Some literary prophecies are truly overwhelming. Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, in their novella Noon, 22nd Century, talk about the Kasparo-Karpov system - a technology that allows you to “copy” the brain in order to obtain its mathematical module. The work was published in 1962, when Karpov was an unknown 11-year-old boy. And Kasparov was born a year later.
We habitually call the protagonist of The Queen of Spades Herman, meaning his name. In fact, the Pushkin character does not have a name at all, there is only the surname Hermann - of German origin, with two -n at the end. Confusion arose after the release of the opera The Queen of Spades, where the hero, with the light hand of Tchaikovsky, is really named Herman.
The stories about Sherlock Holmes were not only interesting to readers, but also suggested many useful ideas to criminologists. Before their release, detectives did not collect butts and cigarette ash for analysis. The study of traces of a crime with a magnifying glass was not practiced until then. Aligning with the legendary detective, forensic experts have adopted these methods.
Baron Munchausen is not a literary hoax, but a real person, German by birth, who devoted himself to a military career. He spent his youth in Russia, where he served with the rank of page. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the real Munchausen was a great inventor and told many incredible stories about the Russian period of his biography. For example, how he harnessed a wolf and came to Petersburg on it. Or about the unexpected "fur coat" rabies. Or about a tree that grew from a cherry seed on the head of a live deer. Raspe collected all these fables, invented some himself - and published a wonderful book of fairy tales.
What did the authors not do for the sake of increasing the fee! One of the most cunning writers in the history of literature is Alexandre Dumas. Realizing that publishers pay him not for words, but for lines of a manuscript, he invented a servant Grimaud for Athos. Faithful, but extremely laconic. And all the questions were answered either "yes" or "no". After the line-by-line payment was canceled, the silent Grimaud learned to pronounce other words. But if no one dared to accuse Dumas of cheating, many colleagues of the poet Mayakovsky openly spoke of him as a literary swindler. And all because of the writing of poems "ladder", which brought much more substantial fees than poetry with a traditional arrangement of lines.
In the translation of Kipling's book about Mowgli and in the Soviet cartoon of the same name, Bagheera is a graceful predatory panther. Moreover, the female sex. In the original text, this is not a female, but a male. And the cat that walked on its own in another work of the writer is actually a cat.
The book "Jaws" and the film shot on it by Spielberg caused a wave of "sharlophobia" and the subsequent extermination of predators. The author of the book, Peter Benchley, who did not expect such an effect, towards the end of his life became a big supporter of sharks. He called on humanity to treat any marine life with care and not upset the balance of the global ecosystem.
In one of the stories of Edgar Poe, four sailors who survived a storm, drifting on a raft in the open ocean and suffering from hunger, cast lots to see who should be eaten. A cruel fate falls to Richard Parker. Almost half a century later, a real ship sank at sea, only four of the crew survived, including a cabin boy named Richard Parker. It was he who became the dinner for the others. At the same time, with a high percentage of probability, it can be argued that the "cannibals against their will" did not read the stories of Edgar Poe.
The expression "a no brainer" mentioned by Mayakovsky in a poem about the boys Sim and Petya has its own history. And hedgehogs, animals are very intelligent, it has absolutely nothing to do with it. The students of the Soviet boarding schools for gifted children who studied for only one year and went to classes under the letters E, G and I. were called “hedgehogs”. In contrast to the children in classes A-D, who studied for two years and according to a more complex program.
The most popular name today, Svetlana, was practically unknown in the 18th century. And it came into use thanks to literature - Vostokov's romance and Zhukovsky's ballad.
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How to make a bookmark out of paper?
1. "Ten Little Indians" - Agatha Christie
Agatha Christie's works "Ten Little Indians", which she herself considered her best work, are published in very few places under their original title. Basically, the novel is called "And There Was No One" - according to the last phrase from the famous counting rhyme:
"The last little negro looked tiredly,
He went and hanged himself, and no one was. "
The Americans became the founders of this tradition - they could not publish a novel under that title for reasons of political correctness, and the title "Ten African Americans" somehow did not sound. The negroes throughout the text, including in the counting room, were replaced by little Indians. And in some countries, little soldiers, and even little sailors, began to die in the counting room.
2. "Fahrenheit 451" - Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury once "invented" the most popular headphone format today - the so-called "droplets". In the sensational book "Fahrenheit 451" he wrote: "In her ears are tightly inserted miniature" Shells ", tiny, with a thimble, plug-in radios, and the electronic ocean of sounds - music and voices, music and voices - washes its shores in waves the waking brain. " The novel was written in 1950, you understand what headphones were at that time!
3. "The Inspector General" - N.V. Gogol
The source of the plot for Gogol's play "The Inspector General" was a real case in the city of Ustyuzhna, Novgorod province, and Pushkin told the author about this case. These great classics were good friends. It was Pushkin who advised Gogol to continue writing the work, when he more than once wanted to quit this business. Throughout the entire period of writing The Inspector General, Gogol often wrote to Pushkin about his work, telling him what stage it was in. By the way, Pushkin, who was present at the first reading of the play, was completely delighted with it.
In the translation of the play into Persian, the mayor's wife was replaced with a second daughter, since courting a married woman in Iran is punishable by death.
4. "The Master and Margarita" - Mikhail Bulgakov
The first edition of the novel contained (now almost completely lost) a detailed description of Woland's signs 15 handwritten pages long, as well as a detailed description of the meeting of the Sanhedrin at which Yeshua was condemned, which opened the first "Yershalaim" chapter.
In one of the editions the novel was called "Satan".
Woland was named Astaroth in the early editions of the novel. However, later this name was changed, apparently due to the fact that the name "Astaroth" is associated with a specific demon of the same name, different from Satan.
The Variety Theater does not exist in Moscow and has never existed. But now several theaters at once sometimes vie for the title.
According to the writer's widow, Elena Sergeevna, Bulgakov's last words about the novel "The Master and Margarita" before his death were: "To know ... To know."
5. "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" - Arthur Conan Doyle
At the time of the writing of the Sherlock Holmes stories, the house at 221b Baker Street did not exist. When the house appeared, a stream of letters fell on this address. One of the rooms in this building is considered the Great Sleuth's room. Subsequently, the address Baker Street, 221b was officially assigned to the house, which houses the Sherlock Holmes Museum. Moreover, for this they even had to violate the order of numbering of houses on the street.
In the first version of the novel, there was no Holmes at all; instead, Ormond Sacker was investigating the crime. Then Doyle removed Sacker and inserted Sherlock Holmes into the book, but in the second version, the detective's name was not Sherlock, but Sheringford. The writer borrowed his surname from his favorite American writer and doctor Oliver Holmes. At first, Doyle planned to give the deductive method, which Holmes became famous for, to the doctor Watson - and this is how the name Watson sounds in English - but then he changed his mind and endowed Sherlock Holmes with an amazing ability to investigate crimes.
6. "1984" - George Orwell
The famous formula "Twice two equals five", which George Orwell repeatedly emphasized in his dystopian novel "1984", came to his mind when he heard the Soviet slogan "Five-year plan - at four!"
Most of the features of Orwell's totalitarian community are from its prototypes - the Soviet Union during the dictatorship of Stalin and Nazi Germany. The Elder Brother's personality cult is a middle-aged, black-haired and black-mustached man, identified by most commentators with the Stalin cult in the USSR.
Orwell portrayed the grim future of humanity in his novel. A society in which there is no right to free thought, the search for truth or personal life is doomed to decay. Attempts to describe the evil that bears the power of totalitarianism and censorship ended in a ban on the book.
7. "The Three Musketeers" - Alexandre Dumas
When Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Three Musketeers" in the format of a series in one of the newspapers, a line-by-line payment for the manuscript was stipulated in the contract with the publisher. To increase the fee, Dumas invented a servant of Athos named Grimaud, who spoke and answered all questions in exclusively monosyllables, in most cases "yes" or "no". The sequel to the book, entitled Twenty Years Later, was paid word by word, and Grimaud became a little more talkative.
Dumas, who constantly used the work of literary blacks, worked on "The Three Musketeers" together with Auguste Macket (1813-1886). The same author helped him with the creation of the "Count of Monte Cristo", "Black Tulip", "Queen's Necklace". Later, Macke filed a lawsuit and demanded the recognition of 18 novels, written by him in co-authorship with Dumas, as his own works. But the court found that his work was nothing more than preparatory.
8. "Woe from Wit" - Alexander Griboyedov
In the 19th century, actresses refused to play Sophia in "Woe from Wit" with the words: "I am a decent woman and I do not play in pornographic scenes!" They considered such a scene a night conversation with Molchalin, who was not yet the heroine's husband.
9. "Kolobok"
The tale "Kolobok" is known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. The plot of "Kolobok" has analogues in the tales of many other peoples: from eastern Uzbek and Tatar, to western - English, German and Scandinavian. According to the classifier of plots by Aarne-Thompson , the tale belongs to the type 2025 - “the pancake ran away.” Since the 19th century, in world culture, the most common “colleague” of Kolobok can be called the Gingerbread Man from the United States (pictured below). He first appeared in print in 1875 and since then it is one of the most famous Anglo-Saxon fairy tales.By the way, although according to the tale, he ran away from other animals and animals, the American was also eaten by a fox.Our Kolobok appeared in print a little earlier than the American one - in 1873, but some researchers claim that the tale of the kolobok was included in Slavic folklore from the 2nd-3rd centuries A.D.
10. "Notre Dame Cathedral" - Victor Hugo
Before the publication of the novel, the Cathedral in France was not so famous, they even wanted to demolish it. The novel was written by Hugo with the aim of bringing as the protagonist the Gothic cathedral of Paris, which at that time was going to be demolished or modernized. He wrote in the foreword: "One of my main goals is to inspire the nation with love for our architecture."
Following the publication of the novel in France, and then throughout Europe, a movement unfolded for the preservation and restoration of Gothic monuments.
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In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" interjection "Oh!" used 54 times, but exclamation "Oh!" occurs on the pages of the work 6 times.
The prologue "A green oak near the sea ..." of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" Pushkin wrote for its second edition, which was released 8 years after the first publication.
In the novel "Eugene Onegin" there are lines: "He settled in that calm, // Where is the village old-timer // About forty years old with the housekeeper scolded, // Looked out the window and crushed the flies." The word fly in this context is not used in its direct meaning, but for the metaphor of alcohol. There is also another metaphor used to refer to a drunk person - "under the fly", where the word fly is used in the same sense.
Pushkin wrote more than 70 epigraphs to his works, Gogol used at least 20, Turgenev used almost the same amount.
The name of the protagonist of Pushkin's story "The Queen of Spades" is unknown. In the work, the author used his surname Hermann (with two n). This is a German surname that is quite common in Germany. And the name Herman (with one n) began to dominate in the work after Tchaikovsky removed one n when staging the opera The Queen of Spades, turning the surname Hermann into the name Herman. 
In Krylov's fable "The Dragonfly and the Ant" there are lines: "The jumping dragonfly sang red summer." However, it is known that a dragonfly cannot make sounds. The fact is that at that time the word "dragonfly" served as a generalized name for several species of insects. And the hero of the fable is actually a grasshopper.
Korney Chukovsky was actually called Nikolai Vasilievich Korneichukov.
Initially, on the grave of Gogol in the monastery cemetery, there was a stone called Golgotha because of its resemblance to the Mount of Jerusalem. When it was decided to destroy the cemetery, during the reburial it was decided to install a bust of Gogol on the grave. And the same stone was later put on the grave of Bulgakov by his wife. In this regard, Bulgakov's phrase, which he repeatedly addressed to Gogol during his lifetime, is noteworthy: "Teacher, cover me with your greatcoat."
Dostoevsky made extensive use of the real topography of St. Petersburg in describing the locations of his novel Crime and Punishment. As the writer confessed, the description of the courtyard in which Raskolnikov hides the things he had stolen from the pawnbroker's apartment he compiled from personal experience - when one day, while walking around the city, Dostoevsky turned into a deserted courtyard.
When Mayakovsky introduced his famous poetic "ladder", fellow poets accused him of cheating - after all, then poets were paid for the number of lines, and Mayakovsky received 2-3 times more for poems of the same length.
The prototype of the main heroine of the novel "Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy was MA Hartung is the daughter of A.S. Pushkin: not in character, not in life, but in appearance. The author himself admitted this.
Daria Dontsova, whose father was a Soviet writer Arkady Vasiliev, grew up surrounded by creative intelligentsia. Once at school she was asked to write an essay on the topic: "What was Valentin Petrovich Kataev thinking when he wrote the story" The lonely sail is white? ", And Dontsova asked Kataev himself to help her. As a result, Daria received a deuce, and the literature teacher wrote in her notebook: "Kataev was not thinking about that at all!"
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The protagonist of Pushkin's story "The Queen of Spades" is not named Herman. His name is generally unknown, and Hermann (with two n) is the surname of the hero, of German origin, which is quite common in Germany. But in the opera The Queen of Spades, Tchaikovsky removed one n, turning the surname Hermann into the name Herman.
- How were Dostoevsky's real walks in St. Petersburg reflected in the novel "Crime and Punishment"?
Dostoevsky made extensive use of the real topography of St. Petersburg in describing the locations of his novel Crime and Punishment. As the writer admitted, the description of the courtyard in which Raskolnikov hides the things he had stolen from the pawnbroker's apartment he compiled from personal experience - when, once walking through the city, Dostoevsky turned into a deserted courtyard in order to relieve himself.
- Where and when did Baron Munchausen live?
Baron Munchausen was a very real historical person. In his youth, he left the German town of Bodenwerder for Russia to serve as a page. Then he began a career in the army and rose to the rank of captain, after which he left back to Germany. There he became famous for telling extraordinary stories about service in Russia: for example, entering Petersburg on a wolf harnessed to a sleigh, a horse cut in half in Ochakovo, furious fur coats or a cherry tree growing on a deer's head. These stories, as well as completely new ones attributed to the baron by other authors, led to the emergence of Munchausen as a literary character.
- Which writer got the stone on the first grave of Gogol?
Initially, on the grave of Gogol in the monastery cemetery, there was a stone called Golgotha because of its resemblance to the Mount of Jerusalem. When they decided to destroy the cemetery, they decided to install a bust of Gogol on the grave during reburial in another place. And the same stone was later put on the grave of Bulgakov by his wife. In this regard, Bulgakov's phrase, which he repeatedly addressed to Gogol during his lifetime, is noteworthy: "Teacher, cover me with your greatcoat."
- What words from Pushkin's poem "Monument" were cut by the censorship in 1949?
In 1949, Pushkin's 150th anniversary was celebrated. Konstantin Simonov made a report on his life and work on the radio. In one Kazakh town, a large number of Kalmyks, deported here from their historical homeland, gathered at a loudspeaker. Somewhere in the middle of the report, they lost all interest in him and left the square. The point was that while reading Pushkin's "Monument" Simonov stopped reading right at the moment when he was supposed to say: "And the friend of the steppes is a Kalmyk." This meant that the Kalmyks are still in disgrace and censorship excludes any mention of them even in such harmless cases.
- Who did the old woman from the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm Goldfish want to become?
The basis for Pushkin's "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" was the fairy tale "The Fisherman and His Wife" by the Brothers Grimm. Pushkin's old woman finds herself at a broken trough after she wanted to become the ruler of the sea, and her German "colleague" at this stage became the Pope. And only after the desire to become the Lord God was left with nothing.
- What kind of insect is the dragonfly from Krylov's fable actually?
In Krylov's fable "The Dragonfly and the Ant" there are lines: "The jumping dragonfly sang red summer." However, it is known that the dragonfly does not make sounds. The fact is that at that time the word "dragonfly" served as a generalized name for several species of insects. And the hero of the fable is actually a grasshopper.
- Why did the poets dislike Mayakovsky for writing poetry with a ladder?
When Mayakovsky introduced his famous poetic "ladder", fellow poets accused him of cheating - after all, then poets were paid for the number of lines, and Mayakovsky received 2-3 times more for poems of the same length.
- When did the prologue "A green oak near the sea ..." appear?
The prologue "A green oak near the sea ..." of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" Pushkin wrote for its second edition, released 8 years after the first publication.
- Who came up with the name Svetlana?
The name Svetlana is not originally Slavic. It was invented and first used by the poet Vostokov in the romance "Svetlana and Mstislav", and gained wide popularity after the release of Zhukovsky's ballad "Svetlana" in 1813.
- In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" interjection"Oh!"used 54 times, but exclamation"Oh!"occurs on the pages of the work 6 times.
- In the novel "Eugene Onegin" there are lines: "He settled in that calm, // Where is the village old-timer // About forty years old with the housekeeper scolded, // Looked out the window and crushed the flies." The word fly in this context is not used in its direct meaning, but for the metaphor of alcohol. There is also another metaphor used to refer to a drunk person - "under the fly", where the word fly is used in the same sense.
- Did you know that one of the ancestors of M.Yu. Lermontov was a legendary Scottish mystic poet? The poet always knew that his father, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, traces his lineage from the Scottish officer George Lermonte. He served as a mercenary in the Polish army, and in 1613, defending the White Fortress, he was taken prisoner and went over to the side of Russia, where he became the ancestor of numerous descendants. But about his most famous ancestor - Thomas Lermont, the poet of ancient Scotland, who lived in the XIII century, M.Yu. Lermontov most likely did not know. Only a few poems by Thomas Lermont have survived to this day, often framed as predictions, much more legends about him have survived. It is said that on the ancient Eildon Hill, where, according to legend, King Arthur and his knights rest, stood the Eildon Oak, which was the entrance to the kingdom of the fairies. In his youth, Thomas fell in love with a fairy, and she took him to her kingdom for 7 years. There he received his prophetic gift, and when he returned, he prophesied about the outcome of wars, about the fate of kings and cities, and then went back to his fairy - forever.
- The fictional author of "immortal" aphorisms, Kozma Prutkov, was not only perceived by many readers as a true person, but also managed to pass on his literary talent by inheritance. In 1854, the first poems by Kozma Prutkov were published in the Literaturnoye Poeralash. Soon his statements: “If you want to be happy, be happy”, or “Behold at the root” were on everyone's lips. To the “fathers” of this character A.K. Tolstoy, his cousins brothers Zhemchuzhnikov and Peter Ershov even had to create his biography, from which it followed that Kozma Prutkov was born on April 11, 1801 near Solvychegodsk, was the director of the Assay Tent with the rank of a full state councilor, and had 10 children with his wife Antonida Proklevetanova.20 years after his "death" (with the consent of his creators, he died in January 1863), the "Complete Works of Kozma Prutkov" with a portrait of the author appeared, and in the 1910s his grand-niece Angelika Safyanova appeared, and also with great literary ambitions!
