What happened in 1385 Russia. Krevo union. The process of polonization and catholicization of the population

Polish-Lithuanian union of 1385. Battle on Vorskla Frightened by the prospect of a rapprochement between Muscovite Rus and Lithuanian Rus, the western and eastern neighbors of the Russian land did everything to ensure that the program for the consolidation of ancient Russian territories, put forward by the course of the historical

The union of Kreva and its significance A coincidence of historical circumstances helped Yagailo. It was at this time that King Ludwik (1382) died in Poland, who was also the king of Hungary. With his death, personal union between Hungary and Poland ended, and before

On August 14, 1385, one of the first unions, Krevskaya, was signed in the Krevo castle (the territory of the Smorgon region of modern Belarus).

The Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello (1362-1434) and the Polish Queen Jadwiga (1373-1399) signed the infamous Kreva dynastic union between Poland and Lithuania, according to which the young Jadwiga became the wife of Jagailo, and he, having adopted Catholicism, under the name of Vladislav II, became the new Polish king and founder of the new royal dynasty of the Jagiellons, who ruled the Commonwealth until 1572.

It would seem, what's wrong with that, such dynastic marriages and unions were quite commonplace throughout Medieval Europe? But, alas, this dynastic union became the very "Rubicon" that split all of Russia into "Moscow" and "Lithuanian" for many centuries.

What is the Krevsk union and what consequences it had, we will tell you in our article.

Before dwelling on the provisions of the Krevo Union, it is necessary to clarify what the word "union" means.

WHAT IS UNIA?

Union is a community, union, community of states, political organizations, religious confessions. Most often it is used in the sense of the monarchical unity of several powers under the leadership of one ruler.

Real union is an alliance that monarchies conclude, while at the same time adopting a single order of succession to the throne. The heir is the future monarch for all countries participating in the agreement.

Such a union - strong, reliable - can only be terminated when one of the participants changes the form of government to a republican one.

The abolition of monarchical power in one or all of the member states entails the collapse of the union or a decrease in its quantitative composition.

This form of association is often equated with a confederation. It should be noted that this identification is not correct.

First, union can only arise with the participation of monarchical states. This is its main feature. As for the confederation, republican state formations can also join such a union.

The existence of a union does not require close political or economic cooperation. Union agreements are optional. The situation is different with the confederation. By signing the agreement, its members have certain obligations to each other. Members of the union do not lose state sovereignty. A single ruler-monarch multiplies his power.

After the signing of the union, he is the bearer of the sovereign rights of each country that is part of the union. An important detail of the legal aspect of signing a confederation treaty is the existence of an agreement with prescribed mutual obligations. This guarantees political unity.

And union is a community that can be concluded without a treaty. An important feature also concerns the conduct of hostilities between the parties to the agreement. The member states of the union cannot fight each other, since the ruler is one, therefore, declaring war within the union, he undertakes to attack himself.

POLITICAL UNITY AND DYNASTIC AGREEMENTS

History knows many cases of the conclusion of such alliances. One of the earliest, known and most significant is the Krevsk Union. Lithuania and Poland acted as parties to the agreement. Like many other unions, this one was sealed by a dynastic marriage between the Polish Queen Jadwiga and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagailo.

The union of 1385, signed at the Krevo castle, made certain changes in the structure of both participating countries. The reasons for the conclusion of the union are the weakening of both states and the pressure that was exerted on them from the outside: from the Teutonic Order, Muscovy, the Golden Horde. Even before the Union of Kreva, Lithuania signed several treaties with both the Moscow prince and the Teutons, which were supposed to significantly influence the course of events, but were not implemented by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Before dwelling on the essence of the Krevo Union, it is worth talking about the town of Krevo.

LAND OF KREVO

If you carefully read the lines of the story about the town of Krevo (on the way to Vilnius - our note), the Krevo Castle and the famous Krevo Union, you can imagine an epic like "War and Peace" by Tolstoy, only several times thicker.

Krevo was first mentioned in German chronicles of the 13th century. Probably, the Krevskoye settlement belongs to this period (XII - XIII centuries) (2.5 km north of the western outskirts of the village, near the road to Smorgon). At the turn of the XIII and XIV centuries, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gedimin the Kreva Castle was built - the first completely stone castle in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The town was badly damaged during the Russian-Polish war, after which its decline began. In the 17th - 18th centuries, the Jewish population of Kreva grew greatly; in the 19th century, a synagogue and a synagogue courtyard with a mikvah and a cheder were built here.

According to the inventory of 1866, Kreva counted 246 households and 1285 inhabitants, of which 639 are Orthodox, 337 Catholics, 68 Muslims and 241 Jews. In 1883, the population was 1923 inhabitants, the Skarb estate, who provided their lands for ransom to the peasants.

There was a parafial church of the Oshmyany dean's office - one of eight, founded during the reign of Jagaila, which had chapels in the villages of Mileikovo and Krivske under its control. In 1895, there were 2112 inhabitants, 249 courtyards, two Orthodox churches, a church, an almshouse, a school. One of the churches, namely the Church of Alexander Nevsky, has survived to our time.

Kreva Castle is one of the first castels in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, built in the 14th century (there is reason to believe that construction began at the end of the 13th century) at the confluence of the Krevlyanka and Shlyakhtyanka rivers. The main part of the castle was erected in the middle of a swampy floodplain, half of the defensive walls were erected on an artificially expanded sand dune.

Now only ruins remain of the castle, which are conserved, surrounded by a grid around the perimeter, and a sign says that it is unsafe to walk around them.

In 2005, the Local Charitable Foundation "Krevsky Castle" was established, the main goal of which is to contribute to the preservation of the Krevo Castle. The Foundation annually organizes summer events and cultural events in Krevo and other settlements.

BACKGROUND OF THE CONCLUSION OF THE KREVSK UNI

The first stage, the first step towards the abyss, which laid the foundation for the further fall of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Grand Duchy of Lithuania), was the Krevo Union of August 14, 1385.

Since 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fought for the Galician-Volyn inheritance. After Olgerd's death in 1377, a struggle for power began in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Yagailo Olgerdovich became the Grand Duke, his brothers Andrei Polotsky and Dmitry Starodubsky and Trubchevsky went into the service of Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow, becoming his governors, respectively, in Pskov and Pereslavl-Zalessky, and participated in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 on the side of Moscow.

In October 1381, Jagiello was dethroned by his uncle Keistut. In May-June 1382, Dmitry-Koribut Olgerdovich spoke against Keistut, and in July Jagail managed to regain power with the military help of the Teutonic Order. Keistut was imprisoned in the Kreva Castle, where he was strangled on August 15, 1382.

In 1384, Yagailo, Skirgailo and Dmitry-Koribut concluded two preliminary agreements with Dmitry of Moscow and his cousin Vladimir Serpukhovsky, which included, among other things, the marriage of Jagaila with Dmitry Donskoy's daughter, subject to the subordination of the Lithuanian prince to the supreme power of the Prince of Moscow and recognition of Orthodoxy as the state religion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which were never implemented.

Dmitry Ivanovich Moskovsky agreed to pay tribute to the Horde from the lands under his control and sent his eldest son Vasily to the Horde as a hostage.

Thus, the prerequisites that led to the signing of the Krevo Union were as follows.

The first reason is the struggle to preserve paganism against Christianization.

The second reason is the war for Olgerd's succession.

The Teutonic Order, taking advantage of the moment, played an important role in this war, it was during these years that Vitovt sold Samogitia to him in exchange for military assistance, it was at the price of Samogitia that he became the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

As a result, the ON was actually engulfed in flames from all sides: from the inside it was split by a bloody civil conflict, from the outside it was subjected to pressure from the Teutonic Order. Naturally, in these conditions, the country's resources were exhausted, it needed external assistance.

From a legal point of view, the act of the Krevo Union implied the incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Kingdom of Poland, in return for the GDL it received the necessary protection.

Having seized the grand princely throne in 1382, Jagailo was forced to strengthen his power, since he was not recognized by princes Andrei Polotsky, Dmitry Bryansky and the main rival, Vitovt, who began to bring troops of knights to the lands of the Grand Duchy.

Only in the summer of 1384 Jagailo and Vitovt came to an agreement. Vitovt returned from Prussia and received his Gorodenshchina and Beresteyshchina. However, Andrei Olgerdovich, together with his subordinate Polotchina, surrendered under the patronage of the Inflant Order. Thus, the Grand Duchy found itself in a very difficult situation.

Jagiello sought an alliance with neighboring states. There was an opportunity to choose rapprochement with either Moscow or Poland.

Jagiello was in a precarious position, and the preference was given to the bloc with Poland, with whose ambassadors negotiations were conducted back in 1383.

It is possible that a factor played a role that contributed to the predominance among the Lithuanian nobility of a group close to Jagail, which was afraid of losing its dominant positions in part of the lands of Rus, and therefore focused on the Kingdom of Poland.

In 1384, Jagiello entered into a treaty with the Teutonic Order in Dubiss, in which he pledged to transfer the Zhmud Order to the Order and accept Catholicism within 4 years.

The union of the Grand Duchy and the Crown was then in the interests of both sides. It made it possible to unite the forces of two states against a common enemy - the crusaders. German expansion in Poland reached alarming proportions. It was important for the Poles to ensure the tranquility of their borders on the part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, since in just one campaign in 1376 23 thousand prisoners were withdrawn from Poland.

In the future, the Polish tycoons apparently counted on their dominance in the neighboring state. They were especially attracted by the lands of Volyn and Podillya.

In January 1385, the Vilna delegation held talks in Krakow, and in the summer the Poles arrived in the Grand Duchy to sign the union.

The final confirmation of the union took place in 1386, after Jagiello was baptized at the Wawel See in Krakow, married Jadwiga and was solemnly crowned on March 4. Officially, he began to bear the title of "King of Poland, Supreme Duke of Lithuania and grandfather of Russia."

From the legal point of view, the act of the Kreva Union (by the way, some researchers consider this document to be a later falsification, since it was unknown during Jagaila's life and there is no mention of it in the Belarusian chronicles) meant the incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into Poland. In practice, however, it was impossible to incorporate such a strong state.

Thanks to the political activity of dissatisfied with the union of public circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, this plan never became a reality. Already in 1386, Prince Andrey of Polotsk rebelled, who believed that after the adoption of Catholicism, Yagailo had no right to be the head of the Grand Duchy.

ESSENCE OF THE CONTRACT IN KREVO

So, on August 14, 1385, the embassies of Poland and Lithuania, which met in the Lithuanian castle Krevo (now Belarus), concluded an agreement on the marriage alliance between the Polish queen Jadwiga (the last representative of the Piast dynasty) and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagailo.

Lithuanian prince Jagiello

The latter, at the same time, became the sovereign Polish king.

According to the agreement, Jagiello became king of Poland.

This imposed a number of obligations on him:

• The new ruler undertook to spread the Latin alphabet in Lithuania,


• Jagiello had to pay the Duke of Austria Wilhelm compensation for the violated marriage contract, according to which the latter was supposed to marry Jadwiga,


• It was necessary to introduce Catholicism in Lithuania,


• Jagailo was supposed to return to Poland the lands of the former Rus, Lithuanian and Russian (modern Belarusian and part of the Ukrainian) and increase the territory of the kingdom,


• The Lithuanian and Polish union obliged him to increase the number of prisoners,


• use of the treasury for the needs of Poland.

Simply put, Jagailo became a single ruler for Lithuania and Poland, but at the same time the monetary system and the treasury, legislation, customs regulations, there was a border, there were separate armies for each member state of the agreement. The Kreva union caused disagreement on the part of the nobility of Lithuania and the former Rus, but served as the basis for the union in Lublin. The territory of Poland has increased.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE KREVSK UNI

Decorated with a special charter given by Jagail on August 14, 1385 in the town of Krevo, the state-political union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played a certain role in the history of both states, but had different consequences for them.

For Lithuania, the Kreva Union meant the beginning of a deep socio-political and cultural influence on it by the magnate-gentry Poland, which played a leading role in the newly formed state unification. Lithuania adopted Catholicism, and with it gradually adopted the Polish model of a feudal political system, which was very beneficial for the landowning class.

One of the main motives that prompted the ruling elites of Lithuania and Poland to conclude a union was the realized need to unite the forces of both states to repel the aggression of the common enemy - the Teutonic and Livonian orders. At the same time, each of the parties interested in the union sought to use it for their own purposes.

Thus, the Lithuanian ruling elite counted with the help of the union to preserve, strengthen and expand domination in the East Slavic lands. Polish feudal lords, primarily the magnate circles of Lesser Poland, viewed the Krevo Union as an important means of expanding feudal expansion in Eastern Europe.

It was for this purpose that they achieved the inclusion in the act of union of Jagail's obligation to forever "annex" the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, together with its East Slavic territories, to the crown of the Kingdom of Poland.

For the population of Southwestern Russia, the implementation of the conditions of the Kreva Union entailed an increase in political dependence on the ruling elite of the Polish-Lithuanian state and transformation into an object of feudal colonization of the ruling class of the Polish kingdom.

In the same 1386, the implementation of one of the main goals of the Krevo Union began - the incorporation (inclusion) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Polish Kingdom and the strengthening of the political dominance of the Polish and Lithuanian feudal lords in it.

The main steps in this direction were attracting the Lithuanian boyars to the side of the Kingdom of Poland and securing the specific principalities of Russia for the Polish crown with the help of a number of special political measures:

• the weakening of cooperation between the Russian and Lithuanian feudal nobility and their opposition to each other along religious and estate-legal lines by granting in 1387 the Lithuanian Catholic boyars greater rights and privileges in comparison with the feudal lords of the East Slavic lands;


• the deployment of Polish garrisons and military detachments of Lithuanian princes loyal to Jagail in the largest centers of these lands;


• oaths of appanage princes.

At the same time, other means were also used, aimed at limiting and eliminating the appanage-princely power in the localities. Of these, the most widely practiced was the withdrawal from the jurisdiction of the appanage princes of their individual vassals, followed by the subordination of the king's authority and the replacement of rebellious local dynasts by princes who remained loyal to Jagail, or royal governors.

In Southwestern Russia, the implementation of the conditions of the Krevo Union began with the giving of the oaths of its appanage princes to Jagaila as the head of the Polish state, as well as to Queen Jadwiga and the Polish crown, which, according to feudal law, meant the transfer of princes and their possessions directly under the rule of the Polish king.

THE PROCESS OF POLONIZATION AND CATHOLIZATION OF THE POPULATION

As a result, the ambitions of the Polish gentry, associated with long-standing aspirations to penetrate deeper into the West Russian lands, were mostly satisfied, and the rights and privileges in their scope quickly surpassed the similar rights of the Russian nobility:

♦ the great appanage reigns in Polotsk, Vitebsk, Kiev and other cities were canceled;

♦ self-government was replaced by governorship;

♦ Lithuanian aristocracy changed its cultural orientation from Russian to Polish;

♦ active Catholic expansion into the western lands of Russia began.

Polonization and Catholicization captured part of the Western Russian nobility, while the majority of the common population remained faithful to Orthodoxy and ancient traditions. National and religious enmity began to make itself felt, which did not exist until the 80s of the XIV century, and later it often grew into an acute political struggle

The next step towards rapprochement between Lithuania and Poland was the conclusion of the Gorodelsky Privilege in 1413, according to which the rights of the Polish gentry were extended to the Lithuanian Catholic gentry, who began to push the Russian princes (non-Catholics) away from participation in the supreme government of the state. The Lithuanian gentry received new land plots from the king, more often entered into marriages with the Polish nobility and en masse converted to the Catholic faith.

The boyars of Western Russia, not content with their position, also actively sought an equalization of rights with the Polish gentry, which, according to the Vislice Statute (1347) and the Kosice Privilege (1374), was exempted from taxes and duties.

The land began to be considered the full property of the gentry, and the peasants could only use allotments of land and were under the full jurisdiction of their masters. In 1434, by the privilege of King Vladislav III, the Russian nobility was finally equalized in rights with the Polish and released from all duties, except for military service, even the name of the boyar was officially changed to pan.

The authorities actively pursued a policy aimed at spreading Catholicism and limiting Orthodoxy.

The strengthening of the position of the Catholic Church was significantly facilitated by the fact that in 1387, by the privilege of Jagiello, Catholic feudal lords were exempted from all duties and payments to the Grand Duke. This led to the fact that the gap between the Catholic and Orthodox nobility was growing wider.

The conditions of the Kreva Union (in 1401 they were clarified by the Vilna-Radom Union) were in effect for 184 years, until 1569, when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland signed the Union of Lublin, which united both states in confederate limited elected monarchy.

And also one of the consequences of the Kreva union was the receipt of additional rights and liberties by the Catholic feudal lords.

THE AFTERWORD

The GDL is a multi-ethnic state of four main peoples: Belarusians, Russians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians.

The penetration of Catholicism into the Belarusian lands began with the Kreva Union, while the union with the Moscow principality was rejected.

The next year after the conclusion of the union, Jagailo made Catholicism the state religion of Lithuania. Thus, he knocked the ground out from under the feet of the Teutonic "missionaries", but on the other hand, he significantly complicated the life of the East Slavic peoples under his rule.

The Poles turned against the Hungarians, expelled them from Galicia. The policy of polonization and catholicization of the local population began. Polish feudal lords began to penetrate into other Ukrainian and Belarusian lands.

Jagiello managed to get letters from a number of large Lithuanian magnates that they would be loyal to him as the Polish king. At that time, feudal loyalty was more important than any national interests, and this was what the initiators of the union tried to use. This agreement was, in general, personal and concerned Jagiello himself, but through it it was possible to annex all his vassals to Poland and the lands.

However, not all large Lithuanian landowners and, moreover, the indigenous "Russian" Orthodox population were satisfied with the current situation, they understood that in the future they would find themselves in a subordinate position to the Polish masters.

In fact, the independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was not lost, but Yagailo issued laws giving special privileges to Catholic feudal lords. Satisfied with his success, the Pope in the spring of 1388 sent Jagiello and Jadwiga his blessing and a congratulatory bull. This meant that the Lithuanian-Belarusian Grand Duke, who became the king of Poland, was recognized as equal to the kings of other powers.

As you can see, the Kreva Union of 1385 split Russia into "Moscow" (Orthodox) and "Lithuanian" (Catholic).

Here is the opinion of the leading Russian historian Yevgeny Spitsin.

Thus, the end of the XIV century is characterized by important political events in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1385, the Krevo union with Poland was concluded, which, as it turned out, marked the beginning of a slow, but progressive expansion of Poland's influence on the state-political and cultural-religious life of the principality.

She also contributed to the intensification of the internal political struggle between the Olgerdovichs and the son of Keistut Vytautas, which was accompanied by human losses and material destruction.

Until 1385, the development of the Grand Duchy was dominated mainly by the Belarusian principle in general, the Belarusian culture, which was manifested primarily in the state, official status of the Belarusian language. It was used not only by the chancellery and the grand ducal court, but also by the feudal elite. But after the Krevo Union, the process began that led at the end of the 17th century to the prohibition of the Belarusian language in official office work and its replacement with Polish.

In the end, as a result of the union of Lithuania with Poland, a prolonged conflict developed between Moscow and Poland. The political division was aggravated by social and cultural changes and made a huge contribution to the gradual division of the originally single Russian nation into three peoples - the Great Russians (now called simply Russians) in the east, Little Russians (Ukrainians) and Belarusians in the west. For a long time, however, the peoples of each of these three branches continued to call themselves simply Russians.

Therefore, we are once again convinced that it was from the West, and still from the West, that a constant threat to the very existence of Great Russia was approaching.

And, reading the ancient lines, trying to understand the unspoken and buried secrets of previous centuries, again and again acutely experiencing the Krevsk union, which gave Lithuania and all of Kievan Rus, which had previously belonged to the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (Chervonnaya, Malaya and Belaya Rus, in the later terminology ), into the hands of the Catholic West, one thinks about what was in all this - both in the successful conversion to Catholicism of Lithuania, and in the unsuccessful, albeit similarly conceived, submission of Moscow Rus to Rome - what was the role, will and responsibility of the pastors of the peoples, and what is - a people who are obliged to heed their rulers?

Why did it work out there and not work out here? Who Really Makes History? What is the measure of possibilities and, therefore, the measure of responsibility of the rulers of the country in the creation of history that is created hourly, in the creativity of the people's existence?

CONCLUSION

The Kreva Union was the largest historical event in the history of Poland, Russia and Lithuania. For many centuries it predetermined the ways of their development and the relationship of these peoples.

Poland became a conduit for Catholic aggression to the east and pursued a policy of violent catholicization, polonization and social oppression in the Russian lands, which ultimately led to the death of Poland itself.

In Lithuania, the process of the spontaneous merging of the Russian and Lithuanian nationalities stopped and discord and antagonism began to grow between them, generated by Catholic fanaticism and Polish chauvinism, which were quickly accepted by the Lithuanian upper classes.

In the Russian lands of the united state, the hope was lost that the Russian-Lithuanian state would be the defender of Orthodoxy and the unification of Rus. The Russian element of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the leading one turned into the persecuted and persecuted. And he reached out to the growing Moscow.

The historical role of the Russian-Lithuanian state was played. The completely objectively real possibility of the unification of Rus was not realized. The leadership of the united state ended up in the hands of Polish and purely Catholic, hostile to primordial Orthodox Russia.

The Kreva union was the end of the short golden age of Lithuania, the Russo-Lithuanian state.

In the section on the question what event happened in 1385? given by the author . the best answer is marriage

Answer from Artem Kirilenko[active]
Hey

Answer from Irishka pointed[guru]
the conclusion of the Krevo union with Poland

August 14 - Kreva Union, an agreement on a dynastic alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, according to which the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello, having married the Polish queen Jadwiga, was proclaimed the Polish king.






September 18 - Battle of Savra

Answer from Danya Ignatiev[newbie]
Krevo union. clear

Answer from Alena Eremina[guru]
In 1385, an offer was made to Jagiello from Poland to marry the Polish queen Jadwiga and unite Poland and Lithuania. The Polish government had good motives for wanting this marriage.

Answer from Jim carrey[guru]
1385-1433 - King João I of Portugal, the first of the Avis dynasty. Subdued the clergy to royal power.
August 14 - Kreva Union, an agreement on a dynastic alliance between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland, according to which the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello, having married the Polish queen Jadwiga, was proclaimed the Polish king
1385 - The capture of Kolomna by the Ryazan prince Oleg and its annexation to the Ryazan principality. The return of Kolomna to the Moscow principality by Sergius of Radonezh
1385-1386 - King of Hungary Charles II of Naples.
Andronicus Palaeologus rebelled against John again, was defeated and soon died.
Tokhtamysh invaded Azerbaijan, defeating Timur.
1385-1387 - Timur's conquest of Fars, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan.
The Castile's attempt to annex Portugal, after a two-year war, ended with the defeat of the Castilian army at Aljubarotta in 1385.
September 18 - Battle of Savra

IV century AD - Formation of the first tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Volhynians and Buzhanians).
V century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (glades) in the middle Dnieper basin.
VI century - The first written news about "Rus" and "Rus". The conquest of the Slavic tribe of Dulebs by the Avars (558).
VII century - Resettlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
VIII century - The beginning of the expansion of the Khazar Kaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the Polyans, Northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.

Kievan Rus

838 - The first known embassy of the "Russian kagan" to Constantinople ..
860 - Hike of the Rus (Askold?) To Byzantium ..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with the capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in the annals.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - The capture of Kiev by the Vikings Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation of the Slavic alphabet by Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Hike of the Slavs to Constantinople (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - The unification of Novgorod and Kiev under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kiev.
883-885 - Submission by Prince Oleg of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichs. Formation of the territory of Kievan Rus.
907 - Hike of Prince Oleg to Constantinople. The first treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
911 - The conclusion of the second treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
912-946 - The reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Uprising in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of the Caucasus.
915 - Agreement between Prince Igor and the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople.
943-944 - 2nd campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople. Prince Igor's treaty with Byzantium.
944-945 - Hike of the Rus to the Caspian coast of the Transcaucasus.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Constantinople and her baptism.
957-972 - The reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to Volga Bulgaria, Khazars, tribes of the North Caucasus and Vyatichi. Defeat of the Khazar Kaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to Danube Bulgaria. The defeat of the Bulgarians at the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaropolk (980x).
977-980 - Internecine wars for the possession of Kiev between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vladimir the Holy (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of the Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult uniting the gods of various tribes.
985 - Hike of the Grand Duke Vladimir with the allied torcs to the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Rus. The first evidence in the assertion of the power of the Kiev princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Campaigns of the Grand Duke Vladimir to the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Foundation of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Damned. Wars for the Grand Duke's throne.
beginning of the XI century. - resettlement of the Polovtsians between the Volga and the Dnieper.
1015 - The assassination of princes Boris and Gleb by order of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - The defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Suppression of the uprising in the Crimea.
1019 - Defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Damned in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the Battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Conquest by Yaroslav the Wise of the Baltic tribes of the Livs and Chudi.
1030 - Foundation of the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. Unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the laying of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev in honor of this event (completed in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise against the Yatvyags (Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War between the Russians and the Lithuanians.
1041 - Hike of the Rus to the Finnish Yam tribe.
1043 - The campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich to Constantinople (the last campaign to Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Foundation of the male Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) of the Russians, appointed to office without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - The reign of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs." The weakening of the supreme power of the Kiev prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsians at the borders of the Pereyaslavl principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of the "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated Russian manuscript book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Russia.
1066 - The raid on Novgorod by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. The defeat and seizure of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - A new Polovtsian raid on Russia led by Khan Sharukan. Campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta river. The uprising of the townspeople in Kiev, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kiev together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - The death of the Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle at Nezhatina Niva with the outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - Board of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - The war between the Russians and the Polovtsy. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsy on the river Stugna (1093).
1095-1096 - The internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lyubech Congress of Princes. Securing the principalities to the princes on the basis of patrimonial rights. Fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Murom principality from Chernigov.
1100 - Vitichevsky Congress of Princes.
1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsians. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.
1107 - The capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - The campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians. Defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - The first edition of the "Tale of Bygone Years" (Nestor). The uprising in Kiev of dependent (enslaving) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. The charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - Board of the Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up "Charters of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of court law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - The second edition of the "Tale of Bygone Years" (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsians.
1118 - The conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - Board of the Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal principality.
1126 - The first election of a mayor in Novgorod.
1127 - Final division of the Polotsk principality into appanages.
1127 -1159 - The reign of Rostislav Mstislavich in Smolensk. The heyday of the Smolensk principality.
1128 - Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan principality from the Murom-Ryazan principality.
1130 -1131 - Campaigns of the Russians to the Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns to Lithuania. Clashes between the Muromo-Ryazan princes and the Polovtsians.
1132-1139 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kiev Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, Charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of traffickers, the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich. Svyatoslav Olgovich's invitation to Novgorod. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to the vechem.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Unrest in Kiev and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Galician principality by uniting several appanage principalities.
1146 - Board of the Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the Kiev throne (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - continued until 1161.
1146-1154 - The reign of the Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich with interruptions: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than six months). Strengthening the internecine struggle between the Suzdal and Kiev princes.
1147 - The first chronicle mention of the city of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts of the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Yugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "St. George's in the Field" (Yuryev-Polsky).
1152 - Foundation of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Kostroma.
1154 - Foundation of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - Board of the Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about six months).
1155-1157 - Board of the Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kiev and Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kiev and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - Revolt of Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrey Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. The victory of the Novgorodians over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kiev and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - The capture of Kiev by the troops of the Grand Duke Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir. Rise of Vladimir Rus.

Rus Vladimir

1169-1174 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrey Bogolyubsky. The first mention of the name "nobles" in the chronicle.
1174-1176 - Board of the Grand Duke Mikhail Yurievich. Civil strife and uprisings in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Collision of the Rus with the Estonians.
1180 - The beginning of civil strife and the collapse of the Smolensk principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led by Vsevolod Big nest on the Volga Bulgars. Successful campaign of the princes of Southern Russia against the Polovtsians.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Attack of Novgorodians on German merchants in Novotorzhka.
1189-1192 - 3rd Crusade
1191 - Hikes of Novgorodians to the pit with a coreloi.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of Novgorodians against Ugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of Novgorodian liberties by the princes. Vsevolod Big Nest's hike to Chernigov.
1198 - The conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians. The Teutonic Order of the Crusaders is relocated from Palestine to the Baltic States. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality by uniting the Galicia and Volyn principalities. Rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great. Foundation of the Riga fortress by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Swordsmen for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - The seizure of the Russian possessions in the Baltic states by the Order of the Swordsmen. The struggle of the Order with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov principality from the Vladimir principality. The unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich ("Vyachko"), the grandson of Prince Davyd Rostislavich of Smolensk.
1209 - The first mention of Tver in the annals (according to V.N. Tatishchev, the city of Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. The defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa river near the town of Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - Board of the Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to the Volga Bulgaria, the seizure of lands in the lower reaches of the Oka. Founding of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against the Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - the capture of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan
1221 - Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the Riga fortress.
1223 - Defeat of the coalition of the Polovtsians and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River. Yuri Vsevolodovich's campaign against the crusaders.
1224 - The capture by the knights-sword-bearers of Yuriev (Dorpat, present-day Tartu) - the main Russian fortress in the Baltic States.
1227 - The campaign led. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. Death of Genghis Khan, the proclamation of the great khan of the Mongol-Tatars Batu.
1232 - Hike of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes to the Mordovians.
1233 - An attempt of the knights-sword-bearers to take the fortress of Izborsk.
1234 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans at Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the sword-bearers to the east.
1236-1249 - The reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - defeat by the great khan Baty of the Volga Bulgaria and the tribes of the Volga region.
1236 - the defeat of the troops of the Order of the Swordsmen by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. Death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to North-Eastern Russia. The ruin of the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - the defeat of the troops of the Teutonic Order by Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. Merging of the remnants of the Order of the Swordsmen and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - The defeat of the troops of the princes of North-Eastern Russia in the battle on the river Sit (March 4, 1238). Death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersk and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich ..
1239 - Devastation by the Tatar-Mongol troops of the Mordovian lands, the Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities.
1240 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to South Russia. The ruin of the city of Kiev (1240) and the Galicia-Volyn principality. The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva river ("Battle of the Neva") ..
1240-1241 - The invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, the capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
Construction of the Koporye fortress (now the village of the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - The expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, the liberation of Pskov and other cities. The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to Eastern Europe. The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Salt (11.04.1241), devastation of Poland, fall of Krakow.
1242 - Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle at Lake Peipsi ("Battle on the Ice"). Conclusion of peace with Livonia on the condition of its renunciation of claims to Russian lands Defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the battle of Olomouc. Completion of the "Great Western March".
1243 - Arrival of the Russian princes to the headquarters of Batu. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich "the oldest" Formation of the "Golden Horde"
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galitsky) - the last battle of Daniel Romanovich Galitsky in the struggle for the possession of the Galician principality.
1246-1249 - Board of Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - Death of Great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrei Yaroslavich.
1252 - The ruinous "Nevryuev army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - Board of the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - the reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - the foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the "Golden Horde". The fight between Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongolian census of the population of Russia, the creation of a Basque system for collecting tribute. The uprising of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "clerks".
1261 - Establishment of the Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Uprising of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax farmers, tribute collectors. Instruction of the collection of tribute to the Russian princes.
1263-1272 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa received the khan's label for the possession of Kafa (Feodosia) in the Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. The formation of colonies in Cafe, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Map (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - Joint campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovites to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - The siege of Pskov by the Livonians, the conclusion of peace with Livonia and the stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - the campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army to Lithuania
1272-1303 - The reign of Daniel Alexandrovich in Moscow. The founding of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 Second Mongolian population census of Rus.
1276-1294 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - The invasion of the Tatars led by Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War of Novgorod with Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - The construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians led by the Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Accession of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Annexation of the Pereyaslavl principality to Moscow.
1303-1325 - The reign of Prince Yuri Daniilovich in Moscow. The conquest of the Mozhaisky appanage principality by Prince Yuri of Moscow (1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - Board of the Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver (1319x). Construction (1310) of the Korela fortress (Kexholm, present-day Priozersk) by Novgorodians. The reign of the Grand Duke Gediminas in Lithuania. Accession to Lithuania of the Polotsk and Turovo-Pinsk principalities
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1312-1340 - the reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde. Rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - Board of the Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the head of the Neva river.
1324 - Hike of the Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - The tragic death of Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow in the Golden Horde. Victory of Lithuanian troops over Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Theognost.
1326-1328 - Board of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver (1339s).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive army of the Mongol-Tatars.

Rus Moscow

1328-1340 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Vladimir to Moscow.
The division by Khan Uzbek of the Vladimir principality between the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilyevich of Suzdal.
1331 - The unification of the Vladimir principality by the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita under his rule ..
1339 - The tragic death of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver in the Golden Horde. Construction of a wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Board of the Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich the Proud 1345-1377 - Board of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Accession of Kiev, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Joining the Suzdal principality of Nizhny Novgorod, Unzhi and Gorodets. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Crusades of the Swedish king Magnus I to the Novgorod lands and his defeat. Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Novgorod. Bolotov Treaty (1348).
1353-1359 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexey - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1355 - Partition of the Suzdal principality between Andrey (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - submission by Olgerd to the Bryansk principality
1358-1386 - The reign of Svetoslav Ioannovich in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - seizure of power in the Golden Horde by temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), the subordination of the Kiev land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Coming to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. Aggravation of relations between Moscow and Tver and Lithuania. Erection of the white-stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd's first campaign against Moscow ("Lithuanian").
1370 - Olgerd's 2nd campaign to Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign to Tver.
1377 - The defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab-Shah (Arapsha) on the Pyane River Unification of Mamai uluses to the west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the river Vozha.
1380 - Mamai's campaign to Russia and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. Defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh's campaign to Moscow and the devastation of Moscow. The ruin of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - The beginning of the minting of a coin in Moscow.
1383 - Accession of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Proclamation of independence from the Metropolitan's court. Unsuccessful campaign of Dmitry Donskoy on Murom and Ryazan. Kreva Union of Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of the coalition of the Vladimir princes to Novgorod. Novgorod payments of indemnity. The defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Russia.
1389-1425 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the approval of the Horde.
1392 - Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality on Lithuania.
1397-1398 - Campaign of the Moscow army to the Novgorod lands. The annexation of the Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and the Komi lands) to Moscow, the return of the Dvinskaya land to Novgorod. The conquest of the Dvina land by the Novgorod army.
1399-1400 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who took refuge in Kazan 1399 - the victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - The reign of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich in Tver, the strengthening of Tver 1404 - the capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Accession of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - War of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vitovt Keistutovich.
1408 - Emir Edigei's trip to Moscow.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jagaila and Vitovt defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418 - Popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Coin minting begins in Novgorod.
1422 - Peace of Meln, an agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland with the Teutonic Order (concluded on September 27, 1422 on the shore of Lake Melno). The Order finally abandoned Samogitia and the Lithuanian Zanemania, preserving the Klaipeda region and Polish Pomorie.
1425-1462 - Board of the Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - The reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to strengthen the significance of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuania to Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition of the Tver and Ryazan principalities of vassal dependence on Lithuania 1430 - death of Vitovt of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - Internecine war in Russia between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins ​​Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, who represented the "Russian" party, and Sigismund, who represented the "Lithuanian" party.
1428 - The raid of the Horde troops on the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, the ruin and plunder of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1432 - Court in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (at the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Approval of the Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - The capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri Zvenigorodsky.
1437 - Hike of Ulu-Muhammad to the Zaoksky lands. Belevskaya battle on December 5, 1437 (defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II's refusal to accept the Union of Florence with the Roman Catholic Church. Hike of Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) to Moscow.
1438 - the separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the disintegration of the Golden Horde.
1440 - Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Casimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - The Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) raid on Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - the separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. Hike of Tver residents to Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to the Moscow service of Kasim Khan, the brother of the Kazan Khan. Blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of the Russian clergy as Metropolitan Jonah at the Council. The signing of the 25-year peace of Pskov and Novgorod with Livonia.
1449 - Treaty between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark and Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - The first mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Annexation of the Suzdal principality to Moscow. Hike Makhmut, son of Kichi-Muhammad, to Moscow. He burned down the townships, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1456 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army near old Rusa. Yazhelbitsky Treaty of Novgorod with Moscow. The first limitation of the Novgorodian liberties. 1454-1466 - Thirteen Years War of Poland with the Teutonic Order, culminating in the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 Final division of the Kiev Metropolis into Moscow and Kiev. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize the metropolitan Gregory sent from Rome and the decree to continue to appoint the metropolitan by the will of the grand duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - The truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Recognition of Moscow's sovereignty by Pskov.
1462 - Death of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

Russian state (Russian centralized state)

1462-1505 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilievich.
1462 - Ivan III stopped issuing Russian coins with the name of the Horde Khan. Ivan III's statement on the rejection of the khan's label for the great reign ..
1465 - The Scriba detachment reaches the Obi River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate ..
1468 - Campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat to Ryazan.
1471 - 1st campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod, defeat of the Novgorod army on the Sheloni river. Hike of the Horde to the Moscow frontiers in the Zaokskaya strip.
1472 - The annexation of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - The annexation of the Rostov principality to Moscow. Conclusion of a 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - the capture of the Crimea by Turkish troops. The transition of the Crimean Khanate to a vassal dependence on Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod.
Elimination of the independence of Novgorod.
1480 - "Great standing" on the river Ugra of Russian and Tatar troops. Refusal of Ivan III to pay tribute to the Horde. End of the Horde yoke.
1483 - Hike of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals to the Irtysh to Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob to the Yugorsk land. The conquest of the Pelym principality.
1485 - Annexation of the Tver principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. Capture of Kazan (1487), acceptance by Ivan III of the title "Grand Duke of Bulgar". Khan Mohammed-Emin, a protege of Moscow, was erected on the Kazan throne. Introduction of a local land use system.
1489 - Hike to Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Accession of the Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - "Campaign to the Wild Field" of the 60-thousandth Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to strike the flank
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the "end of the world" in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium in a row "from the creation of the world." September - the decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the date of the beginning of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" in a letter to Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the Narva river.
1492-1494 - 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession of Vyazma and the Verkhovsk principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Concession by Denmark of its possessions in Finland in exchange for the termination of the Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - the separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. The collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - The war between Moscow and Sweden.
1496-1502 - reign in Kazan by Abdyl-Letifa (Abdul-Latifa) under the protectorate of Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Ivan III Code of Law. First Russian Embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Hike of the Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty in the Northern Trans-Urals and in the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsk principalities. Joining the Seversk land to Moscow.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20-thousandth army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further into the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - War between Russia and the Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Accession to Moscow of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula). Truce with Lithuania and the annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel to Russia (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian performance in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian war (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - Board of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - The first raid of the Crimean Tatars to the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Liquidation of the independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War of Russia with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francysk Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - "The Russian Bible".
1512 - "Eternal Peace" with Kazan. Unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Accession to the Moscow principality of Volotsk inheritance.
1514 - The capture of Smolensk by the troops of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and the annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian army to Vilno (Vilnius).
1518 - Coming to power in Kazan of Moscow's protege of Khan (Tsar) Shah-Ali
1520 - Conclusion of an armistice with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - The campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Mohammed-Girey (Magmet-Girey), the Khan of the Crimea and the Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. The siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Complete annexation of the Ryazan principality to Moscow. The seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of the Crimean khans Gireyi (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - The arrest of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Vasily Shemyachich. The annexation of the Novgorod-Seversky principality to Moscow.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian war.
1523 - Anti-Russian demonstrations in Kazan. Campaign of Russian troops to the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Construction of the Vasilsursk fortress on the Sura river. Capture of Astrakhan by Crimean troops.
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace talks between Moscow and Kazan. The proclamation of Safa-Girey by the Kazan king.
1529 - Russian-Kazan peace treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - The campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - The reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (from 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the minor Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuiskys, from 1544 - Glinskys)
1544-1546 - The annexation of the lands of the Mari and Chuvashes to Russia, a campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich accepts the royal title (wedding to the kingdom). Fires and riots in Moscow.
1547-1549 - Ivan Peresvetov's political program: the creation of a permanent streltsy army, the support of the royal power on the nobles, the seizure of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops to Kazan Crimean Khan's campaign to Astrakhan. Construction of a protege of Crimea in Astrakhan
1549 - The first news about the Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Code of Laws (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clergy). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subordination of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - Unsuccessful campaign of the 120-thousandth army of the Prince of the Nogai Horde Yusuf to Moscow ..
1554 - the 1st campaign of the Russian governors to Astrakhan.
1555 - Cancellation of feeding (completion of the labial and zemstvo reform) Recognition by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate by Ediger of vassal dependence on Russia
1555-1557 - The war between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors to the Crimea.
1556 - The capture of Astrakhan and the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. The transition to the rule of Russia of the entire Volga region. Adoption of the "Code of Service" - regulation of the service of nobles and the norms of local salaries. The disintegration of the Nogai Horde into the Big, Small and Altyul Hordes ..
1557 - The ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda swear allegiance to the Russian tsar. Recognition of Ismail by the prince of the Great Nogai Horde of vassal dependence on Russia. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the Russian tsar.
1558-1583 - Livonian war of Russia for access to the Baltic Sea and for the lands of Livonia.
1558 - The capture of Narva and Dorpat by the Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. D. Ardashev's hike to the Crimea. Transition of Livonia under the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - The victory of the Russian army at Ermes, the capture of the Fellin castle. A. Kurbsky's victory by the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government of the Chosen Rada, A. Adashev's disgrace. Transfer of Northern Livonia to Swedish citizenship.
1563 - The capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV The seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Break of vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Publication of "The Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - Introduction of the oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of the oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven Years Danish-Swedish War for domination of the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stettin of 1570 largely restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Big Zasechnaya Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Oryol was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia with Sweden. Construction of the Terki fortress (Tersk town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance to the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky by order of Ivan the Terrible. Conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks to Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a single Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita
1570 - Punitive campaigns of Ivan the Terrible to Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The ruin of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Giray. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Reval Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey to Moscow. The capture and burning of Moscow. The flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Aleksandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov ..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet-Girey. A new campaign of the Crimean Tatars to Moscow. Victory of the governor M.I. Vorotynsky on the Lopasna river. The retreat of Khan Devlet-Girey. The abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. Execution of the leaders of the oprichnina.
1574 - Foundation of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Kasimov khan, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Russia".
1576 - Foundation of the city of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pärnu), Wenden, Paidu, etc.) Election of the Turkish protege Stephen Batory (1586+) to the Polish throne.
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Reval.
1579 - Capture of Polotsk by Stephen Bathory, Velikiye Luki.
1580s - The first news of the Cossack towns on the Yaik.
1580 - the 2nd campaign of Stephen Batory to the Russian lands and the capture of Velikiye Luki by him. The capture of Korela by the Swedish commander De la Gardie. The decision of the church council to ban churches and monasteries from acquiring land.
1581 - The capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by the Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of the "reserved" years. The assassination of his eldest son Ivan by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
1581-1582 - The siege by Stephen Bathory of Pskov and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - Campaign of the Cossack Ataman Ermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsk truce between Russia and the Commonwealth for 10 years. Transfer to the possession of Poland of Livonia and Polotsk. Resettlement of part of the Don Cossacks in the Grobni tract in the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on calendar reform and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts) against Moscow The introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar Disorders" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyusskoe truce between Russia and Sweden for 10 years with the concession of Narva, Yama, Koporye, Ivangorod. End of the Livonian War, which lasted (intermittently) 25 years.
1584-1598 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich 1586 - the election of the king of the Commonwealth of the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vasa (1632+)
1586-1618 - The annexation of Western Siberia to Russia. Founding of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali remains in the upper reaches of the Ishim, Irtysh and Tobol rivers.
1587 - Renewal of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Foundation of the Tsaritsyn fortress at the port between the Don and the Volga. Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - The city of Saratov was founded.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vasa came to power in Sweden. The beginning of the struggle of Sigismund with another contender for the throne and relative Karl Vasa (future King of Sweden Karl IX)
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, the uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of landowners performing military service and living on their estates (the emergence of "white lands"). Decree on the prohibition of the peasant exit. The final anchoring of the peasants to the land.
1595 - Peace of Tyavzin with Sweden. The return to Russia of the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan. Recognition of Swedish control over Russian Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on enslaving slaves (life of their condition without the possibility of paying off the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on the five-year period for the search for fugitive peasants (class years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty. Adoption of the Babinovskaya road as the official government route to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdynskaya road).

Time of Troubles

1598-1605 - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - The beginning of active construction of cities in Siberia.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and the limited release of peasants.
1604 - The construction of the fortress of Tomsk by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars. The appearance in Poland of the impostor False Dmitry, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries to Moscow.
1605 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - Board of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code, allowing the peasant exit.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I.Shuisky. Overthrow and assassination of False Dmitry I. Proclamation of V.I.Shuisky as tsar.
1606-1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I.Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto "Tsar Dmitry!"
1606 - The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on "voluntary serfs", on a 15-year period of searching for runaway peasants and on sanctions for accepting and keeping runaway peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government troops led by D.I.Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation of the Tushino camp near Moscow ..
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. The advance of the Swedish troops to Novgorod. The entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). The beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Metropolitan Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) was named Patriarch in the Tushino camp. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushino (24.06) Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. The death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. The entry of the Poles into Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum ("Seven Boyars").
1611 - The defeat of the Lyapunov militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. Captivity of Patriarch Filaret, V.I.Shuisky and others.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of the new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The liberation of Moscow, the defeat of the Polish troops. Death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov.
1613-1645 - The reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Liquidation of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Stolbovskiy peace with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulinskoe truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands with 29 cities to Poland. Refusal of the prince of Poland Vladislav from the claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov) as patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - The beginning of the penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia. Hike to the Lena river and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian Diocese.
1632 - Organization of "foreign system" troops in the Russian army. The founding of the first iron-making plant in Tula by A. Vinius. The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. The foundation of the Yakutsk prison (in its present place since 1643) 1630-1634 - The Swedish period of the Thirty Years War, when the Swedish army, having invaded Germany (under the command of Gustav II Adolf), won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lutzen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Hike of the Cossacks I. Perfiliev and I. Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the rivers Yana and Indigirka 1635-1648 - Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years War, when France entered the war, the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition was determined. As a result, the plans of the Habsburgs collapsed, political hegemony passed to France. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don.
1638 - The transition of the hetman Y. Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, with an army to the territory of Russia. The beginning of the formation of the Sloboda Ukraine (regions of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and the Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Hike of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Hike of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lama (Sea of ​​Okhotsk, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Ermak.
1639 - Foundation of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don ("Azov sitting").
1642 - End of defense of the Azov fortress. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the return of Azov to Turkey. Registration of the noble military estate.
1643 - Liquidation of the Kod principality of the Khanty on the right bank of the Ob. Cossack sea voyage led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan from Indigirka to Kolyma. The exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Lake Baikal (K. Ivanov's campaign) The discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M. de Vries, who took Sakhalin Island for part of Hokkaido ..
1643-1646 - Campaign of V. Poyarkov from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1645-1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Abolition of salt tax and return to direct taxes due to riots. Census of the draft and partially non-tax population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk notch line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - Sailing S. Dezhnev from the mouth of the Kolyma river to the mouth of the Anadyri river through the strait separating Eurasia from America. "Salt Riot" in Moscow. Revolts of townspeople in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convocation of the Zemsky Sobor for the adoption of a new Code, abolition of collection of arrears. The beginning of the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky against the Poles in Ukraine ..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final registration of serfdom (the introduction of indefinite search for fugitives), the elimination of "white estates" (feudal possessions in cities, exempt from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search by denunciation of intent against the tsar or his insult ("The word and deed of the sovereign") Deprivation of the British trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants ..
1649-1652 - E. Khabarov's campaigns to the Amur and Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Sloboda Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumy, Kharkov).
1651 - The beginning of the church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Foundation of the German settlement in Moscow.
1651-1660 - Hike M. Stadukhin along the route Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamskaya notch line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and church authorities.
1653 - Decision of the Zemsky Sobor to accept the citizenship of Ukraine and to start a war with Poland. Adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a unified trade duty, a ban on the collection of travel duties in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, restriction of peasant trade by trade from carts, an increase in duties for foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - Approval of Nikon's reforms by the church council. The emergence of the Old Believers, led by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of the schism of the Church. Approval of the Pereyaslav Rada of the Troops of the Zaporozhye Treaty (01/08/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernigov, Podolia, Volhynia) to Russia with the preservation of broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, election of the hetman, independent foreign policy, non-jurisdiction to Moscow, payment of tribute without interference Moscow collectors). The capture by Russian troops of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk
1655 - The capture of Minsk, Vilno, Grodno by the Russian troops, access to Brest. Sweden's invasion of Poland. The beginning of the first Northern War
1656 - Taking of Nyenskans and Dorpat. Siege of Riga. Truce with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of the hetman of Ukraine I. Vyhovsky.
1658 - Nikon's open conflict with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the issue of copper money (the issuance of salaries in copper money and the collection of taxes in silver). Termination of negotiations with Poland, resumption of the Russian-Polish war. The invasion of the Russian troops into Ukraine Hadyach agreement of the hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky with Poland on the annexation of Ukraine as an autonomous "Russian principality" to Poland.
1659 - The defeat of the Russian troops near Konotop by the hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal of the Pereyaslavl Rada to approve the Gadyach agreement. Removal of Hetman I. Vygovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Y. Khmelnitsky. Rada's approval of a new treaty with Russia. The defeat of the Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Yu. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden. Refusal of Russia from the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovski peace in 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish war, division of the lands of the Hungarian kingdom.
1662 - "Copper revolt" in Moscow.
1663 - Foundation of the city of Penza. The split of Ukraine into hetmans of the Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine
1665 - Reforms of A. Ordin-Nashchekin in Pskov: the establishment of merchant companies, the introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's position in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - P. Doroshenko's hetmanate in the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Deprivation of the patriarch by Nikon and the condemnation of the Old Believers by the church council. The construction by the rebellious Ilim Cossacks of a new Fort Albazin on the Amur (since 1672 it was accepted into the citizenship of Russia) ..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian Flotilla. New trade charter. Exile of Archpriest Avvakum to Pustozersky prison for "heresy" (criticism) of the country's rulers. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz (1667-1671). A. Ordin-Nashchekin's conclusion of the Andrusov armistice with Poland. Implementation of the partition of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Russia).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising of schismatic monks ("Solovetsky sitting").
1669 - The transition of the hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko under the rule of Turkey.
1670-1671 - The uprising of peasants and Cossacks led by the Don chieftain S. Razin.
1672 - First self-immolation of schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of "wild fields" to servicemen and clergy in the "Ukrainian" regions. The Russian-Polish treaty on aid to Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire for the Right-Bank Ukraine ..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against Hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns on Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian Embassy Mission to Beijing. The refusal of the Qin government to view Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russian-Turkish War for the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1676 - The occupation by Russian troops of the capital of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Chigirin. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Turkey receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - The victory of the Russian troops over the Turks at Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish agreement on the extension of the armistice with Poland for 13 years. Agreement of the parties on the preparation of "eternal peace". The capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to courtyard taxation instead of row tax.
1681-1683 - Seitovskaya uprising in Bashkiria due to violent Christianization. Suppression of the uprising with the help of the Kalmyks.
1681 - Abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisarai peace treaty of Russia with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition for Russia of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sophia Alekseevna and Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of parochialism. The beginning of the Strelets riot in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the rifle riot. Execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran zasechnaya line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland. The accession of Russia to the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, the Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with the obligation of Russia to make a campaign against the Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. V. Golitsin's Crimean campaigns.
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinsk fortress (present-day Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy Range - the Ude River to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Overthrow of the government of Princess Sophia Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. Organization of "kumpans" to finance the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh river.
1695-1696 - Uprising of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.

Russian empire

1689 - 1725 - Reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - The Azov campaigns.
1699 - Reform of city government.
1700 - Russian - Turkish Armistice Treaty.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform of Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. The Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - The years of life of M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. The beginning of the poll census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on Possessional Peasants.
1721 - Peter I took the title of ALL-RUSSIAN EMPEROR. RUSSIA BECAME EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - Reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - The 1714 law of succession is repealed. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish war.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - The opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkova).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years War.
1757 - Institution of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass riots of registered peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - Reign of Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility."
1762 - 1796 - The reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - The invention of I.I. Sliding steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree allowing landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. Establishment of the Free Economic Society.
1767 - Decree prohibiting peasants from complaining about landlords.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliivshchyna".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish war.
1771 - "Plague Riot" in Moscow.
1772 - The first partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasant War led by E.I. Pugacheva.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on the freedom to organize industrial enterprises.
1783 - The annexation of the Crimea. Treaty of St. George on the protectorate of Russia over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Uprising of Srym Datov in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Certificate of honor to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian - Swedish war.
1790 - The publication of "Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by AN, Radishchev.
1793 - Second partition of Poland.
1794 - The uprising in Poland led by T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - The third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - The reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov.
1799 - Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns.
1801 - 1825 - Reign of Alexander I.
1803 - Decree "on free farmers".
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance of Russia with England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
1812 - The annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - The invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War. August 26 - Battle of Borodino. September 2 - abandonment of Moscow. December - The expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan annexed to Russia.
1813 - 1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists "Union of Salvation".
1819 - The uprising of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - A round-the-world expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in the tsarist army. Creation of a "union of prosperity".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern Secret Society" and "Northern Secret Society".
1825 - 1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - The uprising of the Decembrists in the Senate Square.
1828 - Accession to Russia of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan.
1830 - Military uprising in Sevastopol.
1831 - Uprising in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction of a railway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1849 - Helping the Russian army to suppress the Hungarian uprising in Austria.
1853 - Creation of the Free Russian Printing House by Herzen in London.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - The reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - The Aigun Treaty on the border with China is signed.
1859 - 1861 - The revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing Treaty on the Border with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
1861, February 19 - Manifesto on the emancipation of the peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemskaya and judicial reforms.
1868 - The Kokand Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - Reform of city government.
1873 - Khiva Khan recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - Introduction of universal conscription.
1876 ​​- Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of the secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish war.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - The split of "Land and Freedom". Creation of the "Black Redistribution".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - The reign of Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco - Russian alliance.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - Japanese War.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - The first Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - The First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - Stolypin's agrarian reform.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - The Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - the Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - Stolypin's assassination.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - The First World War.
1917, February 18 - A strike at the Putilov factory. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. June - July - a crisis of power. August - Kornilov revolt. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.

Russian Republic and RSFSR

1918, July 17 - assassination of the deposed Emperor and the royal family.
1917, July 3 - The July actions of the Bolsheviks.
1917, July 24 - Announcement of the composition of the second coalition composition of the Provisional Government.
1917, August 12 - Convocation of the State Conference.
1917, September 1 - The declaration of Russia as a republic.
1917, September 20 - Formation of the Pre-Parliament.
1917, September 25 - The composition of the third coalition composition of the Provisional Government is announced.
1917, October 25 - Appeal of V. I. Lenin on the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
1917, October 26 - Arrest of members of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 26 - Decrees on Peace and Land.
1917, December 7 - Establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission.
1918, January 5 - Opening of the Constituent Assembly.
1918 - 1922 - Civil War.
1918, March 3 - Peace of Brest.
1918, May - Uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
1919, November - Defeat of A.V. Kolchak.
1920, April - Transfer of power in the Volunteer Army from A.I. Denikin to P.N. Wrangel.
1920, November - The defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel.

1921, March 18 - The signing of the Riga Peace Treaty with Poland.
1921 - X Congress of the Party, resolution "On the unity of the Party."
1921 - The beginning of the NEP.
1922, December 29 - Union Treaty.
1922 - "Philosophical parachute"
1924, January 21 - Death of V.I. Lenin
1924, January 31 - Constitution of the USSR.
1925 - XVI Party Congress
1925 - Adoption of the resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) regarding the party's policy in the field of culture
1929 - Year of the "great turning point", the beginning of collectivization and industrialization
1932-1933 - Hunger
1933 - Recognition of the USSR by the United States
1934 - First Congress of Writers
1934 - XVII Party Congress ("Congress of the Winners")
1934 - Inclusion of the USSR in the League of Nations
1936 - Constitution of the USSR
1938 - Clash with Japan at Lake Hassan
1939, May - Clash with Japan near the Khalkhin-Gol River
1939, August 23 - Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
1939, September 1 - The beginning of World War II
1939, September 17 - Invasion of Soviet troops into Poland
1939, September 28 - Signing of an agreement with Germany "On friendship and border"
1939, November 30 - The beginning of the war with Finland
1939, 14 December - Exclusion of the USSR from the League of Nations
1940, March 12 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Finland
1941, April 13 - Signing of a non-aggression pact with Japan
1941, June 22 - The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany and her allies
1941, June 23 - The Headquarters of the High Command was formed
1941, June 28 - The capture of the city of Minsk by German troops
1941, June 30 - Establishment of the State Defense Committee (GKO)
1941, August 5-October 16 - Defense of Odessa
1941, September 8 - The beginning of the blockade of Leningrad
1941, September 29-October 1 - Moscow conference
1941, September 30 - The beginning of the implementation of the Typhoon plan
1941, December 5 - The beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive in the battle of Moscow

1941, December 5-6 - Defense of Sevastopol
1942, January 1 - Accession of the USSR to the Declaration of the United Nations
1942, May - The defeat of the Soviet army during the Kharkov operation
1942, July 17 - The beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
1942, November 19-20 - The beginning of the implementation of Operation Uranus
1943, January 10 - Start of Operation Ring
1943, January 18 - The end of the blockade of Leningrad
1943, July 5 - The beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive in the Battle of the Kursk Bulge
1943, July 12 - The beginning of the Battle of the Kursk Bulge
1943, November 6 - Liberation of Kiev
1943, November 28-December 1 - Tehran Conference
1944, June 23-24 - The beginning of the Jassy-Chisinau operation
1944, August 20 - Operation Bagration begins
1945, January 12-14 - Beginning of the Vistula-Oder operation
1945, February 4-11 - Yalta Conference
1945, April 16-18 - Start of the Berlin operation
1945, April 18 - Capitulation of the Berlin garrison
1945, May 8 - Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany
1945, July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam Conference
1945, August 8 - Announcement of the warriors of the USSR to Japan
1945, September 2 - The surrender of Japan.
1946 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad ""
1949 - Testing of atomic weapons of the USSR. Leningrad business ". Test of Soviet nuclear weapons. Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. 1949 Formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1950-1953 - Korean War
1952 - XIX Party Congress
1952-1953 - "the doctors' case"
1953 - Test of the hydrogen weapon of the USSR
1953, March 5 - Death of I. V. Stalin
1955 - Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization
1956 - XX Party Congress, debunking the personality cult of I. V. Stalin
1957 - Completion of construction of the nuclear-powered ship "Lenin"
1957 - Launch of the first satellite into space by the USSR
1957 - Establishment of Economic Councils
1961, April 12 - Yu.A. Gagarin's flight into space
1961 - XXII Party Congress
1961 - Kosygin reforms
1962 - Unrest in Novocherkassk
1964 - Removal of N. S. Khrushchev from the post of first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
1965 - Construction of the Berlin Wall
1968 - Introduction of Soviet troops to Czechoslovakia
1969 - Military clash between the USSR and China
1974 - Start of construction of BAM
1972 - A.I. Brodsky expelled from the USSR
1974 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn expelled from the USSR
1975 - Helsinki Agreement
1977 - New Constitution
1979 - Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
1980-1981 - Political crisis in Poland.
1982-1984 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yu.V. Andropova
1984-1985 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee K.U. Chernenko
1985-1991 - Management of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev
1988 - XIX Party Conference
1988 - The beginning of the armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan
1989 - Election of the Congress of People's Deputies
1989 - Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
1990 - Election of M.S.Gorbachev President of the USSR
1991, 19-22 August - Creation of the State Emergency Committee. Attempted coup
1991, August 24 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (on August 29, the Russian parliament bans the activities of the Communist Party and seizes party property).
1991, December 8 - the Belovezhskaya agreement, the abolition of the USSR, the creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25 - M.S. Gorbachev resigns from the post of President of the USSR.

Russian Federation

1992 - The beginning of market reforms in the Russian Federation.
1993, September 21 - "Decree on gradual constitutional reform in the Russian Federation." The beginning of the political crisis.
1993, October 2-3 - clashes in Moscow between supporters of the parliamentary opposition and the police.
1993, October 4 - the seizure of the White House by military units, the arrest of A.V. Rutskoi and R.I. Khasbulatov.
1993, December 12 - Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Elections to the first State Duma of the Russian Federation for a transitional period (2 years).
1994, December 11 - The entry of Russian troops into the Chechen Republic to establish "constitutional order".
1995 - Elections to the State Duma for 4 years.
1996 - Elections for the post of President of the Russian Federation. B.N. Yeltsin gains 54% of the vote and becomes President of the Russian Federation.
1996 - Signing of an interim agreement on the suspension of hostilities.
1997 - completion of the withdrawal of federal troops from Chechnya.
1998, August 17 - economic crisis in Russia, default.
1999, August - Chechen fighters invaded the mountainous regions of Dagestan. The beginning of the II Chechen campaign.
1999, December 31 - B.N. Yeltsin announced the early resignation of his powers as President of the Russian Federation and the appointment of V.V. Putin as the acting president of Russia.
2000, March - the election of V.V. Putin as the President of the Russian Federation.
2000, August - the sinking of the Kursk nuclear submarine. 117 crew members of the Kursk nuclear submarine were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage, the captain was posthumously awarded the Hero's Star.
2000, April 14 - The State Duma decided to ratify the Russian-American START-2 treaty. This treaty presupposes further reductions in the strategic offensive arms of both countries.
2000, May 7 - Official entry by V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, May 17 - Approval of M.M. Kasyanov as the chairman of the government of the Russian Federation.
2000, August 8 - Terrorist act in Moscow - explosion in the underground passage of the Pushkinskaya metro station. 13 people were killed, one hundred were wounded.
2004, August 21-22 - A detachment of more than 200 militants invaded Grozny. For three hours they held the city center and killed more than 100 people.
2004, August 24 - In the skies over the Tula and Rostov regions, two passenger planes, taking off from the Moscow Domodedovo airport to Sochi and Volgograd, were simultaneously exploded. 90 people were killed.
2005, May 9 - Parade on Red Square on May 9, 2005 in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory Day.
2005, August - Scandal with the beating of the children of Russian diplomats in Poland and the "retaliatory" beating of Poles in Moscow.
2005, November 1 - A successful test launch of the Topol-M missile with a new warhead was carried out from the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
2006, January 1 - Municipal reform in Russia.
2006, March 12 - The First Unified Voting Day (change in the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation).
2006, July 10 - Chechen terrorist "number 1" Shamil Basayev was killed.
2006, October 10 Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
2006, October 13 - Russian Vladimir Kramnik was proclaimed the absolute world chess champion after defeating Bulgarian Veselin Topalov in a match.
2007, January 1 - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs merged into a single subject of the Russian Federation - Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2007, February 10 - President of Russia V.V. Putin pronounced the so-called. "Munich speech".
2007, May 17 - At the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II and First Hierarch of the ROCOR, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Laurus signed the "Act of Canonical Communion", a document that ended the division between the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.
2007, July 1 - Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged into Kamchatka Krai.
2007, August 13 - Accident of the train "Nevsky Express".
2007, September 12 - The government of Mikhail Fradkov resigned.
2007, September 14 - Viktor Zubkov is appointed the new Prime Minister of Russia.
2007, October 17 - The Russian national football team led by Guus Hiddink defeated the England national team with a score of 2: 1.
2007, December 2 - Elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
2007, December 10 - Dmitry Medvedev was nominated as a candidate for President of the Russian Federation from the "United Russia".
2008, March 2 - The elections of the third president of the Russian Federation have passed. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev won.
2008, May 7 - Inauguration of the third President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.
2008, August 8 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 11 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 26 - Russian President Dmitry A. Medvedev signed a decree recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
2008, September 14 - A Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed in Perm.
2008, December 5 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II died. Temporarily the place of the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church is occupied by the Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad.
2009, January 1 - The Unified State Exam has become mandatory throughout Russia.
2009, January 25-27 - Extraordinary Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church elected a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Cyril became it.
2009, February 1 - Entronization of the newly elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill.
2009, July 6-7 - US President Barack Obama's visit to Russia.

Since 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fought for the Galician-Volyn inheritance. After Olgerd's death in 1377, a struggle for power began in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Yagailo Olgerdovich became the Grand Duke, his brothers Andrei Polotsky and Dmitry Starodubsky and Trubchevsky went into the service of Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow, becoming his governors, respectively, in Pskov and Pereslavl-Zalessky, and participated in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 on the side of Moscow. In October 1381, Jagiello was dethroned by his uncle Keistut. In May-June 1382, Dmitry-Koribut Olgerdovich spoke against Keistut, and in July Jagail managed to regain power with the military help of the Teutonic Order. Keistut was imprisoned in the Krev castle, where he was strangled on August 15, 1382 (on August 24, the main forces of Tokhtamysh besieged Moscow).

In 1384, Yagailo, Skirgailo and Dmitry-Koribut concluded two preliminary agreements with Dmitry of Moscow and his cousin Vladimir Serpukhovsky, which included, among other things, the marriage of Jagaila with Dmitry Donskoy's daughter, subject to the submission of the Lithuanian prince to the supreme power of the Prince of Moscow and the recognition of Orthodoxy as the state religion The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which were never realized. Dmitry Ivanovich Moskovsky agreed to pay an increased tribute to the Horde from the lands under his control and sent his eldest son Vasily to the Horde as a hostage.

It is possible that the prospect of a particularly heavy tributary dependence on the Horde influenced the political sentiments of the feudal lords of the principalities of Rus' subject to Lithuania and also played the role of a factor that contributed to the predominance of a group close to Jagail among the Lithuanian nobility, which feared to lose its dominant position in part of the lands of Rus and was oriented to the Kingdom of Poland

In 1384, Jagiello entered into a treaty with the Teutonic Order in Dubiss, in which he pledged to transfer the Zhmud Order to the Order and accept Catholicism within 4 years.

The Kreva union was signed on August 14, 1385 in the Krevo castle (the territory of the Smorgon region of modern Belarus). As a result, Jagailo undertook a number of obligations: to translate Lithuania into the Latin alphabet; use all possible means and help to return the lands lost by Poland; increase the number of prisoners; convert to Catholicism and convert all his brothers, boyars, people to it; to annex Russian lands to the Polish Kingdom; pay Jadwiga's ex-fiancé (Wilhelm (Duke of Austria)) 200 thousand in compensation for violation of the marriage agreement.

The troops, legislation and the judicial system, as well as the treasury (including the emission of money) remained separate, and the border between states with the collection of customs duties was also preserved.

Effects

The signing of the Kreva Union, although it caused a wave of discontent among a part of the Lithuanian-Russian nobility, became a stage towards the end of the struggle between the two states for the southwestern Russian lands (the last stage of the war for the Galician-Volyn inheritance took place in the form of suppression by joint Polish-Lithuanian efforts of the independence of Prince Fyodor Lyubartovich) and contributed to the expansion of their borders to the Black Sea coast.

The conditions of the Kreva Union (in 1401 they were clarified by the Vilna-Radom Union) were in effect for 184 years, until 1569, when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland signed the Union of Lublin, which united both states into a limited confederate elected monarchy. And also one of the consequences of the Kreva union was the receipt of additional rights and liberties by the Catholic feudal lords.