headset: kudryashevskaya;
size: 9 × 10;
three-column text;
full color illustrated edition;
hard binding, composite (type No. 8), spine dark blue, main field of the cover beige, ivory with gold foil stamping; binding design author: Viktor Kuchmin
Great Russian Encyclopedia(abbreviated BDT) - a universal encyclopedia in Russian. The edition consists of 35 numbered volumes and the volume "Russia", and contains more than 80 thousand articles. The encyclopedia was published from 2004 to 2017 by the scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia". An online version of the encyclopedia has existed since 2016.
History
Background
In 1978, the last volume of the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (TSB) was published. Until 1990, the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" every year published the "Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia", which published updated data for the articles of the TSB. In 1991, the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" was renamed into "Scientific publishing house" Great Russian Encyclopedia ", although an encyclopedia with such a name did not yet exist. In 1994, Alexander Gorkin became the director and editor-in-chief of the publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia", who tried to draw the attention of the country's leadership to the problems of the publishing house, which was then in a difficult financial situation.
BDT as an encyclopedia of Russia
On January 13, 1995, Russian President Boris N. Yeltsin instructed the Government to envisage in the Federal Book Publishing Program in Russia, as a presidential program, the publication in 1996-2001 of the Great Russian Encyclopedia. On May 2, 1996, Boris N. Yeltsin signed presidential decree No. 647 "On the publication of the Great Russian Encyclopedia." According to this decree, the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize winner in physics AM Prokhorov, who was the editor-in-chief of the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, published from 1969 to 1978, was appointed editor-in-chief of the encyclopedia. The publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia" was provided with privileges for renting premises, and the federal budget for 1997 provided funding for the editorial and publishing preparation of the first volume of the encyclopedia. Doctor of Geographical Sciences A.P. Gorkin became the executive editor of the new encyclopedia.
Under the name “Great Russian Encyclopedia” the publishing house began to create not a universal encyclopedia following the example of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, but a 12-volume encyclopedia about Russia. A.P. Gorkin regarded it as an analogue of the national encyclopedias that had been published earlier in the USSR - the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, etc., but about the Russian Federation. According to A.P. Gorkin, in 1999 he met with the Prime Minister of Russia V.V. an encyclopedia about Russia; This concept of the BDT publication received the approval of the Prime Minister and, after Putin became president, led to an increase in state funding for the publication.
During the work on the first volume of the encyclopedia, it became clear to many of the publishing house's employees that the criteria for including information in such a "Russian" encyclopedia are unsystematic, illogical and exclude Russia from the world context. This was one of the reasons for the conflict of the labor collective with the director and editor-in-chief of the publishing house A.P. Gorkin, who insisted on a multivolume encyclopedia about Russia instead of a universal encyclopedia, which the collective wanted to create. On March 19, 2001, five of Gorkin's seven deputies wrote and handed him a letter in which it was proposed to separate the posts of director and editor-in-chief of the publishing house, and to A.P. Gorkin to resign as director. The letter also said: “While realizing the need to prepare a new universal publication to replace TSB-3, no steps are taken to find ways and means to put this idea on a practical footing. The essence of the matter does not change the initiatives that have been designated recently. " Gorkin did not react to the letter, and then on March 27, 2001, a meeting of the labor collective was held, where a majority of votes expressed no confidence in Gorkin as a director.
Four deputy directors of the publishing house, as well as representatives of all scientific and industrial editions, editions of biologics and reference books, literary control and cartography, sent a letter to the Deputy Minister of Press Vladimir Grigoriev, in which they argued for the need to publish a universal encyclopedia instead of the encyclopedia "Russia", for which he advocated Gorkin. On April 19, 2001, Grigoriev was sent a draft of the universal "Great Russian Encyclopedia", consisting of 30 volumes. The work was supposed to be completed in 7.5 years. On June 9, 2001, Deputy Minister of the Press Vladimir Grigoriev introduced to the staff of a graduate of the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, who does not have a scientific degree, the head of the Orthodox Encyclopedia scientific and church center, Sergei Kravets, as the new director and editor-in-chief of the publishing house instead of Alexander Gorkin.
- RAS Academicians(84 people): S. S. Averintsev, E. N. Avrorin, S. I. Adyan, Yu. P. Altukhov, Zh. I. Alferov (Nobel Prize laureate in physics), B. V. Ananich, A F. Andreev, L. N. Andreev, D. V. Anosov, V. I. Arnold, S. N. Bagaev, N. S. Bakhvalov, O. A. Bogatikov, A. A. Boyarchuk, E. P Velikhov, V. A. Vinogradov, A. I. Vorobyov, E. M. Galimov, A. V. Gaponov-Grekhov, M. L. Gasparov, V. L. Ginzburg (Nobel Prize laureate in physics), G. S. Golitsyn, A. A. Gonchar, A. I. Grigoriev, A. A. Guseinov, M. I. Davydov, A. P. Derevianko, N. L. Dobretsov, Yu. I. Zhuravlev, N. S. Zefirov, Yu. A. Zolotov, V. P. Ivannikov, V. T. Ivanov, S. G. Inge-Vechtomov, A. S. Isaev, V. A. Kabanov, E. N. Kablov, S. P. Karpov, L. L. Kiselev, A. E. Kontorovich, V. M. Kotlyakov, O. N. Krokhin, E. P. Kruglyakov, A. B. Kudelin, O. E. Kutafin, N. P. Laverov, V. P. Legostaev, N. P. Lyakishev, V. L. Makarov, A. M. Matveenko, G. A. Mesyats, A. D. Nekipelov, A. V. Nikolaev, S. P. Novikov, Yu. S. Osipov (pre Deputy RAS in 1991-2013), D. S. Pavlov, A. N. Parshin, N. A. Plate, N. N. Ponomarev-Stepnoy, Yu. V. Prokhorov, A. Yu. Rozanov, V. A. Rubakov, A. Yu. Rumyantsev, D. V. Rundkvist, G. I. Savin, V. A. Sadovnichy, A. N. Skrinsky, A. S. Spirin, Yu. S. Stepanov, V. S. Stepin, M. L. Titarenko, V. A. Tishkov, Yu. D. Tretyakov, K. N. Trubetskoy, O. N. Favorsky, L. D. Faddeev, V. E. Fortov (President of RAS since 2013. ), K. V. Frolov, Yu. I. Chernov, G. G. Cherny, A. O. Chubaryan, V. D. Shafranov, S. V. Shestakov, D. V. Shirkov.
- Corresponding Members of RAS: B. A. Babayan, V. I. Vasiliev, P. P. Gaidenko, R. V. Kamelin, M. V. Kovalchuk, N. I. Lapin, S. S. Lappo, A. V. Yablokov.
- Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences: V.I. Fisinin.
- Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts: D.O.Shvidkovsky.
- Statesmen of the Russian Federation: A. A. Avdeev (Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation in 2008-2012), A. D. Zhukov (Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation in 2004-2011), A. A. Kokoshin (Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation in 1998) , S. E. Naryshkin (Head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation in 2008-2011; Chairman of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2011-2016; Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation since 2016), A. S. Sokolov (Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation in 2004-2008), A. A. Fursenko (Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in 2004-2012), M. E. Shvydkoy (Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation in 2000-2004), S. K. Shoigu (Minister Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in 1994-2012; Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation since 2012).
- And: A. D. Bogaturov, V. V. Grigoriev, A. I. Komech, V. A. Mau, A. Yu. Molchanov, D. L. Orlov, S. V. Chemezov.
Volume and content of the publication
K: Sites that appeared in 2016Background
In 2010, the media reported that on the basis of the "Great Russian Encyclopedia" it is planned to open the "Knowledge" portal, which will be developed within the framework of the state program "Information Society" on the basis of the scientific publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia". It was assumed that the portal will not have the concept of "article", instead of it there will be some kind of "information slot". Each such "slot", in addition to encyclopedic and dictionary information, had to contain a number of structured materials: additional articles on certain aspects, school adapted versions, interactive maps, mathematical modeling, links to primary sources, three-dimensional models, as well as "discussion of the topic in the scientific environment ". It was planned to create more than 100 thousand of such "information slots". Negotiations were under way to translate the portal texts into English and the languages of the BRICS countries. It was assumed that access to the materials of the Knowledge portal would be paid, and several different tariff plans were envisaged. The publishing house spent about 10 million rubles of its own funds on the development of the portal, but there was not enough money to open the portal and it was not launched.
As a result, 50 academicians who are members of the BDT Scientific and Editorial Council sent a letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin, in which they said that the project would be closed without financial assistance from the state. In addition, the academicians asked for assistance in "promoting the electronic portal" Knowledge "- an analogue of" Wikipedia "", which they estimated at 670 million rubles.
In November 2014, the Ministry of Culture announced a tender for the creation of the BDT portal, in which the publishing house Big Russian Encyclopedia took part, but the winner was LLC Modern Digital Technologies from Yekaterinburg, which estimated its services at 2.1 million rubles.
Electronic version of the Great Russian Encyclopedia
On April 1, 2016, a website was opened containing 12 thousand articles from the published volumes of the Great Russian Encyclopedia. The site has a full-text search, a heading list and a list of articles.
The publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia" promised to add new articles every day and bring their number to 45 thousand by the end of 2016. It was also promised the appearance of new articles that are absent in the book version of the encyclopedia, as well as bringing up to date some of the existing articles.
On August 25, 2016, a Government Order was signed on the creation of a working group on issues related to the creation of a "National Scientific and Educational Interactive Encyclopedic Portal" based on the Great Russian Encyclopedia with the involvement of other Russian scientific encyclopedias.
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Excerpt characterizing the Great Russian Encyclopedia
- Prince Vasily arrived in Moscow yesterday. He goes to the audit, I was told, - said the guest.- Yes, but, entre nous, [between us,] - said the princess, - this is a pretext, he actually came to Count Kirill Vladimirovich, having learned that he was so bad.
“However, ma chere, this is a glorious thing,” said the count, and, noticing that the older guest was not listening to him, he turned to the young ladies. - A good figure was at the quarter, I imagine.
And he, imagining how the quarterly waved his hands, again burst out laughing with a sonorous and bass laugh that shook his entire full body, like people who always ate well, and especially drank, laugh. “So please dine with us,” he said.
There was a silence. The countess looked at her visitor, smiling pleasantly, however, she did not hide the fact that she would not be upset now in the least if the guest got up and left. The guest's daughter was already straightening her dress, looking inquiringly at her mother, when suddenly from the next room I heard several male and female legs running to the door, the rumble of a hooked and knocked down chair, and a thirteen-year-old girl ran into the room, wrapping something in her short muslin skirt, and stopped in the middle rooms. Obviously, she had accidentally jumped so far from an uncalculated run. At the same moment a student with a crimson collar, a guard officer, a fifteen-year-old girl, and a fat ruddy boy in a children's jacket appeared at the door.
The count jumped up and, swaying, spread his arms wide around the fleeing girl.
- Ah, here she is! He cried laughing. - The birthday girl! Ma chere, birthday girl!
- Ma chere, il y a un temps pour tout, [Honey, there is time for everything,] - said the Countess, pretending to be strict. “You spoil her all, Elie,” she added to her husband.
- Bonjour, ma chere, je vous felicite, [Hello, my dear, I congratulate you,] - said the guest. - Quelle delicuse enfant! [What a lovely child!] She added, turning to her mother.
A black-eyed, big-mouthed, ugly, but lively girl, with her childish open shoulders, who, shrinking, moved in their bodice from a fast run, with their black curls knotted back, thin bare arms and small legs in lace pantaloons and open shoes, was at that sweet age when a girl is no longer a child, and a child is not a girl. Turning away from her father, she ran to her mother and, not paying any attention to her stern remark, hid her flushed face in the laces of her mother's mantilla and laughed. She was laughing at something, talking abruptly about the doll she took out from under her skirt.
- See? ... Doll ... Mimi ... See.
And Natasha could no longer speak (everything seemed funny to her). She fell on her mother and laughed so loudly and loudly that everyone, even the prim guest, laughed against her will.
- Well, go, go with your freak! - said the mother, feigning angrily pushing her daughter away. “This is my little one,” she said to the guest.
Natasha, tearing her face away from her mother's lace kerchief for a moment, looked at her from below through tears of laughter and again hid her face.
The guest, forced to admire the family scene, found it necessary to take some part in it.
- Tell me, my dear, - she said, turning to Natasha, - how do you have this Mimi? Daughter, right?
Natasha did not like the tone of condescension before the childish conversation with which the guest turned to her. She said nothing and looked at her visitor seriously.
Meanwhile, all this young generation: Boris is an officer, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna, Nikolai is a student, the eldest son of the count, Sonya is the fifteen-year-old niece of the count, and little Petrusha is the youngest son, they all settled in the living room and, apparently, tried to keep within the bounds of decency animation and gaiety, with which every feature still breathed. It was evident that there, in the back rooms, from where they all came running so swiftly, they had more cheerful conversations than here about city gossip, the weather and comtesse Apraksine. [about Countess Apraksina.] From time to time they glanced at each other and could hardly restrain themselves from laughing.
Two young men, a student and an officer, friends from childhood, were of the same age and both beautiful, but not alike. Boris was a tall, blond youth with regular, delicate features, a calm and handsome face; Nikolai was a short, curly-haired young man with an open expression on his face. Black hair was already showing on his upper lip, and impetuosity and enthusiasm were expressed in his entire face.
Nikolai blushed as soon as he entered the living room. It was evident that he was looking for and could not find what to say; Boris, on the other hand, immediately found himself and told calmly, jokingly, how he knew this Mimi doll as a young girl with an unspoiled nose, how at the age of five she had grown old in his memory, and how her head had cracked all over her skull. Having said this, he glanced at Natasha. Natasha turned away from him, looked at her younger brother, who, closing his eyes, was shaking with soundless laughter, and, unable to hold on any longer, jumped and ran out of the room as quickly as her fast legs could carry. Boris did not laugh.
- You, it seems, also wanted to go, maman? Do you need a carriage? -. He said, with a smile, addressing the mother.
“Yes, go, go, tell me to cook,” she said, pouring out.
Boris went quietly through the doors and followed Natasha, the fat boy ran after them angrily, as if annoyed at the frustration that had occurred in his studies.
Of the young people, not counting the countess’s eldest daughter (who was four years older than her sister and behaved like a big girl) and the young lady’s guests, Nikolai and Sonya’s niece remained in the drawing room. Sonya was a slender, petite brunette with a soft gaze shaded by long eyelashes, a thick black braid that twisted around her head twice, and a yellowish tint of skin on her face, and especially on her naked, thin, but graceful muscular arms and neck. With the smoothness of movements, the softness and flexibility of small members and a somewhat cunning and restrained manner, she resembled a beautiful, but not yet formed kitten, which will be a lovely kitty. She apparently considered it decent to show sympathy for the general conversation with a smile; but against her will, her eyes from under long thick eyelashes looked at the cousin [cousin] who was leaving for the army with such girlish passionate adoration that her smile could not fool anyone for a moment, and it was evident that the kitty sat down only to it is more energetic to jump and play with your sauce, as soon as they, like Boris and Natasha, get out of this living room.
“Yes, ma chere,” said the old count, addressing his guest and pointing to his Nikolai. - Here is his friend Boris promoted to officer, and he does not want to lag behind him out of friendship; throws both the university and me an old man: goes to military service, ma chere. And the place in the archive was ready for him, and that was all. Here is friendship? - said the count inquiringly.
“Why, they say, war has been declared,” said the guest.
"They've been talking for a long time," said the count. - They'll talk again, talk, and they'll leave it that way. Ma chere, that's friendship! He repeated. - He goes to the hussars.
The guest, not knowing what to say, shook her head.
“Not out of friendship at all,” Nikolai answered, flushing and dissuading him, as if from the shameful work hardening on him. - It's not friendship at all, but I just feel a vocation for military service.
He looked back at his cousin and the young lady: both looked at him with a smile of approval.
- Today Schubert, colonel of the Pavlograd hussar regiment, dines with us. He was on vacation here and is taking it with him. What to do? - said the count, shrugging his shoulders and speaking in jest about the case, which apparently cost him a lot of grief.
“I already told you, papa,” said the son, “that if you don’t want to let me go, I’ll stay.” But I know that I am no good for anything other than military service; I’m not a diplomat, not an official, I don’t know how to hide what I feel, ”he said, all glancing with the coquetry of beautiful youth at Sonya and the young lady as a guest.
The cat, glaring at him with her eyes, seemed every second ready to play and show all her feline nature.
- Well, well, good! - said the old count, - everything is getting hot. All Bonaparte turned everyone's head; everyone thinks how he got from the lieutenant to the emperor. Well, God forbid, ”he added, not noticing the mocking smile of his guest.
The big ones started talking about Bonaparte. Julie, daughter of Karagina, turned to young Rostov:
- What a pity that you were not at the Arkharovs' house on Thursday. I was bored without you, ”she said, smiling tenderly at him.
The flattered young man with a flirtatious smile of youth moved closer to her and entered a separate conversation with a smiling Julie, completely oblivious to the fact that this involuntary smile of his with a knife of jealousy cut the heart of Sonya, who was blushing and pretending to smile. - In the middle of the conversation, he looked back at her. Sonia glanced at him passionately, bitterly, and, barely holding back tears in her eyes and a feigned smile on her lips, got up and left the room. All Nikolai's animation vanished. He waited for the first break in the conversation and with a frustrated face left the room to look for Sonya.
- How the secrets of all this youth are sewn with white thread! - said Anna Mikhailovna, pointing to Nikolai coming out. - Cousinage dangereux voisinage, [Trouble - cousins and sisters,] - she added.
“Yes,” said the Countess, after the ray of sun that had penetrated into the living room with this young generation disappeared, and as if answering a question that no one asked her, but which constantly occupied her. - How many sufferings, how many worries have been endured so that now we can rejoice at them! And now, really, there is more fear than joy. You are afraid of everything, you are afraid of everything! It is the age at which there are so many dangers for both girls and boys.
“Everything depends on upbringing,” said the guest.
“Yes, your truth,” continued the Countess. “Until now, thank God, I have been a friend of my children and enjoy their full confidence,” said the countess, repeating the delusion of many parents who believe that their children have no secrets from them. - I know that I will always be the first confidente [attorney] of my daughters, and that Nikolenka, by her ardent character, if she is naughty (the boy cannot do without it), then everything is not like these Petersburg gentlemen.
- Yes, nice, nice guys, - confirmed the count, who always solved the confused questions for him by the fact that he found everything glorious. - Come on, I wanted to be a hussar! Yes, that's what you want, ma chere!
“What a lovely creature your little one is,” said the guest. - Gunpowder!
“Yes, gunpowder,” said the count. - She went to me! And what a voice: even though she is my daughter, and I will tell the truth, the singer will be, Salomoni is different. We took an Italian to teach her.
- Is not it too early? They say it is harmful for the voice to study at this time.
- Oh no, how early! - said the count. - How did our mothers get married at twelve thirteen?
- She's already in love with Boris! What is it? - said the countess, smiling softly, looking at Boris's mother, and, apparently answering the thought that always occupied her, continued. - Well, you see, I kept her strictly, I forbid her ... God knows what they would do on the sly (the Countess understood: they would kiss), and now I know every word of her. She herself will come running in the evening and tell me everything. Maybe I spoil her; but, really, it seems to be better. I kept the older one strictly.
“Yes, I was brought up quite differently,” said the eldest, beautiful Countess Vera, smiling.
But the smile did not adorn Vera's face, as is usually the case; on the contrary, her face became unnatural and therefore unpleasant.
The eldest, Vera, was good, was not stupid, she studied well, was well educated, her voice was pleasant, what she said was fair and appropriate; but, strange to say, everyone, both the guest and the countess, looked back at her, as if they were surprised why she had said this, and felt awkward.
“They are always wise with older children, they want to do something extraordinary,” said the guest.
- What a sin to conceal, ma chere! The Countess was wise with Vera, ”said the Count. - Well, what of it! all the same she came out glorious, '' he added, winking at Vera approvingly.
The guests got up and left, promising to come for dinner.
- What a manner! We were already sitting, sitting! - said the countess, seeing off the guests.
When Natasha left the living room and ran, she only ran to the flower room. In this room she stopped, listening to the conversation in the living room and waiting for Boris to come out. She was already beginning to get impatient and, stamping her foot, was on the point of crying because he was not walking now, when she heard the not quiet, not fast, decent steps of a young man.
Natasha quickly rushed between the flowerpots and hid.
Boris stopped in the middle of the room, looked around, brushed the specks off the sleeve of his uniform with his hand, and walked over to the mirror, examining his handsome face. Natasha, quieted down, peered out of her ambush, expecting what he would do. He stood for some time in front of the mirror, smiled and went to the exit door. Natasha wanted to call out to him, but then changed her mind. Let him look, she told herself. Boris had just left when a flushed Sonya came out of the other door, whispering evilly through her tears. Natasha resisted her first movement to run out to her and remained in her ambush, as if under an invisible hat, looking out for what was happening in the world. She experienced a special new pleasure. Sonya whispered something and looked back at the drawing-room door. Nikolai came out of the door.
- Sonya! What's the matter? Is it possible? - said Nikolay, running up to her.
- Nothing, nothing, leave me! - Sonya burst into tears.
- No, I know what.
- Well, you know, and fine, and go to her.
- Soooh! One word! Is it possible to torture me and myself like that because of fantasy? - Nikolay said, taking her hand.
Sonya did not pull her hands away from him and stopped crying.
Natasha, without moving or breathing, gazed with shining heads from her ambush. "What will happen now"? she thought.
- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! You are everything for me, - said Nikolai. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you say that.”
- Well, I won't, well, forgive me, Sonya! He pulled her to him and kissed her.
"Oh, how good!" thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and sly look. - I need to tell you one thing. Here, here, - she said, and led him to the flower room to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
- What is this one thing? - he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll thrown on the barrel, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked attentively, affectionately into her lively face and did not answer.
- You do not want? Well, come here, ”she said, and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! She whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and her reddened face showed solemnity and fear.
- Do you want to kiss me? She whispered, barely audible, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped onto the tub, so that she stood taller than him, embraced him with both arms, so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, throwing her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him on the very lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, bowing her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but ...
- Are you in love with me? Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, in love, but please, we will not do what now ... Four more years ... Then I will ask for your hand.
Natasha thought about it.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen ...” she said, counting on her thin fingers. - Good! Is it over?
And a smile of joy and reassurance lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever and ever? - said the girl. - Until your death?
And, taking his arm, with a happy face, she quietly walked beside him into the sofa.
The Countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order anyone else to be received, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk face to face with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the Countess's chair.
“I will be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. - There are too few of us, old friends! That is why I value your friendship so much.
Anna Mikhailovna looked at Vera and stopped. The Countess shook hands with her friend.
“Vera,” said the Countess, addressing her eldest daughter, who was obviously unloved. - How do you have no idea about anything? Don't you feel like you're superfluous here? Go to your sisters, or ...
The beautiful Vera smiled contemptuously, apparently not feeling the slightest insult.
“If you had told me a long time ago, mamma, I would have left at once,” she said, and went to her room.
But as she passed the sofa room, she noticed that two couples were sitting symmetrically in it at the two windows. She stopped and smiled disdainfully. Sonya was sitting close to Nicholas, who copied her poems, for the first time composed by him. Boris and Natasha were sitting at the other window and were silent when Vera entered. Sonya and Natasha glanced at Vera with guilty and happy faces.
It was fun and touching to look at these girls in love, but their sight, obviously, did not arouse a pleasant feeling in Vera.
“How many times have I asked you,” she said, “not to take my things, you have your own room.
She took an inkwell from Nikolai.
“Now, now,” he said, wetting his pen.
“You know how to do everything at the wrong time,” Vera said. - They ran into the living room, so everyone was ashamed of you.
Despite the fact, or precisely because what she said was completely fair, no one answered her, and all four only exchanged glances. She hesitated in the room, inkwell in hand.
- And what secrets can there be between Natasha and Boris and between you in your years - all are nonsense!
- Well, what is it to you, Vera? - Natasha said in a quiet voice.
She, apparently, was to everyone even more than always, on this day, kind and affectionate.
“It's very stupid,” Vera said, “I'm ashamed of you. What are the secrets? ...
- Everyone has their own secrets. Berg and I don't touch you, ”Natasha said, getting excited.
“I don't think you touch it,” Vera said, “because there can never be anything bad in my actions. But I'll tell my mother how you treat Boris.
“Natalya Ilinishna treats me very well,” said Boris. “I can't complain,” he said.
When I was a schoolboy, I was fascinated by the blue volumes of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (hereinafter - TSB) in our school library. This was the second edition of the TSB of the 1950s, and there I searched and enthusiastically read biographies of great historical figures. They were written horribly, in such an impossible clerical language, but at least some facts about little-known popes, Western European kings, etc. were given in the work. At home, from the encyclopedias at that time (mid-1990s) there was only a one-volume Great Soviet Dictionary (green, 1980 edition) and a three-volume Soviet dictionary in a black cover, published shortly after Stalin's death, in 1954-1956. - then it seemed to me to be a great rarity. The Internet was not so widely developed then, especially in the provinces. In my second year at the institute, I already bought myself discs with the third edition of the 1970s TSB, but I have only used them for a few years - now they are gathering dust in a box.
Then the popular discs with the Cyril and Methodius encyclopedia were still in use - a kind of analogue of Wikipedia, which was updated every year. Then I bought myself discs with the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary and some others. In the mid-90s, buying all 86 volumes of Brockhaus Dictionary was a dream of mine. Just in time to our house the book catalog of the publishing house "Terra" came by mail, where the reprint edition of this dictionary was advertised in every possible way. In Terra I bought a small Brockhaus (4 volumes) and an Explanatory Dictionary of V.I. Dahl.
I managed to buy a separate one, the so-called. the "introductory" volume of the Great Russian Encyclopedia (hereinafter - BDT), dedicated to Russia as a whole; I didn't even bother with the entire encyclopedia because of 1) its high cost, 2) because of the ever-decreasing space for books in my home library, which were in an ever-increasing number, 3) because of the uncertainty of the schedule of the entire publication. By the way, a similar separate volume about Russia was also in the Brockhaus dictionary of the late 19th century - a reprinted 1991 version of it was bought from me in 2001.
Somewhere from 2007-2008. Wikipedia in everyday circulation began to replace almost all other encyclopedias, and electronic copies of three editions of TSB, and Brockhaus, and all kinds of dictionaries from different eras and countries began to appear on the Internet. It has become senseless to spend money on something that can be viewed on a computer much faster and more conveniently, found on the Internet and that does not take up so much space at home. After all, encyclopedias are not fiction books, which are much more pleasant to read in paper form.
And so, I read the news that yesterday academicians who are members of the Scientific and Editorial Council of the Great Russian Encyclopedia asked President Vladimir Putin for state financial support for the project. By the way, it was with him that the publication of this project began. Putin's address of July 7, 2004 to BDT readers in a volume dedicated to Russia contains the following words: "I hope that the Great Russian Encyclopedia, which is based on unique material, will be in demand by a wide readership." If you look at the list of members of the BDT Scientific and Editorial Council in the aforementioned volume of 2004, you can see how many of them are no longer alive: S.S. Averintsev, V.I. Arnold, M.L. Gasparova, V.L. Ginzburg, E.P. Kruglyakova, A.A. Fursenko and others. There is no Russian Academy of Sciences in its former form, but there is only a club of scientists, FANO and institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the number of which they want to reduce, and the activities of their employees to optimize.
In the same address, Putin spoke about the rich encyclopedic tradition in our country and, it is clear that the BDT project was conceived as an unspoken "fourth edition" of the TSB, continuing the Soviet tradition of publishing fundamental multivolume works, in which the ruling leader was glorified and his historical era was captured in all the solemn officialdom. However, in terms of release dates, the current BDT has already outdone both the second and third editions of TSB (the publication of both took 9 years). Only the first edition of TSB was released longer - 21 years - but one must understand that it was an extremely difficult time - 1926-1947. - which fell, including the years of the Great Patriotic War. Now there is no war, and the pace of work and the level of funding are inferior to Soviet times.
The BDT situation is largely idiotic and ridiculous. In the era of the Internet and digital technologies, a period of ten years is a lot. During this time, important changes have taken place in almost all branches of science. And so, nevertheless, this project is being published on paper, and even the already released volumes, as far as I know, have not yet been published on the Internet in the public domain, that is, it is extremely difficult to call this project an educational project. All this drags on too long, is very expensive, looks archaic and at the exit is inaccessible, useless waste paper. The question is: is there any sense in this edition at all? Well, except that in addition to the symbolic, such as Stalin and Brezhnev had their own BDT, it means that Putin should have his own BDT!
The circulation of TSB and BDT is also incomparable. Circulation of the third edition of TSB in 30 volumes 1969-1978. amounted to about 630 thousand copies (which is on average 8-12 times more than the first edition and 2-2.5 times more than the second). The circulation of BDT, published since 2004, ranges from 25 to 60 thousand copies. It's even more interesting with the number of volumes. At present, the introductory volume "Russia" (2004) and 24 numbered volumes of the encyclopedia have been published. According to Wikipedia, in the output of all volumes up to and including the 21st, "In 30 t." At the same time, the Pro-books.ru portal in publications from June 17, 2014 notes that with additional government support, the BDT publishing house is ready to release the "remaining 12 volumes" not in 4 years, as usual, but in 3. At the same time, 124 million rubles will be required from the ministry for this matter. In parallel with this, BDT is planning to fill the Knowledge portal. One more question: if 24 volumes have already been published, then plus 12 more - is this already 36, not 35 volumes? That is, will not appear from some 30th volume instead of the inscription "in 35 tons." the inscription - "in 40 tons"? In a word, the publication was delayed to the point of impossibility and, God forbid, that the remaining members of the editorial council of 2004 should not have died by the time the last volumes are published.
In yesterday's publication on Pro-books.ru it is said that the lack of funds is fraught with the dismissal of some of the publishing house's employees and the suspension of the release of subsequent volumes of fundamental work. The reason for the financial crisis was a notification from the Ministry of Culture that in the current year BDT purchases for school libraries could be significantly reduced or stopped altogether (!). Previously, budget purchases brought the publishing house 100 million rubles a year, and allowed the release of three new volumes of BDT during the specified period.
50 academicians of the BDT scientific editorial council sent a letter to Vladimir Putin, which explains that the project will be closed without financial assistance from the state. State support is also requested for the academic electronic encyclopedia "Knowledge", Izvestia reports. The publishing house allocated 10 million rubles of its own funds to develop the portal, but there was not enough money to launch the resource... To support the project for three years, BDT experts expect to receive 670 million rubles.
Executive secretary of the publishing house BDT Sergey Kravets says that state purchases are the main source of income for the publishing house. “If the Ministry of Culture stops buying publications, then BDT will have to dissolve the editorial office. The money from the previous government contract was only left to cover the salaries of employees for May-June, then the publishing house cannot continue to work, ”says a BDT spokesman.
According to the company's financial statements, its annual revenue in 2009-2012 was about 130-140 million rubles; net profit until 2012 exceeded 3 million rubles, and in 2012 - 558 thousand rubles. Last year, the Ministry of Culture has already reduced the volume of purchases of the encyclopedia: instead of 50 thousand Russian libraries, only 17.5 thousand received new volumes. At the last meeting of the Ministry of Culture, Deputy Minister Grigory Ivliev announced that the department will continue to purchase the paper version of the encyclopedia only after the BDT launches the electronic version.
“The motivation of the Ministry of Culture is clear: no one needs a paper encyclopedia and we need to make an electronic one. We are not against this, we have even developed a concept. But now we are talking about how to complete its release in paper and provide the libraries with the missing volumes, "- in turn, explained Kravets.
In connection with all of the above, I have other questions: is BDT generally needed in this form? And if so, who needs it? Putin? Academicians? To whom? Because it is practically inaccessible to the general reader and is of little interest, besides, everyone knows how to use Wikipedia (in it, relevant changes appear immediately). And experts will prefer to use the latest scientific publications on the topic, but not a dictionary that has been published for more than 10 years. Do I need to finish the release of this disastrous publication? Or maybe it would be better to focus on creating a universal scientific Russian encyclopedia like Wikipedia, but which will be edited and updated only by research workers? Or, maybe Wikipedia is quite enough, and for these millions of rubles it is better, finally, to publish the academic Complete Works of the same A.S. Pushkin in 20 volumes, which has been published by the Pushkin House since 1999, and so far less than 10 volumes have been published ...
