, participle in english has the properties of the verb and or.
Forms of participles in English
The most important forms of participles are:
- Present Participle- present participle (in active voice).
- Past Participle- past participle.
Usually, the study of the participles is reduced to the study of only these two forms, as the most important. In this article, we'll look at them first and then return to other forms.
Basic participle forms: Present Participle and Past Participle
In other sources, you may come across the names Participle I and Participle II - this is the same as Present Participle and Past Participle.
Present Participle - present participle
Despite the name, the present participle can refer not only to the present tense - it denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the predicate. That is, if the predicate is in the present tense, then the participle refers to the present, if in the past, then to the past, etc.
The present participle is formed with -ing at the end of a word: waiting, living, thinking.
Present Participle used in the following cases:
1. For long-term educationtimes
That is, of all tenses of the verb Continuous and Perfect Continuous
I am waiting for you. - I'm waiting for you.
I have been waiting for you. -I was waiting for you.
2. Before a noun as an adjective
The participle defines a noun, shows a sign, like an adjective.
It was an amazing film. - It was an amazing film.
He was trapped inside the burning house. - He was trapped inside a burning house.
3. To indicate simultaneous actions
When two actions occur simultaneously and are performed by the same person or object, one of the actions can be expressed by the participle.
Whistling to himself, he walked down the steer. - Whistling, he walked down the street.
He sat on the bench reading a newspaper. – He sat on a bench reading a newspaper.
Also, the first action can be expressed by the participle if the second, performed by the same person or object, occurred immediately after the first.
Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. She dropped the gun and raised her hands.
Putting on his coat, he left the house. - Putting on his coat, he left the house.
If it is necessary to emphasize that one action happened before another, the Perfect Participle form is used (see below)
4. To express the circumstances of the cause
The participle can be used in place of a reason starting with conjunctions as, since, because... In this case, the participial phrase explains the reason for the action.
Being poor, he didn’t spend much on clothes. - Because he was poor, he didn't spend a lot of money on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat. “Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the apartment.
5. In circulationComplex Objectwith verbs of perception
Past Participle - past participle
The past participle is formed:
- Regular verbs: with -ed at the end of a word: danced, liked, lived, invited.
- Irregular verbs: in a special way, see.
The past participle is used:
1. For the education of the timesPerfect
That is, the tenses of the verbs Perfect and Perfect Continuous
I have read the book. - I read the book.
We have decided to leave. - We decided to leave.
2. For the formation of forms of passive voice
I am given a mission. - I was given an assignment.
I have been trusted with a great secret. - I was entrusted with a great secret.
3. As a nominal part of a compound predicate
In this case, the predicate consists of the verb to be + Past Participle
My heart is broken... - My heart is broken.
The problem is taken care of. - The problem was taken care of.
4. As a definition to a noun
Before a noun, the participle is used as an adjective:
A purchased item can be returned. - The purchased item can be returned.
They fixed the broken cup. “They fixed a broken cup.
After the noun, the participle replaces the subordinate clause-definition with the verb in the passive voice:
This is the letter received this morning (which was received this morning) - This is the letter received this morning.
A man betrayed by his friend (who is betrayed by his friends) - A person who was betrayed by friends.
5. To express the circumstance of time or reason
In this case, the participial turnover replaces the clause-circumstance with the verb in the passive voice.
Frightened by the cat, my puppy ran away. - Frightened by the cat, my puppy ran away.
Asked for help, Jim called the police. “When asked for help, Jim called the police.
These sentences can be replaced with similar ones with clauses:
As my puppy was frightened by the cat, he ran away. - Since my puppy was scared by the cat, he ran away.
When he was asked for help, Jim called the police. “When asked for help, Jim called the police.
Other forms of the present participle
The present participle has four forms:
| Active | Passive | |
| Present Participle | Writing | Being written |
| Perfect Participle | Having written | Having been written |
We have already considered the main, most important form - it is crossed out in the table. Consider why the rest are needed.
Present participle passive
This form is formed according to the scheme: being + Past Participle; being held, being taken being crushed etc.
It is used:
1. As a definition
As a definition, this form of participle is used in participial phrases corresponding to relative clauses-definitions with a verb in the passive voice.
The car being towed(which is being towed) is mine. “The car being towed is mine.
The house being demolished(which is being demolished) is haunted. - The house that is being demolished is inhabited by ghosts.
2. To express reason and time
This form is used as a circumstance in participial phrases, where it expresses the reason and time. These turns are equivalent to the relative clauses of reason and tense with a verb in a passive voice.
Being left alone, the puppy felt lonely. - Left alone, the puppy felt lonely.
Being asked for explanation, he didn’t refuse to answer. - When asked to explain, he did not refuse to answer.
Perfect Participle Active \ Passive
Communion in the form Perfect Participle in the active or passive voice expresses an action that occurred earlier than the action in the predicate.
Education scheme:
- Active voice: having + Past Participle
- Passive voice: having been + Past Participle
This form is used
1. To express the circumstances of the reason.
Having worked in the company for ten years, he had good connections. “After working for the company for ten years, he had good connections.
Having been wounded, he asked someone to call the ambulance. - Being wounded, he asked someone to call an ambulance.
2. To express the circumstances of the time
Having finished the painting, he opened a bottle of wine. - Having finished the painting, he opened a bottle of wine.
Having been packed, my books were sent to the library. - After they were packed, my books were sent to the library.
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You can find the English Participle here.
THE PARTICIPLE
1. A participle is an impersonal form of a verb that has the characteristics of a verb, adjective and adverb. In Russian, both the participle and the gerunds correspond to the English participle.
Like the verb, the participle in English has tense forms (and the participle of transitive verbs also has passive forms) and can be determined by an adverb:
A well-bred woman does nothing which shall make people talk of her.
A well-mannered woman does nothing to make people talk about her (discuss her).
Like an adjective, a participle can serve as a definition and a predicate in a sentence:
The first International Conference of Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War held in March 1981 was attended by doctors from 11 countries.
The First International Conference on Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, held in March 1981, was attended by physicians from 11 countries.
Communion forms
The Present Participle, Participle I
2. The present participle is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the infinitive of the verb without the particle to:
Before the suffix -ing, one consonant, if it comes after a short stressed vowel, is doubled:
to get getting - getting
to run run - running
to compel - compelling
to prefer prefer - preferring
In the verbs to die, to die, to lie to lie, to tie, tie the letter i before the suffix -ing goes into y:
to die-dying - dying, dying
to lie-lying - lying, lying
to tie-tying - tying, tying
The present participle is translated into Russian either by the actual participle of the present tense, or by the verbal participle.
The past participle, Participle II
3. The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the infinitive of the verb without the particle to. This suffix is read in the same way as the -ed suffix of the past indefinite tense of regular verbs.
to finish finish -finished finished
to civilize civilize -civilized civilized
The past participle of irregular verbs is most often formed by changing the root vowel or the entire stem of the verb:
to write write - written written
to see see - seen seen
to teach teach - taught trained
In dictionaries, after the indefinite form of irregular verbs, the forms of the past indefinite tense and the past participle are usually given.
The past participle is usually translated into Russian by a passive participle of the perfect or imperfect form.
The Perfect Participle
4. The perfect participle expresses the action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb. It is formed from the present participle of the verb to have - having and the past participle of the semantic verb.
The perfect participle is most often translated into Russian by the perfect participle.
to say talking - having said having said
to write to write - having written writing
Functions of participles in a sentence
5. The present participle can be used in a sentence in the following functions:
a. The nominal part of the predicate:
I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing.
I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing.
b. Definitions:
Women from 111 countries and belonging to 132 national organizations took part in the meeting in Prague in 1986.
Women belonging to 132 national organizations from 111 countries took part in the meeting, which took place in Prague in 1986.
c. Circumstances:
Knowing English well he was able to read this magazine.
Knowing good English, he was able to read this magazine.
d. In combination with the forms of the auxiliary verb to be, the present participle forms continuous tenses:
In a large, hot, richly-furnished drawing-room two women were sitting.
Two women were sitting in a large, stuffy, richly furnished living room.
6. The past participle can be used in a sentence in the following functions:
a. The nominal part of the predicate:
Russia "s climate is as varied as her scenery.
The climate of Russia is as varied as the landscape.
b. Definitions:
The Professor did not exaggarate when he spoke of the widespread interest excited by his new psycho-physiological experiment.
The professor was not exaggerating when he spoke of the widespread interest in his new psycho-physiological experiment.
c. Circumstances:
When discussed by the meeting the Appeal to All the Women of the World was adopted by it.
After the "Appeal to All Women of the World" was discussed by the congregation, it was accepted.
d. In combination with the forms of the auxiliary verb to be, the past participle forms the passive forms:
The flat of Hercule Poirot was furnished in a modern style.
Hercule Poirot's apartment has been furnished in a modern style.
e. In combination with the forms of the auxiliary verb to have, the past participle forms perfect tenses:
Europe has twice this century been the scene of a destructive war that has spread to global proportion.
During this century, Europe has twice been the site of a devastating war that has spread to the entire world.
7. The perfect participle is used in a sentence in the function of circumstances:
Having done the question-and-answer exercises, the students began to write a composition.
After completing the question-and-answer exercises, the students began to write an essay.
English translation of gerunds from verbs throw(imperfect species), quit(perfect view):
| throwing ( imperfect) |
throwing (Present Participle Active) |
|
The boys stood on the shore throwing stones into the water. |
The boys stood on the bank throwing stones into the water. |
|
leaving(perfect) |
1.
having thrown (Perfect Participle Active) |
|
1. Throwing the ball into the water (= Since the boy threw the ball into the water), the boy could not reach it. |
Having thrown the ball into the water, the boy could not get it back. |
|
2. Throwing drive for the second time, he set a new record. |
a) Throwing the discus a second time, he set a new record. |
The gerund of the perfect form as a function of the circumstance of time is translated by means of a gerund with the preposition after or (less often) by means of Perfect Participle Active, when they want to emphasize that the action expressed by the verb in the personal form precedes the action of the verb in the personal form, or when there is a gap between these actions, as well as when the verb comes after the verb in the personal form:
After completing his assignment, he returned home.
1. After fulfilling his task he returned home.
2. Having fulfilled his task, he returned home.
He left the room, leaving letter to the fire.
1. Don't left the room after throwing the letter into the fire.
2. He left the room having thrown the letter into the fire.
The perfect adverbial participle in the function of accompanying circumstances is translated into English by means of Present Participle Active. The perfect participle, as a rule, expresses the previous action. However, in the function of the attendant circumstances and the circumstance of the course of action, the meaning of precedence is erased.
Email us immediately, indicating product price.
Write to us at once stating the price of the goods.
He said it having looked angrily at her.
Didn't say this looking at her angrily.
The perfect adverbial participle as a function of the circumstance of the course of action is translated into English by the Present Participle Active when it answers the question how?. When is the question as? can be replaced with a question which way?, it is translated into English by means of a gerund with the preposition by:
He stood, leaning against to Wall. (how did he stand? - leaning against the wall)
Did not stand leaning against the wall.
You will improve your article, changing the end. (how, in what way will you improve your article? - changing the end)
You will improve your article by changing the end.
You helped me a lot, giving me your notes. (how, in what way did you help? - giving me your notes)
You have helped me greatly by giving me your notes.
By means of a gerund with a preposition by translated in similar cases and imperfective gerunds:
He improved his pronunciation, reading out loud every day. (how, in what way did he improve his pronunciation? - reading aloud)
Has improved his pronunciation by reading aloud every day.
Note. Sometimes a perfect adverbial participle (as a function of the circumstance of the course of action) with the words related to it can be meaningfully replaced with a turnover starting with a preposition with... In this case, the adverbial turnover is translated into English by means of the turnover with + noun + Past Participle:
He sat at the table bowing down head over the book. (= with head bowed over the book)
Don't sat at the table with his head bent over a book.
He stood, crossing hands(= with arms crossed).
Did not stand with his arms folded.
He stood, lifting up high head... (= with head held high)
Did not stand with his head held up high.
Negation not with gerunds as a circumstance causes translated into english by particle not:
Not understanding of this rule (= Since she did not understand this rule), she asked the teacher to explain it to her again.
Not understanding the rule (= As she did not understand the rule) she asked the teacher to explain it to her once more.
When the adverb is used as a circumstance course of action and accompanying circumstances, then a negated participle not translated into English by a gerund with a preposition without:
He went not lame.
Not walked without limping.
He left the room, without saying not a word.
Don't left, the room without saying a word.
He left Moscow, without informing them about it.
Not left Moscow without informing them of it.
Note. Should negation be translated not with gerunds particle not with a participle or gerund with a preposition without can practically be defined as follows:
If denial not with a verbal participle - without informing, without saying, etc. - has the same meaning as the combination - without communicating, without saying, etc. - when translating, you should use the gerund with the preposition without:
He left Moscow, without leaving (= without having leave) them your address.
Not left Moscow without leaving them his address,
When denial not with an adverbial participle does not have this meaning, then the particle should be used when translating not with participle:
Without seeing her for many years, he did not recognize her at first. ( Without seeing does not mean without seeing.)
Not having seen her for many years, he did not recognize her at first.
.English participle, depending on the context, correlates with the participle (what? what is doing?) and the gerunds (what doing? what having done?) in Russian.
- What are you doing?(as Russian participle)
- I always sing while cleaning the house. - I always sing when I clean up the house.
- Which?(like a Russian participle)
- I have read a story written by my son. - I read a story written by my son.
Particle not always put before communion to which it belongs.
- Not being able to swim, Ann was afraid to get in the water.- Not knowing how to swim, Anne was afraid to go into the water.
- She was looking out the window not paying attention to our conversation.- She looked out the window, not paying attention to our conversation.
Communion forms
Present participle
Present participle(Present Participle or Participle 1) has two aspect forms in the active and passive voice. It is formed by adding the ending -ing to semantic verbs or auxiliary verbs. to be, to have.
Indefinite participle(Indefinite Participle I) in active and passive voices expresses an action that occurs simultaneously with another action, which is expressed by the predicate verb. It can also indicate an action, the time of which is unknown or not important.
- Active voice
- Who is this crying boy? - Who is this crying boy?
- While listening to his stories, Kate couldn’t help laughing. Kate couldn't help laughing as she listened to his stories.
- Passive voice
- Being written in pencil the text was difficult to read.- It was difficult to read the text as it was written in pencil.
- Being left alone in the house Ann didn’t know what to do.- Anne, who was left alone at home, did not know what to do.
Perfect communion(Perfect Participle I) in the active and passive voice expresses an action that occurred before another action expressed by the predicate verb.
- Active voice
- Nancy and Mark, having washed their hands, sat down at the table.- Nancy and Mark, having washed their hands, sat down at the table.
- Having been friends at school we still keep in touch.- We were friends at school and still keep in touch with each other. (literally: being friends at school ...)
- Passive voice
- Having been cheated once Michael doesn’t trust anyone.- Since Michael has already been deceived once, he does not trust anyone. (literally: once deceived ...)
- Not having been informed beforehand I didn’t know when to come to the meeting.- Since I was not notified in advance, I did not know when to come to the meeting. (literally: without being informed ...)
Indefinite participle used instead of perfect sacrament with the verbs of perception and movement, even if this action expresses precedence another action.
- Arriving at the hotel we could relax at last.- Arriving at the hotel, we were finally able to rest.
- Hearing someone coming Jack rushed to hide his diary.- Hearing that someone was coming, Jack broke off to hide his diary.
- Entering the shop Clark stood a bit in the doorway and then went to the cashier.- Going into the store, Clark stood in the aisle for a while, and then went to the cashier.
Past participle
Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) has only one form and is not divided into active and passive voice.
The past participle for regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -. For irregular verbs, the third form of the verb from the table of irregular verbs is used.
- She is a girl loved by everyone.- She is the girl everyone loves.
- The homework done by Matt was full of mistakes.- Matt's homework was full of mistakes.
- The book written by Hugh became a bestseller.- The book, written by Hugh, became a bestseller.
Using the participles
For the education of times and liabilities
Present participle(Participle I) is used to form Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous, as well as Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous.
- Jack is studying now.- Jack is studying now.
- She will be working at 8a.m. tomorrow.- Tomorrow at 8 am she will work.
- We have been living here for 10 years already.- We have been living here for 10 years.
Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) is used to form the temporary forms Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect and the passive voice (this is the third form of the verb).
- I have finished my work long time ago.- I finished my work a long time ago.
- My cup is broken so may I use yours?- My cup is broken, so can I take yours?
- She said she would have written that article by Tuesday.“She said she'd write the article by Tuesday.
As a definition
Communion in a sentence can act as a definition for a noun or pronoun. They can stand both before the word to which they refer, and after it. This function most often uses indefinite participle present time in active voice and past participle.
- Present participle
- Approaching bus was already full.- The approaching bus was already jammed.
- Those working men look tired.“Those working men look tired.
- We took the road leading to the castle.- We followed the road leading to the castle.
- Past participle
- Faded leaves covered my garden.- Withered leaves covered my garden.
- She threw away the chair broken by me. She threw out the chair that I had broken.
- The problem discussed at the meeting was related to our department.- The issue discussed at the meeting concerned our department.
As circumstances
Communion can act in a sentence as circumstances of time, reason, comparison. Used without unions present participle, as well as its perfect and passive forms.
- Having finished the task Jack could go home.- After completing the task, Jack could go home.
- Reading a newspaper she didn’t pay attention to her children.- Reading the newspaper, she did not pay attention to her children.
- Having been broken in several places the vase was thrown away.- The vase was thrown out as it was broken in several places.
Past participle acts in a sentence as a circumstance when it stands after unions when(when), while(while), if(if), as if(as if), as though(as if), though(although).
- He fell as if hit by someone.- He fell as if someone hit him.
- When questioned about her boyfriend Kate blushed. When asked about her boyfriend, Kate blushed.
- He told me his secret which, if discovered by others, would destroy his life.- He told me his secret, which will ruin his life if others find out about him.
Compound predicate
Communion in a sentence can act as the nominal part of a compound predicate. This function is used in active voice and past participle... In this case indefinite present participle used infrequently, into Russian, mainly translated using adjectives.
- Past participle
- The door is locked.- The door is locked.
- I have no money. I "m broken.- I have no money. I'm broke.
- Present participle
- This situation is just terrifying!- This situation is just terrible (frightening)!
- The whole day has been humiliating.“This whole day was humiliating.
“English is easier,” they said. “Let them try to learn Russian,” they said.
Indeed, English seems much simpler. Just remember the picture, which compares the same root for the words "run" and "run".
Wherein, run can be a noun, a verb, and an adjective ... How not to get confused? And why is it simpler ?!
Or take the floor asking... In a sentence, it can be a subject, a definition, a circumstance, or a part of a predicate ... All these variants will be translated into Russian in different ways. Is it easier?
Time to get to the point: the present participle in English
Asking Is a simple present participle. It is about the participles that we will talk about today. A participle in English can be:
For now, we will focus only on the first simple participle in English - Present Participle Simple (golden column).
Get ready: a difficult but very useful article awaits you. After reading, you will know exactly what the same “asking” means in different cases, where in a sentence it is correct to put it and why.
1. For comparison: the participle in Russian
2. Present Participle Simple. Active voice
3. Present Participle Simple. Passive voice
4.
For warm-up: communion in Russian
To speak the same language, let's remember two concepts from the Russian language. This will be useful to us.
Communion in Russian- a part of speech or a form of a verb (controversial point), which denotes a feature of an object in action and answers the questions: which one? what does / did / do / did / did?
This is something in between a verb and an adjective: like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an SUBJECT, and in a sentence serves as a definition:
smiling girl (what girl?)
The participle can be valid when the action is performed by the object itself:
exploring the world human
Can be passive (passive) when the action is performed OVER the object:
human explored peace
English also has pledges- active voice (active voice) and passive voice (passive voice). But more on that later.
German participle in Russian- a part of speech that denotes an additional action and answers the questions: how, what to do / what to do?
This is something between a verb and an adverb. Like an adverb, an adverb denotes a sign of ACTION (how, when, for what reason an action is performed), and in a sentence it plays the role of a circumstance:
came up dancing (came up like, what are you doing?)
The functions of the participle in English. Present Participle Simple. Active voice
So the English participle is something between a participle and a gerunds. Depending on the context and location, it can be both a definition (what?) And a circumstance (how? When? For what reason?).
But before moving on to the definition and circumstance, let's recall in a nutshell that the first participle, better known as the ing-ov form of the verb, we also owe all tenses to Continuous (I am reading)... It also forms a compound nominal predicate with a linking verb (The book is interesting).
Participle in the role of definition and circumstance in English
So, the real sacrament itself can do two functions in a sentence: definition and circumstance, like participle and gerunds in Russian, respectively.
Compare Russian sentences:
A smiling girl came up to me.
The participle "smiling" answers the question "which one?" and characterizes the word "girl".
Smiling, he approached me.
The adverbial participle "smiling" answers the question "how, doing what?" and defines the "approached" action.
So in English, both the one and the other version will be translated by one participle - smiling.
I will answer: as you remember, the word order rules in the English language. What the participle is this time - a definition or a circumstance - depends on its place in the sentence. You will know this "nonsense" - your idea will be understood correctly.
First: participle in the role of definition, answers the question "what?"
Meaning: The present participle shows that the word being defined SELF performs the action: boiling water, dancing girl etc.
Place in the offer: the participle is placed directly in front of the designated word.
It doesn't matter what else is in the proposal. The main thing is that the participle-definition stands before the word that it characterizes. Example:
Land of the ascendant sun Is Japan.
Participle rising (ascending) characterizes a noun sun, so it is right in front of him.
BUT! If the participle is not one, but has dependent words with it and forms participial in English - it is placed AFTER the word being defined.
I see Sun, rising over the horizon.
Wherever the word being defined is, the participial definition will follow it strictly.
If this rule is not followed, the meaning of the entire sentence may change:
This is the sister of my friend living next door to me.
This is the sister of my friend who lives in the next apartment.
This is my friend’s sister living next door to me.
This is my friend's sister who lives in the next apartment.
Unlike the Russian language, participial phrases-definitions are usually not separated by a comma.
IMPORTANT: the actions of the participle and the main verb must coincide in tense.
Can you see the boy dancing with your sister?
Do you see the guy dancing with your sister? (AND dancing and sees- now, at the same time).
Time doesn't have to be real. If the main verb is in the past tense, then the participle is in the past.
The boys throwing stones into the pond laughed loudly.
The boys throwing stones into the pond laughed loudly. (AND laughed and threw- in past).
If you want to translate a Russian sentence into English, where the participle and the main verb are in different tense layers, then translate with subordinate clauses with union words who, whose, which / that, where, why.
I want to talk to the person who broke that cup.
I want to talk to the one who broke this cup. (I broke it in the past, but they want to talk now - therefore, you cannot use the participial phrase).
Second: participle in the role of circumstance, answers the question "how?"
Meaning: if in the role of definition the participle refers to a noun, then as a circumstance it refers to a VERB. And it is precisely the verb that characterizes: how is the action performed?
Place in the offer: can be found either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. And although it characterizes the verb, it is not tied to it or any other word in terms of location.
The participle is at the end of the sentence:
Mark went in, carrying your suitcase.
The participle appears at the beginning of a sentence:
Crying, she returned To home.
The participle is at the beginning of the sentence.
Walking in the park, I met his friends.
Etc.
IMPORTANT: we can play with the last example.
Imagine what you say: I met my friends walking in the park.
What will it be: a definition or a circumstance? Unclear, since you can translate:
- I met my friends walking in the park (because the phrase is right after the noun friends and can be its determinant).
- I met my friends while walking in the park (the turnover is at the end of the sentence and may well be a circumstance).
In this case, a comma before the turn will help us to distinguish. If this is the case, put a comma. If the definition is not, do not include a comma.
I met my friends, walking in the park.
I met my friends while walking in the park. (now no questions asked: there is a comma - we have a circumstance)
A participle or participle can be three kinds of circumstances: circumstance of time (when?), reasons (why?), mode of action (how?).
1. Time:
Traveling in India, I saw a lot of interesting things.
Traveling around India, I saw a lot of interesting things. (I saw when? when I traveled to India)
Often introduced by the conjunctions when and while:
When taking the decision he made a mistake.
In making this decision, he made a mistake.
2. Reasons:
Hoping to catch the plane, we took a taxi.
Hoping to catch this plane, we caught a taxi. (Caught a taxi for what? In the hope that we will make it to the plane).
Often the circumstance of reason is the participle formed from the verbs of thinking, emotions: knowing, remembering, hoping, etc., as well as being (being) and having (having):
Being there, she could see all.
From there, she could see everything.
3. Mode of action:
She stood at the window, thinking of her life.
She stood by the window, reflecting on her life.
Present Participle Simple. Passive
Formed by to be in the shape of being and past participle (3rd form of the verb) ⇒ being asked.
Can also be a definition (asked) or circumstance (being asked).
First: the passive participle as a definition
Meaning: now the action is performed OVER the word being defined. In the role of definition, only participial VOLUMES can be used.
Place in the offer: the participle turnover follows the defined word.
House, under construction on our street, very good.
Second: the passive participle as a circumstance
Meaning: may indicate a reason or a time.
Place in the offer: either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
Since he was invited (being invited) to the conference, he left in New York.
Conclusion: participle 1, examples, usage
- The simple present participle is a cross between our participle and gerunds. For example, the word dancing can be translated into Russian and "dancing" and "dancing".
- Once the same word is used, the difference is visible in the word order.
- If we have before us the definition (dancing), then the single - we put before the defined word, the participle - we put after the defined word.
- If we have a circumstance (dancing), then we put either at the beginning of the sentence, or at the end.
It's crazy how much they wrote!
But the most interesting thing is that this is not all. Present Participle Simple with Present Participle Perfect.
