Russian President Dmitry Medvedev decided to cancel the transition to winter time starting from autumn 2011.
For the first time, moving the clock hands an hour forward in summer and an hour back in winter in order to save energy resources was carried out in Great Britain in 1908. The very idea of saving energy resources by moving the hands belongs to the American statesman, one of the authors of the US Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin. In the United States of America itself, the transition to "summer" and "winter" time has been applied since 1918.
At present, seasonal switchover is carried out in more than 80 countries from 192 countries of the world. The switch mode is used at all latitudes from Canada to Australia.
In Russia, this transition was first made on July 1, 1917, when, in accordance with the decree of the Provisional Government, the hands of all clocks in Russia were moved forward one hour, and they were moved back already by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars, which was adopted on December 22, 1917 ( old style).
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930 introduced maternity time on the territory of the USSR. Then the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of standard time and after that the hands were not moved back, and the country began to live and work all year round, one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. Only since 1981 has the country returned to seasonal time.
In its current form, the system of switching to different times, in which the transition to "summer" time is carried out at the end of March, and to "winter" - at the end of October, has been operating since 1997. Until 1996, the abolition of "summer" time in Russia was carried out at the end of September, and not on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe. The period of "summer" time in Russia was extended on the recommendation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, "in order to observe a single time regime with other countries."
All countries in the world using this system set their clocks on different days.
For example, in Namibia, the transition to "summer" time is held on the first Sunday of April, and to "winter" - the first Sunday of September; Jordan has a "last Thursday of March - last Friday of September" scheme; in Brazil - "the third Sunday of February - the third Sunday of October", etc.
In Europe, unlike Russia, the transition to "winter" time is carried out not according to local time, but according to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), or, more precisely, according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). This means, for example, that London and Lisbon set their clocks at 2 am local time, while Paris, Berlin or Rome set their clocks at 3 am local time, and Istanbul, Athens or Helsinki will change their clocks when it is 4 o'clock.
Of all European countries, only Iceland does not enjoy the benefits of "summer" time, being at the same time as Greenwich throughout the year and an hour behind London in the summer.
Since 2007, in the US and Canada, daylight saving time has been implemented on the second Sunday in March at 2:00 am, and back on the first Sunday of November, also at 2:00 am. It should be noted that not all of the United States and Canada use "summer time" in the same way. For example, in the north-west of the Canadian province of Ontario, residents refuse to switch arrows in the summer. In the US, clocks are not translated in the states of Hawaii and Arizona.
In countries such as Algeria, Angola, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Guinea, India, Kenya, China, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Peru, Tunisia, Philippines, North and South Korea, Japan is not carried out. At the same time, in the equatorial countries, the transition to "summer" / "winter" time was not introduced at all. In addition, many agrarian countries have abandoned the transition to "summer" time, where the working day already determines daylight hours.
In Africa, only three countries translate time - Egypt, Tunisia and Namibia. In Central America and the Caribbean, time change takes place in most of Mexico, Honduras, Cuba and a number of small island states. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia and other states of the region do not translate hour hands.
Japan abandoned the transition to "summer" time in 1952. This was due to the fact that the "summer" time regime in Japan was forcibly introduced by the occupying authorities who ruled the country on May 1, 1948. Moving the arrows forward was met by the majority of the population of Japan disapprovingly. The lengthening of the working day for people exhausted by war, famine and devastation was perceived as the intrigues of the invaders. Daylight saving time was abolished in 1952 after the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951), which put an end to the occupation regime.
Australia became one of the first countries in the world, where in 1917 they decided to switch to "winter" and "summer" time. However, not all administrative divisions of the country make this transition. The tropical Northern Territory and the state of Queensland find time management inexpedient and unprofitable. In March 2009, Western Australia ended a three-year trial for Daylight Saving Time. After many years of debate "for" and "against" the transition to "winter" and "summer" time, the inhabitants of Western Australia decided to abandon this idea.
In 1990, Uzbekistan refused to switch to "summer" or "winter" time. On April 9, 1990, the Council of Ministers of the then UzSSR adopted a decree on maternity time, according to which time, "winter" or "summer", is not translated. Tajikistan has not switched to "winter" time since the autumn of 1991.
Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan do not switch to "winter" time. They attribute this to local climatic and religious characteristics. In Kazakhstan, "summer" time was decided to be canceled in 2005 due to the fact that "... studies conducted by the Committee for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Ministry of Industry and Trade showed that the energy savings achieved as a result of turning the clock hands in spring was insignificant and, as a rule, was spent in the fall, when returning to the "winter" time.
In the fall of 2005, the government and the President of Georgia also decided to stop moving the clock hands. According to the Georgian authorities, the refusal to switch to "winter" time was due to several factors. In particular, during summer time, Georgia will be able to use electricity more economically. In addition, summer time is longer than winter time, it corresponds to human biorhythms.
In November 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, during his annual address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, proposed discussing the feasibility of switching to summer time, and at the end of March 2010, the head of state invited experts to present an analysis of the feasibility of such a transition and did not rule out that this measure could be cancelled.
Sandford Fleming (1827−1915) put an end to the confusion over time by proposing that the time zone system be based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
In order not to enter local time for each degree of longitude, the Earth's surface is conventionally divided into 24 time zones. There are countries and areas (Iran, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Myanmar, etc.) in which the local time differs from the standard zone by an additional 30 or even 45 minutes. A map of time zones can be studied in detail on the World Time Zone website.
Countries marked in blue are using daylight saving time. Orange - countries that have canceled this transition; in red - countries that have never introduced it
In order to find out how justified the seasonal translation of the hands is, it is necessary to answer the question of what time we live in, or rather, how exactly we determine the daily time. From time immemorial, mankind lived according to "solar time": noon always fell at the moment when the Sun was at its zenith. Thus, the formal middle of the day always coincided with the lightest time of the day. From the point of view of each individual person, this method of counting time is optimal, because the biological clock of any living organism is guided, first of all, by the degree of illumination. And no matter what “owls” and “larks” say about themselves, we all belong to the species Homo sapiens leading a daily lifestyle. Therefore, it is most natural for us to get up at dawn (or a little earlier) and go to bed at sunset (or a little later), showing the greatest activity during daylight hours.
A significant drawback of solar time is the fact that for each settlement located to the west or east of an arbitrarily chosen point, its own time turns out to be correct. Up until the 19th century. this did not pose much of a problem, but as railroads and communication technologies developed, solar time became more and more inconvenient. The trains moved so fast that it became very difficult for them to make accurate schedules - after all, in the process of moving along the earth's meridians, the difference between the clock readings at the starting point and local time gradually increased. Telegraph operators did not fare well when they needed to transmit a message exactly on time: for each settlement, they had to calculate their own time correction.
To solve the problem of synchronization, European countries began to introduce a common time on their territory, usually tied to the solar time of the capital. In the large and conservative Russian Empire, it was used only on railways and telegraph lines. Trains and telegrams ran according to Petersburg time, but each city lived according to the time of its own meridian. In the US and Canada, the situation was even stranger. Not only did each state have its own time, but so did most of the railroad companies whose lines crossed the continent from ocean to ocean. Engineers and passengers had to constantly rack their brains, linking the time of the train with the common time of the state and the indications of the station clock. One can imagine the confusion that followed when two railway lines intersected at the same place.
One for all
A way out was found by a Canadian communications engineer named Sandforf Flemming, who had worked on the railroad for many years. He proposed introducing Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and dividing the globe into 24 sectors of 15 degrees each, setting each of them to its own common time. This solution made it possible to significantly simplify the calculation of time corrections: the difference between the two time zones always remained a multiple of a whole hour. At the same time, the deviation from natural solar time should not exceed 30 minutes. The United States accepted the idea in 1883, and a year later, an agreement on time zones was signed by 26 more states. It was decided that the boundaries of the belts should not necessarily run strictly along the meridians - for the sake of convenience, they are consistent with state and administrative boundaries. Therefore, in some regions living according to standard time, the deviation from solar time can reach an hour or more. Today, most of the world lives according to standard time - simply because it is convenient.
The next step was the idea of summer and winter time. It was first expressed by the London contractor William Willett in an article entitled "The Waste of Daylight" published in 1907. Willett suggested setting time 20 minutes forward every Sunday in April, and then playing the difference back to September, and argued that this would allow the country to reduce lighting costs. He reasoned as follows: it so happened that in the summer, city residents get up and go to work when it is already dawn, and go to bed after dark, because of which they have to spend extra money on lighting their homes at night. Why not move the hands forward a little in the summer so that the rise time moves closer to dawn? Willett's idea was implemented by the British government in 1916. Quite quickly, the British came up with a scheme with a one-time translation of the hands for one hour. After the end of the First World War, their experience began to gradually be adopted by other states, which saw a good opportunity to save money in the seasonal translation of the arrows.
Russian way
Meanwhile, our country, as usual, followed its own unique path. Before the revolution, all of Russia lived according to solar time - simply because the possible transition to the belt system was perceived by the tsarist government as "shaking the foundations" and "trampling on the holy identity." In 1918, the Soviet government introduced standard time in the country, highlighting 11 time zones on the territory of the USSR. In 1931, a decree was issued, moving the time forward 1 hour relative to the zone time - in order to save electricity. In 1981, in addition to the "mortem time", the summer translation of the hands was also set for another 1 hour ahead. In 1991, maternity time was abolished throughout the territory of the Union, but a few months later it was restored along with the seasonal switchover. This order continues to this day. Given that the average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm, it may seem quite reasonable. However, the reality is somewhat more complicated than it looks at first glance.
Indeed, the summer switchover reduces the direct costs of lighting, but no one really knows how much exactly. In summer, electricity consumption is in any case less than in winter, primarily because much less energy is spent on heating. Therefore, it is very difficult to assess the economic effect of summer time. According to rough estimates made by RAO UES, the switchover saves about 4.4 billion kilowatt-hours annually. In fact, this figure is very small - for each inhabitant it turns out 26 kWh, or 3 W per hour - less than the permissible error in measuring the power of an incandescent lamp. And in terms of money, it turns out that each of us saves no more than 2 rubles on lighting. per month.
Meanwhile, the transfer of arrows in itself is associated with very significant expenses. Take at least passenger trains, which once a year have to stand on the stage for an extra hour to arrive at their destination exactly on schedule. This hour is wasted by both passengers and the railway. In connection with the violent violation of the established biological rhythm, some people, after the transfer of time, worsen their sleep and decrease their working capacity. All this leads to significant losses, which should more than cover the direct savings on consecration. In general, from a medical point of view, summer time is an absolute evil. Within a few days after switching the arrows, doctors note a significant increase in the number of heart attacks, strokes, suicides and various accidents, which means that we have to pay for the very dubious savings in electricity with human lives.
Interestingly, the practice of switching arrows is not at all as common as it is commonly believed - summer time exists in only 29% of the world's countries. It was abandoned by almost all the states that emerged on the site of the former USSR (including all the Baltic countries), as well as such industrial giants as Japan and China. Apparently, we should do the same a long time ago. Another thing is that an extra daylight hour in the evening should play a very positive role in itself, because it leads to a more complete coverage of daylight hours, which means it brings us closer to a more natural biological rhythm. Therefore, the most optimal solution seems to be a return to the standard time, which would be one hour ahead of the standard time - both in summer and in winter, without any translation of the hands.
- This is a near-Earth object with a diameter of about 30 meters. It was discovered on August 29, 2006, when it was at a distance of 4.5 million km. from our planet. Scientists observed the celestial body for 10 days, after which the asteroid ceased to be visible in telescopes.Based on such a short observation period, it is impossible to accurately determine the distance at which the asteroid 2006 QV89 will approach the Earth on 09/09/2019, since the asteroid has not been observed since then (since 2006). Moreover, according to various estimates, the object may approach our planet not at all on the 9th, but on a different date in September 2019.
As for whether 2006 QV89 will hit Earth on September 9, 2019 or not - the chance of a collision is extremely low.
Thus, the Sentry System (developed by the JPL Center for NEO Studies) shows that the probability of a body colliding with the Earth is 1:9100 (those. about one ten thousandth of a percent).
The European Space Agency (ESA) estimates the chance of an asteroid orbit crossing our planet as 1 to 7300 (0,00014 % ). The ESA ranked 2006 QV89 as the 4th celestial body of potential danger to Earth. According to the agency, the exact time of the "flight" of the body on September 9, 2019 is 10:03 Moscow time.
In both Orthodoxy and Catholicism, Easter always falls on a Sunday.
Easter 2020 is preceded by Great Lent, which begins 48 days before the Bright Holiday. And after 50 days celebrate the Trinity.
Popular pre-Christian customs that have survived to this day include dyeing eggs, making Easter cakes and curd cakes.
Easter treats are consecrated in the church on Saturday, on the eve of Easter 2020, or after the service on the very day of the Feast.
To greet each other on Easter should be the words "Christ is Risen", and to answer - "Truly Risen."
For the Russian team, this will be the fourth game in this qualifying tournament. Recall that in the previous three meetings, Russia "at the start" lost to Belgium with a score of 1:3, and then won two dry victories - over Kazakhstan (4:0) and over San Marino (9:0). The last victory was the largest ever for the existence of the Russian national football team.
As for the upcoming meeting, according to the bookmakers, the Russian team is the favorite in it. The Cypriots are objectively weaker than the Russians, and nothing good can be expected from the upcoming match for the islanders. However, we must take into account that the teams have never met before, and therefore we can expect unpleasant surprises.
The Russia-Cyprus meeting will take place on June 11, 2019 In Nizhniy Novgorod at the stadium of the same name built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Start of the match - 21:45 Moscow time.
Where and what time do the national teams of Russia and Cyprus play:
* Location of the match - Russia, Nizhny Novgorod.
* Game start time - 21:45 Moscow time.
From the moment of the widespread establishment of Soviet power in 1919 until the collapse of the Soviet Union, and later on the territory of modern Russia, the time on the clock was changed twice a year. In the spring they moved the hands by one hour to make the time summer, and in the fall they carried out the reverse operation of the transfer so that the time again became winter.
However, now (and in 2018 too) the law of the Russian Federation on the transfer of time twice a year has been canceled. In 2018, the Russians do not need to translate the hands on the clock (and change the time on electronic devices). Therefore, the answer to the question When we change the time in 2018 in Russia "- NEVER.
The transition to winter time in 2018 in Russia is canceled. The Russian government took care of this relatively recently, four years ago. This is the official refusal of the country's leadership to switch to the so-called winter time.
Why it is not necessary to switch the clock hands to winter time in Russia in 2018
Russia is not included in the list of countries that change clocks twice a year. This is due to legislation, disputes between scientists and deputies. Seven years ago, parliamentarians passed a law that abolished the transition to winter time. However, residents of many cities complained about the inconvenience of constant daylight saving time.
Citizens of the Russian Federation in most regions do not now translate the clock. Accordingly, in Russia there will be no transfer of clocks to winter time. The country is already living by this time. But in this regard, not everyone is happy with everything. Some regions switched to daylight saving time themselves. There are 11 such regions in total. Over time, confusion sometimes “scattered” one region across different time zones.
In the winter of this year, MP Anton Baryshev proposed to return summer time to Russia. According to him, parliamentarians receive many complaints from citizens about the constant winter time. Baryshev also cited statistics, according to which the number of accidents has increased in the country over the four years of constant winter time.
The risks of mortality from cardiovascular diseases have increased and cases of rheumatism have become more frequent. Nevertheless, winter time in most regions of the Russian Federation remains constant. Today, as in the good Soviet times, each time zone of the Russian Federation will have its own time.
In general, many Russians misunderstand the situation, because they say that we have switched to winter time. In fact, the country switched to summer time, since for the first time the hands of the clock were translated in the spring, and not in the winter.
However, in some regions of the Russian Federation, separately from other regions, a one-time transfer of clock hands was carried out based on the wishes of citizens. In 2016-2017 this was done:
* In the Saratov region, where the time was moved forward 1 hour.
* In the Novosibirsk region, where the time was also set forward 1 hour.
* In the Tomsk region (also an hour ahead from Omsk to Krasnoyarsk time).
* In the Magadan region (plus 1 hour).
* In the Ulyanovsk and Astrakhan regions, which added an hour and left the Moscow time zone for Samara.
* Clocks have also been changed one hour ahead in the Sakhalin Region, the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic.
The world owes the appearance of the concepts of winter and summer time to the American President Benjamin Franklin, who founded the translation of the clock hands twice a year in order to save energy resources. Today, changing the clock has become commonplace, and in the old days it caused significant controversy and protests from people.
How are clocks set to winter time?
The translation of clocks in the Russian Federation is associated with certain features, first of all, this is due to the large extent of the territory of the state and the existence of several time zones. The clock change in Russia in 2019 traditionally takes place on the last weekend of October, at three in the morning from Saturday to Sunday, the arrow returns one hour back. In the current 2019, the clock will not be switched to winter and summer time, more precisely, it will be carried out only in three regions of the country. The reason for the cancellation of the general transition to winter time was the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2011. At that moment, the option of permanent residence in summer time was chosen, however, the surveys showed the inconsistency of such an experiment, and since 2014 a permanent winter time has been introduced. At the moment, Russia lives on winter time all year round, the clock is switched to summer time only in some regions.
When do the clocks change to daylight saving time?
Serious debates have previously flared up in the Duma regarding the transition to summer time, as a result, the opinion of scientists was taken into account, suggesting that it is winter time that most closely matches the biological rhythm of a person. Daylight Saving Time 2019 does not occur in 161 countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. Among them, the vast majority of countries in Africa and the Middle East, including China and Japan. The Government of the Russian Federation has collected irrefutable facts based on research by scientists on the negative impact that the transfer of clocks to daylight saving time has on the human body. Sleep worsens, nervous tension increases, the body's immune system weakens. The financiers expressed the opinion that the clock change does not affect energy savings in any way. For a long time there was a discussion - will there be a clock change in 2019? In the coming year, most likely, there will not be, however, the transience of changing the legislation does not exclude the promotion of this initiative in the new convocation of the State Duma.
Will there be a clock change in Russia?
The solution to this issue lies in the political field, some parliamentarians are firmly convinced that it is unnecessary to switch clocks to daylight saving time in 2019 and all subsequent years. The leader of the LDPR faction, V. Zhirinovsky, called the abolition of daylight saving time the last bill that had a positive impact on the country's economy and benefited the citizens of Russia as a whole. From the foregoing, it could be assumed that the question of when the clock is changed is no longer relevant. However, it is not yet possible to accurately and unequivocally answer the question of whether there will be a clock change in 2019. Rumors about a possible switchover in the coming year still do not leave the Duma lobby, some officials and deputies are actively lobbying for this initiative, arguing that the clock switch in 2019 would not affect the state of citizens, but rather would bring a tangible economic effect. This opinion is expressed by the Minister of Health Veronika Skvortsova, and she is supported by many well-known scientists and statesmen. In the Kaliningrad region, a draft law is being prepared to introduce the transfer of clocks to summer time with the rational use of daylight hours.
Where do they change clocks for daylight saving time in 2019?
The clock change took place in the Ulyanovsk region (+1 hour difference with Moscow), in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic (+4 hours in relation to the capital), the Sakhalin Region (+8 hours with Moscow). Next year, the Saratov region will be added to these regions, where the transfer of arrows was legalized by the State Duma.
Clock change in 2019 in Russia - the opinion of doctors
Many well-known sociologists and doctors speak out against moving the clock, based on a study, a person will need at least several months to adapt to the new time, which will lead to serious disruption of the body, reduce the duration of sleep and worsen its quality. The result of such experiments can be rapid fatigue of the body, decreased performance and a tendency to develop chronic diseases. Also, unconfirmed statistics indicate an increase in the number of accidents and crime after the clock is changed in Russia. However, there is an opinion that all of the above factors actually have nothing to do with reality. Whether this is true, time will tell!
