Industrial zone of the plant named after I.A. Likhachev takes more most of the territory Danilovsky district Moscow, which got its name from the village of Danilovskoye, also known as Danilovskaya Sloboda.
Before the revolution, this place was famous for several objects - Simonov and Danilovsky monasteries and the famous Tyuffel grove. Few people today can imagine that earlier the current industrial zone "ZiL" was associated not with automobile production, but with a spiritual center, pristine nature, lilies of the valley and numerous reservoirs.
Simonov Monastery was founded in 1370. In tsarist times, he was one of the most famous and revered in Russia: a huge number of people always flocked here. This continued until the end of the 18th century, when the monastery was abolished by Catherine II. An isolation ward was created in its building for patients with the plague, an epidemic of which occurred in the 1770s. After 25 years, the complex of buildings was restored to its religious quality and existed until 1920. First, a museum was organized here, and at the beginning of 1930, a government commission recognized that some of the ancient structures on the territory of the monastery could be preserved as historical monuments, but the cathedral and walls should be demolished.
In the early 1990s, the monastery was returned to the churches and began to be restored. Only a small part of the buildings of the Simonov Monastery has survived to this day. The southern wall with three towers survived: the corner "Dulo", the five-sided "Blacksmith" and the round "Salt". Also preserved are the "new" refectory with the Church of the Holy Spirit built at the end of the 17th century, the "old" refectory (end of the 15th century), a fraternal building, an artisan chamber and some later outbuildings. The explosion thundered on the night of January 21. Five of the six churches flew into the air, including the Assumption Cathedral, the bell tower, gate churches, as well as the Watch and Taynitskaya towers with adjacent buildings. In this place in 1932-1937 the ZiLa Palace of Culture appeared.
However, in Soviet times, like many monasteries and temples, it was closed. In the late 1920s, the Soviet authorities dismantled the bell tower and planned to use large bells to be melted down. Fortunately, they were rescued by the American diplomat Charles Crane, and until recently they were at Harvard University. In 2007, after years of negotiations, the bells of the monastery belfry were returned to their historical place.
The second monastery for which this area of Moscow is known is Danilovsky, founded at the end of the 13th century. It is located on the right bank of the Moskva River (Danilovsky Val, 22). Almost completely it has survived to this day, and now its rector is Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia.
In 1931, a local burial place was destroyed near the monastery, where the writer N.V. Gogol, poet N.M. Yazykov, artist V.G. Perov, their remains were transferred to other Moscow cemeteries. In 1930, the NKVD detention center for children of repressed persons was organized here.
From the north, west and south, the grove was surrounded by the Moskva River, along which lakes Postyloe, Black, Bolotnoye stretched, and a little to the east was the village of Kozhukhovo (included in Moscow in 1923).Another attraction of the Danilovsky district has not survived to this day - this is the famous Tyufeleva grove. Now a Moscow street is named after her, and in its place is a plant named after I.A. Likhacheva (ZIL).
Since the end of the 18th century, the grove, along with nearby objects, was owned by the architect and statesman N.A. Lvov, who began to build industrial enterprises here. So, on the site of the current industrial zone, the first plant appeared that produced cardboard. Also N.A. Lvov began the development of peat deposits of the Sukino bog (near the village of Kozhukhovo).
After the release of the story "Poor Liza" N.M. Karamzina Lizin pond in the vicinity of the Simonov Monastery and Tyufeleva Roshcha have become a popular place for walks and romantic meetings. Secular ladies from all over Moscow and nearby villages came here every spring to collect lilies of the valley, just as the heroine of the story did.
INSTRUMENTAL BODY OF THE MOSCOW AUTOMOBILE PLANT (1934)
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, a boom in industrial construction began in the grove. A tannery of the Volk and K Trading House and a chemical plant of the Russian joint-stock company Shering appeared. In 1903 - 1908, the Okruzhnaya Railway (now the Small Ring of the Moscow Railway) passed through its territory with the Kozhukhovo station, for which the Alekseevsky Bridge (now Danilovsky) was built across the Moskva River in 1907. So the meadows and agricultural land were cut by railways, and the grove itself lost half of the tall pines. Several years later, in 1916, the construction of the first automobile plant (now the Likhachev plant) began in Tyuffel Grove.
The newspaper "Russkiye Vedomosti" reported that on July 20, a solemn prayer service and the laying of the first car plant in Russia took place as part of the government program for the creation of an automobile industry in Russia. The construction of ZiL was undertaken by the Kuznetsov, Ryabushinskiye and K trading house. The agreement with the government for the construction of the plant provided for the following conditions: "On February 27, 1916, the Main Military-Technical Directorate (GVTU) and the" Kuznetsov, Ryabushinskiye and K Trading House "signed an agreement for the supply of 1,500 vehicles. The total order amounts to RUB 27,000,000. The supplier's plant must be commissioned no later than October 7, 1916. By March 7, 1917, at least 10 percent of the total supply (that is, 150 vehicles) should be manufactured. "
Due to the revolutions of 1917, inflation, high interest rates on loans, construction was not completed on time. Then the management of the plant decided to buy sets of parts in Italy and start "screwdriver" assembly of machines in Moscow. As a result, during the entire 1917, only 432 cars were assembled. Soon the unfinished plant turned into large repair shops.
On August 15, 1918, all property of the AMO plant was recognized as the property of the state, and in October 1918, the enterprise began to overhaul trucks.
Since 1920, AMO took part in the Soviet tank program and manufactured engines for the Russian Renault tank.
CARS "AMO-F-15" (1926)
WAREHOUSE OF FINISHED PRODUCTS (1959)
CAR "ZIL" DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1944)
In 1922 - 1923, the Labor and Defense Council allocated funds for the production of trucks at the AMO plant. The first one and a half-ton truck AMO-F-15 was assembled on November 1, 1924, and on November 7, a column of ten such vehicles took part in the parade on Red Square, and their mass production began in March 1925.
In 1927 I.A. Likhachev. Production gradually increased, and by 1931 nearly seven thousand vehicles had been assembled. However, the cost of the machine, which contained a large number of non-ferrous metal parts, was, in the opinion of Soviet officials, too high. Approximately ten times more expensive than foreign cars, taking into account their delivery to the USSR. Therefore, it was decided to completely reconstruct the plant and start production of a completely new truck model.
 MAIN FACTORY LINK (1977) |
 MAIN INTERNAL FACTORY LINK (2013) |
In the early 1930s, a large-scale reconstruction began, during which the territory of the plant expanded to its current size. This is what the chief architect of the Stalin plant E.M. Popov: “The territory allotted for the industrial construction of the plant is 2.5 by 2 kilometers, only a fourth is occupied by the reconstructed workshops, the remaining three quarters of the territory are entirely occupied by the construction of new workshops, forming new factory areas, streets and highways.
The construction site is divided into three clearly defined sectors, the boundaries of adjoining to each other coincide with the directions of future highways, namely: the administrative sector in the northern side of the plant site, the area of ancillary and warehouse facilities in the southeastern strip of the industrial site, the area where the main production workshops are located occupying the middle and back of the site.
New highways in Moscow, the park ring and the embankment highway, merging into a single powerful highway, lead to the main entrance to the car plant, in the cultural sector, designed in the form of a pre-plant site.
The administrative and cultural sector includes the buildings of the plant administration, public organizations, an outpatient clinic, a nursery and the main entrance office. There is also a parking space for cars belonging to the workers of the plant. A narrow strip of the construction site of the cultural sector buildings on the south side adjoins directly to the front line of construction of production workshops, and from the north - it goes to the embankment of the Moskva River.
MAIN PASSAGE AMO "ZIL"
MAIN CONVEYOR
UNUSED PRODUCTION SHOPS
The main entrance area is formed from the eastern side by the majestic high building of the plant management.
The buildings of the cultural sector are located, as it were, along the course of the river, compositionally complementing each other and growing towards the place of the main entrance.
The middle part of the industrial site is occupied mainly by the structures of production workshops, located according to a clear flow diagram of the production process. The layout of the production workshops provides for the location of the utility rooms with access to the main highway.
The main highway ends in the southern square, which is the decisive entrance to the area of auxiliary workshops and storage facilities. There are woodworking shops, warehouses for finished products, and a thermal power station. "
FORGE SHOP CONSTRUCTION (1929)
RALLY IN HONOR OF THE ARRIVAL OF BROZ TITO (1956)
SORTING OF FRESH RELEASED "ZIL-130" AND "ZIL-131"
After modernization, the plant begins mass production of ZIS-5 trucks. Workers assembled 60 cars a day. On the basis of it, 25 models and modifications were created in the future, of which 19 were mass-produced.
In 1953, according to the Soviet-Chinese treaty of friendship and mutual assistance, according to the documentation of the Soviet Stalin plant in China, Automobile Plant No. 1 was built, later becoming the First Automotive Works (FAW), which is still the leader of the Chinese auto industry. Chinese engineers underwent internships and training in the USSR, at the ZiS plant, it is noteworthy that among them was the future leader of the PRC, Jiang Zemin.
THE FIRST DOMESTIC LIMOUSINE "ZIS-101" (1937)
TRUCK "ZIS-15" (1940)
BUS "ZIL-158" (1957)
After the collapse of the USSR, the enterprise began to degrade rapidly: production facilities were destroyed, and the volume of production decreased many times over.
In 2008, AMO ZIL planned to organize a joint venture with the Chinese company Sinotruk for the production of HOWO heavy diesel trucks. However, due to the crisis in our country, the project was not implemented.
In 2009, AMO ZIL produced 2,253 trucks and four buses (which is almost 50% less than a year earlier). In 2010, the company produced even fewer - 1258 trucks and five buses.
Today the enterprise is in deep crisis, multibillion-dollar debts have accumulated. A significant part of the production area is not used, the former workshops and structures have been destroyed and resemble the paintings of the American city of Detroit.
Detroit was once the automotive hub of the United States. But in 1973, the oil crisis erupted, which led to the bankruptcy of many American automakers. Factories one after another began to close, people lost their jobs and moved to other cities and states. Detroit's population within its administrative boundaries decreased 2.5 times: from 1.8 million in the early 1950s to 700 thousand by 2012.
As a result of the outflow of the population, whole areas of the city were left by people. Skyscrapers, factories, residential areas are abandoned and destroyed by time and vandalism.
In order not to repeat the fate of American ghost towns, the Moscow authorities decided to renovate depressed areas in the city. At the end of 2012, the Moscow government decided to preserve production at the southern site of the ZiL plant with an area of 50 hectares; the rest of the territory is planned to house a qualitatively new metropolitan area with parks, housing, jobs, social and transport infrastructure. Soon there will be many park areas with tall trees, which will partly resemble Tyufelev Grove.
ZIL today
