Damn Latin name. Notes of the teacher of biology and chemistry. How to cook at home

Horseradish is a herbaceous plant, the root of which has been used by man since ancient times as a spicy food additive. In other European languages, the name of this culture sounds like this:

• Deutsch– Kren, Korea, Pfefferwurzel, Bauernsenf;
• English– horseradish;
• French– cran, raifort.

Appearance

Horseradish is a perennial, and during its life it can grow up to 1.5 meters in height. The plant has a straight, branching stem and long, broad leaves. Small, white inflorescences form fluffy tassels. Horseradish seeds ripen in small pods.

Kinds

The genus "horseradish" combines 3 types of plants:

• armoracia lacustris;

The last type of horseradish is also called "ordinary" or "village". It is he who grows in our gardens and is an invariable ingredient in some traditional Russian dishes.

Horseradish meadow or gulyavnikovy

Horseradish rustic or common since ancient times used to treat colds

Where does it grow?

Europe, or rather, its eastern part, is considered the birthplace of horseradish. Later it was introduced to America and Asian countries. A large amount of horseradish grows in Russia, including Siberia and the Caucasus. Although this herb is considered domesticated, it is often seen growing in wild places such as river banks and swamps.

Horseradish is an unpretentious plant, therefore it grows in gardens and in the wild.

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In the summer, horseradish is eaten mainly raw, and it is added to the dish immediately before serving. However, there are many ways to harvest horseradish for future use.

How to cook at home

Homemade horseradish is prepared as follows:

1. Dig up horseradish roots, wash and clean thoroughly. Grind horseradish with a meat grinder.
2. For one kilogram of twisted roots, add 0.5 tbsp. salt and 1.5 tbsp. sugar, stir.
3. Dilute the mixture with boiling water to the consistency of porridge and pour into prepared glass jars.
4. Drop a little lemon juice or acetic acid into each container.
5. Banks roll up.

Store in a cool, dark place for several months.

Where and how to choose?

It is best to grow horseradish in your backyard - then you can be 100% sure of the quality of the raw material. However, if you are deprived of such an opportunity, it is quite possible to buy horseradish on the market. When buying, pay attention to the fact that the roots are strong, juicy, without traces of the presence of any diseases or harmful insects.

Characteristics

• light brown on the outside and off-white on the inside;
• has a burning taste;
• has a sharp, pungent odor.

Nutritional value and calories

Nutritional value and calorie content of 100 gr. raw product

You can learn more about the beneficial properties of horseradish root and its comparison with radish from an excerpt from the program "Live healthy!"

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of horseradish includes: vitamins PP, E, C, B9, B6, B2, B1, iron, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium.

Beneficial features

• has an antibacterial effect;
• stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid;
• is a valuable source of vitamin C;
• considered an effective antiscorbutic;
• regulates the work of the gastrointestinal tract;
• stimulates appetite;
• is a good diuretic;
• has a choleretic effect;
• relieves inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.

Since ancient times, horseradish root has been used to stimulate the production of gastric juices.

Harm

• Horseradish is a very spicy product, so it is strictly not recommended for people with serious diseases of the stomach or intestines.
• Eating large amounts of horseradish can cause a sharp jump in blood pressure.

Contraindications

• pregnancy;
• lactation period;
• childhood;
• thyroid disease;
• violation of the liver or kidneys;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Horseradish is contraindicated in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, during pregnancy and while breastfeeding

Oil

Horseradish roots contain an essential oil that can fight serious diseases such as dysentery, typhoid fever, paratyphoid and salmonellosis. In addition, horseradish essential oil can act on blood vessels: constrict or expand them, depending on the concentration.

Juice

Horseradish juice is widely used in folk medicine. This healing agent helps with various inflammatory diseases of the throat and oral cavity, as well as with lesions of the skin.

Application

In cooking

• on the basis of horseradish, spicy sauces and gravies are prepared for meat, poultry and fish;
• used in the preservation of mushrooms and vegetables;
• is an obligatory ingredient of traditional Russian dishes - jelly and fish aspic;
• horseradish - the main component of homemade seasoning of the same name;
• served with cold appetizers.

Khrenovuha - traditional Ukrainian tincture

Sandwiches with homemade horseradish

Cut a loaf of white bread into slices. Brush each slice with butter. Put in a bowl 2 tbsp. homemade shit. Add 1 tsp. mayonnaise, salt to taste and mix. Put the resulting mixture on slices of bread on top of the butter and smooth. Cut two tomatoes into circles, pepper, sprinkle with your favorite spices and herbs. Put tomatoes on bread. Decorate sandwiches with drops of mayonnaise and fresh herbs.

Jellied beef

• Grind 2 garlic cloves to a puree. Chop one small carrot into large pieces.
• Cut the onion into 4 pieces. Rinse 1 kg of veal, put in a saucepan, pour 1.5 liters of meat broth, add vegetables (except garlic) and cook over low heat for 2 hours. Then add bay leaf, salt and pepper to taste and leave to cook for another half hour.
• Pour 30 g of sheet gelatin with cold water. Remove the meat and vegetables from the pan, strain the broth and stir in the garlic gruel. Pour in the gelatin and stir until it is completely dissolved.
• Finely chop the boiled meat, a few sprigs of dill and parsley, then put it all on the bottom of a deep form. Pour in broth, cool to room temperature.
• Place the mold in the refrigerator. After about 2 hours, the jelly will harden. Before serving, decorate the dish with fresh herbs. Serve with horseradish.

In medicine

For medicinal purposes, use horseradish tinctures in alcohol or water.

When losing weight

Today, there are many different diets based on the use of large amounts of spicy food. Horseradish is one of the most accessible burning foods, so its popularity among those who lose weight is very high. In addition, horseradish helps to normalize the processes of digestion and, thereby, get rid of a few extra pounds.

Elixir of youth for obese people - 1 kg of celery root, 100 g of honey, 100 g of garlic, 2 lemons and 100 g of horseradish root

cultivation

• Despite the fact that horseradish is a perennial plant, gardeners prefer to plant it every year, and harvest it in the fall. This is due to the fact that the roots of an old plant become hard and small, that is, unsuitable for food.
• It is best to grow horseradish from annual roots, cut into cuttings of 20-30 cm. At the same time, the upper part of the segment is cut off evenly, and the lower part is cut at an angle.
• On 1 m 2 of land, you can grow 5 or 6 horseradish bushes.
• Horseradish is planted in autumn or early spring, after the snow has melted.
• Before planting, the cuttings are cleaned of buds and roots, retreating 15 mm from above and 30 mm from below.
• Horseradish is planted in pre-dug and fertilized soil.
• The cuttings are planted at an angle and sprinkled with a layer of loose soil a few centimeters thick.
• Horseradish needs periodic watering and weeding.
• So that over time the plant does not grow throughout the backyard, it is necessary to limit the area of ​​\u200b\u200bits growth with a reliable fence.

Varieties

In different regions of Russia, preference is given to different varieties of horseradish. Here are the most popular ones:

• Latvian;
• Suzdal;
• Tatar;
• Atlant;
• Wild;
• Boris Yeltsin;
• Volkovsky;
• Tolpukhovsky.

See the next video for more on horseradish.

• Horseradish is a natural aphrodisiac and has a beneficial effect on male power.
• Horseradish belongs to the same plant family as cabbage.
• People have been eating horseradish since antiquity.
• The euphemism "hell" has always created great difficulties for translators from the Russian language.

Horseradish(Armoracia), a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the cruciferous family. The stem is straight branched, the leaves are oblong, the flowers are white, collected in inflorescences. There are 2 species in the genus, they grow in Europe and Asia.
Country horseradish, or common horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), forms powerful roots and a stem up to 1 m high. Basal leaves are ovate-oblong, stem leaves are oblong-lanceolate and linear. The flowers are fragrant (smell of levkoy). Seeds usually do not form. The plant is frost-resistant. The most suitable are sandy and loamy soddy-podzolic soils with a permeable subsoil layer, as well as chernozems and drained peatlands. On heavy clay soils, with a lack of moisture, the roots coarsen and acquire an excessively sharp taste, on sandy ones they lose it. Cultivated in most countries as a vegetable plant. With insufficient care, it runs wild and becomes a weed. The roots and leaves of horseradish contain vitamins, essential oils, mineral salts, phytoncides, the enzyme lysozyme. The pungent taste and specific smell of the roots are due to allyl (mustard) oil and sinigrin glycoside. The roots are edible raw, boiled, pickled, dried, salted. Green leaves and roots are used for pickling and pickling cucumbers, tomatoes, mushrooms.
Horseradish is propagated by segments of roots 15-20 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick, which are planted obliquely (at an angle of 45 degrees) in early spring or August in ordinary or tape two-line methods. From 40 to 55 thousand plants are placed per 1 ha. Care: weeding, loosening the soil in rows and between rows, watering, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers. The roots are harvested in the fall, the tops are pre-mowed and removed from the field. The roots are sorted, cut, stacked and covered with straw from the sun. Simultaneously with the sorting of commercial roots, planting material is harvested for spring planting. Productivity reaches 100-300 centners from 1 hectare. Commercial roots and planting material are stored in storage facilities interbedded with dry peat or sand, as well as in trenches at a temperature of 0-2 C.
Meadow horseradish, or horseradish (Armoracia sisymbrioides), is a wild plant. The roots are edible.

Z. S. Lezhankina.

Horseradish is a hot and healthy vegetable

It would seem that horseradish is not really needed in the garden. Well, how much do we eat it in order to allocate space for its cultivation. Nevertheless, there are true lovers and connoisseurs of this plant. And they just spare no effort to grow this sometimes indispensable vegetable and medicinal crop with their own hands.
Horseradish is grown for its powerful cylindrical fleshy root, which is used as a food and spicy plant that is good for health. Horseradish root has a pungent pungent odor. Its taste is sweetish at first, later - sharp and burning. The burning taste of horseradish is due to the decomposition of the glycoside sinigrin and the content of essential oil. By the way, mustard oil is released from grated horseradish, which has an antimicrobial effect. In addition, horseradish contains a significant amount of vitamin C, calcium, potassium, sodium and other equally useful substances.
In our area, horseradish as a medicinal plant began to be purposefully grown from about the 9th century, and they learned to use it as a seasoning a little later. In Dahl's dictionary, the old word "horseradish" is given - this is how in Russia they once called a cake made of grated horseradish with vinegar, applied to the body instead of mustard plaster.
And now about how to grow a good crop of horseradish.
It is cultivated as an annual or biennial. In good conditions, the roots become usable in one summer. It is undemanding to heat, it grows well even in the northern regions. It is not too picky about the soil, but it is better to grow it on light, moist soil, always deep and well fertilized. It is also undemanding to lighting, it can also grow with light shading.
Horseradish is propagated by pieces of roots (root cuttings), which are harvested in autumn from the waste remaining when digging up the roots, and stored in cellars until spring. In the spring, lateral roots are removed from the cuttings and planted obliquely at an angle of 30 °; with a row spacing of 80 cm, maintaining a distance between plants in a row of 30 cm.
In the middle of summer, the root is exposed and all lateral roots and buds are cut off, leaving only the lowest ones.
Dig up the roots of horseradish in the fall of the year of planting or in the fall of the next year. Commodity, that is, high-quality, horseradish should be 25 - 40 cm long and 1.5 - 3 cm thick.
By the way, in loose fertile land, horseradish can turn into a weed that is difficult to eradicate. To prevent uncontrolled reproduction of horseradish on the site, you can plant it in boxes and old buckets. With this method of growing, the plant needs regular watering, and harvesting horseradish roots is noticeably easier.
And a few more tips from experienced vegetable growers.
Before planting, horseradish petioles are recommended to be cleaned of all lateral roots: thicker roots are cut with a sharp knife at the very beginning of the main root, and then wiped with a hard cloth to remove small lateral roots. Thanks to this preparation of planting material, the horseradish root grows large and powerful.
As already mentioned, horseradish roots are best planted not vertically, but at an angle of about 30 °. Petioles should be immersed in the soil so that their tops are slightly visible, and then sprinkled with earth. Obliquely planted horseradish roots are better supplied with oxygen, which is much less in the depths of the soil, and besides, they are easier to dig in the summer.
Experienced gardeners recommend, after the horseradish is accepted, remove all weak leaves, leaving only the strongest. As a result, the remaining leaves will begin to grow rapidly, and the horseradish root will become stronger.
To get straight unbranched roots, you can use this technique. When the leaves of plants reach a height of 15 - 18 cm from the root, you need to carefully rake the ground, exposing the root, wipe it with a coarse cloth, breaking off all the formed lateral roots. Then the root crop must be covered with earth again. But keep in mind that all this should be done only in cloudy weather or in the evening.
If the horseradish nevertheless turned into a garden weed and began to litter your garden, dig up its bushes, cut off the roots with the root collar, and pour a little table salt on the remaining root - the horseradish will die.

Fuck you! What for? Because helpful...

Due to the destruction of forests, ravines begin to appear near many villages. This happened in the last century, and the year before, it happens now. The ravine, like the "octopus of the void", takes land from people. Saving their gardens, the villagers put a wattle fence across the ravine. But spring waters eventually destroyed the wicker fences, they had to be restored again.
One farmer found a simple solution to the problem. He dug up more horseradish roots, divided them into pieces and buried them at the bottom of the ravine. The plants took root perfectly, because the waters carried sand, silt, the upper layers of the soil - just what the plant needs. Meter leaves soon filled the ravine, horseradish held back the soil carried away from the fields, and gradually the ravine disappeared.
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), cruciferous family (Brassicaceae) is a perennial plant with a thick succulent root. The basal leaves are large, oblong, crenate; the lower stem leaves are pinnatipartite, and the upper ones are linear. Flowers have a pleasant smell. Sepals about 3 mm; white petals 5-6 mm, with a short nail. The fruit is an oval-oblong pod.
In the wild, it grows in damp places in Siberia and almost throughout Europe. Almost everywhere where it is cultivated - that is, in Europe and North America - it easily runs wild and "turns" into a weed plant. This plant is most widely cultivated in the Yaroslavl region, the suburbs of large cities (in garden plots, kitchen gardens) of Ukraine and Russia.
In the worn form, horseradish root, together with vinegar, is used as a seasoning for various dishes. The spicy taste is due to the synegrin glycoside contained in the underground parts of the plant, which, under the influence of the myrosin enzyme, is broken down to form the same substances as the mustard synegrin: acid sulfuric potassium salt, sugar and allyl essential oil. Essential oil, acting on the mucous membranes, including the mucous membrane of the eye, causes severe lacrimation. In general, people cry not only when they peel onions.
Due to the presence of vitamin C (about 100 mg%) in the underground parts of the plant, it is a good antiscorbutic agent. Our ancestors, the ancient Slavs, treated with horseradish almost all diseases, even tumors (however, then they did not distinguish benign tumors from malignant ones).
In an old medieval herbalist we find the following lines about this plant: “... there is grass - Royal eyes. By itself it is small and large, a yellowish spine, which is gold. Whoever's eyes hurt - keep it to yourself, then they won't hurt; or the husband does not love his wife, or the wife of her husband, then keep that grass with her, then she will begin to love; Or if you start to catch birds or fish, you will catch a lot - just carry it on yourself. Our ancestors knew how to fix frustrated family relationships, “dry out”, back in those distant times - at least I want to believe in it. That's why the word "dry" - while the raw root, exuding a delicate aroma from under the shirt, dries up (let's add - spreading healing phytoncides around itself), the "witchcraft remedy" works effectively.
Women especially love horseradish: jokes aside, there is an explanation for this, argued by old recipes. Here is one of them, the simplest, used to regulate menstrual cycles when a woman suffered from pain, prolonged debilitating bleeding: one teaspoon of grated horseradish per day - with any food, even with honey or sour cream.
Of course, it does not do without contraindications: horseradish should not be eaten (or for treatment) with peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, nephritis, urethritis, hepatitis, enterocolitis, gastritis with high acidity.
But in the treatment of gastritis with low or zero acidity, the juice (diluted), as well as the grated root, can help, as they significantly increase the release of hydrochloric acid.
In folk medicine of many peoples, as well as in some places in official medicine, this plant is widely used to improve digestion, stimulate appetite, with anemia, dropsy, malaria, inflamed acne-prone skin (as a cheap cosmetic), difficult urination (accompanying such diseases). such as prostatitis, prostate adenoma), muscle pain in the back and lower back, rheumatism, metabolic disorders, kidney stones, etc.
Once in the houses of our ancestors there was a bucket of water in which several peeled horseradish roots were placed. Firstly, the water remained fresh for a long time (recall the bactericidal properties of the plant, which help to cure not only various inflammations of the mucous membrane of the throat, oral cavity, but also the healing of chronic wounds), and secondly, it had a pleasant taste, and even contributed to the removal from the body excess uric acid. In older people who drank such water, rheumatism “calmed down”, joints “revived”, the forgotten feeling of lightness in the legs returned - due, in particular, to the fact that gouty salt deposits were absorbed, excess cholesterol was removed from the blood vessels.
In conclusion of the story about an old, truly folk, medicinal and food plant, we will give a recipe for a sauce that can be modified by showing culinary creativity and choosing the invented options to your liking: 1-2 teaspoons of grated horseradish, 2-3 cloves of chopped garlic, 50- 150 g of grated cheese are thoroughly mixed in sour cream (a full glass), and the sauce can be considered ready, served with second courses, vegetable or fish.
Here it is so difficult, this garden horseradish is not just edible, but also useful in every way.

herbaceous plants of the genus Horseradish ( Armoracia) of the Cabbage family ( Brassicaceae).

Distribution and ecology

In nature, it grows along the banks of rivers, in damp places.

Botanical description

Ascorbic acid (0.35%), carotene, alkaloids were found in the leaves; in seeds - fatty oil and alkaloids.

Since ancient times, horseradish mixed with other ingredients has been an indispensable seasoning for jelly and fish aspic, as well as for cold boiled meat. Horseradish is served with fried meat, sausages, smoked meat, ham, fatty pork, boiled beef, tongue and roast beef. It is added to various mayonnaises, cottage cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, cucumbers and other vegetables. These mixtures are served with fried and boiled meat, fish, and cold appetizers.

A mixture of grated horseradish with sour cream or apples serves as a good seasoning for fish, especially carp, cod, eel and salmon.

Application in medicine

In Russia and in Russia, horseradish has long been widely used in folk medicine. The root juice has pronounced antibacterial properties, is used for influenza, for rinsing the mouth and throat with sore throat, tonsillitis, toothache, it is placed in the ears for inflammation and purulent discharge. Fresh horseradish juice and its aqueous dilutions increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and are effective in the treatment of anacid gastritis (the use of horseradish is dangerous in inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract, liver and kidneys). In the experiment, it was shown that a water decoction of horseradish has a positive effect in the treatment of dysentery, liver diseases and giardiasis, as well as hypertension. Due to the high content of vitamin C in all parts of the plant, horseradish is used as an adjuvant in the treatment of viral hepatitis. The root boiled in beer with juniper berries is used for dropsy.

In folk medicine, horseradish was used as an appetite enhancer, to improve the activity of the digestive tract, for edema, diseases of the kidneys, bladder and liver, as an expectorant for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. With scurvy, a tendency to bleeding, physical and mental exhaustion, malaria, they used a tincture of horseradish roots inside, and gruel in the form of a compress as a local irritant and distraction (somewhat weaker than mustard) was used externally for sciatica, gout, rheumatism, and also for the treatment of purulent wounds . Peter the Great issued a decree according to which each farmstead should have several quarters of horseradish vodka, especially for those people who are engaged in physical labor. Lotions with grated horseradish are used for bruises and fungal skin lesions.

In cosmetics, horseradish infusion removes freckles, spots and sunburn on the face.

Proverbs and sayings

• Ephraim loves horseradish, and Fedka loves radish.
• In a foreign land and sweet in mustard, and in the homeland and horseradish for a lollipop.
• I’m not happy to hell with a grater, but dancing on its sides.
• Greetings for greetings and love for love, and to the envious - to hell and pepper, and even then not from our table.
• A radish came, yes to hell, yes the book of Ephraim (great post).
• For seven years the worm hibernated in horseradish, but did not know the taste.
• The same pike, but under horseradish.
• Fuck cheap, but what's the point in it?
• Radish horseradish is not sweeter (radish horseradish is not sweeter, the devil is not easier; radish horseradish is not sweeter, coal is not whiter than soot).
• What the hell, what mustard - there is little difference.

Classification

Taxonomy

View horseradish belongs to the genus Horseradish (Armoracia) of the Cabbage family ( Brassicaceae) order Brassicaceae ( Brassicales).

14 more families (according to APG II System)

3 more types

order cabbage flowers

genus Horseradish

Department Flowering or angiosperms

family Cabbage

view horseradish

44 more orders flowering plants (according to APG II System)

more than 330 births

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Notes

Literature

• Bush, N. A.// Flora of the USSR: in 30 volumes / ch. ed. V. L. Komarov. - M.-L. : Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1939. - T. VIII / ed. volumes by N. A. Bush. - S. 142-143. - 696 + XXX p. - 5200 copies.
• Alekseev Yu. E. and others./ Rev. ed. doctor of biol. Sciences Rabotnov T. A. - M .: Thought, 1971. - T. 1. - S. 415-416. - 487 p. - 60,000 copies.
• Gubanov, I. A. and others. 635. Armoracia rusticana G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. - Common horseradish // . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, In-t technologist. issl., 2003. - V. 2. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - S. 261. - ISBN 9-87317-128-9.
• All about medicinal plants in your beds / Ed. S. Yu. Radelova. - St. Petersburg. : LLC "SZKEO", 2010. - S. 84-87. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-9603-0124-4.
• Goncharova, T. A.// Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. - M .: House of SMEs, 1997.

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An excerpt characterizing Horseradish

But, blinded by the force of the movement, people did not understand this for a long time.
Still greater consistency and necessity is the life of Alexander I, the person who stood at the head of the countermovement from east to west.
What is needed for that person who, overshadowing others, would be at the head of this movement from east to west?
What is needed is a sense of justice, participation in the affairs of Europe, but remote, not obscured by petty interests; the predominance of moral heights over associates - the sovereigns of that time; a meek and attractive personality is needed; need a personal insult against Napoleon. And all this is in Alexander I; all this was prepared by the countless so-called accidents of his entire past life: both his upbringing, and liberal undertakings, and the advisers around him, and Austerlitz, and Tilsit, and Erfurt.
During a people's war, this person is inactive, since it is not needed. But as soon as the need for a common European war arises, this person at the moment appears in his place and, uniting the European peoples, leads them to the goal.
The goal has been reached. After the last war of 1815, Alexander is at the pinnacle of possible human power. How does he use it?
Alexander I, appeaser of Europe, a man who from a young age strove only for the good of his peoples, the first instigator of liberal innovations in his own country, now that he seems to have the greatest power and therefore the opportunity to do the good of his peoples, while Napoleon in exile makes childish and false plans about how he would make mankind happy if he had power, Alexander I, having fulfilled his calling and feeling the hand of God on himself, suddenly recognizes the insignificance of this imaginary power, turns away from it, transfers it into the hands of those despised by him and contemptible people and only says:
“Not to us, not to us, but to your name!” I am a human too, just like you; leave me to live like a man and think about my soul and about God.

Just as the sun and each atom of the ether are a ball, complete in itself, and at the same time only an atom of the whole inaccessible to man in terms of the immensity of the whole, so each person carries his own goals in himself and meanwhile wears them in order to serve common goals inaccessible to man. .
A bee sitting on a flower stung the child. And the child is afraid of bees and says that the purpose of the bee is to sting people. The poet admires the bee, clinging to the cup of the flower, and says that the purpose of the bee is to absorb the aroma of flowers into itself. The beekeeper, noticing that the bee collects flower dust and brings it to the hive, says that the purpose of the bee is to collect honey. Another beekeeper, having studied the life of the swarm more closely, says that the bee collects dust for feeding young bees and breeding the queen, that its purpose is to procreate. The botanist notices that, flying with the dust of a dioecious flower to the pistil, the bee fertilizes it, and the botanist sees the purpose of the bee in this. Another, observing the migration of plants, sees that the bee contributes to this migration, and this new observer can say that this is the purpose of the bee. But the ultimate goal of the bee is not exhausted by either one or the other, or the third goal that the human mind is able to discover. The higher the human mind rises in discovering these goals, the more obvious for it is the inaccessibility of the final goal.
Man can only observe the correspondence between the life of a bee and other phenomena of life. The same with the goals of historical persons and peoples.

The wedding of Natasha, who married Bezukhov in 13, was the last joyful event in the old Rostov family. In the same year, Count Ilya Andreevich died, and, as always happens, the old family fell apart with his death.
The events of the last year: the fire of Moscow and the flight from it, the death of Prince Andrei and the despair of Natasha, the death of Petya, the grief of the countess - all this, like blow after blow, fell on the head of the old count. He did not seem to understand and felt himself unable to understand the significance of all these events and, morally bending his old head, as if he expected and asked for new blows that would finish him off. He seemed now frightened and confused, then unnaturally lively and enterprising.
Natasha's wedding temporarily occupied him with its outer side. He ordered lunches and dinners and, apparently, wanted to appear cheerful; but his joy was not communicated, as before, but, on the contrary, aroused compassion in people who knew and loved him.
After Pierre and his wife left, he calmed down and began to complain of longing. A few days later he fell ill and went to bed. From the first days of his illness, despite the consolations of the doctors, he realized that he could not get up. The countess, without undressing, spent two weeks in an armchair at his head. Every time she gave him medicine, he silently kissed her hand, sobbing. On the last day, weeping, he asked for forgiveness from his wife and in absentia from his son for the ruin of the estate - the main guilt that he felt for himself. Having taken communion and having received special blessings, he died quietly, and the next day a crowd of acquaintances who had come to pay their last debt to the deceased filled the Rostovs' rented apartment. All these acquaintances, who had dined and danced with him so many times, laughed at him so many times, now all with the same feeling of inner reproach and tenderness, as if justifying themselves before someone, said: “Yes, whatever it was, but the most beautiful was human. You won’t meet such people today ... And who doesn’t have their weaknesses? .. ”
It was at a time when the count's affairs were so confused that it was impossible to imagine how it would all end if another year continued, he suddenly died.
Nicholas was with the Russian troops in Paris when the news of his father's death came to him. He immediately resigned and, without waiting for it, took a vacation and came to Moscow. The state of money affairs a month after the death of the count was completely outlined, surprising everyone with the enormity of the amount of various small debts, the existence of which no one suspected. There were twice as many debts as estates.
Relatives and friends advised Nicholas to abandon the inheritance. But Nikolay saw in the refusal of the inheritance an expression of reproach to the sacred memory of his father and therefore did not want to hear about the refusal and accepted the inheritance with the obligation to pay debts.
The creditors, who had been silent for so long, being bound during the life of the count by that indefinite but powerful influence that his licentious kindness had on them, suddenly all filed for recovery. There was, as always happens, a competition to see who would get it first, and those very people who, like Mitenka and others, had non-monetary bills of exchange—gifts—now became the most exacting creditors. Nikolai was given neither time nor rest, and those who, apparently, felt sorry for the old man who was the culprit of their loss (if there were losses), now ruthlessly attacked the apparently innocent young heir in front of them, who voluntarily took upon himself the payment.
None of the turnovers proposed by Nikolai succeeded; the estate was sold under the hammer at half price, and half of the debts still remained unpaid. Nikolai took the thirty thousand offered to him by his son-in-law Bezukhov to pay that part of the debts that he recognized as monetary, real debts. And in order not to be put in a hole for the remaining debts, which the creditors threatened him with, he again entered the service.
It was impossible to go to the army, where he was in the first vacancy of a regimental commander, because the mother now held on to her son, as to the last bait of life; and therefore, despite his unwillingness to remain in Moscow in the circle of people who knew him before, despite his disgust for the civil service, he took a place in the civil service in Moscow and, taking off his favorite uniform, settled with his mother and Sonya in a small apartment, on Sivtsev Vrazhka.
Natasha and Pierre lived at that time in St. Petersburg, having no clear idea about the situation of Nicholas. Nikolai, having borrowed money from his son-in-law, tried to hide his plight from him. Nikolai's situation was especially bad because with his one thousand two hundred rubles of salary he not only had to support himself, Sonya and his mother, but he had to support his mother so that she did not notice that they were poor. The countess could not understand the possibilities of life without the conditions of luxury familiar to her from childhood, and incessantly, not understanding how difficult it was for her son, she demanded either a carriage, which they did not have, to send for a friend, or expensive food for herself and wine for son, then money to make a surprise gift to Natasha, Sonya and the same Nikolai.
Sonya ran the household, looked after her aunt, read aloud to her, endured her whims and secret dislikes, and helped Nikolai hide from the old countess the state of need in which they were. Nikolai felt indebted to Sonya for everything she did for his mother, admired her patience and devotion, but tried to move away from her.
In his soul, he seemed to reproach her for being too perfect, and for the fact that there was nothing to reproach her for. It had everything for which people are valued; but it wasn't enough to make him love her. And he felt that the more he appreciated, the less he loved her. He took her at her word, in her letter, with which she gave him freedom, and now behaved with her as if everything that had been between them had long been forgotten and in no case could be repeated.

Horseradish in Russia has long been an indispensable inhabitant of vegetable gardens. And this is no coincidence: the roots and leaves of horseradish were necessarily used in pickling vegetables, for gravy, and in the treatment of various ailments. Young juicy horseradish leaves are added to salads and soups. And products sprinkled with chopped horseradish roots under the influence of its vapors retain freshness for a long time.

Now horseradish has somewhat lost its former popularity and is grown in areas where this wonderful plant is owned.
Horseradish is needed not only for us, it helps our plants get rid of.

Everyone knows the old saying "radish horseradish is not sweeter ...", but I want to logically complete it with the words "... but it's very useful!". This is confirmed by another folk truth: "Eat horseradish food - you will be tenacious."

Fuck in medicine

Burning-sharp taste and specific, pungent smell of horseradish do not detract from its merits as a valuable food and effective medicinal product. No wonder this plant has always been considered one of the best antiscorbutic remedies.
Research scientists have shown that horseradish contains a huge amount of ascorbic acid, B vitamins and other useful substances: carotene, a variety of mineral salts (potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, copper, iron) and organic compounds.

Thanks to antibiotic substances, horseradish puts a barrier to pathogens of various infectious diseases. Therefore, it is especially important to regularly use this plant in winter for the prevention of sore throats and during the flu epidemic. And the antitumor activity of horseradish is relevant all year round.

The healing properties of horseradish are very diverse: it stimulates appetite and improves metabolism, stimulates the intestines, has a diuretic and choleretic effect. Horseradish preparations are used in the treatment of gastritis with low acidity, with stones in the bladder, with rheumatism, gout, diabetes mellitus, and mild forms of hypertension.
In folk medicine, horseradish juice with honey is prescribed to treat the liver.
Rubbing with a tincture of crushed horseradish roots (on alcohol, vodka or moonshine) helps with rheumatism and joint pain.
Boiled with beer and juniper berries, horseradish roots are effective in dropsy.
Grated horseradish is used instead of mustard plasters, and half mixed with grated apple tones and cleanses sluggish and porous skin. Also as an external remedy, horseradish helps to get rid of age spots, baldness, otitis media, stomatitis, and sciatica.

Growing horseradish

Wild horseradish grows throughout Europe and Asia.
Horseradish (Armoracia) is a genus of perennial plants of the cruciferous family, including 2 species. Most often found horseradish(Armoracia rusticana), its cultivated forms are cultivated.
To obtain good yields of high-quality roots, horseradish is usually grown as a 1-2-year-old. Older roots become stiff, rotten zones appear in them.

The unpretentiousness of horseradish is also its great advantage. This plant can live on any soil, but prefers fertile loams with sufficient moisture. In excessively moist places, horseradish is planted on a raised bed. Heavy clay soils worsen the taste of horseradish and complicate the harvesting of the roots.

Mature horseradish roots are dug up in late autumn (they are well stored all winter in a cold place) or in early spring, until the leaves have grown.
Horseradish winters well due to its high frost resistance.

The only pest I have seen on horseradish is cruciferous fleas - they testify to their appearance with holes in the leaves. Small fleas bother horseradish, like other representatives of the cruciferous family, in very hot weather.

horseradish breeding

Most cultural forms of horseradish do not form seeds, they reproduce vegetatively.
There are dormant buds on the thick and branched horseradish root. Therefore, after harvesting horseradish, the pieces of roots remaining in the ground soon germinate. This allows you to grow horseradish in one place for many years, with regular digging of the roots.

Cuttings cut from a thin annual horseradish root (about 20 cm long, as thick as a pencil or a little more) give life to new plants. At the same time, it is important to immediately note the top and bottom of each cutting: the upper cut is made straight, and the lower one is oblique.

Horseradish cuttings can be planted all season: in spring, summer and early autumn (so that they have time to take root and sprout before the onset of cold weather).
Horseradish cuttings are planted obliquely: their straight top is deepened into the soil by about 3-5 cm, and the lower beveled part - by 12-15 cm.

Used for breeding horseradish and apical buds of the root. They can be cut and used for breeding even in winter.
I made the following experiment: in mid-January, I cut off the hatched apical and root buds from the horseradish roots stored in the refrigerator along with short sections of the root (about 2-3 cm long). I dried the sections a little and planted them in a bowl with a light substrate. These pieces of roots very quickly began to develop roots and sprouts. Now it remains to transplant young plants into individual pots, where they will grow before planting in open ground.

The cold resistance of horseradish allows its rooted cuttings to be planted in the garden in spring along with early vegetables.

When growing horseradish, it is important to remove extra rosettes of leaves from the plant, leaving no more than two (so that not the tops, but the roots develop better), and also cut out the emerging flower stalks. Many cultural forms of horseradish have sterile flowers.

In conclusion, one cannot fail to mention the decorativeness of horseradish - its large wavy leaves on long petioles form tall and lush green curtains.

Elena Yurievna Ziborova (Samara)

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Horseradish is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Cabbage family, with a powerful, fleshy root. Its stem is erect, branched at the top, up to 120 cm high, hollow, furrowed. Basal leaves are large, elongated or elongated-oval, serrated along the edge, with a heart-shaped base. The lower stem leaves are pinnatipartite, the upper ones are oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire. The flowers are bisexual, regular, white, in many-flowered racemes collected in a paniculate inflorescence. Horseradish blooms in May-June. The fruit is an elongated oval, swollen pod.

Many varieties of cultivated horseradish have been bred; amateurs grow it in garden plots. It should be taken into account, however, the tendency of horseradish to grow rapidly, therefore it is usually placed along the periphery of the plots.

Its relatives are mustard, watercress, radish. There are different opinions about the origin of horseradish. It was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks, Egyptians. A plant that spreads easily and is now found in many countries in the wild. Most botanists consider horseradish to be an original Russian spicy-aromatic plant.

From 1500 BC it was used by the Greeks as a dish and seasoning, one of the most bitter and spicy. It was believed that horseradish not only stimulates appetite, but also activates vitality. It was used to make ointments for the treatment of rheumatism.

For medicinal purposes, horseradish roots harvested in the fall are used. To keep them from drying out, they are stored in cellars, in boxes with wet sand. The roots of the plant are included in the Pharmacopoeia of many foreign countries, in particular France, Switzerland, Brazil and some others.

Horseradish is harvested in late autumn before frost or in spring. It is recommended to store at a temperature of -1 to +1 degrees, sprinkled with dry sand. Horseradish is used as a seasoning for meat and fish dishes, sausages. The leaves are used for pickling and pickling vegetables. Traditional Russian spice - grated horseradish. It improves the taste of dishes and stimulates the appetite.

Useful properties of horseradish

Horseradish contains fiber, essential oils, phytoncides, a lot of vitamin C, as well as vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, folic acid, as well as such macro and microelements as: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, manganese , copper and arsenic, horseradish root also contains sugar, various amino acids, a bactericidal protein substance - lysozyme and organic compounds.

Horseradish contains five times more vitamin C than oranges and lemons. In terms of the content of ascorbic acid, horseradish is not inferior to the fruits of blackcurrant, and only in ripe red pepper is there more of it.

In the roots, the glycoside sinigrin was found, the splitting of which produces allyl mustard oil and lysozyme, which has a bactericidal effect. Allyl mustard oil causes a sharp smell and taste of horseradish, has a pronounced local effect, causes flushing of the skin and burning pain, and with prolonged action can cause burns and gangrene. Its vapors cause severe coughing and lacrimation. Taken orally in small doses, it enhances the secretion of the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates appetite. In large doses, it can cause severe gastroenteritis.

Ascorbic acid, the enzyme myrosin, allyl mustard essential oil were found in the leaves and roots.

The healing properties of horseradish have long been known to medicine. Horseradish improves intestinal activity, has choleretic, expectorant, antiscorbutic properties. It is prescribed for colds, various inflammatory processes, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver diseases, gout, rheumatism, bladder, skin diseases.

In folk medicine, sciatica has long been treated with horseradish. To do this, freshly grated horseradish gruel was smeared on a cloth and applied to a sore spot like a mustard plaster.

Horseradish is very useful to add to food to prevent acute respiratory diseases. In case of hypothermia, in order to prevent a cold, it is recommended to make horseradish poultices to the feet and shins. As a cough medicine, traditional healers recommend using horseradish with honey: mix finely grated horseradish with honey in equal proportions and give the patient 2-3 times a day for a full teaspoon.

In the book Dr. Laskin's Anti-Cancer Diet, horseradish vapor is mentioned as a remedy and prevention against metastases.

The doctor advises to grate the horseradish root on a fine grater, and breathe horseradish vapor a couple of times a day for 5-15 minutes.

The juice of the fresh roots has long been used as a diuretic, especially in India, and also as a distraction for inflammation of the sciatic nerve. If you have flux or gum disease, then take 1 tsp. freshly grated horseradish, pour 1 glass of water (you can also pour a glass of wine) and leave to infuse for 4 hours. Then strain the infusion and rinse your mouth with it every 30 minutes. The flux will pass quickly.

Diluted horseradish juice with sugar or honey is used for rinsing the mouth and throat in inflammatory processes and tonsillitis. The root juice is instilled into the ears for inflammation and purulent discharge, and for the treatment of purulent wounds, gruel is used in the form of a compress - as a local irritant and distraction.

While we eat horseradish with jelly, we treat our various sores with roots, in the USA scientists have put horseradish in the category of strategically important products for medicine, defense and the space industry. Studies by Japanese scientists have shown that the substances contained in the rhizomes of horseradish actively prevent the occurrence of caries. Horseradish contains substances that prevent the growth of bacteria that cause caries. Currently, scientists in Japan are working on the creation of a new toothpaste based on horseradish rhizomes. There is only one catch: scientists do not yet know how to neutralize the “aroma” of horseradish that is atypical for toothpaste.