01. RIVERS
The climatic conditions and the amount of precipitation are favorable.
for the formation of a developed river network on the territory of the region.
In the Tula region 1682 rivers and streams flow, both constantly flowing and
drying up, with a total length of 10 933 km.
Most rivers are less than five kilometers long.
They make up about 77% of the total number of watercourses.
For example, in the Upa basin there are 458 of them, Don - six, Beautiful Swords - four.
Rivers and streams are unevenly distributed. Their greatest length is
Leninsky district - 729 km, Venevsky - 590 km, Yasnogorsky - 517 km.
But in the Novomoskovsky district - 190 km, in the Kamensky - 145.
There are 190 rivers with a length of more than 10 km.
Rivers ranging in length from five to ten and from 10 to 100 km, respectively,
13 and 11%, and more than 100 km - only 0.3%.
Thus, practically all rivers of the region belong to small rivers,
except for Oka, Upa, Don and Beautiful Swords.
The average density of the river network is 0.4 km / km2 and varies from 0.03 to 2.78 km / km2.
The river network of the Tula region belongs to two basins: river Oka with Upa and
tributaries - to a closed area of internal flow (the Caspian basin proper).
The Don River and its tributaries - the Azov-Black Sea basin.
The region's rivers belong mainly to the Oka basin, which occupies 75%
territory of the region; the Don basin accounts for 25% of the territory.
The Oka Basin: includes the Upa with tributaries, Zusha (upper reaches),
Mob with tributaries Rozka and Ugot, Snezhed, Ista and Istichka, Bobrik, Left Hand,
Right Hand, Vyrka, Skull, Krushma, Washana, Vypreyka, Book, Lubosna, Book,
Besputa, Bolshaya Smedva, Sturgeon with tributaries Venevka and Mordves,
Pronya (upstream).
The Don basin includes: Beautiful Sword with tributaries Kamenka, Turdey, Gogol,
Semenek (mouth), Ptan (upper reaches); Nepryadva with tributaries Ferorotka and Sitka;
Vyazovka ("Vyazovnya, Yazovna" (upper reaches)), Bolshaya and Malaya Sukromka, Wet Tabola,
Donets. The Upa River with its numerous tributaries constitutes an independent
large pool.
If you superimpose a tectonic map on a topographic one, then, as a rule, the channels
rivers coincide with the lines of tectonic faults of the earth's crust.
This can be traced in the territory of the Tula region.
In the western peripheral part of the Tula dome-ring structure along its
the Oka flows through the ring fault, and in the eastern part of this structure, too, along a similar
The Don flows through the rift.
The relief of the region determines the flat type of rivers. They all have a small drop.
For the Oka, from Belev to Aleksin, it is 18 cm per one km; for Upa on everything
length - 21 cm per one km.
The regime of the region's rivers is determined by its position in the forest-steppe zone,
temperate continental climate and underlying surface.
Rivers have a mixed type of food- snow, rain, groundwater -
with a predominance of runoff due to melt water.
In winter rivers feed mainly on groundwater; in summer and autumn -
rain and ground; in spring - mainly by melt water.
The main place of food belongs to snow, which accounts for 60 - 80%,
and for rain and ground food - 20 - 40%.
The distribution of runoff within a year is uneven: about 70 - 80%, and sometimes more
The annual volume of runoff takes place in the spring in March April.
The layer of spring runoff varies over the territory from 88 to 74 mm.
The rivers of the Tula region are most full-flowing during floods.
The opening of the rivers begins in late March - early April.
Ice drift lasts three to eight days, and the spill lasts for 10 to 20 days.
The most important indicator of the water availability of rivers is low-water runoff.
The volume of low-water runoff with a 50% supply formed within
area, is 67 mm of the runoff layer, and for a 75% supply - 57 mm.
For individual districts of the region, it changes (for 50 percent security of the year)
from 22 to 146 mm.
In summer, the lowest water level is set on all rivers, increasing by
period of short showers. The minimum is in July - early August, when groundwater runs dry and intense evaporation takes place.
Large rivers become very shallow, small dry up.
At this time, they give about 10% of the annual runoff.
In September and October due to decreased evaporation and increased humidity
the air level of the rivers rises.
The water resources of small rivers are currently at 75%
provision of 1.3 km3 of water. Depending on the natural conditions for individual
The distribution of the annual runoff of rivers has some specific features.
So, the rivers of karst regions (Zusha, Chern, Plava, etc.) have lower spring
summer levels and higher.
Their minimum flow reaches 1.8 l / s / km2, which is 0.8 l / s / km2 more.
zonal. The total volume of the average annual river flow in the region reaches 11.4 km3.
Rivers freeze in the second half of November- first small, then large.
However, this may occur earlier or later than this period.
Sometimes due to thaws accompanied by heavy rainfall,
winter floods are observed with a rise in water up to three and a half - four meters.
The duration of the freeze-up is about 100 - 135 days.
The thickness of the ice reaches 50 - 80 cm. In severe frosts, small rivers freeze to the bottom.
The rivers of the region are distinguished by low flow rates (from 0.1 - 0.5 to 1 - 1.5 m / s). Depths rarely exceed six ten meters.
Due to the erosion processes developed in their basins, a large
the amount of fine earth.
In the Oka and on the Don it contains 100 - 205 g / m3, and sometimes it rises to 300 - 350 g / m3.
Discharge of industrial waste water greatly reduces the transparency of the water, gives it a specific smell in some areas.
The average annual water discharge in the rivers of the region ranges from 144 to 450 m3 / sec.
Need to mark, that the water balance of the region is 50 percent and 75 percent
provision for 1977 was positive and only for several watercourses
(rivers Tulitsa, Voronka, Turdey) there was a shortage of water, however, this balance
Tula region further deteriorated significantly due to the development
economic complex.
The largest and most widely known rivers in the region include Oka, Upa, Don,
Beautiful Sword and Nepryadva.
Here I often give links to all sorts of useful things on various issues. So this time I can’t pass by Yuri Nasimovich’s book RIVERS, LAKES AND PONDS OF MOSCOW Actually, this should be a handbook for those interested in geography, hydrography, toponymy, local history of Moscow, as well as simply loving to walk along abandoned ravines, ponds and other small and the big rivers of our city.
A full-fledged study of this issue by Yuri Nasimovich is evident. In general, who is interested - to use.
Well, for starters - an overview chapter on hydrography, geology, topography, flora, fauna and other rivers of Moscow. Who cares - under the cat.
Too extensive literature is devoted to the Moscow River, including
a number of monographs, in order to try in a short essay substantially replenish
thread this information. Along with the summaries listed above (Lusch-
hin, 1947; Nesteruk, 1947, 1950; Avilova, Orlov, 1994), note
"Hydrographic sketch of the Moscow River and its tributaries" by V. I. Astrakov
(1879), the work of G.F.Buchgolts "The Moscow River. Section from the city of Zvenigorod
to the mouth ... "(1912)," Studies of the Moscow River and its description "
I.P.Kravchenko (1930), works by V.D.Bykov "Upper reaches of the Moscow River"
(1948) and "Moskva River" (1951), a book by S.B. Iokhelson and F.Ya. Rovins-
whom "The Moscow River: Pure Water" (1985). Three in-depth articles
in the collection "The Nature of Moscow" (1998) devoted to animals living
in the Moscow river within the city, - to fish (Sokolov, etc.), zooplankton
and benthos (Sokolova and others), planktonic ciliates (Belova). Many-
The information concerning the riverine flora and fauna is contained in the Red
book of Moscow (2001). Therefore, we restrict ourselves to the reduction of a series of basic
new reference information, listing the tributaries of the Moscow River in
within the city (such a complete list was not previously provided) and
about valuable natural objects on its shores, since they still
was not given the attention it deserves. As for the water and near-
aquatic flora and fauna, then below are only some information,
which may be of particular interest to the reader.
The Moskva River is the left tributary of the Oka. Its length is 502 km, of which
within the city of Moscow - 80 km. Basin area - 17.6 thousand sq. Km (Krat-
kaya geogr. encyclopedia, 1962). It originates in the vicinity of Shap-
kina in the west of the Moscow region on the slope of a hill 310 m high
above sea level (the highest point of the Smolensk-Moscow Upland
nosti in the Moscow region).
Before Moscow flows preim. eastward past Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod and
Krasnogorsk. At the entrance to the territory of Moscow, it turns sharply
to the southeast and mainly adheres to this direction until
estuaries in the town of Kolomna, bypassing the towns of Lytkarino, Zhukovsky,
Ramenskoye, Bronnitsy and Voskresensk. Total drop from source to
the mouth is 155.5 m.
origin (transferred from other rivers, etc.), then the Moscow River
feeds on rain (12%), melt (61%) and groundwater
(27%). Average water consumption, according to the mid-20th century. (Bykov,
1951), at Zvenigorod - 38 cubic meters per second, in Moscow - 53.5
cubic meters / s, at the mouth - 150 cubic meters / s (i.e., the annual flow is 4.7 cubic km).
The natural water consumption before the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal was
significantly less. Now the water consumption has increased even more due to the
ribs of additional Volga waters.
The Moscow River does not enter the city immediately. First it touches
with him on his right bank in Rublev and Myakinin, who signed
on modern maps as two isolated areas of the Moscow
th district of Kuntsevo. Then the river borders the city with its left
regom - in Mitino, or rather in Roslavka and Spassky, which entered
composition of Mitin. And finally, she finally enters the city in
Strogin. She leaves the city, crossing the Moscow Ring Road at Besedinsky
bridge. The length of the river in the city due to its meandering increased-
chen by 2.5 times (although, due to the straightening of the channel by canals, the navigable
the path is 10 km shorter). The most pronounced right bends are Se-
Rebryanoborskaya, Mnevnikovskaya (Terekhovskaya), Luzhnetskaya (Luzhni-
kovskaya), Kozhukhovskaya, Kuryanovskaya (Batyuninskaya, Maryinskaya);
left - Stroginskaya, Krylatskaya (Tatarovskaya), Filyovskaya, Dorogo-
Milovskaya, Zamoskvorechinskaya, Nagatinskaya, Brateevskaya. The same
the names are given to areas of the floodplain within these bends. Width rus-
la in the city ranges from 120 to 200 m. The hydrological regime is due to
changed due to the withdrawal of water for the needs of the city (from the Rublevskoe
pre-storage), the construction of a canal named after. Moscow, transfer of the Volga
water through the rivers Ruza (above Zvenigorod), Skhodnya and Yauza, creating
in the upper reaches of the Ruzsky, Ozerninsky, Mozhaisky and Istrinsky rivers
reservoirs, the discharge of warm city runoffs, the construction of Karama-
Shevsky and Perervinsky hydrosystems (dams), as well as the dam named after
Labor communes below the city.
It is especially necessary to say about the valley of the Moscow River, as it occupies
a significant part of the city, reaching shi near the Besedinsky bridge
rina 12 km. This is the _main geomorphological and landscape object
on the territory of the capital_. _The most active external geological
some processes._ _Together with the Yauza valley, it separates three landscapes
but-geomorphological areas_: Moskvoretsko-Oka plain with Tep-
Lostan Upland as a northern protrusion (right-side
the region of the Moscow River), the Smolensk-Moscow Upland (left bank
the Moscow River and the right bank of the Yauza); Meshcherskaya lowland (left bank
the Moscow River and the left bank of the Yauza).
In the valley of the Moscow River, there are floodplains and three terraces above the floodplain,
developed preim. on the left bank ._ _ On the right, the ledges of the root bank
hectares in three places_ almost approach the riverbed, forming landslide
the slopes of the _Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park_, _Vorobyovy Gory_ and _Kolomensky_.
In this asymmetry of the valley, Baer's law is manifested for the rivers of the Northern
hemisphere: due to the rotation of the planet around its axis, the right bank
is washed away more strongly than the left. Loam predominates in the floodplain;
floodplain terraces - sands, which are confined to the best Moscow
kie pine forests. The third above-floodplain terrace is also characterized by
pebbles associated with the activity of streams of melted glacial waters.
The floodplain stretches along the river in a continuous strip, crossing from the bank
on beach. In the past, there were floodplain meadows, willows, and
also numerous oxbows, lakes and swamps. All this is partial
preserved in floodplain natural areas, but the very concept
the floodplain has lost its meaning, since the channel is limited by the embankments, formerly
The new floodplain is partly flooded and partly backfilled. The river is registered
lyrovana, and the floodplain exists only as a historical and geological
education (Likhacheva, 1990). As a result of adding soil, the height
floodplain in many places equaled the height of the first floodplain
terraces, but the excess over the river's edge remained the same, since
the water level is raised by dams. Near Strogin due to the rise in the level
nya waters of the Karamyshevskaya dam were flooded with oxbows and
vat quarries, artificial peninsulas arose - Stroginsky,
Shchukinsky. Here is the widest body of water in Moscow (1.2-1.5
km), which the locals call the Big Lake, or Stro-
ginsky backwater. From it, 1 km deep into the Shchukin Peninsula
another bay juts out - the Clean "lake". Bay in Serebryany Bor
called "lake" Bezdonka. There are also flooded quarries in Crimea.
latin floodplain, but they have no connection with the river. In Mnevnikovskaya
the floodplain still has 5 ancient lakes. Remains of such
Until recently, there were lakes in the Kuryanovskaya floodplain (for example,
tiv Kolomensky). There were probably some ponds as well.
near the river (near the Novodevichy Convent, on the Krasnokholmskaya embankment
cut). The riverbed winds along the floodplain and sharply "bounces" to the left,
touching the steep sloping slopes of the Fili-Kuntsevsky
forest park, Sparrow Hills and Kolomenskoye. From floodplain formations
two lake-like extensions are interesting, which correspond to
the former Sukin bog (near the water area of the Yuzhny port) and the former Cha-
Ginsky bog (later - Lublin filtration fields). Considers-
It is believed that the extensions are associated with the pre-Jurassic left tributaries of the Moscow River
(the second - from the Izmailovskaya hollow). In addition, here in the distant
In the past, the Moskva River itself also flowed.
The first above-floodplain terrace (Serebryanoborskaya), mainly
washed away by the river, and therefore it is found in separate fragments: in the center
the northern part of the Serebryanoborskaya bend (pine forest and the 4th line of the Kho-
Roshevsky Serebryany Bor), in the Mnevnikovskaya bend (on it
Terekhovo), between the Kievsky railway station and the Studencheskaya metro station, in Za-
Moskvoretskaya bend (near the Tretyakovskaya and Novokuznetskaya metro stations). Her
height - 8-10 m above the river level (Likhacheva, Nasimovich, 1998).
The second above the floodplain terrace (Mnevnikovskaya) is the best
expressed in relief at Nizhniye Mnevniki, but also in other places
tah. Its largest section takes up space from the stations.
Break and Depot to the Lublin Filtration Fields. Height - from 12-18
m at the edge up to 20-22 m at the rear seam.
The third above-floodplain terrace (Khodynskaya, borovaya) is expressed in
the relief is most clear. Its relative height is 30-35 m,
edges - up to 25 m. It is separated from low terraces by a gentle ledge.
It contains the Khodynskoe field, Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo, Kuzmin-
Ki. In floodplain areas where there are no other terraces, this
the terrace descends with a steep ledge to the river and outwardly resembles a
river bank (Troitse-Lykovo, Karamyshevskaya embankment, a site near
Beket pond near Zagorodnoye highway, Simonov monastery, Brateevo,
Kapotnya). The most famous "hills" of the capital are fragments of
noah terrace, "incised" by the left tributaries of the Moscow River. So, for example
measures, Borovitsky Hill is formed by the incision of the Neglinnaya River (on it there is
Kremlin); Red Hill (Vshivaya Gorka) is located at the confluence of the Yauza and
Moscow; "Three mountains" - between the Studenets stream, the Moscow river and the Pres-
her. For the section of the 3rd above-floodplain terrace near the Khodynskoye field
recent karst sinkholes are characteristic. The diameters of the failures
the depths sometimes reach 40 m, and the depth is 8 m, although usually they
smaller. Areas with manifestations of karst are confined to preglacial
buried valleys of the rivers Moscow, Yauza and their tributaries (Kutepov and
others, 1997).
In geomorphological terms, the slopes of the right
the main bank of the Moscow River - the cliff of the Teplostan Upland in
river valley. The gentle banks here alternate with steep ledges -
mi, which adjoin the right loops of the river. For such sites
typical outcrops of Jurassic clays and associated landslide
relief, described in detail in the essay on the streams of the Fili-Kuntsevsky le-
soparka. Strong petroleum is associated with outcrops of Jurassic clays and landslides.
the river of Moscow in the city. The river advances on the Teplostan Upland
ness, and its right, "clipped" by water, the banks are especially steep
you, and below such sections, the river is thrown to the opposite
the edge of the valley with material entering the river with landslides.
In the past, the wide valley of the Moscow River abounded in lakes and lowlands.
swamps. The area along the right bank of the Vodootvodny Canal
is still called Ozerki. Within the city, in the first half
fault of the 20th century. there were floodplain lakes Batyuninskoe (ribbon-like,
leafy, about 2 km long), Bolshoye Krivoe, Dolgoe, Emelyanovo,
Istruzhino, Kartashikha, Curve Baba, Curve, Round, Puddles, La-
gushatnik, Maloe Novinskoe, Nogtevo, Radino, Chernoe and others, and
also bogs Balchug, Kochki, Sukino, Chaginskoe and others. Information
some of the listed objects are given below in accordance with
relevant chapters.
There are numerous
springs popular with the local population. There are especially many of them under
the right bank, higher (in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, on
Sparrow Hills, in Kolomenskoye). The river "sawed through" the sedimentary
rocks up to black clays of the Jurassic Mesozoic, namely
these clays are the main water-resistant horizon of the Moscow
region, which is the reason for the abundance of springs.
At present, numerous
undeveloped areas that are conventionally categorized
natural. On the right bank are the Stroginsky Peninsula and
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky peninsula, Stroginsky cape, Tro-
tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast with Bolshaya and Malaya Gnilusha,
Krylatskaya floodplain and Krylatsky hills, Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park,
Sparrow Hills, Neskuchny Garden, Kolomenskoye, Brateevsky Coast,
Brateevskaya floodplain with Red Meadow (lower reaches of the Gorodnya); on the left
coast - Tushinsky coast, the mouth of the Khimka river, Shchukinsky coast with So-
left ravine, Serebryany Bor, Karamyshevskaya embankment, Mnevni-
kovskaya floodplain with fields and old lakes, Nagatinskaya floodplain,
left-bank section of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Lublin
filtering fields. Numerous specially protected
common types of herbs (Deistfeldt, Nasimovich, 1995; Red Data Book of the city
Moscow, 2001), rare species of bryophytes (Ignatov, Ignatova,
1988), there are valuable geological, hydrological and biogeoce-
nological objects (Nasimovich, Romanova, 1991; Nasimovich,
1994b), as well as numerous valuable zoological objects
(Red Data Book of the city of Moscow, 2001), incl. the largest in the city
wintering of waterfowl - especially below the Perervinsky hydroelectric
la (Avilova et al., 1994).
Natural monuments in the valley of the Moscow river in 1987 were declared
a section of the Khodynskaya terrace of the Moscow River on the Karamyshevskaya embankment,
the Kamennaya Kletva ravine (mistakenly named in the documents by the Tatar
ravine), a spring in the Kamennaya Kletva ravine, an entomological
lex "Krylatsky hills" (in the Krylatskaya floodplain near the Grebnoy channel),
section of a landslide slope in Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, section
Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (square on Kutuzovsky Prospekt),
the slopes of the Sparrow Hills, a section of the Khodynskaya terrace of the Moscow River in
the Kremlin area, a section of the Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (Maple
boulevard in Nagatin), springs below the Temple of the Ascension, landslide
steps under the temple of John the Baptist, flood with the old woman in the same place,
moon and outcrops of Aptian sands on the hillside with Dyakovsky
ancestor, outcrops of black Jurassic clays on the "Devil's Town" (almost
ty in the same place), and in 1991 - Shchukinsky peninsula, Serebryanoborskaya
terrace, two sections of dry meadow in Krylatskoye, 8 objects
Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park (gully and forest area with rare species
grasses, lime and oak groves on the slopes, the hills of the Kuntsevo settlement and
black alder stands under this hillfort, outcrop of Jurassic clays, as well as
linden grove outside the valley, but next to it). Monuments include
genera include the most popular springs in the Moscow river valley.
Many natural areas in the Moscow river valley received the status
specially protected: landscape reserve "Krylatskie Hills" (created
July 21, 1998, later liquidated by court order), monument
nature "Serebryany Bor" (May 12, 1998), natural park "Moscow
voretsky "(December 29, 1998, includes the Stroginsky peninsula,
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky peninsula, Stroginsky cape, Tro-
tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast, Krylatskaya floodplain, Krylats-
Kie hills, Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, Tushinsky coast, estuary
Khimki river, Shchukinsky coast, natural monument Serebryany Bor, Kara-
Myshevskaya embankment, Mnevnikovskaya floodplain and a number of neighboring territories
riy outside the valley of the Moscow River), the natural reserve "Valley of the Setun River" (from
estuary site in the valley of the Moscow river, July 21, 1998), natural
ny reserve "Vorobyovy Gory" (July 21, 1998), historical and
"Kolomenskoye" tectural and natural landscape museum-reserve
(1974).
On the right, they flow into or out of the river (including gully-ravine
systems as temporary watercourses): Northern and Middle Troy
tse-Lykovsky ravines, Silver ravine (Southern Trinity-Lykovsky ov-
rag), Rotten (Big Rot), Small Rot, Verkhnetatarovsky
a ravine with a stream in the lower reaches (with the Mnevnikovsky Istok), Kamenny Za-
times with a stream in the lower reaches, Krylatsky stream in Kamennaya Kletva, ov-
rag at the Krylatsky bridge (temporary watercourse), 21 permanent water
current in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park (see the streams of the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest
park), Filka, Kobyliy ravine (formerly a temporary watercourse), Bu-
danka, a ravine on Potylikha (see Potylikha), Setun, Vorobiev streams
mountains (12-13, including Ostroumovsky brook), streams of Neskuchny garden
(Andreevsky and Ekaterininsky, as well as two nameless temporary
watercourse in a hollow and a hollow), Kozhevnichesky Vrazhek, a ravine along
Zhukova passage, Danilovka, Chura, Kotlovka, Rastan, Zhuzha, Kolo-
mensky brook (in the Voice ravine), Popov and Mashinin ravines (with
temporary streams), streams in Kolotushkin and Dyakovsky ravines
gakh, 12 streams of the Dyakovsky Zaraz, numerous streams of Brateevsko-
th coast, Gorodnya. A total of at least 80 permanent streams, of
20 of them with established folk names, as well as 4 temporary
watercourse with proper names.
On the left, flow into or out of the Moscow River: the Baryshikha River (outside the Moscow Ring Road),
Skhodnya, Khimka, Sobolev ravine (with significant constant water flow
com), Ice-cold ravine (filled up), Khodynka (starting from it and further to
Yauza, all watercourses in underground collectors), Ermakovsky brook,
Studenets, Presnya, Protok (temporary watercourse), Pometny Vrazhek,
Babylon (destroyed long ago), Devil, Lazy Vrazhek, Neglinnaya,
Shirt, Rachka (assigned to Yauza), Yauza, Sara (formerly temporary
watercourse), Podon (from it and further all watercourses in the collectors), Ni-
puppy, Puddle (formerly a temporary watercourse?), Plintovka, Noskov ru-
whose, Kapotnensky ravine. A total of 20 permanent streams, all with additional
the names that came before us, as well as 4-5 temporary watercourses with
own names.
In total, the Moscow River received at least 100 permanent
watercourses, including 40 with names that have come down to us, as well as
a large number of temporary streams (streams in gullies and ravines) and in
including a little less than a dozen with well-known names. Of them in
present on the surface, at least for some segment of the
cabins 80 right and 7 left tributaries with a constant flow. Many
of these, in turn, have an extensive network of tributaries. They
described in subsequent chapters in order from top to bottom
r. Moscow and other rivers, starting with the right and ending with the left. Together with
they describe lakes, ponds, springs and other objects in their
seinakh.
Undeveloped areas of the Moskvoretsky banks are characterized by large
rich local flora. Species diversity of plants in the valley
r. of Moscow is higher than in the rest of the city. This is due
those that are ubiquitous species (for example, forest)
specific riverine species typical of valleys are added
big rivers. These species tend to the characteristic riverine biotopes -
willows, alders, low-lying swamps, damp floodplain meadows,
floodplain sands and dry steppe meadows on steep slopes. Bi-
heat diversity is due to the complex relief, different
exposure of slopes, opening of ancient geological layers (light-
chalk sands, black Jurassic clays), mineralized outcrops
groundwater, sharp changes in illumination, humid
ness and composition of soils, erosion, freeing up areas for new
plants. Landslide processes are also important, which did not allow
completely build up the steep slopes of Trinity-Lykov, Krylatskoye,
Kuntsev, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. Local plant species,
which are not in other parts of the city, there are on the Shchukin Peninsula
ditch, in Serebryany Bor, under the slopes of Trinity-Lykov, on Krylats-
some hills and in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, i.e. on a vast territory
torii, which in 1998 became part of the natural park "Moscow
retsky. "Numerous examples of such plants the reader can
found in the Red Book of the city of Moscow, published in 2001.
the past, exceptionally interesting floristically,
river sections were also lower along the river - on Vorobyovy Gory, near the
monovy monastery.
Almost everything that is said about the riverine flora can be attributed to
riverine fauna. The Red Book of Moscow contains references to
animals, amphibians and insects, which are known only in
native park "Moskvoretsky".
The flora and fauna of the river itself is also rich, although water pollution in
greatly restricts such wealth. Influence
this contamination on animals has been well studied in recent years
(Belova, 1998; Sokolov et al., 1998; Sokolova et al., 1998), and we
we have the opportunity to compare the past and modern animal world of the
a kindred section of the Moscow River.
Based on archaeological and historical materials, it is possible
conclude that in the past in the Moscow River and its tributaries within the
faces, there were more than thirty species of fish, among which there were
valuable commercial species such as beluga, sterlet, sturgeon, stellate
ha, whitefish, Caspian salmon, taimen, as well as pike, bream,
chub, catfish, walleye, podust, ide, dace, roach, asp, crucian carp,
perch, catfish (Sokolov et al., 1998). Beluga could reach length
200-300 cm, sturgeon - 130-180, pike - 80-95, bream - 42-47 cm.
fish, in the middle of the 19th century, the Caspian mi-
leg. According to N.I. Mocharsky (1887), the most fish reservoir under
Moscow in the last century was the Moscow River, and it was within the city
kind, since here grain from the unloaded
barges, horse manure with the remains of undigested oats and waste of
in the production of goods. A lot of organic waste ends up in
river and now. In addition, the rivers are polluted with inorganic and in
including very toxic substances. They also talk about thermal
pollution, as a result of which water does not freeze in every winter
mu, and separate openings near the mouths of the collectors are available in any
frosts. All this determines the specifics of the modern animal.
the world of urban rivers.
The story about the animal world of any water body is more correct than all
go to start with the smallest animals that are food for
larger animals. Of these organisms in 1994 in the Moscow River were
planktonic ciliates have been studied in detail, which belong to the
the kingdom of protozoa and freely swim in the water column, moving
with the help of numerous cilia (Belova, 1998). Ciliates pi-
are formed by bacteria, tiny algae and decaying wastes
tats of plants, and therefore play an important role in water purification
(glue food particles with mucus, after which they settle to the bottom,
saturating sludge with organic substances). According to the species composition of infuso-
ry can be judged on the purity of the reservoir. In addition, they are important to those
that they themselves are eaten by small crustaceans and fish larvae. That's why
the number of larger organisms depends on their number. V
In the Moscow River, 102 species and varieties of ciliates were found. Shown
that the smallest of them predominate. As we approach
the city center, the species characteristic of clear waters are being replaced by
dy of polluted waters. Similar results were also obtained as a result of
the study of a slightly larger zooplankton - rotifers,
microscopic cladocerans and copepods, although they are less
sensitive to changes in conditions (Sokolova et al., 1998).
In 1993-1994, the composition of benthic invertebrates was also studied
animals in the Moscow River (Sokolova et al., 1998). In the area of Rublev, where
r. Moscow is included in the city, 59 species were identified, among which were
various molluscs, grubs of mosquitoes, tubule worms
(tubificids). Starting from the Dorogomilovsky bridge in the benthos,
there are only tubulers, of which there are a lot. So, at the mouth of the Yauza
the number of these small-bristled worms reached 600,000
lars per square meter, and the mass is 1.3 kg per square meter.
Pipes settle on silt with a high content of organic
substances. They feed by passing this sludge through the intestines, and
they build protective tubes from it. Their abundance is considered a sign
the strongest organic pollution of water. Downstream (from
Saburov), the number of pipe makers begins to decrease, which says
rit about the partial self-cleaning of the river.
Even more interesting results were obtained from the study of fish (Sokolov and
others, 1998). During the 1993-1994 special survey for
35 species of fish were recorded in the urban section of the Moscow River, but
their species diversity drops sharply from peripheral areas
Moscow to the center. Near Strogin and Kuntsev, from 24 to
27 species, at the mouth of Setun and at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - 10-13, at
the mouth of the Yauza and at the Krasnokholmsky bridge - only 2-5, and then the number
species increases again due to the gradual self-cleaning of the river and
reaches 20 at the exit from the capital. Self-cleaning occurs following
activity of various living organisms, most of
which in one way or another need light. Therefore, in the underground
such self-cleaning practically does not occur in collectors.
Most of all in the central part of the city there is roach, which gives in
the dirtiest parts of the river up to 90% of the catch; there is also a lot of bream,
perch and bleak (Sokolov et al., 1998). Roach is represented in the city
two forms - mollusk-eating and herbivorous. The first feeds
Xia is mainly a bivalve molluscum Dreissena and is found
from Strogin to Novospassky bridge in Tagansky district. Second pi-
melts by algae and is distributed in the central and lower
residential areas. Within the city center, therefore, there is
Both forms are available.
A surprisingly high number of white-finned in the city
minnows. Usually these fish are considered indicators of clean water, and
here they were caught even in the Yauza River (the place is not indicated),
what the fish looked healthy, which indicates the occurrence
in Moscow, a special "industrial race" gudgeon (Sokolov and
others, 1998). The formation of such a race has not yet occurred in the roach,
since this fish in the city is sick and is characterized by numerous
deviations from the norm: abnormal color up to complete
disappearance of pigmentation, a shortened "pug-shaped" head, those
scoped enlarged eyes or other disorders of the organs of vision
up to their complete disappearance, curvature of the spine,
violation of fins up to their complete disappearance, double
lateral line or breaks in it, changes in body shape and structure
ry scales, disorders of internal organs and metabolism (in particular
high fat content due to high-calorie feed), tumors.
Such fish are sometimes called "mutants", but the authors suggest that
to call them "freaks", believing that the term "mutants" is more applicable to
the "industrial race" of the gudgeon (Sokolov et al., 1998).
Since its inception, the Vyazniki were closely associated with small rivers and streams that began in the Vyaznikov ravines and belonged to the Klyazma basin. These are Volshnik, Svistishna, Vyderka, Petryanka, etc. So, on the banks of Volshnik in the 17th-18th centuries. the Vyaznikovskaya settlement was located; Svistishna and Volshnik served from the west and south-west as the natural border of the Yaropolch fortress, and the Annunciation Monastery arose on Vyderka. These rivers, unfortunately shallow and littered, are still an integral part of the city's appearance today.
The inhabitants of the city know various hydronyms - the names of streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, wells, etc. We will tell you about some of them - those that are located directly in the city or near the city limits.
Volshnik is a small river, the right tributary of the Klyazma. Formed at the confluence of the Volzhanka river, which originates in the Nenashevsky ravine, and the Svistishna river. It flows through the central part of the city, flows into the Klyazma in the area of the backwater. Until the twentieth century. was considerably full of water, boats floated on it, fish were found in it, at present it was very shallow and littered. In the area of the Bazaar Square Volshnik at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. was blocked by several dams to create fire reservoirs. During the spring melting of snow, it becomes a stormy and rather full-flowing river, overflows in the area of Muromskaya Street and floods the buildings of local residents.
In the XVII century. Volshnik from the western side defended the Yaropolch fortress, the Arkhangelsk (Taynitsky, Water) gates of the fortress went to the river. The Vyaznikovskaya settlement was located along the banks of the Volshnik. In the old days, the banks of Volshnik were fortified with logs and wattle fences - we cut; currently Volshnik is partially paved with concrete slabs. Several bridges, both pedestrian and automobile, pass through Volshnik.
In historical documents, sometimes there are other names of the river - Voloshnya, Volozhanka, etc. All of them, apparently, come from the word "moisture", "volgly".
"Vyderka" is a small river that originates in the Monastyrsky ravine and flows into the Klyazma. It flows next to the territory of the Annunciation Monastery. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. Vyderka served as the natural western border of the city of Vyazniki.
"Petryanka" is a small river that originates in a ravine located between the urban districts "Sever" and "Yartsevo" and flows through the Maloe Petrino district. It flows into the Klyazma. The toponym reflects the name of the ancient village of Petrino, which has now become part of the city.
"Svistishna" is a small river originating in the Murom ravine and at the confluence with the Volzhanka river forming Volshnik. In the 17th century Svistishna served as a natural fortification of the Yaropolch fortress.
"Zaton" ("Pushkin Sea") - this is the name given to the bay of the Klyazma River at the confluence of the Volshnik, next to the river pier. For a long time this natural river area, protected from the current and ice drift, was used for anchorage and repair of ships. The strange, at first glance, name "Pushkin Sea", can be explained very simply - the city street im. A.S. Pushkin (former Perevoznaya, Transportnaya, Zaretskaya). The word "sea" in the toponym shows the ironic attitude of the townspeople to this water body.
It should be said that among the Vyaznikov hydronyms there are also not very euphonic ones. For example, "Basranka", "Lousy Pond", etc. What is the reason for the appearance of these names?
"Basranka" is a common, dissonant toponym currently used by the Vyazniki people to characterize a number of urban water bodies - the Petryanka river, less often - Volshnika. The name emphasizes the pollution of the rivers, the litter of their channels. It should be noted that this toponym was originally associated with another water body of the city. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. This was the name of a ditch specially dug in the Klyazma floodplain, along which sewage from the Vyazniki factories, baths, and laundries were sent into the river. This ditch, which swam over time, remains to this day in the floodplain of the right bank of the Klyazma, on the northeastern outskirts of Vyazniki.
"Lousy Pond" - a pond on Horokhonov Street. It got its name from the pollution with household waste and other garbage. The appearance of the toponym was also influenced by the fact that a large number of small invertebrate crustaceans - daphnia, cyclops, etc., which serve as food for small fish, live in the fresh stagnant waters of the "Vshivy Pond".
Many water bodies located within the city limits or in the immediate vicinity of the city are very popular among the residents of Vyazniki as places of recreation.
"Bykovskoe Lake" is the name of the oxbow lake, located in the floodplain of the right bank of the Klyazma, to the north of the Tekmashdetal urban district. The name of the lake is associated with the nearby village of Bykovka.
"Vodokachka" ("Komzyakovskie ponds") is the name of a reservoir located on the southern outskirts of the city, near the Komzyaki grove, next to the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod highway. The reservoir was created in the early 60s of the twentieth century, during the construction of the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod highway. During the construction of the road, the ravine with springs was blocked by a dam, as a result of which a reservoir was formed. "Vodokachka" is one of the favorite summer vacation spots for the residents of Vyaznikov.
"Gorozhanka" - the name of the oxbow lake, located on the left bank of the Klyazma, near the urban area "Tolmachevo". The name of the lake reflects its location near the city. The lake is especially famous among fishing enthusiasts.
"Golden Horn" - this is the name given to the section of the right bank of the Klyazma, located not far from Lake Podgornoye. At this point, the source of Lake Tekharskoye flows into the Klyazma, forming a sandy shoal-spit. The name reflects the nature of the area. The Golden Horn is one of the favorite summer vacation spots for the residents of Vyazniki.
Quarries is the name of small reservoirs located in the eastern part of the Tolmachevo city district. The reservoirs arose on the site of old quarries formed as a result of the extraction of clay, which determined the name of the reservoirs.
"Podgornoye Ozero" is a lake located on the northern outskirts of the city, near Maly Petrino, not far from the Tekmash microdistrict. The name of the lake is explained by its location - in the floodplain of the Klyazma, under the high right bank of the river. The lake is one of the favorite places for summer recreation of the Vyazniki people.
"Blue Mortso" is the name of the Klyazma Bay near the "Zaton". The name, strange at first glance, can be explained quite simply. In the old days, the word "mortso" was used to denote river oxbows. In the 50s - 60s of the twentieth century, this place was one of the most favorite boat trips for the Vyazniki people.
Tehar (Tehra) is an oxbow lake located to the north of the Tekmashdetal urban area, in the floodplain of the right bank of the Klyazma. It connects with the Klyazma source. Hydronym refers to the ancient, before the Slavic. It is probably of Finno-Ugric origin. “Te-” in Finnish means “channel”, “har” means “lake”. A possible literal translation is "flowing lake".
Wells, which have long been used by townspeople for household needs, occupy a special place among the Vyazniki attractions. Usually the names of the wells were formed from the names of the townspeople, whose houses were located in the immediate vicinity of them. So, for a long time, “Obidinsky well”, “Kopytovsky well” and others were known in Vyazniki. Unfortunately, every year there are fewer and fewer operating wells in the city.
The most famous is currently located in Yaropoli on Shkolnaya street. This is an old well with a huge wheel for lifting a bucket of water. The well is very popular with newlyweds and guests of the city. In Vyazniki, there is a tradition when, after registering a marriage at the registry office, a young family goes to the "Well of Love", where the newlyweds have to drink well water from a tub (according to legend, this contributes to love and good luck). Oddly enough, despite its wide popularity, the name "Well of Love" appeared relatively recently, in connection with the organization of sightseeing tourist excursions around the city. One of the points of the excursion was a visit to Yaropoli with its mansions and summer cottages. At the suggestion of the guides, the legend about the miraculous properties of well water was spread.
The last glaciation, which ended about 10-12 thousand years ago, formed the river network of the Moscow region: more than two thousand large and small rivers, numerous glacial lakes, gradually turning into swamps.
The rivers of the Moscow Region belong to two basins: Volzhsky and Oksky... The watershed between them runs along.
Volga flows in the very north of the Moscow region, on the border with Tver region... There, near the city, it originates, connecting the Moskva River with the Volga. The largest tributaries of the Volga within the boundaries of the Moscow region are rivers Dubna and Sister... They originate on the northern slopes of the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge, in the upper reaches they flow in deep valleys, often devoid of terraces. In some places there are rapids and rifts. When leaving on Upper Volga lowland the current becomes calmer.
In the south of the region flows Oka- a tributary of the Volga (which flows into the last Nizhny Novgorod). Here is the border between the Moscow, Kaluga and Tula regions. The Oka flows freely along a wide terraced valley, its banks are sometimes steep, landslides are encountered. Oka is also a natural border of two natural zones. To the north of it, mixed forests grow, to the south, in the ravines and ravines of the Central Russian Upland, the remains of the once numerous deciduous forests are preserved.
Another important river in the Moscow region is Moscow river... It originates near the village Starkovo in Mozhaisky district, near the city Kolomna flows into the Oka. For a long time, the Moskva River was distinguished by an inconsistent flow, sometimes almost drying up, or sweeping away everything in its path. Now the water level in the Moskva River is regulated: the channel is straightened, a system of reservoirs and sluices has been built, and the Volga water is supplied through the Moscow Canal.
The main tributaries of the Moskva River flow in the west and south of the region: Ruza, Lakes, Pakhra, Koloch... Gentle and soft banks give way to steep and steep, among the low hills the rivers form wide bends.
The largest tributaries of the Oka are Nara, Lopasnya.
By Meshchera lowland, rivers flow among the low marshy plains Tsna, Nerskaya, Yalma... Their shores are often muddy and muddy, the water has a reddish tint due to iron impurities.
Another river of the Moscow region, but already man-made, is Moscow channel, the length of which reaches 128 km. It was created by the forces of prisoners in the years 1932-1937. Thanks to the canal, the Volga water began to flow into the Moskva River, and it was possible to solve the problem of water supply to the capital. Moscow became a port of five seas, gaining access to the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black seas. In place of lowlands, swamps, rivers and streams, picturesque reservoirs have formed: Ikshinskoe, Khimkinskoe... Currently, they have become popular recreation areas for Muscovites and residents of the Moscow region. Boarding houses, rest houses, yacht clubs, sports and recreation centers, etc. have been built here. Unfortunately, the banks are actively being built up with elite cottage settlements, almost blocking the access to the water.
Among the numerous lakes of the Moscow region, the largest is Senezhskoe located near the city Solnechnogorsk... It is of artificial origin. Its area is 15.4 square kilometers.
On Meshchera lowland whole "constellations" of lakes were formed. The largest are located near Shatura (Lake Svyatoe) and near the village of Cherusti (Lake Velikoe and Dolgoe).
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Water bodies are natural or artificial accumulations of water, which can be of a permanent or temporary nature, ornamental purpose and settle down in parks and gardens. The runoff of reservoirs is slow or absent.
Rivers are classified as streams because they have a constant, sometimes strong, current.
Natural bodies of water: lakes
Ponds are fresh water bodies. To simplify the outflow of excess water, artificial drains are formed. Ponds are often found in rural areas. Here they have a certain economic role - fish farming, water storage for irrigation, and sometimes washing.
There are two types of ponds: dug and dam. Inhabitants of reservoirs - protozoa, algae, fish. Special ponds are created for breeding valuable fish species - trout, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon. The reservoirs are specially cleaned, they form their own ecosystem.
The importance of reservoirs
Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs formed to store water on an industrial scale. Channel and lake reservoirs are distinguished, depending on their origin. They can also be covered, open and dam.
The world's largest Rybinskoye is in Russia, Smallwood is in Canada, Nasser is in Egypt and Sudan. The creation of such reservoirs has enormous consequences, but not always positive ones. The main one is a radical change in the landscape. This applies to both fauna and flora. They have a negative effect on fish spawning conditions.
Not the best consequence of the creation of such reservoirs is the siltation of reservoirs. The process is the formation of large sediments, sediment at the bottom. at the same time decreases. This process has been studied in detail because it harms the ecosystem. At the same time, the inhabitants of reservoirs can change.
Where do old women come from?
Old women as natural reservoirs are part of the channel where the river used to flow. Another name is Old Speech. Such reservoirs often have a bizarre shape - a sickle or crescent, a loop, a curl. How are old women formed? The formation process occurs when, due to some reason, the channel straightens, and the previous curl or curvature remains cut off from the main reservoir. The main reason is floods when the river finds a more convenient route.
Sometimes the bends of one river unite - this is how oxbows can also form. This process takes place in the presence of a large number of sleeves. The entrances to the oxbow are gradually covered with silt, and the reservoir itself turns into a lake or swamp. In the presence of power, it can function, in the absence of it, it can dry out. The largest oxbows can be over 500 meters long.
What do water bodies eat?
The type of food is one of the main characteristics of the reservoir. He can characterize its structure and function.
How can water bodies feed? First, by external surface runoff - by rains and other hydro-objects. Secondly, which can come close to the surface. Thirdly, artificially - the basin of the reservoir is filled forcibly. Fourth, recharge with combined water.
Groundwater feeding is the most environmentally friendly because it is clean. If the lake has such nutrition, then duckweed and ooze will be less likely to form in it. The most common type of food is combined.
The guarantee of constant filling with water is the compulsory implementation of this process. Fill the reservoir with either tap or irrigation water. The most frequent meals are combined. Its sources can be rain, melted snow, groundwater and much more.
Reservoirs and their location on the ground
Water bodies are hydro-objects located in a certain area. Where can they form? Places of formation, for example, a lake, can be a reservoir can be dam or dug. Power is supplied, as a rule, from the river. Slope, watershed, floodplain water bodies are formed on the relief. In such cases, the relief of the lake or pond is clearly visible.
In the floodplain, reservoirs with underground feeding, combined, channel are formed. They can form in the oxbow where the sluices are installed. A dam and pumps can also be located here in order to use such a reservoir in industry.
Slope reservoirs are formed on the territory of river valleys terraces. They differ from others only in some design features.
In the areas of the watershed, watershed reservoirs are arranged. They can feed on groundwater or artificially. Forcibly water can be supplied from a river, a well.
There are also bodies of water in embankments or cuttings. They are quite widespread, they are easy to form and organize their nutrition. They can be of any size. They are quite expensive to build.
In embankments, reservoirs are mainly used for storing water. Such an object can become the basis for a hydroelectric power plant.
Creation of a decorative reservoir
Decorative pond - what is it? This is an artificial water body that serves as a decoration for the site, forming its complete appearance. Most often, owners of private houses and summer cottages come to the idea of creating a decorative reservoir.
Artificial ponds are beautiful and stylish. What do you need to know to successfully create such a site decoration?
To create a reservoir with your own hands is a feasible task for everyone. The shape and design of such a cozy corner of the garden can be very diverse. An artificial reservoir will perfectly fit into any landscape, it can become its constructive dominant.
To begin with, choose a place not very close to home (it is better to consult with specialists in landscape design). Close proximity to home can damage the foundation.
You need to create a project. To do this, define the shape of the reservoir: an oval, rectangle, or an intricate shape. The project will make it possible to determine the costs, materials, location of filtration systems. Next, you should choose high-quality materials - the durability and beauty of the pond depends on them.
When everything is selected and purchased, proceed. Preferably, not by yourself, but with the help of qualified specialists. The final stage is plant decoration. This will complete the look of the perfect pond. You will get a gorgeous pond - the photo below represents one of the possible options for your garden.
Conclusion
Ponds, natural or artificial, are functional, but they can also be the perfect, beautiful addition to your garden design.
An aesthetic pond near your home will allow you to express your individuality and emphasize the style of the garden. Especially popular is the creation of such elements in the Japanese, classic, rustic style. The main thing is to correctly arrange the pond. Sometimes fish live in such reservoirs. The presence of the inhabitants of such miniature lakes is a matter of taste for the owners of the garden.
