The content of the publication is not a reposting of materials published from year to year by various sites on setting up Linux Mint and Ubuntu after installation. The information presented here relates to the system settings made, based on the needs of personal use and the experience gained. Linux Mint 19 was installed on real hardware, not on a virtual machine in VirtualBox.
Issues under consideration:
Disabling the reminder to create system snapshots in the update manager;
Overriding the paging file;
Removing the software I do not use and installing the necessary software;
Setting up autorun applications;
Disable unnecessary system services;
Removing unnecessary languages and fonts;
Subjective opinion about the Mint-Y theme;
Should you upgrade to Linux Mint 19?
Disable the reminder to take system snapshots
After installation, when updating the system, there is a banner in the update manager:
TimeShift is new in Linux Mint 19, the purpose of which is clear from the explanation (click on the picture).
However, over 5 years of using Linux Mint, my system updates included levels 4 and 5, that is, all components were installed. During this time, I have never noticed any unstable system operation after installing these updates. I agree with the opinion that the most "terrible" phenomenon for Linux is the user himself.
The second "cons" is the need to take into account the consumption of disk space for the needs of TimeShift. What is it and how much of Alexey Fedorchuk's disk space will be consumed. Since I will not use TimeShift in the future, I disable this banner by unchecking the box "Show warning if system snapshots are not configured":
A new setting is available in the update manager that allows you to update the system in automatic mode (background task as root):
By default, there is no check mark in the "Install updates automatically" box. If you put it, then the system will create a file mintupdate in the /etc/cron.daily directory with the following content:
/ usr / bin / mintupdate-cli upgrade --refresh-cache --yes> /var/log/mintupdate.log 2> & 1
What time is the daily launch in this case?
In the / etc / crontab file we read:
25 6 * * * root test -x / usr / sbin / anacron || (cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily)
Given the syntax of crontab, the daily jobs run at 6:25 am. Will your computer work at this time?
If you check the box and then decide to refuse automatic update, the system will delete the mintupdate file.
If you, nevertheless, want to demonstrate "coolness" and update the system automatically, then think about what time of day your computer will work exactly and, in accordance with this consideration, run the command sudo xed / etc / crontab in the terminal and instead of 25 6 indicate your time (minutes hour). For example, to run the daily cron.daily jobs as root at 8:30 p.m., the line would be:
30 20 * * * root test -x / usr / sbin / anacron || (cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily)
Overriding the swap file
In newer editions of Ubuntu and Linux Mint, when creating partitions only / (root) or / and / home (root and partition for home directories), a swap file is automatically created during system installation. Its size will vary in different conditions. For example, when installing the system from a flash drive on a computer with 4 GB of RAM, with various options for specifying it in the BIOS, paging files were created:
UEFI: USB DISK 2.0 PMAP - 903 MB
USB: USB DISK 2.0 PMAP - 2.1 GB.
Since I installed a system with a graphical environment xfce, then these paging file sizes seem too "bold" to me. Based on three years of experience using xfce, even when running very "heavy" applications and services, the swap file of 254 MB was never used even for a fifth. Therefore, to override the 254 MB paging file, the following actions will be performed:
- disable the paging file;
- deleting the existing paging file;
- Creation of a new swap file of 254 MB;
- connecting the created swap file to the session in the system.
The above actions are performed by a command in the terminal (in one line):
Sudo swapoff -a && sudo rm / swapfile && sudo dd if = / dev / zero of = / swapfile bs = 1M count = 254 && sudo mkswap / swapfile && sudo swapon / swapfile
If you need a different paging file size, then specify your own value in Megabytes instead of 254.
After that, it is advisable to carry out the settings, the essence of which is set out. The numbers indicated there should be taken not as a ready-made "recipe", but as an example of setting up a specific system. These settings should be approached carefully, taking into account the peculiarities of using your system.
Removing the software I do not use and installing the necessary
Software that I do not use on my computer includes:
- simple scan due to the lack of a scanner;
- service of notes Tomboy (tomboy);
- multimedia player Rhythmbox (rhythmbox), instead of which I use the latest version of Audiocious, installed via the webupd8 repository;
- HexChat messaging program (hexchat);
- automatic adjustment of the "warmth" of the glow of the Redshift monitor (redshift);
- on-screen keyboard Onboard (onboard);
- software for creating snapshots of the TimeShift system (timeshift);
- manager of logical arrays LVM (lvm2) -;
- creating connections via ppp ();
The software I use, which is not in the standard Linux Mint distribution, includes the Audiocious player, the Midnight Commander file manager, the htop process monitor, which I find more convenient than the Task Manager for assessing the CPU load and RAM consumption:
In order to completely remove the software from the system, the command will be used:
Sudo apt purge -y (-y means no questions asked).
To install, the command will be used: sudo apt install -y
Considering the above, the command is executed in the terminal (in one line):
Sudo apt purge -y rhythmbox hexchat onboard redshift timeshift simple-scan tomboy dmraid lvm2 ppp openvpn && sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa: nilarimogard / webupd8 && sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y audacious htop mc
Configuring auto-launch applications
Everything is simple here. Refer to the settings that depend on the graphical environment you have installed: Cinnamon, MATE, xfce. For example, for xfce: "Settings - Sessions and Startup - Autostart".
For example, I do not use the above:
If you have configured an automatic update as root (see above), then you can add to this:
Disable unnecessary system services
For a previously installed Linux Mint 18.2 xfce system, an analysis was carried out, the result of which was the writing. In Linux Mint 19, a similar analysis was done.
The commands were executed:
Sudo systemctl list-units --type service
Systemd-analyze plot> graph.svf
Executing sudo systemctl list-units --type service yielded 53 loaded units listed.
There were some differences. For example, geoclue.service was not found on the new system, but apport.service was found
Apport in Ubuntu–This is a classic crash reporter that allows you to find out the reason for the crash and fix it in the next version. Apport–it is a bridge between the developer of the program and the user on whose computer the program does not behave as intended.
After analyzing the graph.svf file (readable through a browser), the question arose: what is networkd-dispatcher.service.
The NetworkManager Dispatcher Service is a service that, when the NM state changes, pulls scripts from the /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d directory and passes them as command line parameters the name of the network interface whose state has changed, and the new value of this state itself - up or down (vpn-up and vpn-down for VPN connections).
Based on the description found on the Internet, at first there was a desire to disable the service. But when accessing the dispatcher.d directory, the presence of the ntp file and files responsible for configuring dhcp IP versions 4 6 were noticed.
Besides, I have already forgotten what apparmor is. AppArmor is a proactive protection software tool based on security policies (also known as profiles) that define which system resources and with which privileges an application can access. AppArmor includes a set of predefined profiles, as well as static analysis and learning-based tools to make building new profiles faster and easier. AppArmor runs in the background, so you might not know what it is or what AppArmor is doing.
Therefore, after some period of "thoughtfulness", it was decided to deactivate: apport.service, avahi-daemon.service, cups-browsed.service, ModemManager.service, speech-dispatcher.service.
This action was performed by the command in the terminal:
sudo systemctl disable apport.service && sudo systemctl disable avahi-daemon.service && sudo systemctl disable cups-browsed.service && sudo systemctl disable ModemManager.service && sudo systemctl disable speech-dispatcher.service
Removing unnecessary languages and fonts
It was based on the material on Linux Mint 18.3. Despite the high degree of similarity, some peculiarities were revealed: some "unnecessary" fonts were absent initially, and some, on the contrary, appeared.
Actions to be taken.
1. Remove unnecessary languages by running "System Settings" - "Languages". Only the Russian and the USA were left for their own needs.
2. Download the archive and unpack it to a place convenient for you. The archive contains missing Microsoft fonts not present in ttf-mscorefonts-installer, as well as noto fonts (taken from freshly installed Linux Mint 19). In the process of removing fonts, the noto set is completely removed, since the individual components of this font set are not deleted. And since the most acceptable display of captions for icons and window titles is determined by the noto font, its presence in the system is necessary. From the noto set, exactly those components that belong to languages that are not used in the future have been removed.
3. Remove fonts and install the ttf-mscorefonts-installer package.
4. Add fonts from the downloaded archive to the font directory.
Why not remove fonts through the program manager? Unfortunately, when accessing the program manager, the font listing ended with
And installed fonts starting with fonts-lo ... are no longer displayed, the same fonts-noto.
The figures below show the fonts in the system before and after the activities listed above.
Removing "unnecessary" fonts and installing the ttf-mscorefonts-installer package is performed in the terminal using a single line command. The command is written in such a way that no questions will be asked. During the execution of the command, you can see the output information that 93 packages have been marked for removal, and after this operation the amount of used disk space will decrease by 201 MB.
For Cinnamon users
Earlier, when I used Linux Mint Cinnamon, when I removed the fonts-wqy-microhei package, the system issued a "menacing" warning that Cinnamon components would be removed along with it. But on Linux Mint 19 Cinnamon installed after this publication, the fonts-wqy-microhei package was uninstalled without consequences.
Run the command in the terminal:
Sudo apt purge -y fonts-nanum fonts-gujr-extra fonts-guru-extra fonts-telu-extra fonts-knda fonts-beng-extra fonts-deva-extra fonts-guru fonts-orya fonts-telu fonts-beng fonts- mlym fonts-taml fonts-gujr fonts-lohit-taml-classical fonts-deva fonts-takao-pgothic fonts-khmeros-core fonts-indic fonts-navilu fonts-kalapi fonts-lao fonts-gubbi fonts-sahadeva fonts-pagul fonts- tlwg-garuda fonts-tlwg-garuda-ttf fonts-tlwg-kinnari fonts-tlwg-kinnari-ttf fonts-tlwg-laksaman fonts-tlwg-laksaman-ttf fonts-tlwg-loma fonts-tlwtg-lonts mono fonts-tlwg-mono-ttf fonts-tlwg-norasi fonts-tlwg-norasi-ttf fonts-tlwg-purisa fonts-tlwg-purisa-ttf fonts-tlwg-sawasdee fonts-tlwg-sawasdee-tltf-fonts-type -tlwg-typewriter-ttf fonts-tlwg-typist fonts-tlwg-typist-ttf fonts-kacst fonts-orya-extra fonts-noto fonts-nakula fonts-tlwg-typo fonts-tlwg-typo-ttf fonts-tlwg-umpush fonts -tlwg-umpush-ttf fonts-tlwg-waree fonts-tlwg-waree-ttf fonts-lohit-deva fonts-lohit-gujr fonts-lohit-guru fonts -lohit-knda fonts-lohit-mlym fonts-lohit-orya fonts-lohit-taml fonts-lohit-telu fonts-samyak-deva fonts-samyak-gujr fonts-samyak-mlym fonts-samyak-taml fonts-kacst-one fonts -lohit-beng-assamese fonts-lohit-beng-bengali fonts-sil-padauk fonts-lklug-sinhala fonts-noto-cjk fonts-tibetan-machine fonts-wqy-microhei fonts-noto-color-emoji fonts-noto-hinted fonts-noto-mono fonts-noto-unhinted fonts-sil-abyssinica fonts-thai-tlwg fonts-smc fonts-smc-anjalioldlipi fonts-smc-chilanka fonts-smc-dyuthi fonts-smc-karumbi fonts-smc-keraleeyam fonts smc-manjari fonts-smc-meera fonts-smc-rachana fonts-smc-raghumalayalamsans fonts-smc-suruma fonts-smc-uroob && sudo apt install -y ttf-mscorefonts-installer
After that, start your preferred file manager with superuser rights. Examples: sudo mc, sudo nemo, sudo caja, sudo thunar.
Catalog noto from the archive place in / usr / share / fonts / truetype
Directory content msttcorefonts- v / usr / share / fonts / truetype / msttcorefonts
Subjective opinion about the theme of Mint-Y
In Linux Mint 19, the Mint-Y theme is the default. At a cursory glance at her personally, I had conflicting impressions.
On the one hand, "indescribable beauty." On the other hand, some of the icons intended to be displayed on the panel are light-colored images and when trying to switch to the old Mint-X theme it is very difficult to see them. In the images below, the first two correspond to the Mint-Y theme and the second two to Mint-X.
After installing Linux Ubuntu, the user is faced with such an important question as configuring it. For a freshly installed OS, it is necessary and significantly affects the work with the system in the future. Below you will find the steps of the settings that it is desirable to perform for the comfortable operation of Linux.
After installing Linux for the first time, you should install the drivers for your graphics card. This method is acceptable for Nvidia and ATI video cards. For other video cards, installation is not required. Through the window "Programs and Updates" we find the tab "Additional. drivers "and click on it. Having marked the required drivers, we confirm the action by pressing the corresponding button. After restarting the computer, the changes will become valid. Next, we will install libraries, as well as codecs for playing various multimedia files. To implement this action, the "ubuntu-restricted-extras" package included in the Ubuntu repository is ideal. The above package includes fonts, codecs and a standard player from Microsoft. To find it in the console, you need to register the appropriate commands: "sudo apt-get update", then enter "sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras". Before installing the fonts, Ubuntu will inform the user about the introduction of the new font. You just need to click "OK" to confirm this action.
This is the majority of the actions that users generally perform when they install Linux. One way or another, after the first launch of Linux, you still have to make changes - some settings of this OS are unusual for the user, and the need for adjustment will arise in any case.
No matter how hard the developers try, in any operating system, after installing it, there are always a couple of items that the user must configure himself. Ubuntu is no exception. In addition, since Linux as a constructor - what you want is what you build, there can be a lot of these points here. In this article, we will not delve into the intricacies of rebuilding the kernel and the like, but consider the top 10 things to do after installing Ubuntu in order to make it convenient to use. So, Ubuntu setup - let's get started!
1. Update
Even if during the installation of the system you chose to install updates, anyway, after the first boot of Ubuntu, it will most likely inform you about their availability.
If this does not happen, you need to open the update manager yourself and install them, if any.
With the help of updates, the developers fix various system errors. In the same way, you get new versions of programs. Therefore, it is better to install updates.
Open the Dash menu and search for "Updates" or, if your language is English, "Update".
Open the utility. It will check for updates and show the result. You can see what updates are available, see their description.
After reviewing click "Install now". A password prompt will appear.
Enter the password you provided during the Ubuntu installation. The updates will begin installing.
Another way to install updates through the terminal. The easiest way to open it is with the "Ctr + Alt + T" key combination. Now in the terminal enter the command:
Sudo apt-get updade
And hit enter
The terminal will also ask you to enter the administrator password.
Do not pay attention to the fact that when you write the password, nothing will be displayed in the terminal, as it should be. This is for security reasons. If you are so uncomfortable there is an option to turn it on.
We are waiting for the update check to end
And we enter one more command to install them. It almost does not differ from the previous one:
Sudo apt-get upgrade
Downloading and installing updates will begin. After installing the updates, you will need to restart your computer.
Even if during the installation of the system you selected Russian as the system language, after installation Ubuntu will not be fully localized. As in the case of updates, she can inform about it herself, if not, open Dash and write "Language" or "Language" and open the "System Language" program.
She will scan for language support
And he will say that not all language packs have been installed.
Click "Install" and enter the administrator password. The installation of the packages will begin. We are waiting for completion.
Localization will be fully functional the next time you log on to the system.
3. Configuring switching keyboard layouts
By default, the Super + Space key combination is used to switch keyboard layouts in Ubuntu, which may not be very convenient. To change the keys to change the layout, click on the language icon in the tray and select "Text Input Options"
The "Enter Text" window opens. If you need to add any language, on the left side of the window, click the plus in the field "Used input sources"
Select the one you need and click "Add"
To assign your keys to change the keyboard layout, click on the "Switch to the next source using" field and press your combination.
After that, you can close the utility.
4. Configuring update sources
Through Dash, open the "Programs and Updates" utility
On the first tab "Ubuntu Software" we change the package download server. It is recommended to install "Basic".
To do this, you will need to enter the administrator password.
On the next tab "Other software" check the items "Canonical partners" and "Canonical partners (Source code)". This repository contains proprietary programs such as Skype, Adobe Reader, etc.
All actions with application sources are performed on behalf of the administrator, so you need to enter your password again.
Since we added new application sources, the index files need to be updated in order for the new applications to be installed. This can be done right away. When you close the program, you will be prompted to update the information about the available software.
The "Updates" and "Authentication" tabs do not need to be touched.
5. Installing proprietary drivers.
If you have ATI or Nvidia video cards installed on your machine, it is recommended to install non-free drivers in order to get more performance from the video cards.
To install non-free drivers, you need to run the "Programs and Updates" utility, which was discussed above, and go to the "Additional Drivers" tab. Ubuntu will search for all packages available for installation. Not only drivers for video cards are displayed here, but also other available proprietary drivers, for example, for a Wi-Fi adapter.
Install the drivers and then restart your computer.
6. Installing codecs
To play different types of media files, you need to install additional libraries and codecs that are not supplied with Ubuntu. There is a package in the repository ubuntu-restricted-extras which installs everything needed to play media files. It is installed by the command
Sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras
During installation, fonts from Microsoft will also be downloaded and installed to use them, you need to accept the license agreement, which will appear in the terminal.
To accept it, press "Tab" or the arrow to the right and press "Enter".
7. Additional programs for configuring Ubuntu
Unfortunately, out of the box, Ubuntu does not have some programs that will help us tweak it, so let's install them now.
Dconf-editor is a system configuration program. It may seem confusing to a newbie, but in fact, it will not be necessary to refer to it very often. Installation
Sudo apt-get install dconf-editor
You need this tweaker to customize the look and feel of Ubuntu. With it, you can change the theme, icons, fonts. You can customize the behavior and display of the top panel, launcher and much more. In general, the Unity Tweak Tool deserves a separate review, which may soon appear on our website. Installing Unity Tweak Tool:
Sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool
8. Disable web search in Dash
While it looks like a trifle against the backdrop of the hype around data collection in Windows 10, it is nonetheless. With Ubuntu 13.10 Canonical has brought web search to Unity directly from Dash. That is, when you search for something using the system menu, it also searches online. In addition, your requests are sent to Canonical's servers and from them to Amazon. This allows you to buy your favorite album from your favorite band almost straight from Dash.
But nevertheless, not everyone liked it. And it's not always a matter of paranoia. All this slows down the already slow Dash. So if you prefer a regular browser to such innovation, Ubuntu makes it easy to disable online searches.
In the search for Dash, write "Protection and privacy" and run the setup.
To turn off online search, in the window that opens, go to the "Search" tab and turn the toggle switch off.
Ubuntu has done a pretty good job of saving screen space. One of the solutions was to move the application menu to the top panel, regardless of the position of the window, the so-called global menu. But again, not everyone liked it. And now, a few years later, the developers made it possible to transfer the application menu to its window.
Panel Menu
Application window menu
For the menu to be displayed in the application window. You need to open the "Appearance settings", go to the "Mode" tab and in the "Show menu for the window" section, mark the second item "In the title of the window".
10. Standard scroll bars
With the switch to Unity, the developers changed the standard scrollbars to their own.
Opinions were divided as to their convenience. If you are not comfortable using Canonical's solution, these scrollbars can be easily disabled. They also plan to ditch them in future releases of Ubuntu and keep the default scrollbars. So, to return the default scrollbars to Ubuntu, run the following command in the terminal:
Gsettings set com.canonical.desktop.interface scrollbar-mode normal
If you still change your mind, you can return everything with the command:
Gsettings reset com.canonical.desktop.interface scrollbar-mode
That's all. Of course, you could also write about changing icons, setting up animations and effects, uninstalling and installing programs. But this, in my opinion, is more related to the personalization of the system. And setting up Ubuntu after installation means more polishing it up to a state of hassle-free use. And about personalization will definitely be written in other articles on. So, if you want to keep up to date, subscribe to our website in social networks and to the RSS channel. Goodbye to everyone.
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The Linux operating system is gaining popularity, and it is interesting even for ordinary ones, i.e. not advanced computer users, so today, especially for beginners, we will take a closer look at the process of installing the Linux operating system on a computer using the example of the popular Ubuntu distribution.
Linux Is a free and open source operating system ( to be more precise, Linux is the core of the operating system). Therefore, any developer can absolutely freely create his own operating system based on Linux, and such a system will be called a Linux distribution.
In this regard, there are many different Linux distributions, both convenient and popular, and less popular for advanced users.
Linux Ubuntu Is one of the most popular distributions of the Linux operating system, which is great for a home computer.
Ubuntu has excellent localization, with support for the Russian language, a huge community, i.e. You can easily find any information you are interested in about this distribution.
Linux Ubuntu system requirements
Ubuntu uses the GNOME desktop environment and is beautiful, modern and functional, so Linux Ubuntu is not one of the lightweight distros that can be used on "Weak" equipment. Ubuntu has quite serious system requirements compared to other distributions, but this is not a problem for modern PCs. The requirements are as follows:
- Dual-core processor 2 GHz or higher;
- RAM 2 GB or more;
- 25 GB of free hard disk space recommended.
If your computer meets all the stated requirements, then the system will work quickly.
A step-by-step guide to installing Linux Ubuntu
I must say right away that if you have installed Windows at least once, then you can also cope with the installation of Linux Ubuntu without problems. Now I will describe in detail, step by step, all the steps that you need to follow to install Linux Ubuntu.
On a note! If you are a regular home computer user and want to get acquainted with Linux closer, I recommend reading my book - " ", In it I talk in detail about the basics of the Linux operating system
Step 1 - Downloading the Linux Ubuntu Installation Image
Almost all Linux distributions are distributed as ISO disk images, so in order to install Linux Ubuntu, you first need to download the installation ISO file. This can of course be done from the official Ubuntu website, here is the download page - https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
Step 2 - Burn the installation ISO image to disk or flash drive
After you have downloaded the Linux Ubuntu ISO installation image, you need to burn it to a DVD disc or USB flash drive in order to create a bootable installation media from which the installation will be performed.
There are many different programs for this ( links to instructions for working with some programs I also attach).
On Windows:
- To write to a USB flash drive: Rufus or Etcher;
- To burn to disc: CDBurnerXP, ImgBurn, UltraISO.
On Linux:
- To write to a USB flash drive: Etcher or standard program "Writing an image to a USB drive";
- To burn to disc: k3b or Brasero.
Step 3 - Booting from the installation media and running the installer
You have prepared your Linux Ubuntu installation media, now you can proceed to the installation process.
The first thing to do is boot from this installation media, i.e. from a disk or USB flash drive. To do this, in the BIOS, you must put this medium in the first place in the order of device loading. We talked about this in more detail in the material - “How to boot from a USB flash drive? Changing the boot order of devices in BIOS ".
When you boot from the media, you will be immediately prompted to select a language, select the desired one and press enter (Enter).
This will open a menu. To install on a computer hard disk, click on the item Install Ubuntu ... If you want to run Linux Ubuntu without installation, in Live mode, for example, in order to test the system or just look at it, then click on the item "Start Ubuntu Without Installing".
Step 4 - choosing a language
The Linux Ubuntu installer will launch. First, we need to select the system language, by default the one that you selected when you just booted from the media is selected. Push "Proceed".
Step 5 - choosing a keyboard layout
At this step, we select the keyboard layout, by default it is already selected. Push "Proceed".
Step 6 - Settings for installing applications and updates
Now we need to select the applications that we want to install, for this we select the software installation mode:
- Typical installation Is a system installation with a standard set of applications. Recommended for ordinary PC users, since in this case all the programs necessary for the operation will be automatically installed;
- Minimal installation Is a system installation with a minimal set of applications. You can use this mode if you need a clean system with only basic utilities, you will install all applications yourself. This mode is for those who like to customize the system for themselves, i.e. install only those applications that he needs.
We leave it by default, i.e. "Typical Installation", also, if there is Internet, check the box Download Updates During Ubuntu Installation it's better to leave too, press "Proceed".
Step 7 - Partitioning the Hard Drive in Ubuntu
Then we need to partition the hard drive, in other words, create the necessary partitions. I must say right away that my hard drive is clean and there are no partitions on it. Therefore, now I will show you how to partition a hard disk in Linux Ubuntu on a blank hard disk. We will do all the necessary operations manually, i.e. You yourself can create partitions and specify their size, there is nothing difficult about it. To do this, click the item "Another variant".
Moreover, if you do not want to bother with manual partitioning, an option is available in which the installation program will automatically partition the hard disk, in this case, select the item - Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu.
If you already have a system installed, the installer may offer you several more options, for example, "Reinstall System", "Remove the system and perform a reinstallation", and "Install Ubuntu next to an already installed system" (in this case, when you turn on the computer, you will choose which system should boot).
I choose an item "Another variant" and click "Proceed".
There is no partition table on a blank hard disk, so we need to create one. Push the button "New partition table".
The installation program warns us that a new partition table will be created and all existing partitions on this disk will be deleted, in our case ( blank hard disk) there are simply no sections, so click "Proceed".
Then, in order to create a new section, select "Free place" and press the plus sign.
First, we need to create a system partition (root partition) for the system itself. To do this, we indicate the following data:
- Size - for the root partition, you need to specify at least 10-15 gigabytes, but it is better to specify more, for example, 50 gigabytes ( for example, I indicate 15 gigabytes, since I have a small test hard disk);
- "Primary";
- "The beginning of this space";
- Use as - select the journaled file system Ext4, this file system is best suited for the root partition;
- Mount point - specify "/" for the root partition.
Click "OK".
The system partition has been created, now we need to create a partition for user data, i.e. "Home section"... It is necessary so that in case of reinstalling the system or even changing the Linux distribution, all our personal data ( documents, photos, videos) remained in place.
In this case, select the free space in the same way and click on the plus sign.
To create a home section, you must specify:
- Size - as much as possible, in other words, you can specify all the remaining space;
- The type of the new section - indicate "Logical";
- The location of the new section - indicate "The beginning of this space";
- Use as - also select the Ext4 file system;
- Mount point - specify "/ home".
Click "OK".
We have partitioned the hard disk in Linux Ubuntu ( created two required sections), now you can start installing the distribution kit, click Install Now.
Step 8 - Choosing a Time Zone
After that, we need to select a time zone, select and click "Proceed".
Step 9 - creating a user
Now we need to create an account i.e. the user under which we will work. Enter the name, computer name, login, password and confirm it. For safety reasons, I recommend item "Require password to login" leave it on. If you do not want to enter a password every time you enter the system, you can check the box "Log in automatically" (provided that only you will work at the computer, otherwise it is unsafe).
Enter data and click "Proceed".
The Linux Ubuntu installation has begun, it will take literally 10-15 minutes, at which time you can watch the slides.
Here we are with you and examined the installation of the Linux Ubuntu distribution, that's all for me, good luck!
Now everyone can install Linux Mint or any other distribution on a computer with macOS, Windows already installed, or on a completely blank media.
Generally, OS Linux is installed for various reasons. For example, it is impossible to install a new version of Windows or macOS on your very old computer. Perhaps you need unique programs that are only available on Linux. And most likely you are bored with Windows (macOS). Although it also happens: you bought a computer, but the OS was not installed on it and you decided to save on the OS, because all Linux distributions are absolutely free.
This OC is not difficult to install. Without a doubt, there are distributions like Arch that are difficult for a beginner to install. But almost all new distributions are much easier to install, and most importantly faster than its competitors Windows or macOS.
Before you start installing this OC on your work computer: it is recommended to upload all important documents, photos and other files to the cloud, because while working with the distribution of memory for the distribution kit, you can accidentally format the media and everything on the hard disk drive. will be deleted permanently. But following our instructions, everything will be fine. You can also use Linux as a second OS.
You should start by choosing a distribution kit. This is where our publications come in handy:
- Choosing the most suitable environment: KDE, Cinnamon, Xfce or Mate
After choosing the distribution kit, environment and bitness, you need to download it. But how do you do it?
You can download the Russian version of Linux Mint directly from our website, for this select the bit capacity of your processor and the required OS version. We recommend downloading the distribution using a torrent client, because it is much faster to do this via torrent than downloading directly from the server.
You do not need third-party utilities to burn your OC to CD media, you can use the standard utilities that are available on Windows and macOS. You just need to right-click on the downloaded ISO file, then select the appropriate tab.
But to write it to a USB drive, you need the Rufus utility (for Windows) and UNetbootin (for macOS). It will not be difficult to understand them.
3. Preparing the disk partition
When installing OC on a clean hard drive, just skip this step.
For Windows
Open the start menu and write "Create and format hard disk partitions". Open this control panel and select the section of the hard disk drive from which you want to cut off the space for the OC. Right-click on the section and select "Shrink Volume". In most cases, 20 Gb is enough for Linux, but if you are going to install large programs and utilities, then bet more.
This process will take a long time, so you have to wait. When the volume is shrunk, new unallocated space will appear. It will be highlighted in black, you will notice. This is where your distribution will be installed.
For macOS
On macOS, this is also easy. This is done through the default "Disk Utility". You need to select your disk, click on the "+" icon and create a partition.
4. Preparing the bootloader
macOS
Let's start with a more complex OC - macOS. How do I prepare the bootloader on this system? It is more difficult to do this on Apple devices than on others, but everyone can handle it. First, disable SIP. First of all, press the keyboard shortcut Cmd + R.
The Recovery menu should open. Select "Terminal" in it, then enter this command - csrutil disable. Reboot the device - SIP is disabled. After that, you will need to download and install the rEFInd program. This program will allow you to run macOS, Windows and Linux on your device, because the default Boot camp program can only run Windows and macOS.
Unpack the downloaded utility, then open the "terminal" again and enter the command "diskutil list". Look in the list that appears for your EFI bootloader (basically / dec / disk0s1). Next, enter the command - mount / dec / disk0s1 by dragging the install.sh file (located in the unpacked folder) into the terminal, install the utility.
Windows
If you have Windows 7 or older, then just skip this step.
If you have a version of Windows 8 or newer, then you are using the UEFI bootloader, it will not allow you to run any other OS. Therefore, you will now go to correct it. First of all, you reboot your PC and go into the BIOS settings, find the function there - Secure Boot and turn it off, and you're done. It remains to install your new OC.
5. Booting Linux from CD or USB
For Windows computers
To do this, you need to restart your PC, go to the BUOS menu and start from USB or CD media.
For computers from Apple
You need to hold down the Option key and hold it for a long time.
After starting from the media, you will be greeted with the Linux installation window. Almost all distributions use the same installation sequence. Select the system language, then click "Install". Follow the steps as in the screenshot.
Note! If you have a bad Internet connection, then you should not choose the first item, because all the latest updates will be downloaded and it will take a very long time if the Internet connection is poor.
7. Partitioning the disk
You should be more careful at this step. This step is divided into two parts, in which there are two types of installation (automatic and manual).
- The first part is for those who want to install Linux Mint as their main OS.
- The second is for those who want to install Linux and leave the main OS.
Part one
Automatic installation
In this part, the installer will do everything for you (formats the hard disk drive, creates the necessary partitions for the OC and starts installing the system). To do this, select "Erase Disk and Install Linux Mint".
Manual installation
Select only if you want to set the size of each section separately. To do this, select the last line "Other option".
Here you can completely dispose of your hard disk drives: allocate space for each partition, delete partitions, create them, etc.
To install the distribution kit instead of your OS, you need to click on the section that contains your old Windows or macOS OS, delete it by clicking on the "-" icon.
After that, create new sections that you need. Expose the same settings as in the screenshots, except for the sizes, you choose them yourself. Also, do not forget about SWAP - a section that is necessary for owners of computers with up to 8GB of RAM.
In the list of file systems, select "Swap partition", otherwise the settings are the same as for the partition under OC.
After you click "Continue" and confirm the changes, the installation process will begin.
Part two
Automatic installation
You just need to select the first item and click the continue button, the installation process will go. All the necessary actions will be performed offline.
Manual installation
You need to click again on the last item "Another option" and select a previously prepared (not marked space on the hard drive), exactly the same settings as in the first part, but at the mount point you need to select "/", due to this you will be able to manage files Linux on your main Windows OS (macOS).
Click "Continue" and the installation starts, when you start your PC, you will be given the opportunity to choose the OS with which the computer will start.
8. Completing the installation
After the installation is complete, the window will ask you to enter the city in which you are located in order to determine your time zone. Then you will need to enter your name, computer name and come up with a password. Be sure to remember the password, because you will need it to log in to the system, work in the terminal and much more.
Once the installation is complete, you will need to remove the installation media and restart your computer. By the way, do not forget to return the media loading order in the BIOS settings (if you changed the order).
What to do after reboot?
After rebooting, you will be able to do everything the same as before in Windows and macOS: work, play, use social media. networks, watch movies and stuff like that. Be sure to update through the terminal and see what the Application Store offers you in order to install the programs you need.
