Home Preparations for the winter Tours to China. Eco-tourism flourishes in China Eco-tourism in China

Preparations for the winter

Tours to China. Eco-tourism flourishes in China Eco-tourism in China

China is replete with historical and cultural attractions. Since 1985, China has joined the UNESCO Convention on the Preservation of World Cultural Heritage. By the number of unique attractions, China is in third place in the world after Italy and Spain. In total, there are 911 objects in the complete World Heritage List for 2010, that is, the share of Chinese objects in the world is 4.2%.

The palace buildings, intended for the emperor and the imperial family, have no equal among the ancient architectural structures that have come down to us, both in grandiosity of scale and in the quality of construction. This, in particular, is one of the differences between China and those countries where religious buildings are in the first place in terms of scale and pomposity.

Of the palace ensembles that have come down to us, the most grandiose and best preserved is the imperial purple Forbidden City in Beijing. It is called Gugun, which means "ancient palace". Construction began in 1407 and was completed in 1420. For 490 years, it served as the residence for 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

About 300 national parks and reserves have been established in the country, protecting about 2% of China's land area. The most famous reserves are located in the southeast of the country. First of all, these are the strictly protected habitats of the panda, the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund.

China is a huge country with an abundance of tourism resources. All the variety of tourist and recreational opportunities create conditions for the development of many types of tourism.

Dominant types of tourism

Shopping tours

Because of the favorable prices of many goods, China is a popular shopping destination. Many tourists successfully combine sightseeing with shopping, and for some it is the purpose of the trip. Recently, the Chinese economy has seen a rapid leap in the development of high technologies and improving the quality of manufactured goods. Chinese cities are gradually turning into major global trading centers. In Beijing, the most famous shopping streets are Qianmen, Xidan, Dunsy. Yinjie Street is considered especially fashionable due to the large number of Western brands. A whole service system has been created for tourists, including all stages from the purchase of goods to their packaging and shipment to their destination.

beach tourism

Beach tourism has become especially popular in recent years, with Hainan Island, which is also the main diving destination in China, becoming the main center of it. Due to the mild tropical climate and the absence of industrial enterprises, Hainan occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of environmental performance. There is clean and healthy air, clear sea water and a lot of greenery. Perhaps that is why the highest life expectancy in China is recorded here. In addition, people go to Hainan in order to improve the tone of the body, since there are centers of traditional Chinese medicine, which are also available on the territory of another resort - Qingdao.

Sanya Resort. There are about 40 islands in the coastal waters of Sanya. The main resort areas of Sanya are located in three bays: Yalunvan, Dadonghai and Sanyavan. All beaches in the resorts of the island are sandy, gently sloping, the water is warm and clear. Yalong Bay is located 25 km from Sanya and is considered the most prestigious holiday destination in Hainan. The underwater world is rich and diverse, which is why large diving centers are located here. Volleyball courts are everywhere. All the usual set of beach activities is also available: jet skis, parachutes, etc. In Dadonghai Bay, the waves are more stable than in other places, so surfers have chosen local beaches. A wide variety of seafood is mined in the coastal waters. Sanyavan Bay is located near Sanya Airport, the infrastructure of the bay is still being developed.

Qinhongdao Resort, located in Hebei Province on the shores of Bohai Bay, is the oldest resort in the country. The main beach holiday areas are Beidaihe, Nandaihe and Changli Gold Coast. Among them, Beidaihe is the most popular among Russian tourists. There are three beaches here. The beach for foreigners is located on the west side, the "middle beach" is popular among high-ranking officials, the Chinese like to spend their holidays on the "east beach", combining it with sanatorium treatment.

Ski tourism

Ski tourism is developing especially rapidly in China. To date, there are more than 10 ski areas. The largest Chinese ski resort is Yabuli, located in northern China, in Manchuria. It works all year round. Its total area reaches 200 hectares, and the length of ski slopes exceeds 30 kilometers. This resort fully complies with European requirements. It has 17 ski slopes with different levels of difficulty, as well as seven cross-country trails. 5 lifts are constantly working here. This picturesque place with luxurious nature has become a national park. The second largest ski resort is Jinguetan, located near the city of Chang Chun. The area of Chang Chun reaches 186 hectares. There are four ski slopes for both beginners and intermediate skiers, and two slopes with a length of 1200 m. Baidahe Ski Resort ranks third in area in China. It is located at an altitude of 1200 m. It is surrounded by 9 mountains. It is the first professional ski resort in China. All routes fully comply with international standards.

Changbaishan resort is located at an altitude of 1640-1820 m above sea level. The quality of the local snow can be compared to the French Alps. Thanks to this, many skiers come here who want to improve their skills on well-groomed slopes. There are all conditions for skiing, slalom, freestyle, jumping, cross-country. In the ski resort of Nanshan, snowboarding has received the greatest development. It was here that this sport originated for the first time in China. The resort has many trails with different levels of difficulty, ranging from gentle, calm slopes to extreme and steep descents.

Business tourism

Business tourism to China is also a priority. The economy of the Celestial Empire is developing at a rapid pace, so business tours to exhibitions in China are becoming more profitable every year. Such geographic locations as Guangzhou or Shanghai are known in business circles around the world, and exhibitions in China, where you can find new partners and conclude profitable contracts, attract a huge number of participants. It should also be taken into account that Chinese manufacturers are also mainly export-oriented.

Ecological tourism

The popularity of ecological tours to the Celestial Empire is explained by the fact that this country is one of the first places in the world in terms of the number of national parks, protected and protected natural areas. The country has one of the largest number of forest protected areas and forest parks in the world. There are 1,658 forest parks with a total area of over 19 million hectares and 1,757 forest protected areas with a total area of over 150 million hectares. in particular, 6 forest parks and protected areas are included in the UNESCO Register of World Heritage Sites. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has rich ecological resources. The following regions are distinguished on its territory: 1) Urumchi-Nanshan landscape region; 2) Tianchi region; 3) Stone forest in the East Dzungarian depression; 4) Altai landscape area; 5) Ili district.

Tracking

In northern China, most of whose territory (except the east) is occupied by a belt of highlands and depressions, there are excellent opportunities for trekking. In Qinghai province, the trekking route is laid on Mount Animaqing. Its height is 6282 m, during the whole year its peaks are covered with snow. There is a special walking route on the mountain. Extensive opportunities for trekking are presented in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. On its territory there are powerful mountain ranges of Tien Shan, Kunlun and Pamir.

Medical tourism

Thanks to sea water, mild climate, traditional Chinese medicine and mineral springs (there are about 2 thousand springs in total), China is famous for its health and healing opportunities. Traditional Chinese medicine centers are located throughout the country, but the clinics in Beijing and Dalian are the most popular in northern China. Also, health-improving programs can be taken in Jinan, Qingdao, in the Baidahe resort area. The largest clinics in China are located in Beijing. 20 km south of the capital is the center of traditional Chinese medicine "Imperial Springs" with natural thermal springs. Emperors of the Qinn and Ming dynasties rested and treated here. Currently, the sanatorium belongs to the complex medical institutions of the highest class. Dalian is an international center for marine recreation and spa treatment, one of the best resorts in Northern China. The main medical procedures are acupuncture, cauterization, heating, acupressure. And also no less famous resorts in this area are the resorts of the provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang Uygur provinces.

red tourism

Recently, “red tourism” has become a noticeable phenomenon in the public life of the country - visiting places of military and revolutionary glory. “Red tourism” is being developed at the initiative of the central and local governments with the aim of ideological and patriotic education of the population and the preservation of revolutionary traditions. China's annual income from "red tourism" reaches about 20 billion yuan (2.4 billion dollars). For the city of Jinggangshan (Jiangxi Province), it provides more than a third of all revenues to the local budget.

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Ecotourism in China

tourism anthropogenic ecological

Ecological tourism is a form of sustainable tourism focused on visits to natural areas relatively untouched by anthropogenic impact.

There are many ecotourism sites in China. One of the largest number of forest protected areas and forest parks in the world: 1658 forest parks and 1757 forest protected areas. 6 forest parks and protected areas are included by UNESCO in the register of world heritage sites. In Heilongjiang Province, there is a world-class geological park with a natural area called Primordial Crater Forest. In the south of Qinghai Province, the Sanjianyuyan Protected Area was established in 2000. Three rivers originate from here: the Huang He, the Lancang and the Chang. There are about 1000 species of plants on the territory of the reserve, 74 species of animals, 174 species of birds, 48 species of reptiles, amphibians and fish. The reserve "Lake Khanka" or "Xingkai-hu" is located in the east of Heilongjiang province on the border with Russia. One third of its area belongs to China, the southern part belongs to Russia. The area of the lake is 4,380 km². In the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu there is part of the territory of the Three Beaches National Park, the rest of it lies in the central province of Sichuan.

More and more residents of cities filled with cars, buildings, factories, harmful substances accumulating in the air, wish, at least during their holidays, to touch the purity and beauty of nature. For those people this is a great choice. eco-tourism in China. Currently, various types of tourism in China: and ski resorts, and resorts designed for the treatment of various diseases and many others. But if you are interested in nature - choose eco-tourism!

China has enough mountains, untouched forests, monuments of architecture and art, as well as the sea. Traveling in China, nature lovers should visit the Sacred Mount Huashan, which is located in the north-west of the country, in the Tibet region. This mountain, which is over 2,000 meters high, is the place where followers of the Tao make pilgrimages. Climbing the mountain, you can see the temple, popular among pilgrims since the time of the emperors.

Climbing Mount Sanqinshan (or Sanqin) will also be interesting. The mountain is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and strikes the imagination with its diversity and abundance of vegetation and wildlife. The location of the mountain is southeast China.

Yushan (or Jade Mountain) - the highest mountain in China (3952 meters), is located on the island of Taiwan, which is a national park of China. This mountain attracts not only climbers, but also those who want to see many of the rarest species of animals and plants.

And if you want to see pandas in their natural habitat - welcome to the Volun National Park. In addition to pandas, a large number of rare representatives of flora and fauna are collected here.

Choosing eco-tourism in China, you choose a vacation that will leave behind a lot of positive emotions, help expand your horizons and expand your photo album with pictures of extraordinary beauty.

One of the results of cooperation was the opening of the Wenhai tourist eco-base, where 12 rather comfortable double rooms with a set of necessary amenities are arranged. However, the stunning view of the 5.6-kilometer-high Jade Snow Dragon Mountain and the company of the extremely friendly Naxi natives make it worth forgoing any excesses. The mountain village of Wenhai (¶ЉC) is located on the slope of Yulong Mountain at an altitude of about three thousand meters. You can get to it in 4 hours from the city of Baisha.

The tourist base itself is a converted house that is cooperatively run by 56 families living in Wenhai Village. The local population lives in the same houses. Ecobase may not receive many visitors (last year only 100 people came), but guests are always welcome here. Experienced English-speaking guides will accompany you - on horseback or on foot - to the most interesting places in the area. The main attraction is definitely Wenhai Lake. In spring, it almost completely disappears, leaving through underground lime channels, and in summer it fills up again to serve as a haven for black cranes, swans and even black storks in winter.
At the base, guests can have a good rest away from the noisy travel industry. Here, the sun-drenched patio invites you to sit on a sun lounger while energetic chefs prepare exotic dishes. In addition, you will be surprised to know that the principle of “eco” extends here to everything, right down to the toilets, where the walls have diagrams for the disposal of excrement, which is converted into biogas, which is fed to the greenhouses and heating systems of the pigsties. Small solar panels are installed on the roof and there is also a hydro generator, so energetic Russian tourists can use the facilities offered in good conscience, knowing that they do not spoil the environment.

To relax in an ecologically clean place in China, you need to get off the beaten track. Recently, even the mountainous hinterland of China can be reached quickly enough, and exhausting hiking is not needed. Exotic lovers have the opportunity to make this journey on horseback, past archaic villages. There is nothing reminiscent of modernity here. The inns, despite the vicissitudes of the country's fate, are still decorated with rich, if touched by time, ancient stone carvings. Everywhere are magnificent recreation routes, gardens and lakes, hidden from the thundering civilization. Nothing interrupts the drowsy rest of the day. If one day guests come to Yunnan, they will come again. But so far there are not so many travelers on the road.

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Business tourism in China

Interest in China on the part of Russian business is steadily growing every year, a significant role in this is played by the increasing openness of the Chinese market to the outside world, the geographical proximity of our countries, political contacts at various levels, the successful implementation of common investment projects, holding joint forums, conferences, seminars, thematic meetings, round tables.

Today China is one of the main trade partners of Russia. The above facts explain the interest of Russian businessmen in finding Chinese partners, cooperation with Chinese companies promises new, sometimes unlimited opportunities for business development. Today, this applies not only and not so much to large Russian companies - more and more medium and small enterprises are involved in the orbit of bilateral cooperation between our countries. The time of Chinese shuttles in the early 90s has passed, now Russian businessmen are interested in direct contracts with Chinese manufacturers and for this purpose they travel to the provinces of Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangsu, attend significant specialized exhibitions that take place in various major cities of the country all year round.

Skyscrapers of Hong Kong

Increasingly, large Russian companies are holding traveling seminars in China for their regional agents, combining them with visits to Chinese enterprises, exchanging experience with foreign colleagues. However, the so-called shop tours, trips for Chinese goods, which are mainly represented by medium-quality textile and light industry products, are still popular among Russian entrepreneurs. Like it or not, but the paraphrased catchphrase "everything is done is done in China" perfectly reflects the current situation in the world market. For small wholesale, most Russians go to the markets of Beijing and Guangzhou (Guangdong Province). The cost of a business tour to Beijing with an air flight from Moscow ranges from 700-750 EUR per person. Prices on the page are for September 2018.

Study tours to China

Taking into account the fact of close Russian-Chinese cooperation and the lack of highly qualified specialists, economists, lawyers, political scientists with knowledge of the Chinese language, it is easy to explain the interest in getting an education in China. Every year more and more Russian students come to study at the universities of Beijing, Shenyang, Changchun, Dalian, Harbin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc.

Excursion programs to China

Perhaps no country can boast of such a number of world cultural heritage sites as China. Of a number of outstanding monuments, it is difficult to single out any one that could be considered a symbol of the country, one of the wonders of the world can easily claim this role - the Great Wall of China, and the Tiananmen Square, striking in its scale, and the admirable Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shihuan, and many, many others. Today, the market of tourist services offers many interesting excursion routes around the country that meet the tastes and needs of all categories of tourists. As part of the tourism programs most often visited: Beijing, Shaanxi, Henan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shanghai, Tibet Autonomous Region. The cost of group tours starts from 800 USD per person.

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Zhang Guangsheng. Ecological tourism and its role in preserving the environment of protected natural areas: On the example of the Changbaishan Reserve, Jilin Province, China: dissertation ... candidate of geographical sciences: 11.00.11.- Moscow, 2000.- 120 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 01-11/11-2

Introduction

Chapter 1. Development of ecological tourism in protected natural areas 13

1.1. Problems of development of ecotourism in protected natural areas 13

1.2. The emergence and development of ecological tourism 14

1.3. Ecological tourism as a scientific problem 18

1.4. Development of Eco-tourism in China's Protected Natural Areas 19

Chapter 2 China's Protected Areas System First Steps in the Development of Ecotourism 21

2.1. China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy for Protected Natural Areas 21

2.2. The system of protected natural areas of China and its two areas of activity are wildlife protection and ecotourism 25

2.3. Chaibaishan Nature Reserve (Jilin) - rationale for selection as a model area 31

Chapter 3 The development of tourism in the Changbaishan reserve and its impact on the nature and economy of the region 33

3.1. Natural environment of Changbaishan 33

3.2. Ways to develop eco-tourism in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve

3.3. Tourist routes and tourist seasons 40

3.4. The impact of tourism on the biodiversity and ecosystems of the region.43

3.5. The impact of tourism on the economy and economy of the region 56

Chapter 4 Assessment of the natural and economic potential for the development of ecological tourism in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve 62

4.1. A variety of natural objects that meet the requirements of ecological tourism 62

4.2. Economic evaluation of ecotourism resource of Changbaishan Nature Reserve 79

4.3. Positive Ecotourism Management Experience in Changbaishan Nature Reserve 82

Chapter 5 Ecotourism Management Approaches in Changbaishan Nature Reserve 86

5.1. Ecotourism management principles in Changbaishan Nature Reserve 86

5.2. Functional zoning of Changbaishan 88

5.3. Ecotourism capacity and throughput of the Changbaishan Nature Reserve 88

5.4. Production of ecotourism services 94

5.5. Ecotourism Management Activities in Changbaishan Nature Reserve 97

Findings 103

Publications on the topic of the dissertation 105

Literature...106

Introduction to work

From the 50s. 20th century tourism is actively developing in the world. Over the past 20 years alone, its volume has more than tripled, with a share of up to 10% in world gross production and up to 12% in world capital investments. In many countries, it has become an industry comparable in economic performance and employment opportunities to industries and agriculture (Müller, 1992; Ecotourism and conservation..., 1996; Kuan Ling, 1996; Nature Reserves and Ecotourism, 1998; and etc.). At the same time, for natural ecosystems, tourism gradually began to turn into a powerful factor leading to negative consequences. Unregulated recreational use of biota and ecosystems turned out to be able to lead to their complete degradation (Sharpt, 1992; Miroshnichenko, 1992; Bao Qigang et al., 1993; Zhang Guangsheng, 1998a, 1999a)

In the system of views that determine the methodology of sustainable development, an important place is occupied by environmental education and upbringing. It is tourism that has a mass character and involves different groups (age, education, professional affiliation, etc.) of the population that can play one of the leading roles in the formation of a new ecological worldview. In line with this, back in the 80s. 20th century in developed countries, a new form of tourism began to form - ecological tourism, ecotourism (ecotourism). Based on the definition of tourism, as any travel for the purpose of active recreation and acquaintance with interesting places and objects, then ecotourism is an environmentally oriented trip, the purpose of which is to get acquainted with nature and promote its conservation. The development of ecotourism in the world is closely connected with the formation of a system of protected natural areas (PAs) - nature reserves, national parks, natural monuments, etc. on mass educational tourism - domestic and international. However, already in the first years of the use of protected areas as tourist sites, a situation arose when their recreational use led to the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of their attractiveness for tourists. This led to the need to develop an alternative strategy for the development of protected areas (for recreational use - national parks, and for the organization of a strict regime of protection - Russian nature reserves) and the introduction of the practice of ecological zoning of protected areas. But, as before, studies on the impact of ecotourism on the state of the natural complex and economy of the protected area and its surrounding area remain relevant.

On our planet, protected natural areas of various forms and status cover about 15% of the land and there is a tendency to increase this figure. In different countries and on different continents, their number is not the same. So, only in the USA and Canada there are more than 20 forms of protected lands, and their total number is almost 4,500. In foreign Europe, there are about 10,000 national parks, reserves and natural monuments, and in Russia - more than 9,000 (Tishkov, 1994).

At the same time, there are only 1,200 protected natural areas with a strict protection regime, similar in status to Russian nature reserves, and they occupy only about 1% of the land area. Most of them are in North America and Europe - 380 and 360, respectively, but their average areas differ significantly - 100,000 ha and 13,000 ha. About 180 reserves and their analogues in Africa with an average area of 200,000 ha. Ecosystems of different natural zones and biomes of the Earth are presented on the reserved lands extremely unevenly. For example, about 560 protected areas that preserve tropical rainforests cover almost 80 million hectares. At the same time, 50 tundra reserves and national parks cover more than 120 million hectares, while 500 protected areas in the broadleaf forest biome cover only 12 million hectares. Steppes and prairies are preserved only in about 100 protected areas with an area of 2 million hectares. (Tishkov, 1996, 1998)

In Russia, biodiversity conservation is carried out on the territory of 99 state reserves with a total area of about 34 million hectares, including land (with inland waters) - 27 million hectares, 35 national parks with a total area of more than 7 million hectares. Together they occupy about 2% of the entire territory of Russia. In addition, more than 1,600 nature reserves (60 million hectares) have been created and are functioning in the country, including 66 federal reserves (17 million hectares) and almost 8,000 natural monuments. Unfortunately, the lack of traditions and the complexity of the period of the transitional economy do not allow the formation of a market of domestic and foreign ecological tourism in the PNA, corresponding to the size and biodiversity represented in the country, and its formation is currently underway (Drozdov, 1992; 1999; Miroshnichenko, 1992; National parks of Russia , 1996; Reserves and national parks..., 1998; PAs: nature and people Eco-education and ecotourism: experience and problems, 1999. The highest rates of development of this process are observed in the national parks of the country (PAs: nature and people, 1999). In recent years, regional natural parks and other forms of protected natural areas of regional importance have been created in various regions of Russia, and they may also constitute a potential for the development of ecotourism (for example, in Kamchatka, the Far East, Baikal and Altai).

In China, which has one of the richest biodiversity in the world (30,000 species of vascular plants, 9,000 algae, 1,244 birds, 581 mammals, 3,864 fish, etc.), the protected area system includes about 2,000 protected areas , of which only 14 are reserves with a strict regime, included in the system of biosphere reserves of the international program "Man and the Biosphere". Almost all of them are involved in recreational use and constitute the potential for the development of ecotourism in the country and a real additional source of financing for biodiversity conservation activities in protected areas (Zhou Li, 1993; Wang Xingpu, 1995,1996; Bioan Yushen, Qing Dongsha, 1996; Wang Yiming, 1996; Wang Ranqian 1996; Gu Lacey 1997; Wang Xingu and Wang Qianqing 1998; Wang Rkan 1998;). Accordingly, it is important to evaluate the impact of tourism on the nature and economy of the regions used for recreation by protected areas (Ishwgaran, 1994; Zhang Hongming and Wang Ling, 1996; Zhang Guangsheng, 1998a,b; 1999 a,b; China's biosphere reserves..., 1998;) and provide clear recommendations to reduce the negative impacts of such impacts on biodiversity and conflict between local communities and protected area authorities (Zhou Xichang, 1995; Zhou Xichang, et al., 1995; Li Yajing, 1997; Wu Zhangwen, 1998 ; Zhang Guangrui, 1999; Li Donghe, 1999; Ni Chang, 1999) It is from these positions that the relevance of our work is determined.

Goals and objectives of research. The objectives of the dissertation work are to identify patterns in the development of ecotourism in China and, using the example of the Changbaishan Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, to determine the parameters of its influence on natural complexes and the socio-economic development of the region, and to develop approaches to managing ecotourism in the reserve.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

Analyze the development of ecological tourism in the world and identify its features in countries with different economies;

Determine the dynamics and features of the development of ecological tourism in China, incl. quantitative characteristics, economic indicators, etc.;

To reveal the place of China's protected areas in the formation and development of ecological tourism as one of the economic mechanisms that contribute to the conservation of protected areas biodiversity and mitigate local socio-economic conflicts;

To substantiate the choice of the Changbaishan Nature Reserve (Jilin Province) as a model area for studying the problems of the impact of tourism on the nature and economy of the region;

Explore the natural complex of the Changbaishan Reserve and its features as a tourist site (recreational value);

To identify patterns of development of ecological tourism in the Changbaishan Reserve and its impact on biodiversity, ecosystems, and the current socio-economic structure of the region;

Assess the natural and economic potential for the development of ecological tourism in the Changbaishan Reserve;

to develop approaches to the management of ecological tourism in protected areas. Protected provisions. The solution of the tasks set made it possible to formulate the following provisions submitted for defense:

1. The results of the analysis of the development of ecological tourism in the World and China, which made it possible to assess its pace, scale, market features and prospects in developing countries.

2. The place of China's protected areas in the conservation of biodiversity and the development of ecotourism has been determined.

3. Results of studying the impact of ecotourism on the nature, economy and local population of the Changbaishan Reserve and adjacent territories.

4. Identified regularities in the development of ecotourism in PNAs, methodology and methods for determining the economic value of recreational resources, recreational capacity and capacity of PNAs for ecotourism.

5. Approaches to the management of ecotourism in protected areas.

Materials and research methods. In preparing this work, materials from expeditionary and cameral research of the author in 1997-1999 were used, as well as data obtained from the analysis of literary sources - Chinese, foreign, incl. Russian in 1998-2000 (Tourism and the environment, 1992; Tourism and protection ..., 1998; PAs: nature and people ..., 1999, etc.). Particular attention is paid to working with statistical data received from state environmental authorities and organizations that ensure the development of tourism in the country. The generally accepted methods of landscape research and expert assessments of the state of natural objects are taken as a methodological basis. In addition, methods of direct and indirect economic assessment of biodiversity (Economics of Biodiversity Conservation, 1995; Economic Assessment of Biodiversity, 1999) and its recreational value were used, as well as sociological research methods adapted for the purposes of this work (interpretation of survey results, social effect assessment, comparison of benefits and loss of population, etc.). The selection of scientific and statistical material on various branches of science and economy of the reserve was carried out directly in the Changbaishan Reserve. The work was carried out jointly with specialists and scientists from the Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China, Northeast Normal University, Yanbian University, Changbaishan Reserve Administration, etc. Recreational resources and the organization of ecotourism activities, the formation of tourist routes, the state of environment of the main tourist destinations and routes. Surveys were conducted among tourists aimed at identifying their knowledge of environmental issues, the nature of the reserve, etc. Survey materials were processed by standard statistical methods.

Scientific novelty of the work. For China and other developing countries where ecotourism is actively developing, for the first time conceptual provisions on ecotourism and its impact on nature and economy have been developed and generalized, and this problem has been formulated as a subject of environmental science. The author substantiated and determined the place of China's protected areas in China's ecological tourism development system and identified environmental and economic mechanisms that can reduce the negative impact of tourism on the natural complexes of protected lands.

In addition, the author for the first time developed approaches to the management and regulation of tourism in protected areas, the formation of a zoning system for their territories and the assessment of the recreational capacity of protected areas for ecotourism (including an original formula for calculations).

The practical value of the work. The dissertation work was conceived and implemented directly as a fundamental study to justify the development of ecotourism in China and to assess its impact on the state of the natural complex of protected areas and the socio-economic situation on adjacent lands. For the Changbaishan Reserve, the author conducted research, the results of which formed the basis of recommendations for the conservation of ecosystems and biota, the protection of rare species of plants and animals, the development of tourism and the formation of a favorable economic and social situation in the surrounding lands. The potential for the development of ecotourism in the reserve was assessed, its recreational capacity and attractiveness for visitors were calculated, proposals were prepared to improve the management of ecotourism in the protected area (using the Changbaishan reserve as an example).

Approbation of work. The main provisions and content of the work were discussed at the conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Anhui Pedagogical University (Anhui, 1999), in the Changbaishan Reserve (1998-1999), meetings of the biogeography laboratory of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1999-2000). The main provisions of the dissertation were published in 5 articles (1 submitted for publication) in Chinese and Russian (Zhang Guangsheng, 1998a, 1998b, 1999a, 1999b).

Work structure. The dissertation work is presented for 120 seconds, consists of an introduction, 5 chapters, conclusions and a list of references, which includes 172 publications in Russian, Chinese and English; includes 6 figures and 27 tables.

This work was carried out at the Anhui Pedagogical University (Wuhu, Anhui Province, China) and at the biogeography laboratory of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the process of collecting and processing material for the dissertation, we were assisted by employees of many universities and research institutes in China. The author thanks everyone who helped him, but first of all, specialists from various institutes, universities and the Changbaishan Reserve Administration - Dr. Xue Da Yuan, Dr. Wang Xian Li, Professor Han Ye Liang, Professor Liu Hoi Qing, Dong Shou Zheng, Piao Zheng Ji, Zhou Xichang, as well as his supervisor - Professor A.A. Tishkov and the staff of the Laboratory of Biogeography for constant support and attention.

The emergence and development of ecological tourism

The development of ecological tourism in nature reserves from the point of view of sustainable development can reduce the negative impact of traditional tourism on the environment, change the views on this problem (Du We, 1994; Deng Qingyan, Ke Shiangdong, 1995; Wang Rkan, 1998; Hong Xuehui, 1998;) . Ecotourism in this case is the possibility of real attraction of capital for the development of nature reserves, and in some cases, obtaining additional foreign currency for the state. It creates favorable conditions for the creation of jobs for the local population, the standard of living rises, the local economy develops. This will undoubtedly contribute to a change in the attitudes of local residents, a careful attitude towards nature reserves. Thanks to the development of ecological tourism, people will actively take part in the protection of the ecological environment of the reserve. All over the world, many countries are actively developing the ecological farms of reserves according to the characteristics of their resources, while receiving real profit.

Table 1 shows data on the development of tourism in some countries. According to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), in 1991, 450 million tourists brought in only 200 billion US dollars, 15% of which came from ecotourism, and in 1995 travel and tourism amounted to about 655 billion dollars in profits. United States with a contribution to the world gross product of 3.4 trillion US dollars. (Ecotourism and Conservation..., 1996).

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) pays great attention to China's untapped natural resources, promoting the development of a developed system of protected areas. In addition, in 1997, The Chinese National Committee of MAB carried out research in 29 provinces of China (more than 100 nature reserves) to determine the scope and potential of ecotourism development. The data obtained show that 82 reserves out of 100 are very popular among tourists, where the flow of visitors to the reserves is growing.

It is obvious that people have become increasingly interested in eco-tourism. In specially protected natural areas (PAs), especially in national parks and reserves, ecotourism will develop rapidly and widely. However, now in China, ecotourism is just beginning to develop. What is ecotourism? How are ecotourism organized and developed in nature reserves? These and other issues have not yet been sufficiently studied, therefore, it is necessary to treat the problems of researching these areas in ecotourism with particular interest.

One of the main problems in this regard is the problem of carrying capacity and recreational capacity of the protected areas and its surroundings. Ecotourism is one of the new forms of tourism, so its development in protected areas must first of all meet the requirements of tourists, meet their needs in communication with pristine nature, while not disturbing the natural environment. The development of ecotourism in protected areas will help change the attitude of people towards the problem of the environment, will contribute to the conservation of natural resources, and will help to find a balance between tourism and environmental protection.

Protected areas are not traditional recreational sites. There is a lot of originality in their tourist resources. For example, high-quality research materials here contain huge environmental information, and so on. Rarity, value, fragility, uniqueness and primeval nature are the attributes of nature reserves. The carrying capacity of tourists in the reserves is much less than the capacity of an ordinary recreational regional zone, so it is necessary to investigate the carrying capacity of the composition of tourists and develop scientific approaches to the development of ecological tourism in the reserves.

Another problem that is of general scientific importance and reflects the dialectical unity of the problem of nature protection as a whole is related to the fact that only in unity can the conservation of nature and the sustainable use of its resources in protected areas be considered.

Currently, the sustainable use of recreational resources of protected areas (excluding absolutely protected areas) is a key issue in order to develop the economy and society of the local population. This principle is reflected in UN documents in the resolution "Program of Action XXI" ("Agenda XXI"), in the strategy for the conservation of biological diversity, in approaches to solving the global problem of environmental protection. It is closely related to the sustainable use of natural resources. They seem to complement each other's interchangeability. The main goal of nature conservation is the long-term use of resources. In order to continue the long-term development of the economy and society, to use resources for a long time, it is necessary to develop and take measures to protect the environment. People usually interpret the principle of environmental protection one-sidedly, not paying attention to the fact that it is possible to use the resources of reserves wisely, taking into account environmental protection.

This paper uses research materials on the history of the development of ecotourism and its economic benefits on the example of the Changbaishan reserve in China, analyzes the contribution of ecotourism development to the construction and strengthening of the reserve and to the development of the local economy; the question of the relationship between environmental protection and the development of recreational resources is raised, etc.

The system of protected natural areas of China and its two activities are wildlife protection and ecotourism

Over the past 45 years, China has developed a tiered system of protected areas - state, provincial and county protected areas. In total, they account for about 10% of the country's territory, which significantly exceeds similar indicators for many other Asian countries and approaches the best indicators in Europe and America. In China, it is the territorial forms that are given the leading role in the conservation of biodiversity - due to the 5-level system of protected areas and the variety of protection and use regimes in the country, prerequisites have been created for the formation of an ecological network of protected areas in the country and the implementation of the principle of the ubiquity of nature protection.

Currently, protected natural areas, including 14 state biosphere reserves included in the UN program "Man and the Biosphere", are represented in all major natural regions of the country (Table 6). They occupy the largest areas in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang - more than 8.5% of the area of the region, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau - more than 24%. In other regions, they occupy up to 2-6% of the area (Table 7). China joined the international system of protected areas relatively late, and the entire system of protected areas was formed according to the “Soviet” model, i.e. focused on the creation of protected areas with a strict protection regime (Table 8) and their functioning as scientific institutions. As a result, over the years, the Chinese government has pursued a policy of banning the use of recreational resources in nature reserves and some other forms of protected areas. Among specialists, the prevailing opinion was that tourism could damage the natural complexes of reserves. This approach has significantly slowed down the development of ecotourism in the country.

In our opinion, the concept of combining the goals of the existence of protected areas - the conservation of biodiversity and the development of environmentally oriented tourism - looks methodologically sound. The Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan of China (1994) is focused on practically 2 groups of activities - the improvement of the protected area system and the conservation of rare species. Moreover, the strategic task is to increase the representativeness of the PNA system, proportionally presenting in it all the landscape diversity of the country. This significantly distinguishes China from most other countries, where National Biodiversity Action Plans are based on measures to improve legislation, economic and financial mechanisms, create information support for decision-making, develop international cooperation, and only then, against this “background”, actions are planned to protection and restoration of biota and ecosystems. The development of ecotourism in protected areas, as one of the effective mechanisms for supporting their actions to conserve biodiversity, was included in the Action Plan drawn up in the early 1990s. was not envisaged, although already in these years the management plans of a number of reserves and other protected areas included developments on the organization of tourism activities, taking into account the possibility of obtaining additional sources of financing for biodiversity conservation. One of these reserves, which took part in testing new economic and financial mechanisms, was Changbaishan (Jilin Province).

An analysis of the development of ecotourism and its impact on the nature and economy of the PNA and adjacent lands, in accordance with the plans of the dissertation work, was supposed to be carried out in one of the state reserves of China, in which the assessment of recreational capacity and work to justify its use as an object of ecotourism had not been previously carried out. In addition, some restrictions and principles for selecting a model PNA were formulated: ? it should be famous in China and abroad, have the status of a biosphere reserve; ? the history of the formation of protected areas should include different periods, which provide the results of observations - important for comparison with the current situation in the conservation of biota and ecosystems; ? the territory of the protected area should be relatively representative, and the estimates made on it should be suitable for extrapolation to other similar protected areas; therefore, it was assumed that this would be a protected area with a predominance of mountain forest ecosystems; ? The protected area should have rich reserves of recreational resources (including resources for the development of environmentally oriented tourism) - unique natural objects, favorable climatic conditions, etc., as well as experience in the development and management of ecotourism; The protected area should have an established research base, the results of an inventory of biota and ecosystems, assessments (in dynamics) of the state of biodiversity and long-term series of observations of the state of nature in general. The Changbaishan Nature Reserve meets all these requirements. It was founded one of the first in China - in 1960 on an area of 196.465 thousand hectares, of which 168.918 thousand hectares are forests, to preserve the unique mountains of northeast China. A preliminary assessment showed that it has an exceptionally high potential for the development of eco-tourism. But in order to recommend the expansion and improvement of ecotourism activities, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of recreational resources.

Ways to develop eco-tourism in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve

The development of the reserve as a tourist site began in the late 70s, and after 1982, when, according to the Decree of the State Council, it was opened for visiting by foreign tourists, conditions for tourism activities were created here. In the last 20 years, only the northern territory of the reserve has been annually visited by up to 200,000 tourists or more, of which 41% are foreign tourists - from South Korea, Japan, etc. (Table Yu).

Since the 1990s, visiting the reserve by foreign tourists has been rapidly increasing. In 1996, there were already 66,580 foreign tourists, which is 41.6% of the total number of tourists for the year.

Foreign tourists visit the Changbaishan Nature Reserve usually using the services of a tourist bureau. The share of amateur tourists is very small. The city of Yanji, located near the reserve, has opened 28 large and small tourist bureaus, most of which are engaged in organizing foreign tourism. There is a Chinese Intourist in Yanji, which serves tourists from South Korea, which is 1/4 of all foreign tourists. According to the statistics of foreign tourists, Chinese Intourist received 40,390 tourists in Yangji during 1990-1995, including tourists from South Korea accounting for 95.43%, Japanese tourists - 2.96%, Korean tourists - 0.93%, tourists from Europe and America - 0.44%, South Asian tourists - 0.24% (Table 11).

According to the statistics of the managers of the reserve, tourists from South Korea make up about 90% of all foreign tourists visiting the Changbaishan reserve. The reason for this is due to the fact that: 1. South Korea is a country geographically close to the Changbaishan Reserve, has a developed economy, which allows the population to actively travel abroad. 2. After the restoration of official diplomatic relations in 1992 between China and South Korea, its residents began to travel freely to China. 3. The Changbaishan Nature Reserve is subordinate to the Government of Yanbien Korea Autonomous Prefecture. Many local Chinese speak Korean, so it is linguistically comfortable for tourists from South Korea to visit the reserve, getting information about the nature of the reserve and the history of the region in their native language. 4. In South Korea, many believe that Changbaishan is a cult territory, the ancestral home of the Koreans, so they are proud of this amazing place and revere it.

Currently, 2 tourist routes have been mastered in the reserve and another one is being prepared for delivery: (northern, western and southern), which converge at the final point - Lake. Tianchi. On each route, tourists can observe and study mountain landscapes, patterns of vertical zonality of vegetation, the Tianchi volcanic lake, etc. At the same time, the variety of objects for ecotourism is so great that it is quite possible to expand existing and arrange new tourist routes. We, in order to assess the diversity of objects of tourist interest in the territory of the reserve, differentiated them using purely classification concepts. The basis was formed by natural ecotourism resources, including unique geomorphological (volcanoes, mountains, individual relief elements - glacial cirques, fragments of river valleys, etc.), hydrological (numerous lakes, rivers, streams, waterfalls), glacial (glaciers, snowfields), botanical and zoological objects, as well as monuments of history and culture. Directly on tourist routes, they are widely represented, but not evenly. 1. Tourist route on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain (Fig. 3). The route has the highest traffic. It passes through the city of Odau-baine, which houses the administration of the reserve and the Museum of Nature, Tianchi and Small Tianchi lakes, Changbai waterfall, hot springs, Yuhua Valley, etc. 2. Tourist route on the western slope of Changbaishan Mountain (Fig. 2) . Opened in 1995. The beginning of the route is at the foot of the mountain in Fusong County. As they climb the mountain, tourists observe a change in vegetation - forest, meadow, observe unique subalpine and alpine meadows, Jinjiang waterfall, Yalujiang valley, etc. 3. Tourist route on the southern slope of Changbaishan Mountain (Fig. 2). The route is still being prepared for mass visits by tourists. Its beginning is in the Changbai Korean Autonomous County, which is located on the Yalu River on the border of China and North Korea. The route abounds in steep slopes, curves, and unique landscapes. During the year, due to the change of weather, the peak of tourist activity is observed from the beginning of June to the first ten days of October, because during this season there is no snow cover on the main peak of the mountain of the reserve and the object is open for viewing.

Economic Assessment of the Ecotourism Resource of the Changbaishan Nature Reserve

The economic evaluation of an ecotourism resource is one of the important components of the economic evaluation of biodiversity. Chinese scientist Xue Da Yuan (1997) studied the biodiversity of the Changbaishan Reserve from an economic point of view. The results of studies with our additions are shown in Table 24 and Figure $. .

The cost of direct maintenance is 6.54% of the total biodiversity assessment of the reserve, but it is almost 6 times higher than the cost of its biological resources. The value of the biodiversity and "ecosystem services" of the reserve is relatively high in connection with the object of scientific research, culture and tourism Large amounts are spent on tourism development, somewhere around 419.3 million Chinese yuan, which is almost 88% of the total cost of direct service, including income from foreign tourism - 61.7%. Therefore, to cover the costs, it is necessary to actively develop environmentally oriented tourism - domestic and foreign.

Almost 40 years have passed since the establishment of the Changbaishan Nature Reserve, but the improvement of the construction and management methods of the reserve is actively continuing. During the existence of the reserve, certain experience has been gained in protecting resources and the environment, developing tourism, scientific research, propaganda and education, etc. A good foundation has been laid for the future development of ecological tourism in the reserve. Some approaches and methods of managing the Changbaishan Reserve. Creation of a holistic administrative and managerial system. In order to strengthen security and management, in addition to the usual administrative departments, the reserve created 8 protection and control points, 8 police stations, 2 forest police units, an environmental protection institute, and a museum of nature. Recently, with the continuous development of tourism and the increase in the number of tourists, a systematization in the management of tourist sites has been carried out, for this much attention has been paid to quality service and increasing the role of employee education. In 1991, the reserve specially created an excursion bureau, which is subordinate to the reserve's tourism department. The management of the reserve and the local administration together set up a tourism management committee of the Changbaishan reserve, the purpose of which is to resolve issues on the organization, protection of the reserve, and tourism development.

Undoubtedly, the Changbaishan Nature Reserve brings great environmental benefits, gives life to the surrounding areas in obtaining work and maintaining the reserve in the proper order. To improve the directions for the development of the reserve, the following main work was carried out:

Strict protection of natural resources and natural environment. The protection of natural resources and the natural environment is the most important task of the management of the reserve. For the effective protection of natural resources and the natural environment, it is necessary to use many functions of the reserve for the steady use of natural resources.

Since ancient times, the ecology of the reserve has been violated, little attention has been paid to the protection of natural resources and the natural environment. Laws and statutes were adopted to eliminate these violations. On November 19-20, 1988, the Changbaishan State Natural Reserve Management Charter in Jilin Province was adopted, which revised the issues of the official functions of the reserve management and everyone involved in tourism development. In 1995, the Joint Conservation Convention of Changbaishan State Nature Reserve in Jilin Province was concluded by the reserve management and local government. Now the central administration of the reserve is subordinated to local and administrative organizations that help him. The Charter on forestry management methods, Rules on the norms of behavior of tourists in the reserve were also developed, responsible forest protection management regimes, Administrative management measures for hired workers in individual farms, etc. were introduced.

Research work. The second goal of the reserve management is not only the protection of plants, animals, ecosystems and landscapes, but also the multilateral development of scientific research, for which it is necessary to direct efforts to create conditions and an experimental base for this. Providing research work (both domestic and foreign specialists) should be aimed at improving the efficiency of environmental protection, sustainable use of natural resources, rational use of recreational resources of the reserve. On the basis of the scientific department of the reserve, the Institute for Environmental Protection was practically created. In addition, the Reserve Administration conducts relevant research work in cooperation with scientists from Germany, the USA, South Korea, Japan and other countries, the purpose of which is to study the structure, functioning and dynamics of forest ecosystems, the possibilities for the sustainable use of biological resources, the restoration of rare and endangered animal and plant species. In 1979, the Academy of Sciences of the People's Republic of China established a permanent Research Base of the Forest Ecological System of the Changbaishan Reserve, carried out a large amount of research work and identified patterns in the dynamics of temperate forest ecosystems, created models of rational management and developed effective methods for the sustainable use of forest resources.

Creation of a demonstration model for the sustainable use of natural resources. For many years, the reserve continues to actively explore the issues of sustainable use of natural resources, especially ecotourism resources, and tries to reduce the negative impact of tourism on the environment. At the same time, the "Rules for managing tourism in the Changbaishan Reserve" have been developed, and the "Industry criterion for serving tourists" has been created. In addition, based on the results of many years of research into the nature of the reserve, the “Principles for the Development of Tourism” were established: in order to engage in tourism, it is necessary to use the territory and objects of the reserve, and the accommodation and accommodation of tourists - outside the reserve; The management of the Changbaishan Reserve should be the only governing body within it; tourism activities should include the issues of determining the points of visiting the places of the reserve and regulate the number of tourists; In order to evenly distribute the flow of tourists among the protected sites, it was decided to open, in addition to the routes along the northern slope of the mountain, the route of the western slope of the mountain of the reserve.