There are many morphological forms in Russian variable words. Fortunately, most of them are assimilated by children in early childhood and do not cause problems in preparation for the exam. But there are forms, in the education and use of which both children and adults make mistakes. Below is a list of such morphological forms.
Invalid forms.Memorize the examples with lists.
Noun
Plural formation:
Words ending in Y - I:
engineers, designers, officers, lecturers, trainers, accountants, instructors, editors, locksmiths, drivers;
vectors, winds, reprimands, jumpers, sweaters, contracts, containers, players, policies, spotlights, warehouses;
ages, choices, ports, handwriting, creams, cakes
Words in A - Z:
director, doctor, inspector, professor, cook, watchman, paramedic, tenor, coachman;
district, order, bill, boat, leave, heap, bell, body, dome, district, passport, cellar, grade, farm, poplar, stack, stamp, anchor
Formation of the genitive plural:
Form for OB - EB:
several kilograms (kilograms), grams (grams), hectares, carats, tomatoes, tomatoes, oranges, apricots, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, lemons, tangerines, eggplants, golfs, socks, shoulder straps, sneakers (sneakers), rails, nerves;
many dresses, upper reaches, roots, rags, lower reaches, apprentices, flakes, mouths
Zero-terminated form:
a pair of towels, stockings, wide trousers, shorts, boots, shoes, boots, slippers, slippers, galoshes, shoe covers, boots, felt boots, apples, melons, plums;
detachment of soldiers, hussar, dragoon, grenadier (grenadier), cadet, lancer, partisan;
one hundred amperes, watts, volts;
many towers, fables, saucers, spray, cases, pasta, loops, nannies, cuffs, towels, earrings, gossip, apple trees;
a lot of thoughts, pancakes, seats, pickles, gorges, cookies, food, coasts, necklaces, dungeons
The use of different kinds of nouns:
good shampoo, penalty, chimpanzee, cockatoo, wildebeest;
terrible tsetse (fly), fresh Iwashi (herring);
old Tbilisi, Sukhumi, beautiful euro;
wide Mississippi, Yangtze, Yellow River;
new metro, muffler, coat
The use of non-declining proper names:
Nikita Struve's publishing house, read by Dumas, Shevchenko's poetry
Adjective
Mixing of simple and compound forms of comparative and superlative degrees:
Erroneous: later, higher, lower; less clear, more terrifying; the most beautiful (vernacular).
Right: later - later; higher lower; less clear, less scary; the most beautiful or the most beautiful.
Comparative education:
Wrong: prettier, better, worse (wrong choice of inflection model, vernacular).
Right: prettier, better, worse.
Numeral
Inflection of numbers- traditionally difficult teaching material.
1. Formation and change of forms of compound numerals:
in one thousand and five, two in seven, in three in five, in two thousand and eleven,
eighty (eighty), eight hundred (eight hundred), five hundred, three thousand six hundred fifty seven
2. Declination of compound and compound numbers:
two hundred rubles, five hundred rubles, four hundred rubles, about five hundred kilometers, three hundred pages, no six hundred rubles, about five hundred books
Advice:
Words: forty, ninety, one hundred.
I. p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
R. p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
D. p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
V. p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
Ect. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
P. p. (oh) forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty... When declining in them, both parts change:
I. p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
R. p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
D. p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
V. p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
Ect. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
P. p. (o) fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
Pay attention to the declension of the numbers: five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred. When declining in them, both parts change:
I. p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
R. p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
D. p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
V. p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
Ect. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight, nine hundred (rubles)
P. p. (about) five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
Pay attention to the declension of numbers one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred, in which mistakes are often made:
I. p. one and a half (hour), one and a half (minutes), one and a half (rubles)
R. p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half (rubles)
D. p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half (rubles)
V. p. one and a half (hour), one and a half (minutes), one and a half (rubles)
Ect. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half (rubles)
P. p. (about) one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half (rubles)
Pay attention to the declination compound cardinal numbers: each word changes in them:
I. p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
R. p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
D. p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
V. p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
Ect. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
P. p. (about) two thousand fourteen (rubles)
Pay attention to the declination compound ordinal numbers: they only change the last word:
I. p. two thousand fourteenth (year)
R. p. two thousand fourteen (years)
D. p. two thousand fourteen (year)
V. p. two thousand fourteenth (year)
Ect. two thousand fourteen (year)
P. p. (c) two thousand and fourteen (year)
3. Use of collective numerals:
two brothers, three puppies, to both brothers, to both friends, two glasses, two sleighs, two of us, three, their six.
Advice:
Since the topic causes a lot of problems, remember the cases when it is correct to use collective numbers, in a list:
1.With male nouns: two brothers, three men, four guys.
2.
With nouns children, people: three children, four people.
3.With nouns for baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
4. With nouns that have only a plural form. h .: five days.
5.With nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
6.With pronouns: two of us, five of them.
4. Use of numerals both, both:
Numeral both is used only with nouns: both girls, both sides, both books.
With nouns m. R. and cf. R. the form is used both: both brothers, both friends, both windows.
Wrong: both paths, to both paths, with both stars.
That's right: both paths, to both paths, with both stars.
Pronoun
Form formation:
It is a mistake: he was carried away by her, with her; theirs; in the midst of him (her), among them; how many books, how many students.
That's right: he was carried away by her - T. p., With her - R. p.; their; in the middle of * him (her), among * them; how many books, how many students
* In the middle, in the middle- prepositions. If you say: of them, from them, say: among them... After prepositions for personal pronouns he she They in indirect cases, the letter appears n.
Verb
1... Formation of personal forms:
Verbs to win, to convince, to convince, to dissuade, to find yourself, to feel, to overshadow, to dare, to vacuum and some others do not have the form of 1 person unit. h.
It is a mistake: I will win, I will run, I will win, I will convince, I will run away, I will persuade, I will find myself, weird, a stranger, a stranger.
Correct: do not use these verbs in the form of 1 liter., Singular.
Mistakenly: try, ride, lazia, burn, bake, take care, guard, rinse, wave, want (the wrong inflection model was used, vernacular).
That's right: let's try, drive, climb, burn, bake, take care, guard, rinse, wave, want to.
2. Formation of return forms:
It is a mistake: we met, wanted to, greeted, apologize (vernacular).
That's right: we met, wanted to, greeted (after the vowels did not -sya, a -s), sorry (using a reflexive form with this verb is a gross mistake).
3. Formation of forms of imperative mood:
It is erroneous: drive, drive, drive, drive, drive, drive, drive, wave, disperse, pack, lay, lie, lie, run, climb, buy, lie down (the wrong inflection model was used, vernacular).
That's right: go (with a prefix), wave, disperse, put it down, buy it, lie down.
Advice:
Pay attention to the formation of imperative forms of erroneous verbs that are often found in KIM:
Lie - (you) lie, (you) lie
Ride - (you) ride, (you) ride
Ride - (you) ride, (you) ride
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Climb - (you) climb, (you) climb
Run - (you) run, (you) run
4. Formation of past tense forms:
It is a mistake: it froze, got stronger, dried out, dried out, got wet, got wet, and others like that.
That's right: frozen, strong, dry, dry, dry, wet, wet.
Participle
Educationparticiples:
Wrong: gargling, waving, wanting (using the wrong inflection model); doing, writing, taking an interest (present participles are not formed from perfective verbs).
That's right: rinsing, waving, wanting; do not try to form present participles from perfect verbs.
Gerunds
Formation of gerunds:
It is a mistake: looking in my direction, piling up, driving (incorrect use of the models of shaping: germs with the suffix -я- cannot be formed from the SV verbs).
Correct: looking in my direction or looking in my direction, stacking (excl .: stable combination with folded arms) by going.
Adverb
1. Formation of adverbs:
It is a mistake: from there, to open inward, I can hardly be able to, divide it in half (vernacular).
That's right: from there, to come off inward, I can hardly, divide in half.
2. Formation of the comparative degree of adverbs:
It is a mistake: bad - worse, beautiful - prettier and prettier, good - the best and good, hard - harder (vernacular).
That's right: bad - worse, beautiful - prettier, good - better, hard - harder
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1. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
to BOTH boots
by the fifth MARCH
SEMISOT twenty
along the COAST
behind HIM
2. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
hussar EPOLEET
SPREADING the cereal
happy WEDDINGS
a few eggplants
the sweetest
3. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
NINE pages
more beautiful
in HALF GRAMS
Abkhaz towers
church domes
HALF-HUNDRED
4. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
fast boats
looked more GENTLE
pair of herons
songs of the ARABS
AUTHORS
5. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
TWO HUNDRED notebooks
BOTH female students
PUT ON THE TABLE
Golden domes
scarlet lamps
6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly
famous PROFESSORS
more than TWO HUNDRED participants
WITH BOTH hands
more beautiful
DO NOT WASH WITH YOUR HANDS
PROFESSOR
7. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
their ADDRESSES
sweet pomegranates
Saw teeth
FIVE wolf cubs
life of MONGOLS
8. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
Lie down on the floor
THEIR dreams
no BOOTS
TATAR traditions
little trees
9. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
HARDER than stone
scarlet CHERRY
suddenly STUMPED
EIGHT HUNDRED
no GOLF
SPOTLED
10. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
Get well soon
Baked pie
BOTH tables
Foliage crumbling
famous DESIGNERS
11. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
BY SEVEN RUBLES
new slippers
famous PROFESSORS
BOTH sisters
several KILOGRAMS
PROFESSOR
12. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly
according to the timetable
pair of socks
DRIED in the wind
five KILOGRAMS
about HALF HUNDRED meters
13. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly
SEVEN SOLDIERS
company SOLDIER
a pair of JEANS
we RIDE
dozen of GUNS
14. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly
ten TOMATOES
sing more BEAUTIFUL
in TWO meters
Lie down on the floor
Dress baby
15. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
on BOTH sides
pack of MACARON
no TWO Hundred rubles
STRENGTHEN after illness
they WAVE by hand
16. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
fine tentacles
FOUR HUNDRED PAGES
Continue SOFT
old FAIRS
RINSE your mouth
Task number 6 tests your knowledge of the lexical norms of the Russian language. For the correct fulfillment of this paragraph, you will receive one point.
The task itself can be formulated in several ways:
1) Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, eliminating unnecessary word. Write this word down.
2) Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, replacing misused word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Note! You need to either EXCLUDE the word or REPLACE.
What violations of the lexical norms can occur in this task? (We are talking about SPEECH ERRORS that are deliberately made in this assignment.)
Violation of lexical compatibility.
For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the features lexical compatibility, that is, their ability to connect with each other... An involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common speech error. For example, a similar error can be heard in the speech of sports commentators: Although in these competitions our favorite skaters defeated, the audience salutes them standing (but: win, lose).
Some words are often used in speech in incorrect combinations:
meeting called
increase attention
give importance
improve horizons
Speech redundancy.
Speech redundancy is verbosity. Verbosity can manifest itself in various forms, for example, take the form of pleonasm.
1) PLEONASM(from the Greek pleonasmos - excess) is the use of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words in speech:
main essence
everyday routine
dark gloom
Pleonasms often appear when synonyms are combined:
courageous and brave
only
nevertheless, however
for example
2) A type of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY(from the Greek tauto - the same, logos - a word). A tautology can arise when repeating words of the same root:
tell a story
multiply
ask a question
resume again
and also when connecting a foreign language and duplicating its meaning:
memorable souvenirs
debuted for the first time
Let's analyze some speech errors.
WHISPER QUIETLY.
The word “whisper” contains the meaning ‘to say very quietly’, so the word “quiet” is superfluous in this example. The word "quiet" is superfluous.
THE PATRIOT OF HIS HOMELAND.
A patriot is "a person who is ready for sacrifices and deeds in the name of the interests of his homeland," therefore the combination of "homeland" is superfluous.
SHE PRODUCES A COZY IMPRESSION.
You can make a "pleasant" impression, but not a "cozy" one. We replace the word "cozy" with the word "pleasant".
Let's complete task number 6.
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, eliminating unnecessary word. Write this word down.
The new shoes were a little too big for her.
In this example, the word "a little" is superfluous. In the adjective “too big,” the suffix -owat- indicates the incompleteness of the feature, that is, the shoes are ‘a little larger than necessary’. In this case, the word "a little" has a meaning - ‘slightly, slightly’. This meaning overlaps with the meaning of the word "too big". Therefore, we exclude the word "a little".
Morphological norms kilogram of eggplant instead of kilogram of eggplant, white tulle instead of white tulle, in front of six hundred spectators instead of in front of six hundred spectators, in their house instead of in their house, ride instead of go.
Features of the use and formation of forms of adjectives
It can be difficult to form some forms of comparative and superlative degree of qualitative adjectives, as well as the use of these forms in speech.
Comparative forms are most often formed using suffixes -she / -s: smart - smarter / smarter. If the stem of an adjective ends in r, k, x, and d, t, st, sk, zk, then the suffix is used -e and there is an alternation of consonants: soft - softer, strict - stricter, quiet - quieter, rich - richer, young - younger, thick - thicker, low - lower. Only occasionally is the suffix - earlier: early - earlier, old - older, thin - thinner, bitter - bitter, distant - farther, long - longer. Several adjectives form a comparative from another root: good is better, bad is worse, small, small is less.
Comparison value can be expressed using words more / less(comparative) and words most / most(superlative): more suitable, most difficult, most difficult.
Attention! It is absolutely unacceptable to use both ways of expressing a comparison at the same time. It is forbidden: this task more difficult her than the previous one; he most great aish th poet. Right: this task is difficult her than the previous or this task more more difficult than the previous one; he is great aish the poet or he most great poet. This also applies to the use of adverbs: you cannot speak running more fast her
, right running fast her
or running more quickly.
But: the best, the worst.
It should be borne in mind that not all qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison in general (for example, words immortal, blind due to their meaning, it cannot be used in a comparative degree) and with the help of suffixes in particular. In this case, to express the comparison, you can use the words more, less, the most: more urgent, less gloomy, the youngest.
Comparative adjectives are used with genitive nouns (oranges are sweeter than lemons) or with a union than (the weather is warmer today than yesterday).
Features of the use and formation of forms of names of numbers
Difficulties arise in the formation of case forms of numbers and their combination with nouns. Most numbers are declined in the third declension, whilev compound and complex cardinal numbers each part must change: performed in front of nine hundred and sixty-seven spectators. Numeral thousand changes as a noun of the first declension. Numerals Fourty and hundred in indirect cases have only one form - forty, one hundred; but in the composition of complex numbers hundred changes differently: three hundred, three hundred, three hundred,
about three hundred.
When declining compound ordinal numbers only their last part changes (as adjectives): two thousand and fourteen - by two thousand and fourteen - until two thousand and fourteen.
Collective numerals (two to ten) are only used with the following nouns:
a) calling males (five friends, four sons);
b) having only the plural form (three jeans, two shorts);
v) children, people, guys, face(meaning "person") and words denoting baby animals ( three guys, five young people, several unfamiliar faces, seven kids, six kittens);
d) with personal pronouns (there are two of us, there are five of them);
e) as well as when they themselves act as a noun (two entered, three in gray greatcoats).
Attention! Combinations of compound numerals with non-singular nouns such as 22 days - twenty two days are unacceptable. Right: twenty-two days, twenty-three pieces of scissors, twenty-four pairs of trousers, a nursery in the amount of twenty-four.
The words both, one and a half have two generic forms: both friends (with both friends), a year and a half, both tasks, an apple and a half and both tasks (both tasks, both tasks), fifteen hundred. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the words one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred in indirect cases (except for the accusative) have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred (less than an hour and a half, I have one and a half thousand rubles, they sent out receipts to one and a half subscribers).
In phrases with nouns in the nominative case, the numeral manages genitive noun (sixty houses built); in indirect cases, the numeral agrees with the main word expressed by the noun (about sixty houses). Numerals thousand, million, billion retain control in all cases: a million inhabitants, for a million inhabitants, about a million inhabitants.
After numerals one two three four the singular form of nouns is used (two apples, three episodes), and after numbers from five onwards - plural (five apples, twelve episodes)... Numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred in the nominative and accusative cases, they control the nouns in the singular, and in the other cases, the noun is in the plural form: invited fifteen students - talked with fifteen students.
Features of the use and formation of pronouns
Disturbances in the formation of certain forms of pronouns are primarily associated with possessive pronouns. him, her, them, which in the literary language do not change (with his friends, about her plans,
in their house).
When the personal pronoun is used in indirect cases with prepositions, the initial is added to it n-: I'm proud of him - I'll see n them.
Pronouns play an important role in the organization of the text when they replace other words. Demonstrative pronouns are used for this purpose. (this, that, such, etc.), pronominal adverbs (there, there, then, etc.), personal pronoun he (she, it, they) relative pronoun which the. If the sentence contains several nouns, then it is unacceptable to use personal pronouns he, she, him, her, as this can lead to ambiguity: This herring was given to me by the saleswoman Lyuba, because of the hot weather she had already plowed it in. You also need to be careful about the construction of complex sentences with the word which the, otherwise it may not be clear what we are talking about:The parents of the children gathered in the hall, who today had to fight for the title of "the smartest". Who will fight for this title - parents or children - cannot be determined from this proposal.
Disadvantages may be associated with the use of reflexive pronouns. myself, which has no forms of gender and number and can refer to all persons and both numbers (The commandant told the janitor to take the tenant's things with him. Who will get the stuff?) . Usually the real meaning of a pronoun myself matcheswith the real meaning of the subject (I'll pour myself some tea) but it may not match (remember the people unable to take care of themselves)... Reflexive pronouns can also be used in impersonal sentences. (I managed to force myself to stop it)... Ambiguity is usually created when the infinitive is associated with another character: The teacher asked the student to take the notebooks to his home. A broader context is needed for accuracy, for example: It was hard for the teacher to carry notebooks home, and he asked the student to help him.
The use of the possessive pronoun in the text can also cause difficulties. mine: The teacher asked the student to put notebooks on his desk- it remains unclear on whose table the notebooks should be placed. To avoid inaccuracy, you need to remember the following: a) if in a sentence the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the addition to a noun, then belonging to the object is expressed by a pronoun him, her, them: I found my brother in my room - I found my brother in his room;
b) if the subject and object are expressed by nouns of the same number and gender, the sentence must be changed so that one person is named: The teacher asked to put the notebooks on his (teacher's) desk; At the teacher's request, the student put the notebooks on his (student's) table.
Morphological norms of the modern Russian language (noun)
Russian language. Preparing students for final certification: OGE, USE. All classes.
Morphological norms- these are the norms of correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech. Their violation leads to errors that make it difficult to understand the utterance and indicate a low speech culture of the speaker: kilogram of eggplant instead of kilogram of eggplant, white tulle instead of white tulle, in front of six hundred spectators instead of in front of six hundred spectators, in their house instead of in their house, ride instead of go.
Morphological norms of the use and formation of nouns
Difficult cases of determining the gender of nouns
Inanimate nouns sometimes change gender over time, which can lead to
to the emergence of equal options: banknotes and banknotes, dahlia and dahlia, burr and hangnail, pancakes and pancakes, spasm and spasm. Note the gender of the following paired nouns: women's sandals, football boots, sports gaiters, comfortable sneakers, leather moccasins, steel rail, children's sandals, slippers (slippers), elegant shoes, lacquered boots. You should also remember what genus these words belong to: significant adjustment, delicious pancake, railway reserved seat, long tentacle, comfortable mezzanine, light parcel, dark veil, heavy dumbbell, old corn, roofing tar, chocolate truffle, transparent tulle, white queen, new shampoo.
Most inanimate non-declining common nouns are neuter (strict jury, crystal sconce), but in some cases correlates with a generic concept or an old form: seventh avenue(Street), fresh kohlrabi(cabbage), flavored coffee(old forms "coffee", "coffee"), delicious salami(sausage), lucky penalty(free kick), sultry sirocco(African wind).
The gender of nouns naming persons depends on gender: charming miss, london dandy.
Nouns that name persons by profession are masculine, although they can also name females (like inflected nouns): military attaché, experienced impresario, famous sculptor V. Mukhina.
The indelible names of animals and birds usually refer to the masculine gender, but context must be taken into account: swift-footed emu, funny cockatoo, but the chimpanzee was feeding the cub. In some cases, the generic concept is taken into account: delicious ivashi(herring), african tsetse(fly).
The genus of non-declining proper names is determined by the generic concept: full-flowing Limpopo (river), picturesque San Bartolomeo (island).
The genus of abbreviated words (abbreviations) is defined in two ways. If the word does not change, then by the gender of the main word in the full name: UN adopted resolution(United Nations) , RIA reported(Russian news agency). If the word declines, then the gender is determined on a general basis - at the end and final sound of the stem: enter a technical university(higher educational institution), Foreign Ministry made a statement(Ministry of Foreign Affairs); but: TASS is authorized to declare(Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union).
The genus of compound words is usually determined by a word that expresses a more general concept. (beautiful butterfly admiral) or according to the first part (comfortable chair-bed).
Nominative plural
Among the masculine nouns of the second declension, the most common endings-s / -ands and -a / -s: computers, policies, trains, professors.
When choosing an ending, consider the following factors:
a) endings -and I have nouns denoting paired concepts: eyes, sides, horns;
b) words consisting of one syllable, as a rule, have an ending -s / -i (cakes, noises) but there are exceptions (houses, varieties);
c) words consisting of two syllables with an accent on the first, as a rule, have an ending -and I: boat - boats, watchman - watchmen; if the stress falls on the second syllable, then in the plural usually the ending -s / -и: watermelon - watermelons;
d) in words of three or more syllables, the ending is widespread -s / -ands with an accent in the middle of a word: pharmacists, contracts (contracts are acceptable);
e) foreign words ending in percussion -er / -er, usually have an ending -s / -s: officer - officers, engineer - engineers, driver - chauffeurs;
f) words on -tor / -sor usually have an ending -s / -s (investor - investors), although in animate nouns, which are often used in speech, the stressed ending becomes widespread -a / -i: editors, commentators, but doctors, professors;
g) nouns on -l / -l and -r / -r with the stress on the first syllable usually have an ending -and I:
shako - shako, poplar - poplar.
It must be borne in mind that sometimes the choice of ending depends on the meaning and collocation of the word:
passes(the documents) - gaps(oversights, absenteeism);
tones(overflows of color) - tones(sound);
brakes(devices) - brakes(obstacles);
teachers(teachers) - teachers(mentors);
of bread(at the root) - bread(baked);
fur(skins) - bellows(blacksmiths);
camp(military, tourist) - camps(political groupings);
corps(buildings, military units) - buildings(torso);
sons(from parents) - sons(homeland);
image(icons) - images(in art), etc.
Neuter nouns usually end in plural - a / -ya (saucer - saucers, window - windows), much less often - s / -i (shoulder - shoulders).
Some nouns are characterized by a non-standard formation of the nominative plural:
a) masculine nouns on -young plural suffix -at- and unstressed ending -а: calf - calves, kitten - kittens;
b) nouns on -anin / -anin plural ends in -ans / -jans: citizen - citizens, peasant - peasants.
Attention! The owner is the owners, the child is the children, the person is the people, the hen is the chickens, the ship is the ships, the bottom is the bottom, the awl is the awl.
Collective, abstract nouns have only the singular form: good, faith, kids, old stuff.
Some specific nouns are not singular: scissors, jeans.
The names of substances usually have one form: either plural ( ink, sawdust), or a single ( milk, sugar, coal), but when designating a variety, varieties of a substance are often used in the plural ( wonderful cheese - Altai cheeses).
Genitive plural
In most cases, the following pattern works: if in the initial form (nominative singular) the word has a zero ending, then in the genitive plural the ending is usually nonzero: apricot - many apricots, bone - many bones, potion - no potions (th in similar forms is included in the basis, not being an end); and vice versa: newspaper - no newspapers, business - a lot of business. But there are violations of this pattern: one soldier - many soldiers, one partisan - a detachment of partisans, share - several shares, dress - many dresses.
For nouns ending in - anin / -yanin(except for the word family man, which does not change in numbers), as well as words master, boyar, lord, tatar in genitive plural null ending with clipping - in: many Slavs, bar, citizens, Tatars.
Most of the names of fruits and vegetables are masculine with a solid consonant stem ending in -ov: a kilogram of tomatoes, tangerines, eggplants.
The names of paired objects usually have a zero ending in the genitive plural: a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, but a pair of boots and boots.
Attention! A pair of shoes, five herons, several candles, five sheets and sheets, no pasta, a pair of jeans, from a nursery, many Buryats and Buryats, no comments, no adjustments, a few Turks, from the ears.
Features of the declension of some nouns and phrases
Among the nouns, there is a rather large group of non-declining words:
a) foreign words into vowels -o, -y, -y, -and, -e, shock -a: coat, stew, menu, coffee, bourgeois;
b) foreign names of females: pani, madam, miss;
c) Russian surnames on -vo, -go, -th / -th and Ukrainian on -ko: Sedykh, Zhivago, Shevchenko;
d) many foreign names and surnames: Jacqueline, Dumas.
In compound words with the first part floor- in indirect cases, there is a replacement for half-: half a year - about half a year.
In the genitive singular of masculine nouns, there are two endings:
-a / -ya and -y / -ya: a lot of people - a lot of people, a cup of tea - a cup of tea. Forms on -y / -y usually persist if a noun depends on a verb: drink kvass, add sugar.
Inanimate masculine nouns in the prepositional singularthe second declension may have endings -e or -y / -y: think about the garden (addition) - work
in the garden (circumstance). In some cases, the choice of ending depends on the meaning and collocation of the noun: in the first row - in some cases, covered in sweat - to work in the sweat of your brow, the only one in the world - for peace and death is red, being out of spirit - as in spirit.
Morphological norms of the modern Russian language (verb)
Russian language. Preparing students for final certification: OGE, USE. All classes.
The formation of certain verb forms can cause certain difficulties.
1. When forming imperfective verbs, in some cases, there is an alternation of vowels about -a at the heart of: arrange - arrange, be late - be late. But when forming similar forms from verbs condition, focus it must be remembered that the options condition, focus are acceptable, and the literary norm is condition, concentrate.
Attention! Lay down - lay down (it is unacceptable to lay down, lay down!).
2. It is necessary to remember about the alternation of salt g-f, k-h, v-vl, f-fl, p-pl, b-bl, m-ml, st-u, t-h, d / z-z, s-sh based on the formation of a number of forms: oven - bake - bake; lie down - lie down - lie down - lie down, guard - guard - guard - guard; catch - catch, shine - shine, weigh - weigh - weigh. But: weave - weave - weave.
Attention! burn - burn - burn - burn - burn - burn; want - want - want - want - want - want - want; run - run - run - run - run - run - run.
3. Sometimes it is possible the existence of variants of forms: heed - heed and heeded(equal); waving, pouring - waving, pouring(main), waving, pouring(acceptable); drip - caplet(from roofs, from a crane) , (on) dripping(medicine).
4. Pay attention to the future tense forms of verbs recover, weaken, weaken(verbs ending in -net indicate that the action is directed at the subject): I will recover, I will become weak, you will get well, you will become weak, he will recover, I will become weak, etc.
5. A number of verbs do not have some forms of the present and future tense:
the 1st person singular form is not used for verbs: overshadow, find yourself, win, be born, moan, convince, be convinced;
do not have 1st and 2nd person singular and plural verbs: boil, boil, boil(about water) roll up, step(about the time), to surround, to be realized, to come out, to happen, to be distributed, to be created, to take place, to flow, to succeed;
if necessary, you need to use descriptive constructs: I will be able to win (convince); I will win.
6. From verbs with a suffix -Well- the following forms of the past tense are formed:
with the loss of the suffix: arise - arise, penetrate - penetrate, get used to - get used to, get wet - soaked, dry - dry, perish - died, disappear - disappear;
equal options: deaf - deaf and deaf, sour - kitty and sour, smell - smelled and smelled, wither - lethargic and wither, exposed - exposed and exposed;
main options go out - go out, freeze - freeze, dry - dry, go out - go out, but it is permissible to go out, freeze, dry, go out.
7. Some verbs do not form the imperative mood: weigh, see, hear, be able, hate, happen, want, etc.
Attention! Lie down - lie down (!), Sit down - sit down, sit down, run - run, search - look, put - put, go - go, go (!).
MORPHOLOGICAL NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (PARTICIPATION AND PARTICIPATION)
When using participles in speech, sometimes difficulties arise associated with the formation of forms of participles and participles, as well as with their use in sentences.
1. When forming the forms of participles, the following should be borne in mind:
a) valid past participles are formed from the base of the past tense, ending in a vowel, using a suffix -wsh-, and from stem to consonant - using - NS-:
buy - who bought, carry - carried;
Attention! Wipe - wiped, hurt - hurt.
B) no need to confuse the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense -nn - (- n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t-:
assembled, glued, finished. All things are removed (not removed!);
c) when forming participles from reflexive verbs, postfix -sya remains: Wavering shadows fell on the walls;
d) the forms of the passive participles of the present tense are not used (with suffixes -im-, -em-, -om-) from verbs: protect, beat, knit, iron, cook, hold, regret, know, have, treat, bake, write, spoil, cut, put, pull, teach, clean, whisper, etc .; past tense: return, reach, force, eclipse, pass, remind, fly around, wait, wish, love, greet, run, see, push, etc.
2. When using participles in speech, you must pay attention to the following:
a) it is not necessary to confuse the real (the sign of the one who performs the action) and the passive (the sign of the one who (what) is exposed to the action) participles: scientist investigating an object - an object investigated by a scientist;
b) the passive meaning can be expressed not only by passive participles, but also by real ones, formed from reflexive verbs with a suffix (postfix) -sya: the subject we are studying is the subject we are studying. But the use of forms is unacceptable a child dressed as a mother, a cook prepared lunch; the use of return participles is justified if there is no corresponding passive participle or it is of little use: cf. the text I wrote has not survived - the text I wrote has not survived.
3. When forming the forms of gerunds, a number of points must be taken into account:
a) imperfective participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using a suffix -a / -ya: build - build - build, jump - jump - jump; from some verbs, the adverbial participle is formed with a suffix (not widely used and perceived as obsolete) -uchi / -yuchi: being, traveling, pitiful, playfully, walking, sneaking;
Attention! Climbing - climbing, swimming - swimming, pinching - pinching, waving, pouring - waving, pouring (perhaps waving, rash), suffering - suffering (in artistic speech - suffering), listening - listening (heed - outdated.)
b) not all verbs form gerunds:
usually from imperfective verbs that do not have a vowel in the base of the present tense (lie - lie): beat, whip, lie, eat, press, wait, pour, crush, drink, tear, sleep, rub, sew, etc .;
from verbs with alternating infinitive and present tense stems hsh, ssh (cut - cut, dance - dance): weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, scratch;
from imperfective verbs to -burn, -but: protect, burn, be able, bake, guard, get a haircut, flow, wither, fade, stall, get stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, sink, pull;
adverbs from imperfective verbs are not used arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, get cold, want;
c) perfect participles are formed from the base of the past tense (infinitive) of perfect verbs using a suffix -v (write - writing), sometimes with a suffix -а / -я (come - having come, subtract - subtract) or suffixes -vshi, -shi (usually from reflexive verbs) (laughing, ascended);
d) it is a mistake to use one suffix instead of another: in a sentence Answering, he hung up you need to use the verbal participle answering; such obsolete forms are preserved only in phraseological units: with hand on heart, head-cut, reluctant heart.
Morphological norms.
Task A3 (morphological norms of the Russian language) tests your ability to correctly choose the form of a word for the following parts of speech:
noun name;
adjective and adverb;
numeral name;
pronouns;
More details about the rest of the speech can be found in the article morphological analysis of the word.
Noun.
Rule.
1) Prepositional singular (endings - y or –e):
U is used in case of circumstance: in a closet, in a garden.
E with an object meaning: to understand the garden.
2) Nominative plural (endings -а or -ы).
Distinguish!
3) The use of forms of the genus
Distinguish!
Adjective and adverb (degrees of comparison).
| degree | comparative( denotes a sign that manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent) | superlative degree( denotes a sign that manifests itself in any object to the greatest extent) |
| simple form: | suffixes: -E, -EE, -EE, -SHE | suffixes -AISH, -EISH, sometimes: the prefix NAI- + suffixes -AISH, -EISH The adverb has no simple superlative! |
| compound form: | MORE, LESS + initial adjective | 1) simple comparative degree + ALL (TOTAL) 2) MOST, MOST + initial adjective (adjective only) |
Rule.
DO NOT combine superlative and comparative forms, as well as simple and compound forms of both degrees of comparison!
For example, it CANNOT be the thinnest, the worst, the least beautiful.
MAY be the thinnest or thinnest, thinner or worse, least beautiful or prettier.
Remember!
lively - faster and faster,
flexible - more flexible,
smooth - smoother
deep - deeper
bitter (experience) - bitter,
bitter (tastes) - bitter,
wild - wild or wild,
dexterous - dexterous or dexterous,
small - smaller,
narrow - already,
biting - biting
Numeral.
declension of numbers
Distinguish!
| Cardinal numbers
(how?) |
ordinals
(which one?) |
| all words are inclined: R. p. (no) seven hundred eighty two Ect. (what?) seven hundred and eighty two
I., V. -one and a halfa(m., Wed. p.),one and a halfNS(f) R., D., T., P. -floorattorusa
I., V. -zerothe ending, R., D., T., P. -the ending-a
both parts end the same toeandtenand, fiveNStenNS
both parts are inclined, in case of difficulty substitute for the word honeycomb - note I., V. five notes -five hundred. R. five notes -toeandhoneycomb D. five notes -toeandstam T. with five notes -fiveNSstami P. about five notes - ohtoeandstOh |
only the last word bends until one thousand six hundred and eighty-six (year) in two thousand five hundred ninety-seventh (year) When specifying a date after an ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the fifth of January, before the first of September |
combination of collective numerals with nouns 
Pronoun.
| Error | Example | Corrected version |
| cases of incorrect use of the personal pronoun of the 3rd person in indirect cases with a preposition (without the initial n) | I go to her with a soul | I go to her with soul |
| Trap! After some prepositions, pronouns do not have an initial n-: thanks to him, including him, outside of him, in spite of him, after him, towards him, in spite of him, like him, like him, in the middle of him (but: in the middle of him!), Through him, according to him | ||
| combinations with her, for her, from her have an archaic character | what can be expected from her | what can be expected from her |
| erroneous formation of the genitive case of the interrogative (relative) pronoun how many | Her attitude towards players is outrageous. Their goat butts | Her attitude towards the players is outrageous. Their goat butts |
| unjustified omission of the reflexive pronoun of self | She doesn't represent anything! Let me move on to the next question. |
She is nothing! Let me move on to the next question. |
| pronoun as an extra word | This leader, she herself is the weakest link | She, this leader, the weakest link |
| violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate and violation of the agreement with the replaced word. With the words WHO and WHAT - the predicate is put only in singular! |
Those who oppose me will have problems Anyone who does not know the answers must leave the game. |
Those who oppose me will have problems Anyone who does not know the answers should leave the game. |
| ambiguity in pronouns | Arkady and Boris argued, and he (who exactly?) Was not surprised why I did not support him | |
Verb.
Rule.
Verbs CONVINCE, WIN, FEEL, FEEL, PUSH, HANG, DARE, FEEL, FOOT, NICK, TAKE OFF, BITTER, BURN OUT, BUZZ, RUST and some others do not use the 1st person singular: i I dare, I blow, I dare.
Algorithm of actions.
1) Determine the forms of which part of speech are presented in the answer options.
2) Identify the main features of this form (determine the gender, number, case, face, etc.)
3) Think about where the mistakes might be.
Analysis of the task.
Give an example of a misspelled word form.
1) in the eighteen hundredth year
2) some hot fritters
3) lie on the floor
4) go towards them
Option number 1.
In the eighteen hundredth year- we are interested in the ordinal in the prepositional form. We remember: in the ordinal number during declension, only the last part should change, that is, thousand remains unchanged, only changes eight hundred. This means that the form is formed correctly.
Option number 2.
Several hot fritters... Pay attention to the noun fritters, which is in the genitive plural. It is necessary to remember the rules for using variants of the endings: -s, zero, -s. We put in the initial form - fritter, it is a feminine noun with an unstressed ending -ja. Thus, the ending in R.p. pl. h should be zero: fritters educated correctly.
