Black Sea Cossacks in 1.797-1800. The spontaneity of the speech, firm belief in the just decision of Emperor Paul I led to defeat.

The riot became a bright episode in the history of the Black Sea Cossacks. This speech was, according to F. Shcherbina, the swan song of the Black Sea people about the Cossack will and democratic order.

The "Order of the Common Benefit" was adopted, the Ekaterinodar District Court was established, Yu.S. was born. Grechko, a Cooperative Market was organized, etc.

1794 year. The "Order of Common Benefit" was adopted - a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use in the Black Sea Cossack army. In this act, the name and status of the city were officially fixed: it was recorded, in particular, that it was decided to arrange a military residence in the Karasunsky kut in the Kuban and call it “the city of Yekaterinodar”. In addition, the entire territory of the Black Sea region was divided into five districts, including Ekatsrinodar. The Yekaterinodar district government was assigned a seal (with the image of a Cossack who planted a ratification in the ground), which, obviously, can be considered the first seal associated with the name of the city.

1848 year... In Yekaterinodar, a land survey commission began to work, created on the basis of the "Rules on the demarcation of the lands of the Black Sea Cossack army of April 12, 1847. Lieutenant Colonel of the General Staff for the corps of topographers Pyotr Vasilyevich Nemirovich-Danchenko was appointed its chairman. One of the first actions of the land survey commission was the drawing up of plans for the city of Yekaterinodar.

1867 year... The population of Yekaterinodar was 14 167 people, including the Cossack class 9632, other classes 4535. Educational institutions in the city: spiritual, parish, Yeisk district (temporarily transferred from Yeisk due to lack of premises), Mariinskoe female, Pospolitakinskoe female, Dmitrievskoe parish , Armenian-Gregorian; an artillery and two music schools, as well as a school for military bandmasters. There were already three pharmacies: military, free (private) and prison. There was also a "telegraph office" in the city.

1871 year... Established. Abolished in 1920.

1876 The Ekaterinodar Mutual Credit Society, the first in the city, was opened. The initiator of the creation of this banking institution was the notary of the Yekaterinodar District Court F.U. Palimpsestov. Initially, the society united nine people - representatives of the Yekaterinodar bourgeoisie and had a fixed capital of 13,050 rubles. V. I. Kanatov - chairman, F. U. Palimpsestov and P. I. Yakuninsky - directors were elected to the board. In accordance with the charter, members of the society could put their savings in it and receive a loan for trade and industrial transactions with the contribution of 10% to the fixed capital fund. The management of affairs was carried out by the general meeting, council, board and selection committee. The general meeting was convened once a year, elected the chairman, board members, deputies to the council, members of the audit commission, approved expenses and receipts, and distributed profits. The council of the company consisted of six deputies, elected for three years, the chairman of the board and directors. The admissions committee considered applications for joining the society.

1882 year. The first in the region private newspaper "Kuban" (public, literary and political) began to be published. Editor-publisher N.G. Moiseenko. She came out one to two times a week, published a lot of local history material. Its last issue was published on October 1, 1885, and until 1905 no private newspapers were published in the city.

1886 year... The population of Yekaterinodar is 37,871 people (21,468 men and 16,403 women). Over the past year, it has increased by more than 6 thousand people, and about half of the increase was due to nonresident who came to work (2976 people). The natural increase during this time was 260 people.

1895 year... The population of Yekaterinodar was 79,327 people, including 47,789 indigenous people, 10,024 nonresident who have settled (that is, owning real estate) and 21 514 who have no settled. The estate composition of the population: 2377 nobles, 173 clergy, 305 honorary citizens, 2021 merchants, 52,732 bourgeoisie, 9331 peasants, 11 986 Cossacks. In addition, 350 foreign nationals, 27 highlanders and 34 representatives of other groups of the population lived in the city.

1914 year. The first issue of the weekly military-public and literary magazine "Kuban Cossack Bulletin" (1914-1917) was published. The magazine was a continuation of the "Kuban Cossack List", published in 1911-1912. as an appendix to the “Kuban regional vedomosti”, and in 1912 independently, and had the right direction. Since 1916 it bore the subtitle "Military Church-Social and Literary Magazine". Its editor was E. S. Orlov.

1922 year. An exhibition of Japanese prints has opened on Krasnaya Street "under the Winter Theater". It was organized by the professors of the Pedagogical Institute G.G. Grigor and R.K. The exhibition featured 200 exhibits, most of them originals: engravings, silk sewing, carpets, and porcelain. Some of the engravings were kept in an art gallery, others were taken by the Cheka from among those selected during the period of "infringement of the bourgeoisie" (among them are works from the private collection of N. I. Vorobyov, brother of the famous mineralogist V. I. Vorobyov). Art lovers could see the wonderful works of representatives of the Japanese school of painting and woodcut ukiyo-e Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) and Kitagawa Utamaro (1753/54? -1806), the creator of exquisitely poetic female images ... Subsequently, in 1924, these engravings came to the fund of the art museum and are kept there to this day. After being restored at the end of the 1970s in the I.E. Grabar Central Art Studios (Moscow), they were repeatedly and with constant success exhibited in Krasnodar (including in 1982, 1983, 1988, 1990); in 1980 exhibited at the Moscow Olympic Games; have also visited many prestigious exhibitions in Tallinn, Kiev, Chisinau, Elista, and abroad.

The year is 1948. Yu.S. was born. Grechko, poet, journalist. Member of the Writers' Union of the USSR. Member of the Union of Russian Writers. Laureate of the All-Union Literary Prize named after M. Gorky. Author of the books: "Ferry through the summer" (Krasnodar, 1979), "Draft version" (Moscow, 1983), "Earth foundations" (Krasnodar, 1988), "View from the slope" (Krasnodar, 2004).

1960 The "Chaika" porcelain factory was put into operation, the construction of which was started in 1956. A group of workers (50 people) had preliminary training at the Leningrad Research Ceramic Institute, and then practice at the Dulevo Porcelain Factory. So the core of the team was formed, which was to master this new production for Krasnodar. In March 1960 the enterprise produced the first batch of porcelain dishes, in 1964 it began to produce earthenware products, and already in 1966 an exhibition and sale of Kuban porcelain was held not only in the regional center, but also in Moscow. The "Seagull" also gained wide popularity thanks to unique art products (exhibition services of L. N. Pavlova "Zori Kuban", "Lunny", etc.), exhibited at various exhibitions; in the 1960s, an art school was formed here, through which many remarkable masters have passed. It should be noted that in the future, ceramics found application in the design of public buildings in Krasnodar (reliefs by A. A. Apollonov "Medicine" above the entrance to the pharmacy No. 4, "Seasons" - a frieze of the facade of the former regional exhibition of achievements of the national economy; S.N. Demkina at the Tekstilshchik Palace of Culture, etc.).

1961 year. The New Market was abolished, a Cooperative Market was organized on its territory.

1. Calendar of significant dates for the Krasnodar Territory for 2013 / Krasnodar. edges. universal scientific. b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin; department of local history; [comp. G.E. Khlopatnev]. - Krasnodar, 2012 .-- 120 p.
2. Calendar of significant dates for the Krasnodar Territory for 2012 / Krasnodar. edges. universal scientific. b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin; [comp. G. Ye. Khlopatneva]. - Krasnodar, 2011.
3. Calendar of significant dates for the Krasnodar Territory for 2011 / Krasnodar. edges. station wagon. scientific. b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin, Dept. local history; [comp. G. Ye. Khlopatneva]. - Krasnodar, 2010.
4. History of the Kuban in dates, events, facts / V. N. Ratushnyak. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - Krasnodar: Tradition, 2010 .-- 432 p. ISBN 978-5-903578-93-1
5. Ekaterinodar-Krasnodar: Two centuries of the city in dates, events, memories ... Materials for the Chronicle.-Krasnodar: Book. publishing house, 1993.
6. Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945: declassified documents; chronicle of events: in 2 books. / Control. for the archives of the Krasnodar Territory; Exercise Feder. the security services of Russia in the Krasnodar Territory; Center for Documentation of the Contemporary History of Krasnodar Region; State archive of the Krasnodar Territory; comp. A.M. Belyaev, I.Yu. Cooper. - 3rd ed. - Krasnodar: Range-B, 2011. - (History without myths).

5. Settlement of the Right-Bank Kuban by Cossacks

17 thousand former Zaporozhye Cossacks, who moved in the early years, took up the strengthening of the cordon line and the construction of kurens (villages). According to F. A. Shcherbina, 7,860 men and 6,514 women settled on 24 cordons. On August 15, 1793, the military government decided to erect the military city of Yekaterinodar in memory of the empress, and immediately the construction of a military fortress began in Karasunsky kut (in the area of ​​the modern city park named after Gorky). A year later, there were 9 houses and 75 huts in the fortress, in which 580 people lived. At a meeting of rural chieftains convened in Yekaterinodar, the places of settlement of 40 kurens were determined by lot (in 1842 they were renamed into stanitsa). In October 1794, a plan was approved for laying out kurens. It was ordered to equip the Cossack courtyard in kurens with a length of 40 and a width of 20 three-arshin fathoms, providing for the width of streets in 10 fathoms. Together with the old names, the Cossacks transferred their way of life and appearance to new lands - a long drooping mustache, a shaved head, a donkey behind the ear, a spacious shirt, wide trousers, boots. In winter they wore a high fur hat with a red top and a sheepskin coat. They also retained military skill - accuracy of shooting, including from a horse at full gallop and even in the dark by ear.

In the spring of 1794, the Cossacks began a difficult military and labor life to improve their new residence, plow the Kuban black soil and at the same time serve on the cordons. In the same year, by the highest order, they already had to send two cavalry regiments of 500 people each to participate in hostilities in Poland, and after 2 years, two more foot regiments, already to Persia.

In 1794, a General Meeting of the Army Chief was held in Yekaterinodar, which approved a new (in comparison with the Zaporozhye) order of command and control of the army. The adopted document entitled "The Order of the Common Benefit" introduced the functioning of a military government, consisting of a koshevoy chieftain, a military judge and a clerk. The Military Council was abolished. All questions of internal life were now decided by the military government. Cossack self-government was preserved only in kurens. The leader of the Black Sea army, Zakhary Chapega, was the last ataman elected by the Rada. After his death in 1797, his successor, Anton Golovaty, was already appointed tsar and was called the military chieftain. However, the kuren atamans were still elected by the Cossack circle. In accordance with the "Order of General Benefit" the Cossack received a land allotment, a salary and various benefits for military service. The land was given to him for life use with the right of inheritance. The deficit of people as a labor force and a fighting force was acutely felt. He was so sharp that the ataman Kotlyarevsky asked Paul 1 to allow all the newcomers who fled to the Kuban to be enrolled in the Cossacks, and the tsar allowed this. Three mass resettlements of peasants were organized: in 1809-1811. - 25 thousand in 1821-1825 - 50 thousand, in 1848-1849. - 12 thousand

In subsequent years, the Kuban line from the mouth of the Laba to Stavropol was inhabited by the Don Cossacks, who made up the Line Army. They founded the villages of Ust-Labinskaya, Kavkazskaya, Prochnookopskaya. For a long time, the Cossack regiments settled on the Caucasian line did not have a common organization and only in 1832 were they united into the Caucasian linear Cossack army, while the plains between the Kuban and Laba were called the New (or Labinsk) line. In 1860 there was a reorganization of the Cossack troops in the North Caucasus. The Black Sea army was ordered to be called the Kuban Cossack army.

The economic development of the region began with the expansion of agriculture, while cattle breeding, the breeding of cattle, sheep, goats and horses, remained the leading industry. Black Sea horses were distinguished by their endurance and unpretentiousness. Famous and beef cattle, taken by the Cossacks from Zaporozhye, as well as non-pedigree sheep, hardy and fertile. Arable farming so far played a subsidiary role, and the yields were small, since crop rotation had not yet been applied. The cultivation of vegetables, fruits, melons and potatoes has become widespread. Each family had a garden. To improve gardening in Yekaterinodar, a nursery was founded, in which there were 25 thousand grape bushes, 19 thousand fruit, exported from the Crimea.

The industry was represented mainly by handicraft production. Each village had its own blacksmiths, carpenters, joiners, masons, weavers, tailors, shoemakers, millers. In a number of places, they were engaged in the burning of lime, the extraction of stone, partly oil, which was carried out by hand and was often outsourced to private individuals. The extraction of salt, which was extremely necessary for fisheries and in everyday life, was of great importance. Salt served as an item of exchange trade with the highlanders and a source of income for the military treasury. Salt was mined in the lakes by special Cossack teams. Fishing was very widespread, especially in spring, when the fish went to spawn in the upper reaches of the rivers in a solid wall. ID Popko cites a case when one courier, galloping with the necessary papers, while trying to cross an ordinary ford on the river, "was overturned together with a horse by rapidly moving columns of fish."

Trade was very poorly developed. The revival of trade was facilitated by the opening of a trading port in Novorossiysk in 1845 and in Gelendzhik in 1847. The development of trade led to the formation of commodity-money relations and overcoming the isolation of the Cossack and mountain economy. This increased social differentiation.

On average, at the end of the 18th century, there were 10 dessiatines of land for each auditor's soul, and from 1842, 30 dessiatines per capita, for a chief officer - 200, for a staff officer - 400, for a general - 1.5 thousand dessiatines. Tsarism supported the Cossack foreman and the wealthy Cossacks in every possible way. Cossack ranks were equalized with the army. Moreover, according to the Decree of 1845 in the Black Sea Line Army, Cossack officers received hereditary nobility.

Ordinary Cossacks did not have such advantages. However, tsarism, creating a social support in the person of the prosperous Cossacks, and most importantly - a military support for the protection of the southern borders, sought to give the ordinary Cossacks certain privileges. In addition to using the land, the Cossacks received a salary for service of 12 rubles a year and fodder for horses. Cossacks were free from poll taxes and recruiting duties.

They were granted the right of duty-free use of all lands (forests, pastures, hayfields, the right to fish, extract salt, engage in trade, sell wine. point, and one clothing and equipment had to be purchased for 30 rubles for an infantryman, for a cavalryman - for 80-100 rubles. Not everyone had that kind of money, and wealthy Cossacks used it. They helped the Cossack to equip the service, but he became an eternal debtor and often after returning from service, he had to go to serve again, but this time for his “benefactor.” Their labor and the labor of their relatives were used in the “hot season” in the harvest, haymaking, etc. The Cossacks were responsible for the maintenance of roads and bridges, mail delivery , procurement of fuel for the village administration and bosses - the wealthy sent the poor to these jobs.

Analysis of the formation of the education system in the Kuban in the XIX - early XX centuries

White movement in the South of Russia

The second period of development of the white movement in the South of Russia - August 1918 - November 1919. Organizationally, the white movement included the actual armed forces and social and political organizations that supported the white idea ...

Ten Stalinist blows

Objectives: The operation was carried out in February-March 1944 on the territory of Ukraine and was aimed at removing the threat to Kiev, the third most important city in the USSR, which had been liberated earlier ...

Settlement of Bashkortostan

The settlement of the Urals by humans was a long and difficult process. It took place at different times and from different territories and was characterized by discontinuity. The populated areas were either abandoned or reclaimed ...

Settlement of Bashkortostan

The thorough settlement of the territory of modern Bashkiria begins in the thirteenth century. Local tribes were conquered by the Mongol-Tatars around the beginning of the twenties of the thirteenth century ...

Settlement of Bashkortostan

The process of the development of the Urals by the Russians developed ambiguously. The first penetration of the Russians into the territory of modern Bashkortostan (the "White Volozhka", as the Russians originally called the Belaya river) ...

Formation of the Tagil Territory The Territory is a certain locally limited, historically developed territory, which has rather pronounced signs of the unity of natural and economic conditions ...

The history of the Gorbunovsky peat bog

The settlement of the Tagil region by Russians proceeded from the north to the south-west and from the south-west from the side of the Prichusovye. In the 16th century, most of its territory was part of the Stroganov patrimony ...

The history of domestic intelligence and counterintelligence is rooted in the deep past and has more than one century. In ancient times, the most important part of the art of war was the ability to recognize the plans of the enemy and thwart them ...

The history of state security agencies in the Kuban

In February 1922, the Cheka was abolished and transformed into the State Political Administration under the NKVD of the RSFSR, which soon became, in connection with the formation of the USSR, the United State Political Administration (OGPU) under the SNK of the USSR ...

The history of state security agencies in the Kuban

Even during the Great Patriotic War, counterintelligence recorded the desire of the special services of the United States and Great Britain to use allied relations for intelligence in the USSR from a legal position ...

Russian-Turkish War (1787-1791). Transition of Russia to the Right Bank Kuban

After the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace, Russia, it would seem, firmly secured the Right Bank Kuban. However, this was consolidation with the help of troops. For a solid consolidation, as Catherine understood ...

Siberian Cossack army: literacy and education system

The varied service of the Cossacks in the 18th century was very diverse. The Cossacks, playing the role of pioneers in the economic and industrial development of Southern Siberia, formed a whole layer of sources about the natural description of this region ...

Siberia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich

The development of Siberia and the Far East continued for many years. The tsarist government divided the huge region into 20 counties. Each was headed by a voivode sent from Moscow. He felt like the complete ruler of his county ...

Technical and social achievements of the Neolithic era

On the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine and Moldova, the picture of cultural and historical development was very complex. Together with hunting, fishing and gathering among some tribes of this zone already in the 5th millennium BC ...

Card - task number 1.

(1729 or) - Russian commander, generalissimo. At the end of 1777. with the rank of lieutenant general sent by the government to the Kuban to establish peace with the Circassians and the North steppes who roamed. Prikubanye, Nogais. After conducting a reconnaissance and making acquaintances among local feudal lords, he decides to build a guard line of fortifications along the Kuban River. Having formed two "work armies" of 700 people, Suvorov began to build fortifications that made up the Cube. a cordon line 540 versts from the Black Sea to Stavropol, 9 fortresses, 20 field officers. In 1783, after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, having shown diplomacy, he held a ceremony of voluntary annexation of the peoples of the right bank of the Kuban to Russia. And later, when two hordes of Nogai revolted, attacking the Russian troops and the Nogais who remained faithful to the oath, Suvorov in the fall conducted a Zakuban campaign to defeat the rebellious Nogai cavalry, for which the Turks had great hopes. The defeat of the Nogais forced the Turks to agree with the loss of the Crimea and the establishment of the state border along the Kuban River.

The documents.

Letter from the commander of the troops in the Crimea and the Kuban to the commander of the Kuban corps, General Raiser, dated March 1, 1779.

During my time, the trans-river (trans-Kuban mountaineers) entered obedience. Apparently, I inclined them to this ... it is indecent to temper (pacify) them with ruin on the Russian side ... Why did not bazaars and exchanges begin with those across the river? Unaccustomed to still with the Russians, but they want something to happen on their side ... Good-minded generosity is sometimes more useful than a headlong military sword.

Suvorov's appeal to the Trans-Kuban highlanders on March 14, 1779.

Through this I announce to all the Trans-Kuban tribes of the Circassian and Abaza beys, Uzdens and all my reliable friends in general. I received news that among your peoples, predators, accumulating, are crossing the Kuban, attacking the Nogais and the Russians. You must forbid this to your peoples, obeying the authority of Shagin-Girei-Khan. I propose to live in peace and harmony, if your predation continues, I will have to send the troops across the Kuban and punish them with fire and sword, and for that you yourself will be to blame.

Questions.

1. What do you know about Suvorov's activities in the Kuban?

2. When, for what purpose, was the Azovo-Mozdok line built? Show it on the map.

3. What was the position of the Russian government in relation to the Kuban highlanders, reflected in the appeal of the commander of the Russian troops in the Crimea and on Suvorov?

Card - task number 2.

Read the text and answer the questions

Certificate of Merit issued by the Empress dated 01.01.01. absolutely accurately determined only the western and northern limits of the military territory. The Black Sea army received the island of Phanagoria with the area lying on the right bank of the Kuban. From the lower reaches of the Kuban, the border went up the river to the mouth of the river. Laba (Laba redoubt), on the one hand, and along the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov up to the mouth of the river. Ei, on the other hand. Catherine II instructed the governors of the Caucasus, Tavrichesky and Yekaterinoslavsky to make the delimitation from other sides with the help of land surveyors and with the participation of deputies from the Don and Black Sea Cossacks. In total, the Russian empress granted the Black Sea Cossack army about 30691 square miles of land and water.

1. Why did Catherine II sign a decree on the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban?

2. What territories were assigned to the Black Sea Cossacks according to the "Charter"? Show them on the map.

3. Can the policy of Catherine II in the Kuban region be considered wise and far-sighted, why?

Card - task number 3.

Read the text and documents and answer the questions.

Zakhary Alekseevich Chepega was born in 1726 in the Chernigov province in the village of Borki. At the age of 24 he arrived in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, guarded the border in the district of the r. Ingulets. passed a rich military path: from an ordinary Cossack to the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army. During the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the 18th century. He distinguished himself in battles near Ochakov, Khadzhibey, Akkerman and Bendery, Izmail, has numerous military awards.

After the end of the wars with the Turks, the Zaporozhye army began to be called the Black Sea and, according to the letter of gratitude from Catherine II, he was allocated land for settlement in Taman and Kuban. At the same time, the main organizational efforts for resettlement, land acquisition and arrangement of 40 Cossack smoking sites fell on Chepega's shoulders. In years. he was actively involved in resettlement issues, the creation of a protective cordon line against the raids of the Trans-Kuban mountaineers, the construction of the capital of the Yekaterinodar Army and the harbor in the Kiziltash maman for the Black Sea rowing flotilla. in 1797, he was buried in the crypt of the marching Holy Trinity Church.

The documents.

"The order of general benefit».

For the sake of the military residence, to the unshakable reinforcement and approval of the cordons on the border guard at the Kuban River in the Karasunsky kut, to erect a city and for the eternal memory of the current life-giver and benefactress of our All-Merciful Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna, the Autocrat of the All-Russian All-Russian.

"Warrant to Lieutenant Danila Volkorez".

The chieftain draws the mayor's attention to the fact that the inhabitants “according to the plan given to you in the city build decently,” so that in trade “in everything there are measures and at one o'clock of the day and night, the Cossacks had serviceable muskets and pikes to repel an "accidental attack", and the Cossacks, "staggering around the wrong time without doing, were taken to prison and kept until morning."

Questions.

What do you know about? What is its role in the settlement and development of the Kuban? How did Yekaterinodar settle down? When was the Military City named Yekaterinodar? How does the warrant characterize Chepega to the mayor Danila Volkorez?

Card - task number 4.

Read the information about A. Golovat in the encyclopedic dictionary on the history of the Kuban, the document "The Order of the Common Benefit" and answer the questions.

HEAD Anton Andreevich (1732 - 1797)

"ORDER OF GENERAL USE", a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use in the ChKB (Black Sea Cossack Host). Accepted on 1 Jan. 1794. Compiled by the chieftain of the kosh, Z. Chepega, the military judge A. Golovaty, and the military clerk T. Kotlyarevsky. It announced the formation of a military government, "forever managing the army on the exact and unshakable basis of all-Russian laws." gravitating towards the troops. hail; 2) Fanagoria in Taman; 3) Beysugsky in the district of Beisuga and Chelbas to Achuev; 4) Yeisk on the river. Her with adjoining places; 5) Grigorievsky from the side of the Caucasian governorship. In the formed military adm. units were established by district boards of regimental, clerks, esauls and cornet. District boards were accountable in everything to the military government headed by the koshev ataman. Ch. their duty was to monitor the serviceability of weapons and the readiness for military action of the Cossacks, "so that on the military ground for any business: to drive, walk, plow bread, fish, drive cattle to pasture - no one dared without military weapons, and who he will be disobedient, and he will be fined in the same place. " With regard to the forms of ownership of "P. o. P." provided for privileges for the elders, "in excellent reward" to whom, "as if the leaders-mentors and trustees of this common army of benefits, it is allowed to settle in their farmsteads of relatives and free-wishing people and determine their lands according to the standard list."

1. What do you know about A. Golovat? What is its role in the settlement and development of the Kuban? Prove that A. Holovaty is a versatile person.

2. What issues in the life of the Black Sea Cossack army was regulated by the "Order of the Common Benefit"?

3. Draw a diagram of the administrative structure of the Black Sea Cossack army.