Introduction

The problem of organization of recreation in the Republic of Karelia is very relevant. In recent years, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the flow of tourists to the republic. This is due to a number of factors. Firstly, insufficient promotion along with the high prices of tour packages. Secondly, unfavorable climatic conditions: the average temperature in July does not exceed 16C; in winter, strong winds blow throughout the territory and drizzle. Therefore, for the thesis, we chose the topic "Recreational resources of Karelia"

Target research study of the recreational resources of Karelia, to promote tourism in the region.

Depending on the goal, the following were formulated tasks:

compose a component-by-component and complex characteristic of the natural conditions of the territory;

assess the recreational resources of the territory;

assess the prospects for recreational development of the territory and protection of natural complexes.

Main object studies are the natural complexes of Karelia

Subject of research act: climatic conditions, flora and fauna, water, landscape landscapes, monuments of nature and culture.

When writing the thesis, literary sources on this issue were analyzed.

The result of our own research is a map-scheme "Recreational resources of Karelia".

Features of the nature of Karelia

Geographical position

The Republic of Karelia is located in the northwest of Russia. The area of ​​the republic is 180.5 thousand square meters. km (1.6 of the territory of the Russian Federation). The length of Karelia from north to south reaches 660 km. From west to east along the latitude of the city of Kem, the length is 424 km.

In the west, Karelia borders on Finland, in the south - on the Leningrad and Vologda regions, in the north - on Murmansk, in the east - on the Arkhangelsk region. In the northeast, the republic is washed by the White Sea. The western border of Karelia coincides with the state borders of the Russian Federation and Finland and has a length of 723 km.

The coastal position and the presence of lake-river connections with the Baltic Sea are the most important feature of the geographical position of the republic, which is favorable for the development of the economy. But geographic location also has a negative impact. Karelia is located in rather severe climatic conditions: the average July temperature is only 16°С, and the average January temperature is -8°С. Summer is short, the duration of a comfortable period for summer holidays is only one month, winter is relatively mild, but with cloudy weather.

Geological structure and relief

Karelia is located on the Eurasian lithospheric plate on an ancient platform. This territory was one of the centers of continental icing. From here, the ice sheet, having reached enormous thickness, spread to the south and southeast of the Russian Plain. When moving through solid crystalline rocks, the glacier did a lot of destructive work: it deepened the previously existing basins, “processed” the rocks, giving them the shape of a kind of “ram's foreheads”, tore off blocks of granite, sandstone and carried them to more southern regions. Demolition processes prevailed over accumulation; therefore, the moraine here is thin and coarse in texture. Among the glacier-accumulation landforms, terminal moraine ridges are well preserved, and in some places kame hills and eskers (narrow sandy ridges up to 20 m high, and sometimes up to 50-60 m, with a length of 1 to 15 km). A significant role in the structure of the surface is played by large fault lines oriented mainly from the northwest to the southeast. Faults predetermined the configuration of lake shores.

The average heights of Karelia range from 0 to over 500 meters. The highest heights are in the northwest. Here they reach 576 meters. The lowest heights - on the east coast and in the south near Ladoga and Onega lakes - from 0 to 100 meters.

In the west of the republic is located West Karelian Upland. It is located between Segozero and Lexozero. Its length is about 130 km, height in some places reaches 417 m. The western part consists of separate dome-shaped hills, the central part consists of long high and narrow ridges, the eastern part is hilly, bounded in the northeast and southwest by marshy plains. The West Karelian Upland is covered with taiga spruce and pine forests.

A small southeastern part of the republic is occupied andoma upland. Its height reaches 293 m. It is composed of limestones. The surface is flat with numerous meandering lakes.

In the depths of Karelia, more than 50 types of minerals have been discovered, located in more than 400 deposits and ore occurrences. Minerals: iron ore, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, precious metals, diamonds, mica, building materials (granites, diabases, marbles), ceramic raw materials (pegmatites, spar), apatite-carbonate ores, alkaline amphibole-asbestos.

The republic accounts for 10% of iron ore mined in the Russian Federation, 23% of paper produced in the Russian Federation, 9% of cellulose, 7.3% of commercial timber, and 4.0% of lumber.

The territory of Karelia is promising for almost all types of minerals. As of 01.01.2000, the state balance lists 227 deposits, incl. 8 ore deposits. In addition, over 1000 ore occurrences have been identified, incl. about 700 manifestations of ore minerals.

They are represented by large-scale reserves of iron ore, titano-magnetites and individual manifestations of non-ferrous and rare metals suitable for industrial use.

Non-metallic raw materials are represented by deposits of muscovite, pegmatite, quartzite, kyanite, non-metallic raw materials - by deposits of building and ornamental stone, shungite, as well as sands and clays.

Potential production volumes are similar to neighboring Finland and could be increased by more than 10 times.

Peat reserves are large in the republic and it can be considered a reserve energy source for the republic, capable of covering a significant part of energy needs.

In general, the mineral resources of the Republic of Karelia, unlike neighboring regions, remain in demand by more than 1%, including: ferrous metals - by 3-5%, non-ferrous metals - 0%, precious metals (gold, platinum) - less than 0.01%, facing stone - much less than 1%, stone for crushed stone - much less than 1%, shungites - less than - 0.1%, pegmatites - about 2-3% and many others.

According to forecasts, the most promising minerals that will be in demand in the near future are iron, chromite, iron-vanadium-titanium, uranium-vanadium, copper-nickel and molybdenum ores, gold, platinum, rare metals and polymetals, rare earth metals, apatite, fluorite, pyrite ores, graphite, diamonds, as well as pegmatite, potassium feldspar, strontium - barium, feldspar raw materials for porcelain, glass and earthenware industries, raw materials for the stone-casting industry, stone for crushed stone and facing stone.

There are 175 deposits of 24 types of minerals in Karelia. Mica, feldspar, quartz, facing stone, as well as various building materials - granites, diabases, marbles are actively mined. There are gold, silver, diamonds, rare earth metals. Deposits of iron ore, titanium, vanadium, and molybdenum are being developed. Deposits of uranium ores have been explored (primarily Onega).

In 2009, the commission prepared 64 expert opinions, including 42 opinions on building stone deposits for crushed stone production, 12 opinions on block stone deposits, 10 opinions on sand and sand and gravel material. Stocks of building stone in the amount of 1705.6 million cubic meters were put on the balance sheet. m for the production of crushed stone and 4.6 million cubic meters. m for the extraction of blocks, reserves of sand and sand and gravel material - 37.17 million cubic meters. m.

On the whole, as of 01.01.2010, the mineral resource base of the Republic of Karelia includes 829 explored deposits, including 27 types of minerals with reserves included in the balance sheet.

According to the Ministry, the production of crushed stone will increase at a rate of one and a half to two million cubic meters. m per year. By 2013, it is planned to enter the production of 15 million cubic meters. m of crushed stone per year, and by 2015 - 30 million cubic meters. m.

The development of deposits of block stone is carried out in Pitkyarantsky, Loukhsky, Pudozhsky districts and most actively in the Prionezhsky district. In 2011, the share of black stone in the total volume of block stone mined in the republic exceeded 90%. The volume of production of block stone in the republic in 2011 amounted to 24.9 thousand cubic meters. m or 122% of the volume of the corresponding period in 2010.

The cadastre of deposits and manifestations of gold in the territory of the Republic of Karelia includes 98 objects, including 14 deposits, including 5 gold ore, and 84 occurrences. More than a third of the objects, including 3 out of 5 gold deposits (Lobash-1, Pedrolampi and Rybozerskoye), belong to the group of ore objects localized in the Archean greenstone belts.

The Lobash-1 deposit is located 80 km west of Belomorsk, 1 km northeast of the Lobash molybdenum deposit. The deposit is located in the Shobinsky ore region of the East Karelian mineragenic zone and is part of the ore-magmatic system associated with the Lobash granite intrusion of the late Archean, which occurs here at a depth of about 600 m. Its central part, 300x300 m in size, has been best studied, where mineralization has been traced to a depth of 250–300 m. Gold concentrations of 0.01–0.1 g/t are characteristic of almost the entire studied stockwork section. Concentrations at the level of 0.1--1.0 g / t form several zones with a thickness of tens of meters, gold concentrations of more than 1.0 g / t are concentrated within ore intersections with a thickness of 1--3 m, concentrations of more than 10.0 g / t occur sporadically. The maximum gold grade of 216 g/t was determined in a quartz vein with a thickness of 0.2 m. %, silver - 10 g/t. Reserves of gold-sulfide-quartz ore at the deposit up to a depth of 150 m are calculated under category C2 in the amount of 1074 thousand tons, which in terms of gold is 5.06 tons, for copper - 4.3 thousand tons, for silver - 10.7 tons. Predicted gold resources in category P1 down to a depth of 250 m are estimated at 3.0 tons (720 thousand tons of ore with an average gold grade of 4.1 g/t).

Gold ore occurrences of the copper-molybdenum-porphyry formation are also known in the Yalon-Vaar ore cluster, where granites of the Yalonvaar complex (Yalonvaarajärvi, Khatunoy occurrences) and in Central Karelia (Vostochnoye, Mushtaoya, Shirkoyarvi occurrences) play an ore-controlling role.

The Elmus ore field with the Pedrolampi deposit located in it, Talpus, Talpus-N, Orekhozero and Elmus gold occurrences is recognized as one of the most promising in the Republic of Karelia.

Reserves of vanadium ore containing uranium, gold and platinum have been discovered. Nevskgeologia conducted exploration of a uranium deposit (Srednyaya Padma) in the area of ​​Lake Ladoga near the village of Salmi (Medvezhyegorsk region). The reserves of uranium ore here may reach 40 thousand tons. The deposit is not developed, mainly due to the lack of technology for processing this type of ores.

A distinctive feature of two more very large ore deposits in Karelia is that the explored volumes of raw materials in them amount to half or more of the corresponding reserves identified on the territory of the whole of Russia. We are talking about the Aganozero deposits of chromium ores in the Pudozh region (estimated at 150 million tons) and the uranium-vanadium deposit comparable in economic efficiency with the same Kostomuksha in the vicinity of Srednaya Padma in the Medvezhyegorsk region.

The predicted diamond reserves in Karelia are estimated at 200 tons. In the coming years, the goal is to mine 1-2 tons of gold annually at 2-3 deposits. The development of the explored Pedrolampi deposit in the Kondopoga region is already beginning. No less serious prospects for gold appeared at a number of sites in the Loukhsky district.

The mineral resource complex is not only the basis of the mining and processing industry, but also the main source of budgetary, including foreign exchange, revenues. The Republic of Karelia, located in the eastern part of the Fennoscandian crystalline shield, has an extensive mineral and raw material base of metallic and non-metallic minerals. Currently, 2216 deposits and manifestations of more than 40 types of minerals are registered. The cost resource potential of the Republic of Karelia is estimated at more than 130 billion US dollars.

The analysis performed showed that in the short term for a period of up to 5 years, the development of metallic minerals in Karelia is unlikely. The main hopes for the development of mineral resources are associated with building materials and industrial minerals. There are grounds for such expectations. Firstly, there are objects of a sufficient degree of study, secondly, there is a demand for these types of mineral products, and thirdly, the geopolitical position and transport infrastructure of the Republic of Karelia favors these expectations.

The list of types of mineral raw materials that can potentially be developed and processed by mining enterprises in the Republic of Karelia in the near future is as follows: high-purity quartz; small-sized mica - muscovite; technical grenade; feldspars; talc; quartzites; diatomites; mineral paints - pigments; talc stone; facing stone; high-strength and decorative crushed stone; shungites; carbonate raw materials; gemstone raw materials, etc.

KARELIA (Republic of Karelia), a subject of the Russian Federation. It is located in the northwest of the European part of Russia. In the northeast it is washed by the White Sea, in the south - by the Ladoga and Onega lakes. In the west it borders on Finland. It is part of the Northwestern Federal District. The area is 180.5 thousand km 2. The population is 693.2 thousand people (2007; 261.0 thousand people in 1926; 651.0 thousand people in 1959; 791.3 thousand people in 1989). The capital is Petrozavodsk. Administrative-territorial division: 15 districts, 13 cities, 11 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of public authorities of the republic is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic of Karelia (2001). State power in Karelia is exercised by the Legislative Assembly, the head of the republic, the government, and other executive bodies in accordance with the Constitution of the republic. The head of the republic is the highest official, empowered by the Legislative Assembly on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Karelia is a permanent representative and the only legislative body of state power in the republic. Consists of 50 deputies elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot for a term of 5 years. Deputies of the Legislative Assembly work both on a professional permanent basis and on a non-permanent basis (the number of deputies working on a professional permanent basis is established by law and cannot be more than 1/3 of the established number of deputies of the Legislative Assembly). Executive power in the Republic of Karelia is exercised by the head of the republic, the government headed by him and other executive authorities.

Nature. Relief. The territory of Karelia is located mainly in the eastern part of Fennoscandia. In general, the relief is represented by a hilly medium-altitude denudation plain, complicated by socle uplands and massifs formed under the conditions of tectonic uplifts. In the most elevated western part of Karelia, the relief is represented by a kind of denudation-tectonic small hills of the Maanselkya uplands (height up to 576 m, Mount Nuoruunen is the highest point in Karelia), West Karelian (height up to 417 m) and their spurs. In the central part, the low Tungud Upland and the northwestern tip of the relatively monolithic basement ridge of the Windy Belt stretch. The hilly-ridged relief of the Olonets Upland (height up to 311 m) to the south-west of the city of Petrozavodsk and the adjoining Urskaya (in the west) and Shoksha (in the east) ridges is formed at the basement outcrops and in moraine deposits. Complex ridge complexes (selga and depressions between them) are most characteristic of Zaonezhie, abounding in bays and lakes elongated from northwest to southeast. Quite often, the ridges are represented by interblade and terminal moraine formations. There are lakes and kams. In the south-west, east and south-east of Karelia, lowlands are common: heavily swamped lacustrine-glacial Olonetskaya, marine abrasion-accumulative Pribelomorskaya, and well-drained abrasion-accumulative Vodlinskaya. Among the cover of sea and lake clays and sands, protrusions of crystalline rocks (“ram's foreheads”) are not uncommon. The shores of the White Sea are subject to tidal influence (amplitude up to 2-3 m). The coast of the Onega Bay of the White Sea (most of the Pomeranian coast) is low-lying and swampy, gently sloping rocky hills (the so-called varaki) and capes are not numerous. The Karelian coast and partly the Pomeranian coast are strongly indented. Bays (Kalgalaksha, Kemskaya, Sorokskaya, etc.) and straits (Velikaya Salma, etc.) deeply protruding into the land, plowed by ice in the rocky base along fault zones, turn the coast into a complex archipelago. Skerry shores are also characteristic of the northern part of the Ladoga region (the area of ​​the city of Sortavala and the Valaam archipelago). Dunes are developed in places along the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga.

Geological structure and minerals . The territory of Karelia is located in the southeastern part of the Baltic Shield of the ancient East European Platform, mostly within the Karelian block (granite-greenstone region), which in the east borders on the White Sea block (granulite-gneiss belt), and in the extreme southwest - with the Svecofennian block (movable belt). The Karelian block is formed by Archean granitoids, gneisses, crystalline schists and greenstone belts (3.0-2.7 billion years old), composed of komatiites, basalts, dacites, rhyolites (andesites in the central part of Karelia), tuffs, intruded sills and diabase dikes and overlain by conglomerates, sandstones and ferruginous quartzites. The greenstone belts of Karelia extend mainly submeridionally. Archean formations are intruded by Early Proterozoic intrusions of basic and ultrabasic compositions (for example, the Burakovsko-Aganozero massif to the east of Lake Onega) and are overlain in superimposed graben-like depressions of the northwest strike (the largest - the Onega trough - is located to the west and northwest of Lake Onega) Lower Proterozoic weakly metamorphosed sedimentary-volcanic strata (basalts, andesite-basalts, tuffs, tuffaceous clastic rocks, conglomerates, breccias, gravelites, sandstones, siltstones, siliceous, clayey, carbonaceous shale, dolomites, limestones), which are permeated by gabbro and diabase sills and dikes. The ancient complexes of the Karelian block are intruded by rapakivi granites, as well as gabbro and anarthosites, about 1.6 billion years old (for example, a large massif to the northeast of Lake Ladoga). The Belomorian belt, stretching along the coast of the White Sea, is pushed over the Karelian block and is composed of Archean gneisses, amphibolites, and migmatites (2.9-2.8 billion years old) in Karelia, which underwent intensive tectonothermal processing in the Early Proterozoic. Gneisses and migmatites form dome structures. A fragment of the Svecofennian block (to the northwest of Lake Ladoga) is formed by Lower Proterozoic gneisses and crystalline schists, intruded by granites and gabbro. A Riphean astrobleme (Lake Yanisyarvi) was found to the north of Lake Ladoga. In the south and southeast of Karelia, the Precambrian rocks of the Baltic Shield submerge under the Middle Riphean volcanogenic-terrigenous, as well as the Upper Vendian, Upper Devonian, and Carboniferous carbonate and terrigenous deposits of the Russian Plate. The bedrocks are mostly overlain by a thin (several meters, rarely - several tens of meters) cover of glacial, water-glacial, in some places - marine sediments of the Quaternary age (boulder sandy loam and loam, clay, sand).

The most important minerals of Karelia are iron ores (deposits Kostomukshskoe, Korpangskoe), chromium and nickel (Aganozerskoe), molybdenum (Lobash). There are deposits of uranium-vanadium ores with molybdenum, copper, gold, silver, platinum, palladium (Middle Padma), zinc-tin ores with silver, iron, cadmium (Kitelskoye), vanadium-containing titanomagnetite ores (Pudozhgorskoye), gold ores (Mayskoye), pegmatites (Hetolambin), muscovite (Raspberry Varakka and other White Sea mica-bearing provinces), granites (Lyaskelya, Kashina Gora), gabbro and diabases (Kokkomyaki, Lizhemskoye, Goloday Gora), the so-called Shoksha quartzite sandstones (Pukhtinskoye), as well as natural building materials ( crushed stone, clay, sand, gravel), semi-precious raw materials, etc. Only in Karelia are known industrial accumulations of shungites (the Zazhoginskoye deposit, etc.). A special place among the mineral resources of Karelia is occupied by medicinal mineral waters (the deposits of Marcialnye Vody, Olonetskoye). The prospects of diamond potential are revealed.

Climate. Natural conditions for the life of the population are moderately favorable, favorable in the southern part. The temperate continental climate of Karelia, moderated by the influence of the White and Baltic Seas, is characterized by high relative humidity (especially in the northern part of Karelia), significant cloudiness, and unstable weather conditions. Winter is long, relatively mild; thaws are frequent, followed by heavy snowfall with a sharp cooling. Summers are short and cool, with frequent sharp drops in air temperature and heavy rains. Average annual temperatures (from 0°С in the north to 3°С in the south) are much higher than in similar latitudes of the continental part of Russia. Average temperatures in January are from -9 to -14°С, in July from 14 to 16°С. The average annual amount of precipitation generally increases from north to south from 450 to 700 mm, slightly decreasing in areas adjacent to large lakes and on the leeward slopes of hills. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer. A stable snow cover is observed from November to April, its thickness is 40-60 cm, less often up to 100 cm. The duration of the frost-free period is from 80-90 days in the north to 120-130 days in the Ladoga and Onega regions, the growing season is from 60 to 100 days.

Inland waters. Karelia is rich in surface water resources. Numerous rivers, lakes, reservoirs occupy 23% of the republic's area. A dense lake-river network is developed; the average long-term total river runoff is 57 km 3 per year. The largest in terms of the area of ​​the drainage basin (over 10 thousand km 2) are the systems of the Kem, Vyg, Vodla, Shuya rivers. Rivers with a length of no more than 10 km predominate, 30 rivers have a length of more than 100 km. The rivers of the northern and central parts of Karelia (57% of the territory) belong to the White Sea basin (55% of the river flow): the largest are the Kem, Vyg, as well as Vonga, Keret, Kuzema, Nyukhcha, Pongoma, etc. The Baltic Sea basin (43% of the territory ) belong to Vodla, Suna, Shuya (flow into Lake Onega, 25% of river flow), Vidlitsa, Olonka, Tulemajoki (flow into Lake Ladoga, 20% of river flow). The rivers are fed mainly by snow (over 1/2 of the river runoff is formed due to spring snowmelt) and rain; the flow of rivers is significantly regulated by numerous lakes and swamps. The profiles of the bottoms of most of the river valleys are not worked out, rapids and waterfalls are frequent (Kivach and Girvas on the Suna River, etc.), the average fall is 10 m per 1 km. The rivers of Karelia have a high hydropower potential - 4900 GWh per year. Karelia has one of the highest lake levels in the world (21%); there are more than 61 thousand lakes in the republic, 20 of them have an area of ​​more than 100 km2. In addition to the largest in Europe, Lake Ladoga (within Karelia - over 40% of the water area) and Lake Onega (80% of the water area), the most significant in size are Vygozero, Topozero, Segozero, Pyaozero. Large lakes are predominantly of glacial-tectonic, glacial, and moraine-dammed origin, while bog lakes predominate in the group of small reservoirs. Bogs occupy about 20% of the territory, the White Sea and Olonets lowlands are the most swampy (up to 80%), the Maanselkya and West Karelian uplands are the least (5-15%). In the 1950-80s, 720 thousand hectares of swamps were drained in central and southern Karelia. 29 lake reservoirs with a total volume of 80.2 km 3 have been created, including Verkhnesvirskoye, Segozerskoye, Kumskoye. In the eastern part, the territory of Karelia is crossed by the White Sea-Baltic Canal.

Soils, flora and fauna. The territory is located within the subzones of the northern and middle taiga. The small dissection of the relief, the diversity of soil-forming rocks, the high degree of lakes and swampiness determine the significant diversity and frequent contrasting changes in the soil and vegetation cover. In general, the soil cover of the northern taiga is dominated by illuvial-ferruginous podzols (often gravelly and bouldered) in combination with illuvial-humus podzols along relief depressions; characteristic are vast tracts of oligotrophic peat soils (the White Sea Lowland, etc.). Within the middle taiga, alpha-humus and marsh soils occupy somewhat smaller areas. The Olonets lowland is characterized by gleyzems developed on marine and lacustrine clays and loams. In the North-Western Ladoga region, in conditions of a warmer and milder climate, coarse-humus burozems were formed. Peculiar are soddy shungite soils with high natural fertility, common in Zaonezhie and North-Western Prionezhie. Among the bog soils for the middle taiga, peat soils of lowland and transitional bogs are more characteristic. Marsh soils are developed along the coast of the White Sea.

The forest cover of Karelia is 52.6%, the total stock of standing timber is 946 million m 3 (2003). Forests with a predominance of pine occupy 64.5% of the forested area, spruce - 24.2%; small-leaved species (drooping and downy birch, aspen, gray alder, etc.) account for 11.3% of the forest area. In the north of Karelia, up to the latitude of the Kem River, sparse lichen and green moss spruce and pine forests, as well as sphagnum pine forests, predominate. Pine forests dominate in the central regions of Karelia: mainly lichen, green moss and rock forests. The relative predominance of northern taiga spruce forests is typical for the extreme north-west of Karelia, middle taiga (shrub-green moss and blueberry) - for Zaonezhye and Prionezhye. Rock outcrops widespread in Karelia are characterized by peculiar low-growing pine and spruce forests with a predominance of lichens and shrubs in the ground cover. Small-leaved species usually dominate in the composition of secondary forests, the most common in the southern part of the republic. Most of the forests in Karelia have been repeatedly cut by industrial felling. At the same time, in the western part of the republic along the Russian-Finnish border, Europe's largest massifs of primary old-growth forests have been preserved, occupying 7% of the territory of Karelia (part of the so-called Green Belt of Fennoscandia) and of great environmental and conservation importance.

One of the symbols of Karelia is the Karelian birch, which has a decorative patterned wood texture and is widely used for making furniture and souvenirs. Since the beginning of the 1930s, its artificial breeding has been practiced, the few natural plantations that have survived in the southern regions of Karelia are protected within several botanical reserves. Of the known 150 species of medicinal plants, 70 species are used in medicine (bearberry, lingonberry, blueberry, wild rosemary, cinquefoil erect, etc.). Of the 100 species of food plants, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, and cloudberries are of the greatest importance. The biological stock of edible mushrooms (about 200 species) is about 164 thousand tons per year.

Bogs occupy over 25% of the territory in the northern taiga and over 15% in the middle taiga. Among the 7 main types of swamps in Karelia, the most common in terms of area are the so-called Karelian ring aapa-bogs - grass-sphagnum-hypnum ridge-hollow and ridge-lake bogs, sphagnum ridge-hollow oligotrophic bogs are more characteristic of the northern taiga. The islands of the White Sea are dominated by tundra-like dwarf shrub communities dominated by crowberry, with dwarf forms of birch and juniper. In the extreme north-west, on the slopes of the Maanselkä upland, altitudinal zonation is expressed: birch-spruce light forests are replaced at the peaks by birch crooked forests, and at the highest peaks - by mountain shrub-lichen tundra.

Among the main hunting and commercial species: elk, wild boar, wolf, brown bear, black grouse. Hunting for wolverine, lynx and wild reindeer is prohibited, the populations of which have been declining since the early 1990s. The Canadian beaver, the raccoon dog, the American mink (practically replacing the native European mink), which were unintentionally introduced in the middle of the 20th century, spread widely across the territory of Karelia, and the European beaver was successfully reacclimatized. Among birds, typically forest species predominate; in areas of intensive logging, the number of about 40 species of birds (owls, diurnal birds of prey, etc.) is sharply reduced. The avifauna includes a high proportion of waterfowl and near-water birds. On the islands of the Onega Bay of the White Sea (Russkiy Kuzov, etc.), large colonies of sea birds (razorbill, herring gull, common eider, etc.) are known, in the southeastern Ladoga region - large accumulations of anseriformes stopping here on migration. Of the fish, about 30 species are of great commercial importance, including freshwater (whitefish, European vendace, pike perch, bream) and marine (White Sea herring, saffron cod, flounder).

The flora includes more than 1,770 species of plants, 18 species of plants and fungi are included in the Red Book of the RSFSR, including the lake halfwort, Dortman's lobelia, Traunsteiner's dactyl root, bulbous calypso, and others. The fauna includes 42 species of terrestrial mammals, about 300 species of birds, in including 140 nesting ones. 21 species of vertebrate animals are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (the Ladoga subspecies of the ringed seal, white-tailed eagle, osprey, etc.); 26 mammal species and about 130 bird species are regionally rare.

State and environmental protection. The ecological situation in the northern part, in the vicinity of the main industrial centers, is moderately acute. Its deterioration is facilitated by clear felling of forests and fires in forestry areas. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources amount to 129 thousand tons, the discharge of polluted wastewater is 295 million m 3 (2005). The main contribution to air pollution is made by the enterprises of the metallurgical and pulp and paper industries (combines in the cities of Kondopoga, Segezha, Pitkyaranta), to the pollution of the aquatic environment - enterprises of the pulp and paper industry and housing and communal services.

The system of protected natural areas, which occupy about 6% of the republic's area, is represented by state nature reserves: Kivach, Kostomuksha Reserve, a section of the Kandalaksha Reserve; national parks Paanajärvi, Kalevalsky (created in 2006), Vodlozersky (partially within Karelia), natural park Valaam archipelago. Of the 47 nature reserves, the Kizhi and Olonets zoological reserves are of federal importance, while hunting (Keretsky, Tulotsky), landscape (Kuzova), forest and botanical (Sortavalsky, etc.) predominate among regional reserves. More than 100 natural monuments of regional importance, including swamps (Selga Swamp, Klimgora), botanical (Giant Linden, Shvedler Maple), geological (Shungsky section, Uksa esker ridge), hydrological (Salt Pit spring), etc. Status Protected areas have the forests of the Marcial Waters resort, the health zones of the museum-reserves of Kizhi and Valaam. However, most of the protected areas often lose their nature protection functions, since there are no restrictions on industrial and selective logging on their territory. It is planned to organize 3 nature reserves along the Russian-Finnish border (Tulos, Koitajoki, Ladoga skerries) to preserve large tracts of primary taiga forests. Wetlands of international importance include the islands of the Kandalaksha Bay (section of the Kandalaksha Reserve) and the Onega Bay (Kuzova Reserve).

A. A. Lukashov (relief, geological structure and minerals); N. O. Telnova.

Population. The majority of the population of Karelia are Russians - 76.6%. Karelians account for 9.2%, Finns - 2%, Vepsians - 0.7% (mainly in the southeast of Karelia). There are also Belarusians (5.3%), Ukrainians (2.7%), Poles (0.4%), Tatars (0.4%), Azerbaijanis (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), gypsies (0.2%), Chuvashs (0.2%), etc.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, a natural population decline has been characteristic: the death rate (16.8 per 1,000 inhabitants, 2006) exceeds the birth rate (10.0 per 1,000 inhabitants); infant mortality 7.6 per 1000 live births. The share of women is 54.2%. The proportion of the population younger than working age (under 16) is 15.5%, older than working age 19.7%. Average life expectancy is low - 63.8 years (men - 57.3, women - 71.0). In the 1990s - early 2000s, a migration outflow of the population was observed, which was replaced by a small migration inflow in 2003 (6 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2006). The average population density is 3.8 people / km 2. The most densely populated southern part of Karelia, mainly Olonetsky, Pitkyarantsky and Kondopoga regions. The proportion of the urban population is 75.8% (2007; 62.8% in 1959; 81.6% in 1989). Over 1/3 of the population of Karelia lives in Petrozavodsk (266.3 thousand people, 2007). Other significant cities (thousand people): Kondopoga 33.9, Segezha 32.9, Kostomuksha 30.0, Sortavala 19.8.

M. D. Goryachko, P. I. Puchkov.

Religion. The majority of believers are Orthodox. 78 Orthodox organizations were registered (January 1, 2008), belonging to the Petrozavodsk and Karelian diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (founded in 1828, abolished in 1937, renewed in 1947-1949 and since 1990). There are about 70 parishes on the territory of Karelia, as well as 8 monasteries, among which is the Valaam Monastery. In 1997, the Vygoretsky monastery of the Old Orthodox Pomeranian Church (Old Believer) was opened in Karelia. 44 communities of the Union of Evangelical Christians (Pentecostals), 20 Lutheran parishes, 17 communities of the Church of Evangelical Christians of the Republic of Karelia, 5 Muslim organizations belonging to the Spiritual Board of Muslims of the Republic of Karelia (Karelian Muftiate, established in 2001), 2 Roman Catholic communities, 1 Jewish and some other associations.

Historical outline. Human development of the territory of modern Karelia began after the retreat of the glaciers of the Valdai glaciation and the formation of conditions for economic activity (in the Mesolithic, not earlier than the end of the 8th millennium BC). One way of migration (bearers of the Arensburg culture) went from the west, through Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula, the other (bearers of the Svider culture) - from the south through the Karelian and Olonets isthmuses. The bulk of the Mesolithic monuments (including the Oleneostrovsky burial ground) are concentrated in the basin of Lake Onega and are united in the Onega culture; The monuments of the northern regions are similar in features of the quartzite inventory to the Komsa culture, common in Northern Fennoscandia. In the early Neolithic, on the basis of the Obonezh traditions, the Sperrings culture was formed, from the south it bordered on the Narva culture and the Valdai culture, in the north - on the Säräisniemi I culture, which was formed on the basis of the Komsa culture. By the beginning of the 4th millennium, Karelian culture had spread to these lands (except for the north). In the Neolithic, petroglyphs appear (Besov Nos, Peri Nos, Besovy Sledki, Zalavruga, etc.).

The beginning of the early metal era (the development of the technology of cold forging of native copper) is reflected by the culture of rhombus-pitted ceramics (3rd millennium), associated with local traditions or newcomers from Podesenye (Desna culture, etc.). It was replaced by the culture of asbestos pottery, known throughout northeastern Fennoscandia. In the Bronze Age (the end of the 2nd millennium - the 1st half of the 1st millennium BC), the territory of modern Karelia entered the zone of textile ceramics of cultures. For the early Iron Age, cultures are distinguished: Luukonsaari (in the southern and middle regions); Kjelmo, or arctic type (in the north and in the western White Sea); late Kargopol (in Zaonezhie) and late Belomorian (in the southern White Sea). Their formation took place in the course of interaction between local traditions and the Ananyino culture; it is assumed that this reflects one of the stages of the "Finno-Ugricization" of the local population. For the 3rd-8th century AD, there is a phenomenon called the "Saami Iron Age", associated with the loss of mobile hunters and fishermen of the traditions of the production of ceramic dishes, which were replaced by vessels made of organic materials and imported metal cauldrons. By this time, accidental finds of the so-called block-shaped fires made of quartzite, sandstone or slate with a steel edging for striking a spark date back to this time.

In the Middle Ages, the southwest of modern Karelia was occupied by an agricultural population (ancient Veps and Korela), hunters and fishermen (Saami) lived to the north. The Saami own original monuments of the 10-11th century in the middle and northern Karelia (seids, menhirs, stone masonry, stone heaps and labyrinths). Thanks to the folding of the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, the population of the south-west of modern Karelia was involved in international trade.

In the 12th century, the Novgorod Republic established direct authority over the Korel: this people was baptized into Orthodoxy (1227); The Karelian Isthmus, the North-Western Ladoga Region, as well as the territories to the north-east from it to the Karelian coast of the White Sea and to the north-west - to the Gulf of Bothnia constituted a separate administrative-territorial unit of the Novgorod Republic - Korelskaya land with the center in the fortress of Korela (now the city Priozersk). The Korelian land was ruled by feeding princes; at the end of the 13th century it was divided into churchyards (rural areas). The lands in the North-Eastern Ladoga and Svir regions, where the tribes of the Ladoga Vesi (also baptized into Orthodoxy) lived, constituted a separate administrative-territorial unit of the Novgorod Republic - the Obonezh Row (about 1259). It was also divided into graveyards, but was directly controlled by the princely administration from Novgorod. In the middle of the 13th century, on the territory, mastered by the whole and Russian settlers around the lakes Onega and Vygozero, the administrative district of Obonezhskaya thousand arose; there was a large boyar land ownership. The agricultural colonization of Prionezhye by peasants from the Novgorod Republic intensified from the beginning of the 14th century.

For the first time the border of the Novgorod Republic and Sweden was determined by the Peace of Orekhov in 1323: it passed east of Vyborg from the Sestra River on the Gulf of Finland to the Gulf of Bothnia.

In 1478, the Korelskaya land, the Obonezhsky row and the Obonezhsky thousand, together with other lands of the Novgorod Republic, were annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The northwestern Ladoga region and the Karelian Isthmus entered the Korelsky district (1500). The shores of Lake Onega and the Svir River (Zaonezhsky graveyards - the former Obonezhskaya thousand and part of the former Obonezhsky row) and the territory from the Kem River basin in the north to Lake Syamozero in the south (Lopsky graveyards - the northeastern part of the former Korelsky land) entered the Novgorod district. The patrimonies of the Novgorod boyars were confiscated in favor of the treasury, and almost all the peasants of the region became chernososhnye (from the 18th century - state). Landownership on the lands that make up the modern territory of Karelia practically did not spread, a small part of the peasants lived in monastic estates before the secularization of 1764 (including the territory of the Solovetsky Monastery district formed in 1592). In 1582, the northern part of present-day Karelia became part of the newly created Kola uyezd with its center in the city of Kola.

The territory of modern Karelia, which occupied a border position, repeatedly suffered from hostilities during the Russian-Swedish wars. At the final stage of the Livonian War of 1558-83, the Korelsky district was captured by Swedish troops, returned to the Russian state as a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-93. According to the Treaty of Tyavzinsky in 1595, the Russian-Swedish border passed from the mouth of the Sestra River to the western shore of Lake Orivesi, then along the Suomenselkya Upland to the area west of the village of Luzhma and from there north to the mouth of the Pechenga River on the Barents Sea. According to the secret protocol to the Vyborg Treaty of 1609 (secured by the Treaty of Stolbov in 1617), the Korelsky district, together with the city of Korela (renamed Kexholm), was again transferred to Sweden (occupied by Swedish troops in 1611), forming its Kexholm fief. From there, the resettlement of Karelians to the Russian lands, devastated in the Time of Troubles, began, mainly to the Olonets district (to the lands of Livvik Karelians and Lyudik Karelians), as well as to the Tver district, where a group of Tver Karelians was formed; the Swedish authorities resettled the Finns in the Keksholmsky flax. The northern border volosts of the former Korelsky district, which remained part of the Russian state, went to the Kola district (about 1620; from 1708 it was part of the Arkhangelsk province). In 1649, the Zaonezhsky and Lopsky churchyards were included in the newly formed Olonets district (in 1708-27 and 1781-84 it was part of the St. Petersburg province, in 1727-81 - in the Novgorod province). At the end of the 17th century, to the northeast of Lake Onega, an all-Russian center of the Old Believers arose - the Vygo-Leksinsky community (Vygovskaya hermitage), which marked the beginning of the Pomor agreement (the desert was liquidated by the authorities in the middle of the 19th century).

At the beginning of the 18th century, the state-owned Petrovsky Plant was built in Zaonezhye, which supplied the army and navy with cannons, guns and edged weapons (Petrovskaya Sloboda at the plant in 1777 was transformed into the city of Petrozavodsk, which from 1784 became the center of the Olonets province formed on the basis of the Olonets district). In the 1st half of the 18th century, the healing Marcial Waters began to be developed in the valley of Lake Gabozero. During the Northern War of 1700-21, the Karelian Isthmus and the North-Western Ladoga region with the cities of Vyborg and Kexholm again became part of Russia (secured by the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721) and were included in the St. Petersburg province. In 1744, the lands of the former Keksholm fief were transferred to the newly formed Vyborg province (transferred in 1811 to the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland after its annexation to the Russian Empire). The district of the Solovetsky Monastery after the secularization of 1764 became part of the Arkhangelsk province.

In 1744-82, gold was mined near the village of Voitsy (now the urban-type settlement of Nadvoitsy). From the middle of the 18th century, the extraction of decorative stone began to develop on the territory of modern Karelia, which was used mainly in the construction of St. Petersburg: crimson quartzite in the village of Shoksha (Prionezhye), marble in the village of Ruskeala (Northern Ladoga) and the village of Tivdiya (Prionezhye). In 1773-74, during the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-74, the Alexander Cannon Plant (now the Onega Tractor Plant) was created in the Petrovsky Sloboda, which became one of the leading enterprises in the defense industry. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, private sawmills also appeared in the region, otkhodnichestvo spread, and trade expanded. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, steam engines appeared at sawmills, Karelia became an important supplier of roundwood and sawn timber, including for export. The Murmansk railway, laid in 1915-1916, in the conditions of the 1st World War, passed through the whole of Karelia, and was of great strategic importance for ensuring communications with Russia's allies through the ice-free ports of the Murmansk coast.

In November 1917 - April 1918, Soviet power was established in Karelia. Since the spring of 1918, during the Civil War of 1917-22 and the foreign military intervention in Russia of 1918-22, battles unfolded in Karelia between the Red Army, on the one hand, and the troops of the Entente and the Provisional Government of the Northern Region, as well as volunteer detachments of the "White Finns" - with another. As part of the Red Army in Karelia, there were detachments of the "Red Finns" who crossed over to the territory of the RSFSR after the defeat of the Finnish Revolution of 1918. By the summer of 1919, the Allied Expeditionary Force and the Northern Region troops occupied the Karelian Pomorie and reached Lake Onega, and the detachments of the "White Finns" occupied the western border regions of Karelia. In the battles near Petrozavodsk, the villages of Vidlitsa and Lizhma (summer - autumn 1919), the Red Army stopped their offensive, and in February - March 1920 occupied the entire Russian Karelia. By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 8, 1920, the Karelian Labor Commune (KTK) was formed on the territory of modern Karelia, which included the areas of Arkhangelsk (the main part of the Kemsky district) and Olonets (most of the Olonets, western volosts of Petrozavodsk and Povenets counties) populated mainly by Karelians) provinces. The population of the CPC was 144.4 thousand people, of which about 60% were Karelians, 37% were Russians. To create Karelian autonomy, the Soviet leadership actively attracted political immigrants from among the “Red Finns” (E. A. Gylling and others), who dreamed of turning Karelia into a kind of base for promoting the ideas of socialism in Scandinavia.

In October 1921, an uprising of Karelian peasants broke out in the north-west of the KTK, dissatisfied with the lack of bread and labor mobilizations. The insurgents were joined by Finnish detachments invading from abroad. As a result of the Karelian operation of 1921-22 carried out by the Red Army, the uprising was suppressed, the Finnish detachments retreated to Finland. In 1922, in connection with the liquidation of the Olonets province, a large part of the Pudozh district and the eastern volosts of the former Povenets and Petrozavodsk districts, mainly with a Russian population, were transferred to the CPC. By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 25, 1923, the KTK was transformed into the Karelian ASSR. The restoration of the destroyed economy of the region was basically completed by 1925. By the end of the 1930s, as a result of the policy of industrialization, new industries appeared in Karelia: pulp and paper (mills were built in Kondopoga in 1929 and Segezha in 1939), furniture, mining, and energy. In the late 1930s, Karelia produced 5% of the country's timber products (15% of timber exports), 5% of paper, 25% of skis, 80% of spar and quartz, 30% of granite were mined in it. During this period, the labor of prisoners played a significant role in the economy of Karelia: in 1929-40, the Solovetsky Islands were part of Karelia, on which the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp was located, reorganized in the early 1930s into the White Sea-Baltic Correctional Labor Camp of the OGPU-NKVD ( by the beginning of 1939 - 86.5 thousand prisoners). The camp administration was located in the village of Medvezhya Gora (since 1938, the city of Medvezhyegorsk), it served the White Sea-Baltic combine of the OGPU - NKVD, which by 1939 harvested over 50% of the Karelian forest. The White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Pindush shipyard and some other large industrial and infrastructure facilities were built by the hands of the prisoners.

According to the 1939 census, 486,900 people lived in the Karelian ASSR; 63.3% of the population were Russians, 23.2% - Karelians, 2% - Vepsians, 1.8% - Finns (9.8% - other nationalities).

As a result of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-40, the territory of the former Vyborg province was annexed to the USSR, in connection with which the Karelian ASSR was transformed into the Karelian-Finnish SSR by a decree of the USSR Supreme Council dated March 31, 1940, which was withdrawn from the RSFSR.

During the Great Patriotic War, most of Karelia, including its capital, Petrozavodsk, was occupied by Finnish and German troops; Belomorsk was the temporary capital of the unoccupied territory. In the course of stubborn defensive battles, the troops of the Karelian Front frustrated the enemy’s plans to capture the northern regions of the USSR, did not allow the Finnish and German troops to unite and close the second ring of encirclement around Leningrad, held the strategic northern section of the Kirov (former Murmansk) railway, which provided communication between the center of the country and ice-free port of Murmansk, as well as with the bases of the Northern Navy. As a result of the Svir-Petrozavodsk operation of the Karelian Front (June - August 1944), Soviet troops liberated Petrozavodsk (June 28) and approached the state border with Finland (September 19, 1944, a Soviet-Finnish armistice agreement was concluded). In 1944, the cities of Vyborg and Kexholm, occupied by the Red Army, and their environs were transferred to the Leningrad Region, and the modern administrative border of Karelia with the Leningrad Region was formed. The new state border of the USSR with Finland was secured by the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 (see the article Paris Peace Treaties of 1947).

By 1950, the national economy of the region was basically restored, reaching the pre-war level. On July 16, 1956, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Law on the transformation of the Karelian-Finnish SSR into the Karelian ASSR within the RSFSR. Since the mid-1960s, pulp and paper, mining, machine-building and metalworking industries have been rapidly developing in Karelia. In 1982, the Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plant (now Karelsky Okatysh), built with the participation of Finland, was launched - one of the largest enterprises in Karelia.

The Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 “On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR” approved the name Republic of Karelia (in 1991 adopted by the Supreme Court of the Karelian ASSR).

A. Yu. Zhukov, N. A. Korablev (historical essay); S. V. Kuzminykh (archeology).

economy. Karelia is part of the Northern Economic Region. The volume of industrial production (manufacturing, mining, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water) is 20.4 times higher than the volume of agricultural products (2006). Karelia is one of the largest Russian producers of timber industry products (% of Russian production): industrial wood - 5.8, sawn timber - 3.6, pulp - 8.3, paper - 23.8 (including newsprint - about 35), paper bags - about 60. Karelia provides over 5% of Russian timber exports. The country's economy is also distinguished by the extraction of iron ore (9.8%).

GRP structure by type of economic activity (2005,%): mining 19.5, manufacturing 17.8, transport and communications 15.6, wholesale and retail trade, various household services 10.5, agriculture and forestry, hunting 6.1, public administration and military security, compulsory social security 5.2, construction 5.1, real estate transactions, rent and services 5.0, health and social services 4.5, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 4.3, education 3.8, other industries 2.6. The ratio of enterprises by form of ownership (by number of organizations, 2006,%): private 74.1, municipal 9.0, public and religious organizations (associations) 7.7, state 4.6, other forms of ownership 4.6.

The economically active population is 382 thousand people, of which 92.3% are employed in the economy. The structure of employment of the population (%): wholesale and retail trade, various household services 15.2, manufacturing 13.6, transport and communications 11.9, agriculture and forestry, hunting, fishing, fish farming 10.9, education 10.1 , health and social services 8.3, construction 6.4, real estate transactions 4.6, provision of other public, social and personal services 3.6, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 3.4, mining 3.0, other activities 9.0. The unemployment rate is 3.6%. Cash income per capita 13.8 thousand rubles per month (December 2007; 70.5% of the average for the Russian Federation); over 15% of the population of Karelia have incomes below the subsistence level.

Industry. The volume of industrial production in Karelia is 64.0 billion rubles (2006); 57.2% of them are in manufacturing, 27.0% - in mining, 15.8% - in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. The structure of the manufacturing industry (%): pulp and paper production and printing activities 44.4, metallurgy and production of metal products 18.2, woodworking, production of wood products 12.3, food industry 9.8, mechanical engineering 9.0, chemical industry 3.1, other industries 3.2.

The energy system of Karelia is part of the United Energy System of the North-West. Own electricity generation (table 1) satisfies domestic needs by 40%. The main generating company is TGK-1. The installed capacity of power plants is 1100 MW. Most of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants. Cascades of HPPs operate on the rivers Kem (4 power plants, total capacity 330 MW), Vyg (5 power plants, 240 MW), Suna (2 power plants, 50.6 MW). Petrozavodsk CHPP (280 MW). Among the investment projects in the industry are the construction of the Beloporozhskaya HPP (on the Kem River), small and mini HPPs.

The ferrous metallurgy of Karelia is based on its own resources of ferruginous quartzites (the Kostomuksha deposit is being developed, the Korpangskoye deposit is being prepared for development). Mining is carried out by the Karelsky Okatysh enterprise (created in 1993 on the basis of the Kostomuksha mining and processing plant; part of the Severstal company) - one of the largest Russian producers of iron ore pellets (9.4 million tons, 2006; over 20% of Russian production; the main consumer of products is the Severstal company), the Vartsila hardware plant (the city of Sortavala; since 2003 as part of the Mechel company; 62.5 thousand tons of hardware, 2006) is a major manufacturer of hardware products in the Russian North-West. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Nadvoitsky aluminum smelter (Segezhsky district; since 2003 it has been part of the SUAL company, since 2006 - the united company RUSAL; 80 thousand tons of primary aluminum, 2006).

The main products of mechanical engineering are equipment for the pulp and paper, chemical and petrochemical industries, military and civil ships, and logging equipment. The leading enterprise in the industry is Petrozavodskmash (part of the holding company of the same name), one of the Russian leaders in the production of technological lines for the production of pulp, paper and cardboard, equipment for the chemical and petrochemical industries, iron casting; modernizes large pulp and paper mills (PPM; Segezhsky, Kondopozhsky, Solikamsky, Syassky), supplies equipment for foreign companies (Finnish Metso Paper, Brazilian Foit Paper, Austrian Andritz). Among other enterprises of the industry: shipbuilding plants Onega (part of the ORIMI concern; dry cargo ships, also repairs and modernizes ships) and Avangard (military and civilian ships, ship repair), Onega Tractor Plant (tractors and various tracked vehicles for logging under the brand "Onezhets"; all - in Petrozavodsk); in Kostomuksha there is an enterprise AEK (production of automotive electrical wiring).

The timber industry complex is the basis of the economy of Karelia, it includes about 30 large logging enterprises, 10 specialized sawmills, 3 pulp and paper mills. The largest enterprises: Kondopoga (one of the Russian leaders in the production of paper, including newsprint, cardboard), Pitkyaranta pulp mill (market pulp, wood chemical products, including turpentine), Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill (logging, lumber production, craft paper, kraft liner, wood chemical products), Segezha Upakovka (in 2007 it was separated from the Segezha Pulp and Paper Mill into an independent structure; it produces paper bags under the Segezha Packaging brand), the Segezhsky sawmill and woodworking plant (since 2006, all 3 enterprises are part of the Investlesprom holding). Large logging and woodworking enterprises: Swedwood Karelia (Kostomuksha; a subsidiary of the Swedish concern IKEA; also produces furniture), Solomensky sawmill (Petrozavodsk; since 2005 part of the ASPEK group of companies), Nord Inter House (combines a sawmill in the village of Esterlo Lakhdenpokhsky district and a plant for advanced wood processing in the city of Lakhdenpokhya), Medvezhyegorsk timber industry enterprise, Pegas International (Prionezhsky district), Setles (Impilahti village, Pitkyaranta district; sawmill of the Finnish concern Stora Enso).

The main products of the chemical industry are emulsion explosives (Sibirit-3 company) and components for them (Eastern Mining Services company), initiation systems and blasting tools (a subsidiary of the Swedish-Norwegian company Dyno Nobel); all - in the city of Kostomuksha.

Among the food industry enterprises, the Petrovsky distillery, the Slavmo dairy plant, the Slavmo Kholod enterprise (ice cream), the Karelian meat processing plant (all in Petrozavodsk), the dairy plant (the city of Medvezhyegorsk), the meat processing plant (the city of Pudozh), the bakery (Kondopoga). Large enterprises in the fishing industry: the Belomor fishing collective farm (Belomorsky district, the village of Nyukhcha; fishing and fish processing), the Union of Fisheries of Karelia (Petrozavodsk; fishing, trout breeding, production of chilled and frozen fish, semi-finished products), Fish Products (Petrozavodsk; hot and cold smoked fish, etc.). There are also about 30 trout breeding farms (6.8 thousand tons of trout, 2006).

On the territory of Karelia, shungites are mined (Zazhoginskoye deposit; Karbon-Shungit company), pegmatites (Khetolambin deposit), the so-called Shoksha quartzite sandstones (Pukhtinskoye deposit), as well as natural building materials. Therapeutic mud (Gabozero deposit) and mineral waters (Marcial Waters and Olonetskoye deposits) are used.

Large industrial centers are Petrozavodsk, Kondopoga, Segezha, Kostomuksha, Pitkyaranta.

Foreign trade turnover of Karelia is 1416.9 million dollars (2006), including export of 1206 million dollars. Main export items: products of the timber industry complex (about 60% of the value), mainly paper, including newsprint, and cardboard, as well as commercial timber and sawn timber; iron ore pellets (about 30%). The main buyers are the EU countries (about 65% of the cost; about 1/3 falls on Finland), Asian countries (about 20%). They import mainly engineering products (about 60% of the value) from Finland, Germany and Sweden (machinery and industrial equipment, trucks), China (electrical equipment), chemical industry products, and food products.

Agriculture. The value of agricultural products is 3135 million rubles (2006), the shares of animal husbandry and crop production are approximately equal. Own agricultural production does not meet the needs of Karelia in food. Due to the natural features of the territory, agricultural land occupies 0.5% of the area of ​​Karelia, of which over 50% is arable land. Grow (table 2) fodder crops (77.4% of sown areas), potatoes and vegetables (21.4%), cereals (1.2%). Dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, and poultry farming are developed (Tables 3, 4).

The predominant part of agricultural land (75.6%) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations; in the personal use of citizens - 18%; the rest is occupied by the lands of farms (peasant) households. More than 50% of agricultural products are produced in the households of the population, in agricultural organizations - 44%, in farms - 2.6%. Almost all grain (about 95%) is produced in agricultural organizations, most of the potatoes (over 80%) and vegetables (over 60%) - in the households. Large producers of agricultural products: the Ilyinskoye breeding farm, the Megrega breeding farm, the Tuxa agricultural firm (all in the Olonetsky district; production of milk, cattle meat, as well as potatoes and vegetables), a poultry farm (Kondopoga), Korm ( Petrozavodsk; growing broilers).

Services sector. Karelia has a high tourist and recreational potential (over 4 thousand unique historical, cultural and natural monuments, including the Kizhi Museum, national parks and reserves, numerous lakes). About 1.7 million people visited Karelia in 2006 (estimate). The main types of tourism: cultural, educational, ecological, sports, water.

Transport. The main mode of transport is railway (about 90% of cargo and about 10% of passengers are transported). The length of railways is 2226 km (2006). The main railway lines: St. Petersburg - Lodeynoye Pole (Leningrad region) - Petrozavodsk - Belomorsk - Murmansk (with branches of Tomitsy - Suoyarvi, Kochkoma - Kiviyarvi, Belomorsk - Malenga, Loukhi - Pyaozero); Yanisjarvi - Yushkozero; Lodeynoye Pole - Olonets - Yanisyarvi - Khiitola - St. Petersburg. The electrification of railways continues (2008): the sections Idel - Svir (Leningrad region), Sumsky Posad - Malenga were electrified; freight traffic was opened on the section Ledmozero - Kochkoma. The length of paved roads is 6689 km. The main highway is the Kola federal highway (St. Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk; length 756 km). The road network of Karelia is characterized by a sharp decrease in the quality of road coverage as it moves away from the main highways. In 2006, highways were built connecting Karelia with the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions.

Shipping is important. The length of inland waterways is 3744 km (2006); the main water artery is the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Navigation is also carried out on the Onega and Ladoga lakes, the White Sea. Main ports: Petrozavodsk, Belomorsk, Kem, Medvezhyegorsk (now they work with a load of 20-40% due to a decrease in cargo traffic). Besovets International Airport near Petrozavodsk. The main gas pipeline Kirishi (Leningrad region) - Petrozavodsk - Kondopoga passes through the territory of Karelia. There are border crossings on the border with Finland, including Vartsila - Niirala, Kivijarvi (Lyttya) - Vartius (road and rail).

M. D. Goryachko.

healthcare. There are 45 hospitals, 5 dispensaries, 53 outpatient clinics, 195 feldsher-obstetric stations, 10 nursing homes, 1 perinatal center, 3 specialized medical centers, 1 specialized orphanage in Karelia; per 10 thousand inhabitants there are: 44.2 doctors, 113.9 paramedical personnel (2006), 117.1 hospital beds (2005). The overall incidence per 1 thousand inhabitants is 1962.3 cases (diseases of the circulatory, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems predominate); HIV infection - 54.9 per 100 thousand inhabitants (2006). Main causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system (55.0%); injuries, poisoning and accidents (14.8%); malignant neoplasms (11.9%) (2006). Resorts: Marcial Waters, Sortavala, etc.

A. N. Prokinova.

Education. Scientific and cultural institutions. There are (2005) 278 pre-school institutions (about 29 thousand pupils), more than 290 daytime general education institutions (over 81 thousand students), 75 institutions of additional education (over 73 thousand students), 20 institutions of primary and 17 institutions of secondary vocational education ( over 23 thousand students in total), 14 state universities (including branches; over 613 thousand students). About 20 museums.

The main universities, scientific institutions, libraries and museums are located in Petrozavodsk. There are also: Museum of the History of the First Russian Resort Marcial Waters (1946); Olonets National Museum of Karelian Livviks named after N. G. Prilukin (1959); Sheltozero Veps Ethnographic Museum (since 1967, since 1980 a branch of the State Museum of Local Lore); Kizhi State Historical-Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve [included in the UNESCO World Heritage List (1990) and in the State Register of Especially Valuable Cultural Heritage Objects of the Russian Federation (1993)]; Valaam Research, Church, Archaeological and Natural Museum-Reserve (founded in 1979 as a historical, architectural and natural museum-reserve; liquidated in 1992; reopened in 2005), etc.

Mass media. Leading republican publications: newspapers "Karelia" (since 1992, 3 times a week, a total circulation of 20 thousand copies, in Russian), "Karjalan Sanoman" ("News of Karelia", since 1920, in Finnish), "Youth Newspaper of Karelia "(since 1920, in Russian), "Leninskaya Pravda" (since 1918, in Russian), "Oma mua" ("Native Land", since 1995, in Karelian), "Vienan Karjala" ("White Sea Karelia" , in Karelian), "Kodima" ("Native land", in the Vepsian language; all - the city of Petrozavodsk); district and city newspapers: "Petrozavodsk" (city of Petrozavodsk, since 1991, 12.5 thousand copies), "Novaya Kondopoga" (city of Kondopoga, weekly, 5 thousand copies), "Doverie" (city of Segezha, 2 times a week, 3 , 6 thousand copies), “News of Kostomuksha” (city of Kostomuksha), “Suoyarvi Bulletin” (city of Suoyarvi), “Belomorskaya Tribune” (city of Belomorsk), “Pudozhskiy Bulletin” (city of Pudozh) and others. Broadcasting since 1926, television since 1959. Television and radio programs have been broadcast by the Karelia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (since 1992) and others.

Literature. The literature of the peoples of Karelia is developed in the Finnish, Karelian, Vepsian and Russian languages ​​on the basis of folklore traditions (which found expression, in particular, in the Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala"). Finn writers who emigrated to Karelia after the defeat of the Finnish Revolution of 1918 participated in the creation of Karelian literature: J. Virtanen, O. Ioganson, H. Tikhlya and others. , was closest to the northern Karelians. Writers N. M. Yakkola, A. N. Timonen, Ya. V. Rugoev, P. Perttu, N. Laine, O. Stepanov came from the White Sea Karelia, whose work is dominated by stories about folk life with a detailed description of local activities, customs, beliefs: the historical tetralogy "On the banks of the Pirttijärvi" by Yakkola (1949-66), the poetic dilogy "The Tale of the Karelians" by Rugoev (1956-59), the series of novels "Relatives" by Stepanov (1969-89), etc. Lyric poetry in Finnish language in the 20th century is represented by the work of T. O. Guttari, T. K. Summanen, A. Mishin, R. Takala and others.

Literature in the Karelian language began to actively form in the last decades of the 20th century; its initiators are the poet V. Brandoev and the prose writer P. Lukin. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, Karelian-language literature was represented by A. Volkov, V. Veikki, Z. Dubinina, O. Mishina, M. Pakhomov, I. Pekshueva, and others. A. Pulkin, poetry N. V. Abramov, V. Ershov). After the revival of national writing (at the end of the 1980s), a book for reading “We read and speak Vepsian” (1991) was published, poetry and prose works appeared in the Vepsian language, the main theme of which is the harmony of peasant life and the life of nature; among their authors - N. V. Abramov (collection of poems "Let's talk, brother", 2005), V. Yashov, A. Andreeva. The Russian-language literature of Karelia is represented by the epic prose of A. M. Linevskii (historical tetralogy "White Sea", 1954-65), D. Ya. Gusarov (chronicle novel "Beyond the Line of Mercy", 1977), F. A. Trofimov; the poetry of I. Kostin, Yu. V. Linnik, V. V. Sergin, E. Soini, V. P. Sudakov, M. Tarasov and others.

Yu. I. Dyuzhev, E. G. Karkhu.

Architecture and fine arts. On the coast of the White Sea (Besovy Sledki, Zalavruga, etc.) and Lake Onega (Besov Nos, Peri Nos, Karetsky Nos, the Kochkovnavolok Peninsula, etc.), many petroglyphs of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages have been preserved. Conditional silhouettes of moose and other animals, people, scenes of hunting, sea trades, battles, rituals, etc., carved with dot technique, are very expressive. Later images are more realistic and narrative in nature. Fragments of ornamented ceramics date back to the Neolithic, and elk heads carved from stone and antlers (Oleneostrovsky burial ground on Lake Onega), schematic male and female figurines date back to the Mesolithic. Archaeological finds (jewelry, ceramics, etc.) testify to the wide ties of the local population with Scandinavia, the Volga region, etc. From the 12th-14th centuries, the development of the artistic culture of Karelia was closely intertwined with the development of Russian art.

In Karelia, rich in forests, wooden architecture has become widespread. Wooden chopped churches of various types have been preserved. The “Kletsky” type (rectangular frame under a 2-pitched roof) is represented by the Lazarevskaya Church from the Murom Monastery (15th century), a chapel from the village of Lelikozero (2nd half of the 18th century; now both are in the Kizhi Museum-Reserve), a chapel in the village of Volkostrov near Kizhi (17-18 centuries). There are numerous hipped temples with a central 4-sided frame ("four"), turning into an "octagon", crowned with an 8-sided tent with a cupola: churches in the village of Cholmuzhi (Medvezhyegorsk district, 1605), on Lychny Island on Lake Sandal (Kondopoga district, 1620), in the villages of Yandomozero (1650), Kosmozero (1720, according to other sources - 1768-70), Tipinitsa (1781, the bell tower - 1829-30, burned down in 1976), etc. The most perfect example of such a temple is the Assumption Church in Kondopoga (1774), a majestic building 42 m high, harmonious in proportions, perfectly inscribed in the landscape. The refectory of St. Nicholas Church of the Muezersky Trinity Monastery (1602-05), located near the Karelian coast of the White Sea, has been preserved. From the 2nd half of the 17th century, “cubic” churches appeared (their basis is a high quadrangle covered with a square “cube” dome topped with one or more onion domes), multi-roofed, multi-domed churches with a complicated silhouette, elegant and picturesque. An outstanding example of a multi-tented church is the Assumption Cathedral in Kem (1711-17). Churches in the village of Virma (Belomorsky district, about 1625, according to other sources - 1696, refectory - 1909) and in Ilyinsky churchyard on Vodlozero (Pudozhsky district, 1798) are of the "cubic" type. Multi-domed churches are represented in Karelia by the masterpieces of wooden architecture of the Kizhi churchyard (on the island of Kizhi). Under the strong influence of the forms of stone architecture, the following were built: the Church of Saints Florus and Laurus near the village of Megrega (Olonets region, 1613), the Peter and Paul Church in the village of Dvortsy near the village of Marcial Waters (1721).

In the folk dwelling, the predominant type is the "house-yard", or the northern Russian version of the hut. The “purse” building is also widespread, in which all the rooms are grouped into a square log house with a roof with 2 slopes of unequal length (Oshevnev’s house, 1876, now in the Kizhi Museum-Reserve). Figured processing of pillars on the porches, balconies and walkways, openwork carving of chapels, valances, "towels" are characteristic. Stone construction began in Karelia in the 18th century in connection with the development of industry and the growth of cities (Petrozavodsk, Olonets, Kem, Pudozh; Serdobol, now Sortavala). A valuable architectural monument of classicism of the 1770-80s is the ensemble of the former Round Square (now Lenin Square) in Petrozavodsk (originally - according to the project of E. S. Nazarov); it attracts with clarity of composition, harmonious unity of simple noble forms. The majestic Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky in Petrozavodsk (1826-31) was also built in the style of classicism. Among the significant monuments of stone architecture of the 19th - early 20th century: the Holy Cross Cathedral in Petrozavodsk (1847-52), St. George's Church in the village of Tolvuya (1869), the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Sortavala (1873, architect N. P. Grebenko), the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky in Pudozh (1903), the ensembles of the Valaam Monastery, the Murom Monastery (2nd half of the 19th century), the Vazheozersky Monastery (2nd half of the 19th - early 20th century).

The iconography of Karelia is original. In the 14th-15th centuries, it was almost inseparable from the Novgorod school, mainly from its archaizing branch, connected with folk origins. Gradually, samples of other icon painting schools (Vladimir-Suzdal, Moscow) penetrate into Karelia. As a result of diverse influences, a peculiar art of local masters was formed, in which a connection with folk art is noticeable. Artists painted saints in the form of peasants, surrounding them with real details of peasant life. Icons of another direction are more refined and fine in design, the painting is transparent, the color tones are delicate, light, inspired by northern nature (the icon painters of the mid-17th century Ignatius and Mokei Panteleev).

In the late 19th century - 1930s, buildings in the style of Art Nouveau, Finnish national romanticism, neoclassicism were built up in the cities of the northern Ladoga region: Sortavala (wooden town hall, 1885, architect F. A. Sjestrem; building of the People's Joint Stock Bank, early 20th century, architect E. Saarinen, Ladoga restaurant, 1926, architect K. Borg), Pitkyaranta, Lahdenpohja and their environs (Lutheran church in the village of Lumivaara, 1935, architect I. Launis). In the 20th century, the appearance of Petrozavodsk changed, new cities grew up - Medvezhyegorsk, Kondopoga, Belomorsk, Segezha, etc. Colonnades, pilasters, pediments, etc. theater in Petrozavodsk, 1953-55, architect S. G. Brodsky, sculptor S. T. Konenkov); in some buildings, decorative elements are introduced with restraint and tact [the building of the local history museum in Medvezhyegorsk, 1938; Public Library, 1959, architect K. Ya. Gutin (now the National Library); Communications House, 1950, architect A. K. Andreev, both in Petrozavodsk; houses of culture in Segezha, Kondopoga, etc.]. A number of buildings used decorative motifs of folk wooden architecture (summer cinema in the park of culture and recreation in Petrozavodsk, 1949, M. G. Starchenko). In the second half of the 20th century, the search for new architectural forms led to successful solutions in industrial architecture (the building of the Vygostrovskaya hydroelectric power station, 1961, chief engineer G. I. Konenkov) and in the architecture of public buildings. By 1994, the construction of the Onega embankment was completed in Petrozavodsk, along which there are monumental sculptures - gifts from sister cities.

V. N. Popov, a portrait and landscape painter, and A. Ya. Andriyanov played a significant role in the development of professional fine arts in Karelia in the first third of the 20th century; in the 1930s, several painters were already working in Petrozavodsk, depicting the formation of a new way of life (D. S. Ershov, A. I. Katseblin), and the wood carver Yu. O. Rautanen, who devoted his work to historical themes and folk customs of Karelia. In the painting of the 1950s-1970s, the most common landscape, often with genre motifs (V. M. Avdysheva, B. N. Pomortsev). The originality of the nature of Karelia, the peculiarities of its coloring were conveyed in his works by S. Kh. Yuntunen; a series of portraits of partisans, fishermen, storytellers, artists was performed by G. A. Stronk, who also works in the etching technique; L. F. Langinen (Lankinen), V. M. Avdysheva and others turned to still life; K. L. Butorov and B. N. Pomortsev worked in the field of everyday genre. Since the 1950s, graphics have been successfully developed (O. P. Borodkin, A. F. Kozlov, A. V. Semyashkin, Z. E. Lvovich, S. I. Gryazeva, V. P. Tervinsky, A. I. Avdyshev , M. A. Ignatieva, M. M. Mechev and others), since the 1960s - sculpture, mainly portrait and genre (L. F. Langinen, V. V. Afanasiev, E. A. Akulov). Artists V. S. Chekmasov, F. E. Nieminen, O. S. Yuntunen, E. K. Pekhova, T. G. Yufa, A. I. Morozov, A. A. Trifonov and etc.

Notched and openwork woodcarving has long been developed in Karelia (temples, huts, outbuildings, furniture, dishes, spinning wheels, sledges, arcs, etc.). In addition to carving, buildings and utensils were decorated with decorative paintings (flowers, etc.). Embroidery is widespread, which has its own characteristics in different regions. In Pudozh and Pomorye, until recently, gold embroidery and pearl embroidery were common. Zaonezhskaya, the so-called Olonets, embroidery is especially famous.

Music. Folklore traditions of Karelians, Russians (including Pomors), Vepsians, Finns are supported by the work of many groups in the cities and villages of Karelia, among them - the Vepsian folk choir (the village of Sheltozero, Prionezhsky district, 1936), the Pomeranian folk choir (Belomorsk, 1937), Segozersky folk choir (Padany village, Medvezhyegorsk region, 1935), Karelian folk choir "Oma pajo", Ingrian academic choir "Inkeri" (both - Petrozavodsk, 1990). Kalevalsky district of Karelia - the center of the rune-singing tradition; runic songs have been studied since the 1st half of the 19th century, systematically since the 1930s. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, epics were first recorded in the Onega region. In 1918, a music school, an academic choir, a brass band, and an orchestra of folk instruments were created in Petrozavodsk; in 1933 - a symphony orchestra (conductor L. Ya. Teplitsky). In 1932, the folklorist and composer V. P. Gudkov organized a kantele playing circle, which served as the basis for the Kantele State Song and Dance Ensemble of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936, since 1939 as part of the State Philharmonic Society formed in the same year; now the National Song and Dance Ensemble of Karelia Kantele). In 1937, the Union of Composers of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created, in 1938 - the Petrozavodsk Musical College. In the 1930s, in Medvezhyegorsk, the so-called Theater of the White Sea-Baltic Combine (a troupe of prisoners) staged the operas Eugene Onegin by P. I. Tchaikovsky, Carmen by J. Bizet.

The beginning of professional composer creativity in Karelia is associated with the development of folklore. Arrangements of folk songs were created by L. K. Jousinen, K. E. Rautio, L. Ya. Teplitsky, R. S. Pergament. The symphonic work was written by Parchment (“Aino”, 1935, based on “Kalevala”), G.-R. N. Sinisalo (the first Karelian symphony "Heroes of the Forest", 1948), K. E. Rautio, R. E. Rautio. The musical folklore of Karelia is also used in the works of Leningrad composers who worked in Petrozavodsk - N. N. Levi (children's opera "Karelian Tale", 1940), L. V. Vishkarev (opera "Sampo", 1945, not staged), etc.

The operas “Kumokha” by R. S. Pergament (comic, based on Karelian fairy tales) and “The Daughter of the People” by L. V. Vishkarev (on a military theme) written in 1948 were subjected to official party criticism in 1948-49 (2nd edition “ Kumokhi” staged in 1959). In 1955, the Music and Drama Theater was opened in Petrozavodsk, where, in particular, the operettas The Real Guys by A. I. Holland (1963), The Age of a Woman by Holland and G.-R. N. Sinisalo (1966), opera "The Blacksmith's Sword" by Yu. M. Zaritsky (based on the play by D. A. Shcheglov "Maiden Lake", 1972); musicals have been staged since the late 1970s. Among the best productions is the opera "Three Brothers" (based on Karelian epic songs) Parchment (1948, orchestrated by V.K. Koshelev, staged in 1985). The children's opera "Princess of the Cat's Castle" by P. B. Kozinsky (based on Karelian fairy tales, 1980), "The Song of the Fiery Flower" by B. D. Napreev (based on the novel by J. Linnankoski, 1982) was also created. The author of the first ballets in Karelia is Sinisalo [“Sampo” (1959), “I Remember a Wonderful Moment” (based on the works of Glinka, 1962), “Stronger than Love” (1965), “Leader of the Redskins” (together with Holland, 1971), "Kizhi legend" (1973)]. Other ballets include E. N. Patlaenko's Hiawatha (1972). National cantatas and oratorios were created by Parchment (“The Poem about Partisan Girls”, 1947; the oratorio “Happiness Found”, 1952), Holland (ode “My Land”), romances and songs - Parchment, Holland, Sinisalo. Parchment's contribution to the development of chamber instrumental music is significant (Northern Album for violin and piano, 1950; pieces for cello, 6 pieces for kantele alto and string quartet, 1955). Since the 1960s, symphonic and chamber works have been created by S. G. Leonchik (Children's Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, Sonata for Cello and Piano, "Lyrical Songs" on the verses "Kanteletar", Poem for Violin and String Orchestra), E. N Patlaenko [symphony-cantata "Kanteletar", 1963; 3rd (1967) and 4th (1984) symphonies; concerto for orchestra, 1971; symphony-oratorio "Russia and the Sword", 1978], Kozinsky (sonatas for clarinet and piano, concertino for clarinet and string orchestra), G. A. Vavilov ("Epic Poem" for orchestra, 1970; symphonietta, 1969; symphonies - 1969 , 1972; "Choral and Fugue", 1978; symphonic poem "Memory", 1985), V. A. Konchakov (suite "Veps tunes", 1978), Koshelev (concert music for orchestra, 1978, 1979), Napreev (symphony , 1982), A. S. Beloborodov ("Symphony of Runes", 1985). Works on the history of music were created by G. I. Lapchinsky, in various areas of musical theory - by Yu. G. Konom. Among the figures of Karelian musical culture: singers S. Rikka, I. Gridchina, Z. Petchenko, V. Krasilnikov, R. Sabirova, L. Tepponen, M. Kubli. Conductor I. E. Sherman made a great contribution to the development of Karelian musical culture.

The Karelian State Philharmonic Society (1939) includes: Symphony Orchestra (1933; one of the largest in the region; since 1992 chief conductor and artistic director O. Soldatov, since 2006 - M. Stravinsky), Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments "Onego" (1975, artistic director G. I. Mironov). In 1991, the Petrozavodsk Conservatory was opened (founded in 1967 as a branch of the Leningrad Conservatory; since 2003 named after A. K. Glazunov). International festivals: in the cities of Karelia - Days of Chamber Music (since 1988), "Golden Roving" (since 1989; both are annual); in Petrozavodsk - folk music "Kantele", choral assembly "Laulu" ("Song"); in Kostomuksha - chamber art (since 1988), etc.

There are 2 automatic carillons installed in Kondopoga.

Theatre. In the 1870s, the Society of Music and Dramatic Art Lovers was formed in Petrozavodsk, whose performances were held in the premises of the Charitable Society and the city library. In 1907, the first professional theater troupe was created under the direction of I. F. Savelyev, which made its debut with D. V. Averkiev’s play Kashira Antiquity. In 1918-20, the People's Drama Theater worked in Petrozavodsk under the direction of N.V. Petrov. In March 1921, the first Finnish troupe was organized under the direction of V. Linden. On November 1, 1929, the Karelian Drama Theater (since 1932 the Theater of Russian Drama) was opened. At the end of 1931, a Finnish troupe was formed from graduates of the Karelian branch of the Leningrad Theater Studio under the direction of K. Sevander, on the basis of which the Finnish Drama Theater (now the National Theater of the Republic of Karelia) was founded in 1932. In 1955, the Music and Drama Theater was organized on the basis of the Theater of Russian Drama, in 1968 the theater was divided into Russian Drama and Musical. In 1997, the National Theater Studio was opened at the Petrozavodsk Conservatory. There are also theaters in Petrozavodsk: puppet theaters (1935), the youth "Creative Workshop" (1988), the theater of three muses music and drama studio (1988), the children's "Person" (2000), the chamber "Basement" (2001), poetry "CREDO" (2003) and others. International theater festivals are held in Petrozavodsk: chamber performances "Lambushka" (since 1998), "Northern Star" (since 2005).

Lit .: Linevskiy A.M. Petroglyphs of Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1939. Part 1; Gabe R. M. Karelian wooden architecture. M., 1941; Songs of the peoples of the Karelian-Finnish SSR / Comp. V. Gudkov, N. Levy. Petrozavodsk, 1941; Opolovnikov A. V. Monuments of wooden architecture of the Karelian-Finnish SSR. M., 1955; Smirnova E. S. Painting of Obonezhie XIV-XVI centuries. M., 1967; she is. Along the shores of Lake Onega. L., 1969; Lapchinsky G. I. Musical culture of Karelia. L., 1968; he is. Music of Soviet Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1970; Bryusova V. G. On the Olonets land. M., 1972; Songs of the Karelian region / Comp. T. Krasnopolskaya. Petrozavodsk, 1977; Chicherov V.I. Schools of Narrators in Zaonezhye. M., 1982; Musical art of Karelia. L., 1983; Mullo I. M. Monuments of history and culture of Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1984; Vygolov V.P., Udralova N.V. To the land of white nights. M., 1986; Yamshchikov SV Ancient painting of Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1986; Settlements of ancient Karelia: (from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages). Petrozavodsk, 1988; Atlas of the Karelian ASSR. M., 1989; Grishin A.S. Geoblocks of the Baltic Shield. Petrozavodsk, 1990; Plotnikov V. Fine Arts of Soviet Karelia. L., 1990; Chronology and periodization of archaeological sites in Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1991; Music of the North. Petrozavodsk, 1994; History of literature of Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1994-2000. T. 1-3; Archeology of Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 1996; History of Karelia from ancient times to the present day. Petrozavodsk, 2001; North of Russia. XXI century: Artists of the northern, Siberian and Far Eastern regions of Russia. M., 2001. Book. one; Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia. M., 2003; Diversity of the nature of Karelia: formation conditions, communities, species. Petrozavodsk, 2003; German K. E., Melnikov I. V., Spiridonov A. M. Fundamentals of archeology of Karelia. Petrozavodsk, 2004; History of the economy of Karelia: In 3 books. Petrozavodsk, 2005-2006; Bioresource potential of geographic landscapes of the north-west of the taiga zone of Russia (on the example of the Republic of Karelia). Petrozavodsk, 2005; Early Precambrian of the Baltic Shield / Edited by V. A. Glebovitsky. St. Petersburg, 2005; Forest complex of the Republic of Karelia: state and ways of development. Petrozavodsk, 2006; Innovative way of development of the Republic of Karelia / Edited by A. E. Kurilo. Petrozavodsk, 2007; Priority national projects in Karelia / Chief editor T. Kolesova. Petrozavodsk, 2007; Kurilo A. E., Nemkovich E. G., Senyushkin E. N. Socio-economic transformations in the Republic of Karelia (1990-2005). Petrozavodsk, 2007; Savvateev Yu. A. Eternal writings (rock carvings of Karelia). Petrozavodsk, 2007; Archaeological monuments of Karelia. Catalog. Petrozavodsk, 2007; Dyuzhev Yu.I., Chikina A.V. Writers of Karelia: Bibliographic Dictionary. Petrozavodsk, 2006.

The Republic of Karelia is located in the northwestern part of Russia. In the west it borders on Finland, in the south - on the Leningrad and Vologda regions, in the north - on Murmansk, in the east - on the Arkhangelsk region, in the northeast it is washed by the White Sea. The territory of the republic is stretched from north to south (from 66°40" to 60o40" north latitude), its length in this direction reaches 660 km. From west to east, the length at the latitude of the city of Kem is 424 km. The area of ​​Karelia is 172.4 thousand km2.
The geographical position of Karelia, the elongation of the territory from north to south largely determine the specificity of climatic conditions in its different parts, the nature and distribution of vegetation, and significant swampiness. A fairly humid climate and rugged terrain with frequently changing hills and depressions caused the formation of many lakes (from the largest - Onega and Ladoga - to drainless lambushki) and rivers with rapids and waterfalls.

The basis of the Karelian landscape is the geological history of the development of this peculiar region, as a result of which the corresponding rocks were formed here, sometimes unique, not found anywhere else, rich in various minerals.

Karelia is located on the southeastern slope of the Baltic Shield - one of the largest projections of the foundation of the ancient East European platform. Precambrian crystalline rocks forming the earth's crust overlain by a mantle of the youngest Quaternary and recent deposits are developed over a large area. The formations of other geological systems are of little distribution.

If we mentally remove the cover of Quaternary loose deposits, then among the primary Precambrian formations of the basement, exposed on the Earth's surface in the modern erosional section, one can see a picture that is usually schematically depicted on geographical maps. They show fields of rocks of different age and composition in different colors. Large areas are composed of granites and gneissic granites.

Against their background, bands of sedimentary-volcanic formations, an irregular shape of the area of ​​ancient sediments, are clearly distinguished; ovals or lines indicating the location of intrusive igneous rocks of basic and other compositions. There are a large number of varieties of rocks that differ in composition, method of formation, degree and nature of transformations (metamorphism), as well as age. And they all make up the ancient earth's crust.

In recent years, on the basis of complex geological and geographical studies, extensive information has been obtained on the deep structure of the earth's crust on the Baltic Shield, including in Karelia. It has been established that the earth's crust of the continental type has a layered-block structure here. The layered structure of the earth's crust is due to its heterogeneous composition along the section.

According to geological data, it was revealed that at a depth of 30 to 42 km (different in different zones) the sole of the earth's crust is located, which is separated by the “Moss” section from the upper mantle lying below it. Inside the earth's crust, more dividing lines are distinguished, the main of which separates the lower "basalt" (or granulite-basalt) layer from the upper diorite-granite (or granite-metamorphic) layer. This dividing line, called the Konrad boundary, is located at a depth of 8 to 20 km.
The thickness of the earth's crust and its constituent layers is not the same in area. The combination of layers of the earth's crust with different thicknesses in different zones led to the emergence of sections of the earth's crust that differ in geological structure and possible ore content. These areas, or, as they are called, blocks of the earth's crust, have a different area and configuration. The largest blocks, for example, the Karelian-Kola geoblock, are subdivided into megablocks, which, in turn, into blocks of smaller sizes. The junction zones of the megablocks of the earth's crust are large structural seams, or zones of deep tectonic faults that cut through the earth's crust.

Thus, the structure of the modern earth's crust in the Karelian region combines two main features: its layered and block structure. The emergence of this type of structure of the earth's crust was the result of a long and complex geological history.

To decipher the history of the formation of the earth's crust and the geological processes that took place on its surface, the geological formations themselves, which were formed at different times on the surface of the earth, in the upper part of its diorite-granite layer, help. And although these sedimentary-volcanic formations have undergone uneven and sometimes very strong metamorphic transformations under the influence of time-varying pressure, temperatures, gas regime, magmatic activity and other factors, they establish the primary signs of rock formation on the earth's surface.
The moraine of the last glaciation covers a significant part of the territory of Karelia. It is represented mainly by boulder sands and sandy loams; in the southern part there are also loamy and even clay varieties. As a result of the melting of large masses of ice, the released glacial melt water washed and redeposited the moraine, forming fluvioglacial deposits represented by oblique and horizontally layered coarse-grained pebble sands and gravel-pebble-boulder formations. Accumulating in the depressions of the pre-glacial relief at the edge of the glacier, these waters formed lakes, in which lacustrine-glacial sediments were deposited - banded clays, silts and sands, which currently compose the periglacial plains and kams. In the northern regions of Karelia, marine late-non- and post-glacial clays, sands and pebbles are developed.
About 10 thousand years ago, organogenic peat-bog deposits and diatomites began to form. Lacustrine-glacial basins decreased in size, gradually acquiring contours close to the modern outlines of lakes; Near their coasts, post-glacial lacustrine sandy and jeschano-pebble sediments came to the surface. Their most significant areas are observed near large lakes - Onega, Ladoga, Topozero, Pyaozero and others. Here, in small areas, eolian deposits are developed, represented by pure fine-grained sands, without gravel-pebble inclusions.
Immediately after the melting of the glacier, eluvial-deluvial deposits and weathering crusts began to form on the surface of pre-Quaternary formations, noted in a number of places in the southern regions of Karelia.
The youngest alluvial sands, sandy loams (often with pebbles) and less often clays are developed in the valleys of large rivers, where they form floodplain channel sections.

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GEOLOGY OF KARELIA Geography teacher, secondary school No. 20, Petrozavodsk G.L. Yazhuk

EGP The Republic of Karelia is located in the north-west of Russia and is part of the Northern Economic Region of the Russian Federation. The area of ​​Karelia is 180.5 thousand square meters. km (1.06% of the territory of the Russian Federation). The length of the territory of the Republic of Karelia from north to south reaches 660 km. From west to east along the latitude of the city of Kem, the length is 424 km. In the west, Karelia borders on Finland, in the south - on the Leningrad and Vologda regions, in the north - on Murmansk, in the east - on the Arkhangelsk region. In the northeast, the republic is washed by the White Sea. The western border of Karelia coincides with the state border of the Russian Federation and Finland and has a length of 723 km.

Geological history Geology (from other Greek. Earth + doctrine) - a set of sciences about the structure of the Earth, its origin and development, based on the study of geological processes, material composition, the structure of the earth's crust and lithosphere by all available methods with the involvement of data from other sciences and disciplines

Karelia is located on the southeastern slope of the Baltic Shield - one of the largest projections of the foundation of the ancient East European platform. The formations of other geological systems are of little distribution.

Three stages are distinguished in the geological history of Karelia: 1st stage: from the Archean era to the Quaternary period - determined the main features of the relief (impact of endogenous factors) 2nd stage: Ice Age - repeated ice sheets (glacial landforms) 3rd stage: (post-glacial) Galocene period (10.2 thousand years ago) - modern hydrographic network, swamps, anthropogenic impact on all components of the geographic envelope.

Task: Read the text on p.25. Heading - It's interesting ... Write in a notebook: What is called an era- ... Names and characteristics of the era.

In recent years, on the basis of complex geological and geographical studies, extensive information has been obtained on the deep structure of the earth's crust on the Baltic Shield, including in Karelia. It has been established that the earth's crust of the continental type has a layered-block structure here. The layered structure of the earth's crust is due to its heterogeneous composition along the section.

Relief Most of the territory of Karelia is occupied by a hilly plain with pronounced traces of glacier activity. The wavy stone firmament of the earth's surface still retains traces of ancient mountains. Karelia is often figuratively called "hard stone lake-forest", emphasizing the leading elements of the landscape, the unique combinations created by the spaces of the bizarre outlines of many lakes and the stony-smoothed interfluves that separate them, covered with the greenery of the taiga.

Almost the entire territory lies within the eastern part of the Baltic crystalline shield, and its surface is a hilly plain with pronounced traces of ancient glaciation, where highlands and lowlands, granite rocks and basins alternate. The Manselkya Ridge and the West Karelian Upland, located in the west and northwest of Karelia, pass into the White Sea, Olonets, Vodlinskaya Uplands, adjacent to the Ladoga and Onega Lakes and the White Sea, the coasts of which are strongly indented and have many bays and bays.

There are 175 deposits of 24 types of minerals in Karelia. Mica, feldspar, quartz, facing stone, as well as various building materials - granites, diabases, marbles are actively mined. There are gold, silver, diamonds, rare earth metals. Deposits of iron ore, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum are being developed. Deposits of uranium ores have been explored (primarily Onega).

Working with the text of the textbook: Read the text and give examples of human impact on the relief of Karelia.

D.z. Using the maps of the atlas, compare the tectonic and physical maps of Karelia. What landforms correspond to the Archean and Proterozoic age? What landforms were formed as a result of the activity of the glacier?