It is necessary, however, to note one typical feature of colloquial words. They are characterized by a special kind of semantic syncretism and polysemism, that is, the presence
9 This circumstance is noted by many researchers, see; OV Sirotinina writes: "" Spoken "vocabulary is ... the main, initial words of synonymous series, the main" representatives "of semantic fields." Relations of this kind, that is, the large number of colloquial words, the multicomponite nature of their semantic structure, is a typical feature of many units of the lexical system of colloquial speech.
Among the words that function in colloquial speech, there are many lexical units that coincide in form with the code.
* ficting literary language. The originality of colloquial speech is also revealed in relation to these words. So, for example, the use in colloquial speech of the word damsel differs sharply from the characteristics that are given to him
explanatory dictionaries, placing in the same dictionary entry and variant damsel(marked nar.-poetic.)(cm. ). Judging by the data of the dictionaries and the illustrative material placed there, one would think that this word does not belong to the active vocabulary of our contemporary, that it is not found in living speech. This is not true. Noun damsel with a touch of some familiarity, light playfulness, it is used in colloquial speech to denote a young girl or woman both as an address and outside this function:
Well/ girls / went! What are you waiting for //; There was one girl ( Class!; A girls have ours already come? (about young employees of a scientific institution); L: Where did everyone go? B: Girls let's go to dinner // "Shifted" in comparison with the codified literary language, semantics is also observed in words mother, old man, woman(rude), uncle, aunt(rude), aunty(joking, rude.), used in youth jargon and vernacular, but sometimes penetrating into the spoken language of mainly young people (with indirect nomination of persons and in the function of address). (Cm. ch."Speech etiquette".)
(Young man to a friend) Old man! Write down my phone / or you changed it //
The semantic uniqueness of words is even more clearly revealed, which coincide in form with the words of a codified language, but refer to other parts of speech and have less specific semantics (see chapter "Morphology", sections: "Pronouns", "Predicatives", "Relativ- you "," Particles ").
The ability of colloquial speech to develop situational meanings of words contributes to the creation of specific semantic oppositions that are found in a certain situation. L. A. Kapanadze writes about this: “Words with a generalized meaning then act as an unmarked member of opposition. The situation of speech "sets" some property, quality, "individuality" of a thing, and when it is necessary to express the absence of this quality (our relaxation - E. 3.), that is, semantically opposing one word to another, “weighty” words are used. ”Such words can be adjectives simple, empty, straight, normal 10 .
10 For an analysis of the semantics of such words and examples of their use, see 113, p. 455-457].
Adjective simple, for example, it is included in such speech oppositions:
simple - silk simple - checkered
simple - festive simple - extra
simple - with simple syrup - avia, etc.
simple - chocolate
Very often, such oppositions are realized in a buying situation:
I have three envelopes a b and a and two simple //; Two pairs of synthetic and one simple / f(about socks); I want to take and chocolates / and simple // Children are better simple //; I have / need shoes on the way out simple / street //; What kind of tablecloth do you need? Simple or with a fringe ?; Here is tea only simple/ but I want extra //; (At the railway ticket office) Bolshevo alone simple/ one student //; (By the soda stand) Two with syrup and one simple/ please//; Ten general and ten simple //(about notebooks).
The words normal, normal according to explanatory dictionaries, they mean "normal, not deviating from the norm" and "usually, not deviating from the norm *, for example: The wound healing went well(V. Panova. Satellites). In colloquial speech (especially among young people), these words have other meanings n, which stand out clearly in the following contexts:
A: How is your head? Does not hurt? B: Fine//; A: How are you? B: Fine//; A: How are you? B: Ok //; A: Did you go well? B: Fine//
Features of the functioning of colloquial speech (connection with the situation, the presence of a general apperception
11 Specificity of the adjective normal manifests itself in the opposite
provisions that include this word. See L.A.K.'s observations.
nadze V. -
It is indicative that people of the older generation can protest against this use of words: “Lyuba, how are you with your writing assignment in literature? - asked the grandmother.
- Fine,- answered Lyuba, looking at herself in the mirror.
What means "fine""? Is it really impossible to answer humanly
chesky?
Granny, - said Lyuba, straightening her hair, - when you
ask how you feel, you answer: "Nothing."
do you think your answer contains more information? " (Come, however, 1974,
November 5).
base) are found in the field of vocabulary in a number of phenomena. Let's consider the main ones.
It is necessary, however, to note one typical feature of colloquial words. They are characterized by a special kind of semantic syncretism and polysemism, i.e. the presence of a large number of sense components in a word. When translated into a codified language, they usually lose their semantic set, that is, they undergo a certain simplification. Let's compare two verbs - become adept(colloquial) and learn to(neutral). In dictionaries become adept interpreted "to learn to skillfully do something, to acquire the skill to perform something" and give examples: snuggle up to shoot; ... I was tired of speaking English. A close comparison of these verbs shows that learn to does not convey many of the elements of meaning contained in become adept. "Become adept expresses the achievement of a high degree of skill, the acquisition of good skills (and not without difficulty), which, naturally, refers to To positive evaluation. However, the rudeness of this word, motivated, apparently, by the phraseology "eat the dog on something" in the content sense is associated with a certain shade of criticality, the presence of some reservation, restrictiveness, some kind of "but". "has achieved something worthy of approval, but somehow it does not meet with 100% support from the speaker. When it says “How he got himself to speak in English,” it is assumed that “some stone in his bosom” is assumed - either the personality of this person is unsympathetic, or there is some envy, or it is assumed that “in spite of practical knowledge, he does not know the theory ", or something else" non-positive ". Become adept differs, therefore, from learn to not only stylistic deprivation and rudeness, but also purely material families. Therefore, the substitution of the verb “to fill up” the following uses of the verb “to learn” is hardly possible: .. He learned order, accuracy, manners, literacy, wisdom; keep quiet, respect others, see the good in people ... Verbal determinants with the semantics of "insufficiency, incompleteness, weak degree", allowed with the verb "learn", with the verb "get enough", if they can meet , it is more likely in the order of exception. ”Relations of this kind, that is, the large polysemism of colloquial words, the multicomponent nature of their semantic structure is a typical feature of many units of the lexical system of colloquial speech.
Among the words that function in colloquial speech, there are many lexical units that coincide in form with the codified literary language.The originality of colloquial speech is also found in relation to these words For example, the use of the word damsel sharply differs from the characteristic that explanatory dictionaries give him, placing in the same dictionary entry a variant damsel(marked nar.-poetic.)... Judging by the data of the dictionaries and the illustrative material placed there, one would think that this word does not belong to the active vocabulary of our contemporary, that it does not occur in living speech. This is not true. Noun girl with a touch of some familiarity, light playfulness is used in colloquial speech to denote a young girl or woman both as an address, and outside this function: Well / girls / went! What are you waiting for //; There was one damsel! Class!; A girls have ours already come? (about young employees of a scientific institution)<…>.
Semantics "shifted" in comparison with the codified literary language is also observed in words mother, old man, woman(rude), uncle, aunt(rude), aunty(joking, rude.), used in youth jargon and vernacular, but sometimes penetrating into the colloquial speech of mainly young people (with indirect nomination of persons and in the function of address)<…>.
The ability of colloquial speech to develop the situational meanings of words contributes to the creation of specific semantic oppositions found in a certain situation, L. A. Kapanadze writes about this: “Words with a generalized meaning then act as an unmarked member of opposition. -this property, quality, "individuality" of a thing, and when it is necessary to express the lack of this quality (our discharge - E 3.), that is, semantically oppose one word to another , “all-meaning” words are used. ”Such words can be adjectives simple, empty, straight, normal. "
Adjective simple, for example, it is included in such speech oppositions: simple - silk, simple - festive, simple - with syrup, simple - chocolate, simple - in a box, simple - extra, simple - air, etc.
Very often, such oppositions are realized in a buying situation: I have three envelopes a, b and a, and two simple //; Two couples with and one simple //(about socks); I want to take some chocolates / s simple // Children are better simple //<…>.
The words normal, normal according to explanatory dictionaries, they mean "ordinary, not deviating from the norm" and "usually, not deviating from the norm", for example: The wound healing went well(V. Panova. Satellites). In colloquial speech (especially among young people), these words have other meanings, which are clearly expressed in the following contexts: A: How is your head? Does not hurt? B: Fine//; A: How are you? B: Fine//
Features of the functioning of colloquial speech (connection with the situation, the presence of a common apperception base among speakers) are found in the sphere of vocabulary in a number of phenomena. Let's consider the main ones.
WIDE USE OF NON-NOMIN
Pronouns are used not only as placeholders for full-valued words referring to them, but also as indicator words (deictisms) that directly correlate the content of speech with some element of the real situation (or with what the speaker knows from general experience) , and also as a means to ensure continuity in the syntactic structure of the statement: How can we be with everything this?(about inviting guests); Put on another coat // A wallet with money and with this left at home // (about keys)
Pronouns with repetitions (like here and there, here and there, here and there, so and so) usually used in cases where the speaker does not find words to complete a series of homogeneous enumerations, i.e., to denote a kind of common member of the series: Marina left / went to pay for gas / so-syo //; She read the report // Was related to morphology / with that - this //; Such a pie / you start to lick your lips / you lick your fingers and everything is //
O. A. Cherepanova.
On the relationship between the concepts of "semantic syncretism" and "lexical-semantic group"
as applied to the lexical system of the Old Russian language
(St. Petersburg)
At the meetings of the Commission on the Historical Lexicology of the Russian Language in 1985-1991 (1), at which the principles and tasks of the historical lexicology of the Russian language were discussed, the question was raised about the basic units that form the lexical system of the language and are the units for describing this system. Such units were recognized as a word and units larger than a word, in particular lexico-semantic and thematic groups of words.
It can be assumed that in different periods of the development of the lexical system, the ratio, mutual relations of these units will be slightly different. In this case, we are interested in the Old Russian period, for which the presence of such a property of the semantic structure of a word as syncretism of meaning is recognized, which manifests itself in one form or another in all periods of language development, but in the ancient period had more pronounced forms of its manifestation.
In modern semantics, the concepts of polysemy, polysemy and ambiguity differ. Ambiguity can be lexical (drive through the stop, that is, “ drive the distance between two stations" and " do not get off at the right stop"; re-elect Petrov; regret the years spent ... etc.) and syntactic (her portrait, mother loves her daughter, etc.). Ambiguity is understood as a property of linguistic units, manifested in the ability of linguistic units to have different meanings. They talk about the ambiguity of the language, speech and ambiguity of the text. Ambiguity as a phenomenon of language and speech has many manifestations. The article by Anna A. Zaliznyak examines various manifestations of ambiguity, for example, puns, some poetic figures of speech (Anna A. Zaliznyak: 20–45). In this sense, the concept of ambiguity is broader than the concept of syncretism. The concepts " ambiguity" and " ambiguity / syncretism»Are close, but distinguishable. " The representation of polysemy in the form of a set of particular meanings - with a hierarchy established between them and identified models of semantic derivation or without them - will always be imperfect (in the sense of inadequate facts), and this imperfection is due to ... the nature of polysemy, which is arranged indiscriminately in a language or system: implementation in speech, non-discreteness decreases significantly, but is not eliminated at all ..."(Ibid: 41). The unremovable and sometimes irreparable indiscreteness in the semantics of a word is semantic syncretism. Anna A. Zaliznyak sees the border between polysemy and syncretism in the difference between the generated and the reproduced. She gives an example of semantic syncretism from children's language: the sound complex babakh can mean and “ hit", and " impact sound", and " painfully", and " ball", and " any spherical object"(Ibid: 41). In its most general form, semantic syncretism can be defined as the semantic indivisibility of a lexical unit - a word (combination of words).
In the ancient language, semantic syncretism was a very significant phenomenon, and the relevance of this phenomenon was due to the properties of consciousness and mental activity characteristic of the early eras, namely, less clear than in a later time, structuring and conceptualization of the surrounding world.
Syncretism, or diffuseness, indiscreteness of lexical or categorical semantics, has long been the object of observation and thought of philologists. A. N. Afanasyev spoke about “ primordial word"As about the seed from which the mythical legend grows, meaning, obviously, the word of the semantic and functional type of which we speak:" the word is collapsed text". A. A. Potebnya discusses the primitive name, which contains “ duality of substances", That is, the fusion of subject and qualitative meanings. S. D. Katsnelson emphasizes the imagery of a single undifferentiated name, which was distinguished in ancient languages by polysemantism of qualitative and objective meanings. For B. A. Larin “ syncretic word"Has the property" polar values", Contains in its semantics the unity of opposites, reflecting an earlier, primitive stage of thinking. O. N. Trubachev and O. I. Smirnova noted the indivisibility and uncertainty of the meanings of ancient roots. The root -cht- has undergone a special description, which at first had an undivided general semantics, from which the meanings " read», « think», « honor"(Dzhummanova). Since the end of the 70s of the twentieth century. the development of the problems of syncretism as a phenomenon of language and speech becomes an independent scientific problem (O.S. Akhmanova, V.V. Babaitseva, V.V. Vinogradov, etc.), and historians of language, primarily representatives of the St. Petersburg school of historical Russian studies, pay special attention to it (V. V. Kolesov, V. N. Kalinovskaya, O. A. Radutnaya, M. V. Pimenova, B. V. Kunavin, O. A. Cherepanova, L. Ya. Petrova, A. K. Konevetsky and others .).
For ancient languages, syncretism should be considered an ontological and universal property; it exists objectively as an expression of a certain form of consciousness; generated by an insufficiently clear division of the world by human consciousness at the level of representation, image (Kolesov: 44). Recent developments make it possible to talk about several types of ancient syncretism.
a) In the earliest Slavic monuments, primary undivided names functioned - categorical syncretes, which both in absolute use and as components of compound naming had substantial-characterizing grammatical meanings. As V. A. Baranov notes, categorical syncretism was most clearly manifested in possessive names, in those characterizing names in vocative form, and in some suffixal nominal formations. Perhaps, initially, this type of syncretism can also be seen in the word dva in combination dva Maria (cf. dva).
b) Semantic syncretism, presented in lexemes that simultaneously have the meanings of action, subject, object of action and the result of this action: catch, sad, fear, ditch, grape, power, etc. The lexeme fear meant as “ fear, fear"And deliverance, protection from fear -" protection, protection". The semantics of the adjective contains many, in an undivided form, the potential to convey “ measuring»The meaning of size, quantity, intensity, and not only in relation to countable or physically measurable objects, but also in relation to time: according to many times (Laurus. Let.) Syncretism of this type should be considered linguistic, it existed at the lexeme level and was eliminated in the context.
c) Semantic syncretism, expressed in diffuseness, non-discreteness of word semantics. This type of syncretism is most typical for the names of the characterizing semantics. M. V. Pimenova, studying the means of expressing aesthetic evaluation in the Old Russian text, considers semantic syncretism, if not the leading, then a very important feature of the characterizing names. According to her observations, with reference to the observations of N. G. Mikhailovskaya, O. I. Smirnova, J. P. Sokolovskaya, syncretic units are words (primarily adjectives and nouns) with the meaning of a generalized positive or generalized negative assessment: adjectives: good, kind, lpyi, red, alive, vyachii, deliberate, hostile, crafty, dark, thin, alien / alien, foul, dirty; nouns goodness, goodness, beauty, etc. For example: Hate the good enemy. Life of Theodosius of Pechersky; Go to your teaching, open your eyes of your mind and show the lightness of your kindness, the beauty of your desire. Theodore Stratilat, XIV: 150c-d. (Pimenova: 15-16). A certain confirmation of the syncretic nature of such units is the fact that in the presence of the Greek original in the translated texts, these units in the Greek text correspond to a certain series of Greek words and vice versa, to one Greek - a number of Slavic ones. Thus, V. Yagich notes that the Greek noun “ decency, decency, beauty"In Slavic translations there are four words: beauty, lpota, wellepota, bliss. V " The Tale of Barlaam and Joasaph»The lexeme beauty is used when translating ten Greek words that implement various types of pragmatic meaning (sublimated - aesthetic and ethical assessment, sensory-psychological - emotional assessment, etc.). According to the observations of V.M. Istrin, in the Chronicle of George Amartol, the adjective zliya corresponds to 12 Greek units (Pimenova: 16).
Syncretism of this nature is not eliminated in the text, since in consciousness these lexemes correspond to an undivided representation and a concept with an extremely broad content.
According to M.V. Pimenova, the set of syncret words forms a special lexical and semantic category, which she proposes to call the term syncretremia (Pimenova: 15).
A. V. Nikitin, studying the semantic organization of a group of nouns with the meaning of ‘woeful feeling’ in the Old Russian language, comes to the conclusion that a significant number of lexemes of this group have a sign of syncretism in their semantics and combine such meanings as: “ misfortune, misfortune», « sad feeling», « », « loss of mental strength», « disease, ailment», « worry, concern», « shyness, difficult circumstances". For example: The sadness of the great wasted was made by all people. Izbornik 1076: 154 rev .; Child, have you seen the cave this very scrumptively existent and mbcneishe paca ynhh mbst. You owe me, as I think, and do not think that seven scrubs are worth it. Collection of the Assumption of the 12th – 13th centuries: 31 b. (Alekseev: 5).
The types of categorical-semantic and semantic syncretism considered above are a consequence of the ontological indivisibility of the semantics of a verbal unit in language or in speech. There is, however, a type of syncretism that reflects the imposition of one conceptual sphere, which was formed later, on another, earlier in the time of appearance, or arises as a result of combining in the verbal unit of initially separated images, ideas, concepts.
d) An example of syncretism that arose as a result of the imposition of conceptual spheres one on top of another is spatio-temporal syncretism. An adverb is another education of this kind. The original spatial meaning of the etymon was superimposed on the secondary - temporal, which led to the indivisibility of the semantics of this word in a number of ancient Russian uses: back", and " again"; Walk Vs'volod k'ocyu Ky1evou and come opA Novougorodou on the table (Novgorod 1 Chronicle, 6634) (Sreznevsky, 11: 702–703). Spatio-temporal syncretism, obviously, retained its activity in the collective consciousness for a long time (it is still present), otherwise it is impossible to explain the semantic shifts " back» - « again», Which at a much later time are attested in the adverb back.
e) Another type of syncretism is directly due to the specificity of the pagan worldview, in which human consciousness did not distinguish a person from the surrounding nature and identified the existence of a person with the existence of living and inanimate objects around him. This is the nature of such a well-known phenomenon as totemism. In the linguistic area, this was manifested in the verbal identification / nondiscrimination of a person and creatures and objects of other ranks. An example of this can be seen in the Word about Igor's regiment. The word galitsi (2) is used three times in the work. In one case, these are birds: " then don't lie, don't lie, the galitsi are dumb, forty are not troskotash", In the other - these are the Polovtsians:" no storm the falcons carried across the wide fields - the galitsa flocks to the great Don"; in the third - the syncretism of the image, manifested in the semantics of the word, does not make it possible to unambiguously determine whether it is about the birds or about the Cumans: Then on the Russian land rdko rataev kikahut, often lie to you, corpse yourself dlyache, and galits your pry to talk, to want to fly away ”(Word: 106, 23, 26). The proposed understanding of the second and third quotations is supported by the fact that totemistic consciousness is very actively manifested in the Word: almost every character has a parallel image that can be elevated to the totemic “ fellow"Or ancestor: tour - Vsevolod, Russian princes, Igor - falcons, six-winged, Vseslav - a fierce beast, wolf, Gzak - gray wolf, Yaroslavna - zegzitsa, Igor - ermine, gogol, beaded wolf, falcon; Vlor - a wolf, Cumans - black crows, parduge nests, galitsa, etc. True, a certain degree of symbolization in the Word, obviously, can already be seen.
f) Finally, there is syncretism, which was the result of symbolization, and symbolization, which is a reflection of a certain type of thinking inherent in early forms of consciousness and manifested itself as a logical-stylistic device that organizes many ancient texts, especially parable texts belonging to high bookishness. Many examples of such symbolization are given to us by the works of Kirill Turovsky, for example, the words dom, grapes. Rich material for observations in the field of textual and verbal syncretism contains “ The legend of our father Agapius ...": And with the speeches of Iliya mir ti boudi Agapiye. Go in get gnA and go with you. Az 'bow to SA poidokh along the path. Similar to the display of Il1a (Skazanie: 291 b). The syncretism of the semantics of the word path, which is in this monument and the real space along which the movement is made, and the journey that takes place in time and space, and the spiritual movement to comprehend the commandments of the Lord, and these commandments themselves, makes itself especially expressive. Syncretism as a result of the figurative-symbolic perception of the world embodied in the word is an attribute of artistic speech of all times, being realized in symbolic meanings and uses of words, metaphors, etc.
The phenomenon of syncretism, diffuseness, and non-discreteness of the semantics of an ancient word in many cases can create difficulties in identifying individual meanings. Syncretism at the syntagmatic level makes paradigmatic relations fuzzy as well. Lexico-semantic groups, for example, synonymous series, are built on the basis of LSV, and not lexemes as a whole. As a result, difficulties arise in assigning a word to one or another lexico-semantic group. In many cases, it is possible to distinguish semantic complexes, united by an extremely wide meaning. For example, M.V. Pimenova speaks of a group of evaluative adjectives with the meaning of a generalized positive or, conversely, a generalized negative assessment (Pimenova: 15). A. V. Alekseev comes to the conclusion that to the group of nouns under consideration with the meaning “ sad feeling» « the term "LSG" is completely inapplicable, since it does not fully reflect the peculiarities of the structural organization of these words"(Alekseev: 8). He also speaks of a holistic semantic complex, which includes the meanings " sad feeling"And the accompanying meanings" misfortune», « torment, physical suffering»Etc. The above typology of semantic syncretism of the Old Russian word shows that the phenomenon of Old Russian syncretism exists in language, speech and text, and not all types of syncretism create difficulties in identifying a separate meaning at the syntagmatic level. In general, the semantic syncretism of the Old Russian word should not be considered an obstacle to the allocation of one or another LSG, although one has to take into account that the nature of these associations can be generalized, and the relations of synonymy, antonymy, enantiosemia can be more complex than it might seem when approaching the ancient word with modern “ by the yardstick».
Literature
Alekseev A. V... The structure of a group of nouns with the meaning “a woeful feeling in the Old Russian language // XXXIII International Philological Conference. - Issue. 5: History of the Russian language. - Part 1. - P. 3–9.
Baranov V. A... Formation of attributive categories in the history of the Russian language: Author's abstract. diss ... doct. philological. sciences. - Kazan 2003.
Dzhummanova D. T... History of the lexical-semantic group of words with the etymological root * -cьt-: Author's abstract. diss. ... Candidate of Philology. sciences. - SPb., 1995.
Zaliznyak Anna A. Phenomenon of polysemy and methods of its description // Questions of linguistics. - No. 2. 2004. - P. 20–45.
V. V. Kolesov Semantic syncretism as a category of language // Bulletin of the Leningrad University. - Ser. 2. - Issue. 2 (No. 9). - 1991. - S. 40–49.
Pimenova M.V. Aesthetic assessment in the Old Russian language: Author's abstract. diss. Cand. philological. sciences. - S.-Pb., 2000.
Tale of the ots of our Agapit ... // Assumption collection of the XII-XIII centuries. - M. 1971. S. 466–473.
Sreznevsky I. I. Materials for the Old Russian dictionary. - T. I – III. 1959-1995.
Notes (edit)
The word galitsi is mentioned as an example of possible syncretism in the article by Anna A. Zaliznyak.
Who does not share what is found is like the light in the hollow of the sequoia (ancient Indian proverb)
print version
Semantic field
Semantic fieldThe founder of the theory of the semantic field is the German scientist Jost Trier. According to this theory, on each “conceptual field” corresponding to a certain sphere of concepts (a circle of ideas), words are superimposed, dividing it without a remainder and forming a “verbal” field.
Lexicon is a collection of subsystems called semantic fields, within which words are linked by mutual opposition. The founder of the theory of the semantic field is the German scientist Jost Trier. According to this theory, on each “conceptual field” corresponding to a certain sphere of concepts (a circle of ideas), words are superimposed, dividing it without a remainder and forming a “verbal” field. Moreover, each word gets meaning only as part of the corresponding field. A native speaker fully knows the meaning of a word only if he knows the meanings of other words from the same field.
Example: let's compare three systems of assessing student knowledge - systems A, B and C:
- A: excellent, good, good, bad.
- B: excellent, good, beats, not quite beats, not very good.
- C: excellent, good, beats, enough, not quite beats, not quite.
Here, one and the same continuum of the quality of students' knowledge (conceptual field) is divided in different ways by three assessment systems (verbal fields), resulting in 3 semantic fields. If you do not know to which semantic field this or that assessment belongs, then it is hardly possible to establish its real value, that is, the range of the quality of students' knowledge covered by it.
In modern linguistics, the semantic field is defined as a set of linguistic units, united by a common content and reflecting the conceptual, objective or functional similarity of the designated phenomena.
The semantic field is characterized by the following main properties:
- 1) the presence of semantic relations (correlations) between its constituent words;
- 2) the systemic nature of these relations;
- 3) interdependence and interdependence of lexical units;
- 4) the relative autonomy of the field;
- 5) the continuity of the designation of its semantic space;
- 6) the interconnection of semantic fields within the entire lexical system (the entire vocabulary).
Examples of semantic fields: field of time, field of animal husbandry, field of color designations.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION COMPLEX SUBJECTED PROPOSALS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SYNCRETISM MONOGRAPH Eagle - 2007 UDC 808.2: 801.561.72 BBK 81.2 Rus - 2 Druzhinina S. I.<...> Structural and semantic classification complex subordinate proposals taking into account syncretism: Monograph.<...>Reviewers: Bednarskaya L. D. - Doctor of Philology, Professor, Professor of the Department of Theory and Methods of Teaching Russian Language and Literature, Oryol State University; Burko N.V. - Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Russian Language, Culturology and Psychology, Oryol State Agrarian University The monograph is recommended for publication by the decision of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Oryol State Agrarian University" -semantic classification of complex sentences, supplemented and refined in the semantic aspect.<...>The research is based on modern theory syncretism (synchronous transitivity) and the functional-semantic field.<...>STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION DIFFICULT SUBMISSIONS OFFERS SUPPLEMENTED AND REFINED IN THE SEMANTIC ASPECT.<...> Functional and semantic field"Complex sentences with the meaning of the reason" ……………………………….<...>SPP with syncretic the meaning of cause and effect ……….<...>SPP with syncretic value reasons and explanations ……… 54 2.<...>SPP with syncretic the meaning of the condition and the reason ………….<...>SPP with syncretic the value of the condition and concession ………….<...>SPP with syncretic value of the condition and attribution… <...>SPP with syncretic goal value and attribution <...>
Structural-semantic_classification of_complicated_propositions_with_ account of_syncretism.pdf
CONTENTS Foreword …………………………………………………………… ... 7 CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF RESEARCHING COMPLEX PROPOSALS. INITIAL THEORETICAL CONCEPTS …………………………………… ..10 § 1. Complex sentences of different levels. Basic concepts of the theories of transitivity and functional-semantic field ... ... 10 § 2. History of classification of complex sentences ............................. .................................................. ................................ 21 Conclusions ……………………………………… ……………………… ... 32 CHAPTER II. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX SUBJECTED PROPOSALS, SUPPLEMENTED AND REFINED IN THE SEMANTIC ASPECT ..................................... .................................................. ......................... 36 § 1. Complex sentences with conditional relations ................ .................................................. ................................... 45 1. Functional-semantic field "Complex sentences with a reason value" ... …………………………… .49 1.1. Nuclear NGNs …………………………………………………… ..52 1.2. Peripheral NGN …………………………………………… ... 52 1.2.1. SPP with syncretic meaning of cause and effect ……… ..53 1.2.2. SPP with syncretic meaning of reason and explanation ……… 54 2. Functional-semantic field “Complex sentences with condition value” ……………………………… ... 56 2.1. Nuclear NGNs …………………………………………………… ..58 2.2. Peripheral NGNs …………………………………………… ... 59 2.2.1. SPP with syncretic meaning of condition and cause ………… .59 2.2.2. SPP with syncretic meaning of condition and concession ………… ... 60 2.2.3. SPP with syncretic meaning of condition and input ……… ... 61 2.2.4. SPP with syncretic meaning of condition and explanation ……… ..62 2.2.5. SPP with syncretic meaning of condition and attribution… ..63 3
