The root is essential for any plant. It provides reliable mechanical retention in the soil, that is, it is an anchor. It is an important organ that absorbs water and minerals and supplies them to the plant. The life and development of a living organism depends on it. There are several types of the underground part of the representatives of the flora kingdom, among which the fibrous root system can be distinguished. What are its features, which plants have it?
What is the root system
Any plant, regardless of size, cannot do with just one root. The root system is constantly growing, forming a complex system consisting of three types of processes: main, adventitious and lateral. The main one is the one that originates from the embryonic root. Laterals appear on all elements of the system. Accessory develops on the stem and leaves.
All plants can be divided into two classes - those with a taproot or fibrous root system. The tap root is significantly different from the others. It is longer and thicker than the others, which are several times inferior to it in size. And in fibrous roots, all the roots look almost the same. The entire system is formed due to well-developed lateral and adventitious processes, while the main one is no different from them. The main root appears first, but as the plant grows, it stops developing or dies off.
The main task of the oldest roots is to securely hold the plant in the ground. They also act as a conductor, supplying the surface of the plant with vital elements. The responsibility of the younger and thinner roots is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
Plants with a fibrous root system
All monocotyledonous plants have a fibrous root system. These include cereals: wheat, barley, corn, rye. Onions and lily plants have a similar system, their roots grow from bulbs.
Despite the fact that a fibrous root system is characteristic of monocotyledonous plants, there are some representatives of dicotyledons with a similar structure of the underground part. For example, plantain. Although there are opinions that it rather has a mixed type, since at a young age it has a main root. He dies off over time, and the lateral ones begin to develop more and more. The sunflower and some other plants have a similar system.
The peculiarity of the root system in trees
A fibrous root system is typical for trees growing on heavy types of soil - where the ground contains a lot of water close to the surface. In addition, it is often found in woody plants growing on slopes. These conditions affect the formation of roots. Sustainability is becoming more important than obtaining food, which can be found in abundance in the topsoil. White acacia, spruce, aspen, willow, alder, poplar have a fibrous root system. If the root system is not well developed or part of it is damaged for some reason, then the probability of a tree falling in strong gusts of wind increases. It will simply be uprooted from the ground with some of the roots.
Trees with a mixed type of root system
There are a large number of trees that have a mixed type of underground part.
Plants have a developed fibrous root system: apple, birch, mountain ash, maple, beech. But at the same time, they have a well-developed central root. The root system of these woody plants adapts to the soil conditions in which they grow. Therefore, specimens growing in different conditions may not have an identical root system. Some may have a more developed taproot. Others have a rather fibrous root system due to better development of lateral roots.
Depth of occurrence
Most of the annual plants cannot boast of a great depth of the roots. They do not need this, all the minerals and moisture necessary for growth are on the surface. Therefore, they rarely penetrate the soil deeper than 30 cm.
The fibrous root system of cereal plants is deeper. Some of the roots reach a depth of 2 meters. Clover has very deep roots, reaching a mark of 3 meters. In trees, the roots can reach a depth of 10 meters or more.
And in the camel thorn, which grows in the desert, where there is practically no water on the surface, the roots grow to a depth of more than 15 m.
Root system diameter
The root system develops not only downward, but also horizontally. Its size depends on the place of growth, the size of the plant itself. Since roots develop throughout the entire life cycle of an organism, in trees for several decades it develops much stronger than in annual plants. Therefore, in order to better fix the tree in the ground, the diameter of the root system can be 3-5 times the diameter of the crown. In some cases, it may be less or more.
Since dicotyledonous plants usually have a taproot system, and monocotyledons have a fibrous root system, knowing the signs of each type, one can understand which plants have a fibrous root system and which ones have a taproot system. But in both cases, there are exceptions. In addition, there are plants with altered roots, such as potato tubers.
Root system all the roots of the plant are called. It is formed by the main root, lateral roots and adventitious roots. The main root of the plant develops from the embryonic root. The adventitious roots usually grow from the lower parts of the plant stem. Lateral roots develop on the main and adventitious roots.
The root system of plants has two main functions.
First, it keeps the plant in the soil. Secondly, the roots suck up the water necessary for the plant and the minerals dissolved in it from the soil.
If a plant develops a powerful main root, then a pivotal root system.
If the main root remains undeveloped or dies off, and adventitious roots develop, then the plant forms fibrous root system.
The tap root system is characterized by a well-developed main root.
It looks like a rod in appearance. The main root grows from the embryonic root.
The core root system is formed not only by the main root, but also by small lateral roots extending from it.
The core root system is characteristic of many dicotyledonous plants.
A well-developed main root is found in beans, clover, sunflower, carrot, dandelion.
However, in many perennial plants with an original taproot system, sooner or later the main root dies off. Instead, numerous adventitious roots grow from the stem.
There is a subtype of tap root system - branched root system.
In this case, several lateral roots develop strongly. While the main root remains shortened. The type of branched root system is characteristic of many trees. Such a root system allows you to firmly hold the powerful trunk and crown of the tree.
The core root system penetrates deeper into the soil than the fibrous one.
Fibrous type of root system
The fibrous root system is characterized by the presence of many approximately identical adventitious horses, which form a kind of bundle.
The adventitious roots grow from the aboveground and underground parts of the stem, less often from the leaves.
Plants with a fibrous root system may also have a living main root. However, if it persists, it does not differ in size from the rest of the roots.
A fibrous root system is characteristic of many monocotyledonous plants. Among them are wheat, rye, onions, garlic, corn, potatoes.
Although the fibrous root system does not penetrate into the soil as deeply as the pivotal one, it occupies a large area near the soil surface and braids soil particles more tightly, which improves the absorption of the aqueous solution.
Root systems and their classification. Types of root systems
Root modifications:
The root vegetable is a thickened main root.
The main root and the lower part of the stem are involved in the formation of the root crop.
Most root plants are biennial. Root crops consist mainly of storing basic tissue (turnip, carrot, parsley).
Root tubers (root cones) are formed as a result of thickening of the lateral and adventitious roots.
With their help, the plant blooms faster.
Hook roots are a kind of adventitious roots. With the help of these roots, the plant "sticks" to any support.
Stilted roots - serve as a support.
Board-like roots are lateral roots that extend near or above the soil surface, forming triangular vertical outgrowths adjacent to the trunk. Typical for large trees in the tropical rain forest.
Aerial roots - lateral roots, growing in the aerial part.
Absorbs rainwater and oxygen from the air. Formed in many tropical plants in the absence of mineral salts in the soil of the tropical forest.
Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of the roots of higher plants with fungal hyphae. With this mutually beneficial cohabitation, called symbiosis, the plant receives water from the fungus with nutrients dissolved in it, and the fungus receives organic substances.
Mycorrhiza is characteristic of the roots of many higher plants, especially woody ones. Fungal hyphae, braiding thick lignified roots of trees and shrubs, act as root hairs.
Bacterial nodules on the roots of higher plants - the cohabitation of higher plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria - are modified lateral roots adapted to symbiosis with bacteria.
The bacteria penetrate through the root hairs into the young roots and cause them to form nodules. In this symbiotic cohabitation, bacteria convert the nitrogen in the air into a mineral form available to plants.
And plants, in turn, provide bacteria with a special habitat in which there is no competition with other types of soil bacteria. The bacteria also use substances found in the roots of the higher plant.
More often than others, bacterial nodules are formed on the roots of plants of the legume family. Due to this feature, the seeds of legumes are rich in protein, and members of the family are widely used in crop rotation to enrich the soil with nitrogen.
Respiratory roots - in tropical plants - perform the function of additional respiration.
Types of root systems
In the tap root system, the main root is highly developed and clearly visible among other roots (typical for dicots).
A variety of tap root system - branched root system: consists of several lateral roots, among which the main root is not distinguished; typical for trees.
In the fibrous root system, at the early stages of development, the main root formed by the embryonic root dies off, and the root system is made up of adventitious roots (characteristic of monocots). The core root system usually penetrates the soil deeper than the fibrous root system, but the fibrous root system better braids the adjacent soil particles.
The adventitious roots grow directly from the stem.
They grow from a bulb (which is a special stem) or from garden cuttings.
Aerial roots. Roots that grow from the stem but do not penetrate the ground.
They are used by climbing plants for anchoring, such as ivy.
Supporting (stilted) roots.
A special type of aerial roots. They grow from the stem and then penetrate into the ground, which can be covered with water. They support heavy plants such as mangroves.
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How is the tap root system different from the fibrous one?
The roots of a plant are its vegetative organs, which are underground and conduct water and, accordingly, minerals to the rest, ground, plant organs - stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.
But the main function of the root is still to fix the plant in the ground.
On the distinctive features of root systems
The common thing in different root systems is that the root is always divided into main, lateral and adventitious.
The main root, the root of the first order, always grows from the seed, it is he who is most powerfully developed and always grows vertically downward.
The lateral roots extend from it and are called second-order roots. They can branch, and from them the adventitious roots, called roots of the third order, branch off.
They (adventitious roots) never grow on the main, but in some plant species they can grow on stems and leaves.
This whole set of roots is called the root system. And there are only two types of root systems - pivotal and fibrous. And our main question concerns how the core and fibrous root systems differ.
The core root system is characterized by the presence of a pronounced main root, while the fibrous root system is formed from the adventitious and lateral roots, and its main root is not pronounced and does not stand out from the general mass.
In order to better understand how the tap root system differs from the fibrous one, we propose to consider a visual diagram of the structure of one and the second systems.
Plants such as roses, peas, buckwheat, valerian, parsley, carrots, maple, birch, currants, and watermelon have a core root system.
The pelvic root system is found in wheat, oats, barley, onions and garlic, lilies, gladiolus and others.
Modified shoots underground
Many plants underground, in addition to roots, have so-called modified shoots. These are rhizomes, stolons, bulbs and tubers.
Rhizomes grow mainly parallel to the soil surface, they are needed for vegetative propagation and storage. Externally, the rhizome looks like a root, but in its internal structure it has fundamental differences.
Sometimes such shoots can come out of the ground and form a normal shoot with leaves.
Stolons are underground shoots, at the end of which bulbs, tubers and rosette shoots are formed.
A modified shoot is called a bulb, the storage function of which is carried by fleshy leaves, and adventitious roots extend from the flat bottom at the bottom.
A tuber is a thickened shoot with axillary buds, it performs the function of storage and reproduction.
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Superficial root system
Page 1
A superficial root system is also formed in pine when dense heavy carbonate loam is shallow, and on such soils, windfall of pine testes, and sometimes also of larch testes, is often observed. This phenomenon occurs, for example, in a number of places in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region. On the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region), the windblow of pine testes is expressed in places where crystalline rocks emerge on the day surface.
The superficial root system of pine, as we have already said, is also formed at a shallow occurrence of dense heavy carbonate loam. Pine testes, and sometimes larch testes, are often blown out on such soils, for example, in some places in the Plesetsk District of the Arkhangelsk Region.
On the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region) and in North Karelia, the windblow of pine testes occurs in the places where crystalline rocks emerge on the day surface.
A superficial root system with a weak development of vertically developing roots, only 0 5 - 1 m in depth, is also formed by pine on sandy soils poor in moisture, where it can also fall out relatively easily from the wind.
Trees with a shallow root system are more susceptible to windfall, more weakened and more likely to die off on the vine.
The disproportion between the increased transpiration after felling and the limited moisture supply from the soil, as well as the rupture of small roots due to the swaying of trees by the wind, lead on shallow heavy moist soils to a decrease in growth immediately after felling. On the other hand, trees on deep, drained soils, where they form roots deep into the soil and are better provided with moisture, withstand changes in the situation relatively well and are able to increase their growth in diameter after 2 to 3 years, and sometimes immediately after felling.
These differences are reflected in the anatomical structure of the tree.
Trees with a shallow root system are more susceptible to windfall, more weakened and more likely to die off at the root.
The superficial root system of the spruce damaged by the hooves of cattle is not able to resist the marsh.
There are known facts of the effect of wind, when from the windblow, the PTC with weakened drainage, forming the surface root system of trees and located at windbreak locations.
The windblow often develops in the NTC of spruce forests on accumulative slopes with rich moist loams, where the spruce has a thin surface root system. More wind-resistant stands of the NTC of denudation slopes with slag-stone substrates, where spruce firmly rooted in the crevices of the blocks.
Even grassroots fire destroys a thin-bore, with a crown dropping low along the trunk, with a thinner superficial root system of spruce and fir, and thus removes at once two main obstacles to the emergence of self-seeding of pine.
Old pine trees in any fires have a chance to survive due to a thicker bark, a highly raised crown and a very deep root system that goes into the soil; these old trees remain more or less scattered as seed plants even after severe fires.
After flowering, the plants are transplanted into wide and shallow pots or bowls, since azaleas have a superficial root system, pruning is carried out, removing weak, fattening shoots and pinching the tops of young shoots, stimulating their branching. Pinching is carried out in two or three steps, pinching shoots with three or four developed leaves. At the end of June, pinching is stopped, since at this time the formation of flower buds of the next year begins on the shoots.
Azaleas need moist air. During the period of active growth, from March to September, they are regularly sprayed with soft water. It is not recommended to spray during the flowering period in order to avoid the appearance of spots on the flowers. For normal flowering, high light intensity and fertilizing with complex fertilizers are needed.
Weymouth pine is a relatively wind-resistant species, but, like Scots pine, it can also give a superficial root system, for example on shallow soils. Weymouth pine is no less sensitive to factory smoke than ordinary pine.
Large areas of underground structures, heaped with a sufficient layer of earth, are planted with small groups of shrubs with a surface root system, or perennials.
If necessary, decorative design, small rockeries are arranged on them. In order to avoid icing, the planting of trees and shrubs is provided at a distance of at least 40 m from open spray devices, and from cooling towers - at a distance of at least 15 of their height.
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Root
The root has the function of absorbing water with minerals from the soil, and it anchors and holds the plant in the soil. Reserve nutrients can be deposited in the roots.
Root structure
The root is the axial organ of the plant, on which, unlike the stem, there are no leaves. The root grows in length throughout the life of the plant, moving among the solid particles of the soil. To protect the delicate root tip from mechanical damage and reduce friction, a root cap serves.
It is formed by thin-walled cells of the integumentary tissue, which exfoliate and form mucus, which facilitates the movement of the root in the soil. At a growing root, the cap is renewed every day.
The division zone is located under the root cap. It is made up of educational fabric.
The cells of this tissue divide.
The formed cells stretch in the longitudinal direction and form a zone of expansion and growth. This allows the root to grow longitudinally. The cells of the educational tissue form other tissues - integumentary, conductive and mechanical.
The stretch zone is followed by the suction zone.
In this zone, many root hairs are formed from the cells of the integumentary tissue. Wheat, for example, has up to 100 of them per 1 mm2 of root surface. Thanks to the root hairs, the suction surface of the root increases tens and even hundreds of times. Root hairs work like tiny pumps that suck in water from the night with minerals dissolved in it. The suction zone is mobile, it changes its place in the soil depending on the growth of the root. Root hairs live for several days, and then die off, and the suction zone appears on the newly growing area of the root.
Therefore, the absorption of water and nutrients always occurs from a new volume of soil.
In place of the former suction zone, a conduction zone is formed. Through the cells of this zone, water and minerals are carried up to the aboveground organs, and organic substances down from the leaves to the roots.
The cells of the integumentary tissue of the conduction zone in adult plants, when dying off, can lay on top of each other, forming a cork. As a result, the adult root becomes lignified.
Most of the length of long-lived roots falls on the conduction zone.
Types of root systems
The collection of all the roots of a plant is called the root system. There are two types of root systems - pivotal and fibrous.
In the tap root system, the main root is isolated.
It grows strictly downward and stands out from other roots in greater length and thickness. Lateral roots extend from the main root. The core root system is typical for peas, sunflowers, shepherd's purse, dandelion and many other plants.
A fibrous root system is characteristic of cereals, plantain and other plants in which the main root stops growing immediately at the beginning of embryo development.
In this case, numerous roots are formed at the base of the shoot, which are called adventitious roots.
The plant develops a bundle, or lobe, more or less the same thickness, length and branching of adventitious roots.
The root is the main axial vegetative organ of leafy plants. It is the underground part of the plant and serves to strengthen it in the soil and absorb water with dissolved minerals in it. At the root, many substances are formed that affect the development of the entire plant, including growth hormones. With the help of the root, plants can reproduce vegetatively, in addition, nutrients are stored at the root. The root can grow in length for a long time, creating new cells at the apical point of growth; it can also branch out and form a root system that provides the plant with water and nutrients; but the root never bears leaves. Under the influence of the Earth's gravity (gravity), the root grows downward (geotropism).
What to do. Consider the roots of pea seedlings at different stages of development. Consider the root system of an adult pea plant.
How many roots appear at the beginning of the development of a pea seedling?
How does the pea root system develop in the future?
What to do. Find the main and lateral roots in the root system of an adult pea plant.
What to do. Consider the roots of the wheat germ and the root system of an adult plant.
How many roots appear at the beginning of the development of the root system of a wheat seedling?
How is the formation of the wheat root system going in the future?
What is the difference between the development of the root system of wheat and the development of the root system of peas?
What to do. Consider the root system of an adult wheat plant. Examine the adventitious roots growing from the bottom of the stem and locate the lateral roots.
- Can the main root be found?
- What is the name of such a root system?
Prepare for the report. Sketch the diagrams of the root systems of peas and wheat. Think about the question. What are the similarities and what are the differences between the root systems of peas and wheat?
The root system is very important for plant growth and development. Support, water extraction and nutrition are the functions that it performs. To understand how to properly plant and grow trees, shrubs, cultivated plants, you need to know how the roots are arranged. If you see that the planted crops do not grow well on the same bed, and trees or shrubs are planted next to the bed, perhaps they are oppressing your plantings with their roots.
The roots of the plants did not appear immediately. Plants have gone through an evolutionary path, as a result of which they acquired roots. Algae do not have roots, since they live in water and they do not need roots. The first plants that took root on the ground did not have roots, but the so-called resoids, which served only for anchoring in the soil. Now resoids have some types of mosses. The root is the main part of the entire plant system. It keeps the plant in the ground. Throughout its life, the root obtains moisture and nourishment. Root development depends on climatic conditions. For example, many desert plants have a long root to extract water.
There are two types of root systems - pivotal and root.
In the tap root system, the main root is pronounced, thicker, lateral roots extend from it.
The fibrous root system is characterized by the absence of the main root, growth occurs due to lateral and adventitious roots, does not penetrate into the ground as deeply as the pivotal one.
All horse systems consist of
- main root
- lateral roots
- adventitious roots
All of these roots form a root system that forms throughout the life of the plant. The main root develops from the embryo, which grows vertically in the ground. Lateral roots extend from it.
Features of plant root systems
The roots adapt to the environmental conditions. Corn roots grow 2 meters in diameter, apple roots - 15 meters. Knowing the structure of the root system is very important for the gardener in order to determine what kind of care the plant needs. If you have an understanding of the location of the roots, you can properly care for the plant so as not to damage the roots.
Loose soils promote root penetration deep into the ground. Soils, in which the percentage of oxygen is low and with a dense structure, are close to the development of roots to the soil surface.
Thistle is a common weed that penetrates the soil up to six meters.
Plants that grow in the desert have long roots. This is due to the deep location of groundwater.
The length of the roots of the barnyard is 15 meters.
If the root system in plants is poorly developed, the leaves absorb moisture from the fog, with the help of stems and leaves.
There are plants that retain moisture in all parts - stems and leaves. Such plants have a root system that has the ability to absorb and store rainwater. They are common where the heat gives way to active rains. Such plants include cacti, succulents. Their roots are poorly developed.
Plants capable of reducing water loss, their roots, top covered with cork. They are able to retain water in preparation for water scarcity. They have elastic leaves to avoid mechanical damage when water is lost. Such plants include:
sand acacia
aristide
Plants in which the growing season lasts only during favorable periods of time when it rains. Their life cycle is short. These include plants with tubers and bulbs.
Plants whose roots are highly developed for water extraction. Their root system is very well developed, spreads in the soil to absorb as much water as possible. Cutter, sage, wild watermelon belong to this type of plant.
In nature, there are aerial roots that extract moisture from the air. These plants include the orchid.
There are plants with mixed root systems. These include cabbage, plantain, sunflower, tomatoes. These are the plants that spud. In addition to natural conditions, a person influences the development of roots by hilling and diving. For the development of lateral roots, the tip of the main root is pinched off. Hilling - adding soil to the plant.
Plants with a fibrous root system
Heavy types of soils, with the occurrence of groundwater close to the surface, slopes - these conditions are characteristic of the development of plants with a fibrous system: birch, maple, chestnut, linden, larch, alder, fir, yew, apple tree. plantain, sunflower.
Cereal crops - rye, wheat, barley - have a fibrous root system. The roots of cereals go deep into the soil, up to 2 meters.
The root system of the apple tree has horizontal and vertical roots. Air and batteries are supplied to the horizontal roots. Vertical - keep the tree in the soil and extract water and food from the deeper layers of the earth. In addition, the apple tree has another root classification - skeletal and overgrown (fibrous) roots. The overgrowing roots are close to the surface, up to 50 cm, so fertilization is very effective.
When the bark of a tree is damaged, the root system is inhibited.
The birch has a very powerful root system, but it does not go deep into the ground. At the beginning of growth, birch grows slowly until the main root dies off. After that, the birch starts growing faster, lateral roots begin to grow. Birch loves moisture very much, its roots absorb all the moisture around them, therefore there is so little vegetation around the birch.
The onion root system also refers to the fibrous and is considered very weak. This determines its increased requirement for the soil, especially at the stage of seed germination.
Leek root system
Onion
The fibrous root system is:
Marigold
Sansiveria
Fatshedera
Tap root plants
In plants with a rod system, the root consists of a rod-root and lateral roots extending from it.
These plants adapt to getting water from the depths of the earth. The main root of some plants can extend into the ground for several tens of meters. In arid regions or in conditions when there is little rainfall, the plants are characterized by a pivotal root system. For example, carrots have a thick main root in which they store moisture and nutrients in preparation for a possible summer without rain. Beets, radishes, radishes, root parsley - the root system is the same. This adaptation of the roots increases the plant's chances of survival. Carrots can be planted in winter, they survive due to their thick roots.
What the root system does
As mentioned above, the root is the main part of the plant that provides nutrition and growth. From the roots, water and nutrients move upward to the stems and leaves. To properly care for a particular plant, you need to know its features and growing conditions. If you properly water and feed trees, shrubs, garden plants and flowers, success in growing is guaranteed.
The mangrove tree has roots called stilted roots. They absorb moisture from the atmosphere and are able to resist breaking waves.
Root system of nightshade plants
Solanaceae are plant species that grow all over the globe. About 3000 species are known. It includes herbs, shrubs, vegetables, both edible and poisonous. They are united by the structure of vegetative organs and inflorescences. Their fruits are berries or capsules. They make medicines from nightshades, eat them, feed animals, make cigarettes.
Nightshade crops include popular vegetables such as tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, and peppers. From flowers - petunia, fragrant tobacco, medicinal plants - belladonna belladonna.
In tomatoes, the root system goes into the ground to a depth of one and a half meters. With a not very deep bedding of groundwater, they easily extract water for themselves. Eggplant roots are highly branching, they go into the soil to a depth of half a meter.
In potatoes, root crops are eaten, so it is so important how much the horse system will be developed. The roots of potatoes are within the arable layer, only some roots go deep. Edible tubers are the thickening of the apical shoots. They accumulate a supply of organic substances, mainly starch. Hilling is an important procedure in potato care.
In pepper, on well-drained soils, the roots occupy a volume in the upper layer with a diameter of up to one meter. They can go 50 cm deep.
The roots of petunia are very powerful, development at the beginning of growth is slow. One plant requires at least five liters of soil. Grow well in nutritious soils.
Root system of flowering plants
All flowering plants are classified into trees, grasses and shrubs. They are also called angiosperms, since the seed grows inside until it breaks through the shell. In total, there are 250,000 species of them on earth. The root system is both fibrous and pivotal. The classes of flowering plants are monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. More on this in the section below. The class of dicotyledons has almost everyone at home in the form of potted flowers - ficuses, violets, cacti. Among garden plants - all rosaceous, nightshade, moth, cruciferous, Compositae. Trees that are classified as flowering have different heights. For example, cherry is a short tree. But eucalyptus can reach 100 meters in height.
Shrubs:
gooseberry
currant
and even hazel and lilac.
Herbs:
Dandelion
Among the diverse representatives there are annuals, biennials and perennials. In biennials and perennials, the roots accumulate food and energy for wintering. In annuals, the roots die with the flower.
Root system of legumes
Legumes include well-known beans, peas, peanuts, chickpeas, beans. There are woody forms - acacia, mimosa. Herbs - clover, lupine. They are found both in the wild and in gardeners' gardens. Cultivation is also practiced on an industrial scale. The root system of legumes is pivotal. Most of them have small tubers on the roots, which are formed as a result of the activity of bacteria that penetrate the roots from the soil. These bacteria use nitrogen and convert it into minerals that other plants feed on. Therefore, legumes are useful to plant next to other plants. After the death of the plant, the soil is saturated with nitrogen and more fertile.
What you need to do to strengthen the root system of a plant
Since the root system plays a large role in the life of plants, it is important to monitor its correct development. There are many ways to grow and develop roots. They are subdivided into phytohormones - extract from plants, humates - extract from humus, improved by additives. and natural - folk remedies.
Popular among gardeners - root, kornerost, heteroauxin, pollen, ovosil.
Epin - has a positive effect on all parts of the plant.
Folk remedies are also widely used to strengthen the roots of plants. This is honey, yeast, aloe.
There is a close relationship between the root system and part of the aboveground plant. Optimal root nutrition leads to the development of a successful plant.
Root system of dicotyledonous plants
Dicotyledonous plants have a root system. In nature, this is the most numerous class, which numbers 180 thousand species and makes up 75 percent of flowering plants. Nutrients are located in the endosperm and in the embryo. The leaf venation is pronounced; the leaf blade is dissected by veins. The embryo allows the main root to develop well. Many plants have a layer of cambium through which the plant takes on a lignified form.
Cambium is a cell layer that is parallel to the surface of stems and roots. Due to it, the thickening of the stem occurs.
Dicotyledonous plants include
- spicy herbs - parsley, dill, laurel, coriander, anise, allspice.
- Umbrella, a characteristic feature of which is an inflorescence in the form of an umbrella. These are cow parsnip, carrots, coriander, snowflakes, fennel, hemlock, etc.
- Rosaceae - raspberries, apple trees, plums, cherries, irga, apricots, cherries, almonds, etc.
- Compositae - marigolds, chamomile, daisy, dandelion, dahlia, sunflower, etc.
Root system of monocotyledonous plants
Depending on which class the plants belong to, the type of root system is determined.
Monocotyledonous plants have a fibrous root system. They have one cotyledon in the bud.
The cotyledon is the inner part of the seed that contains the embryo - the embryo.
Nutrients are found in the endosperm. The embryo root is very poorly developed. When the grain germinates, adventitious roots extend from it. Leaf venation is parallel or arched, for example, lily of the valley, leeks, barley, wheat. The leaf is poorly developed and is a leaf sheath.
Monocotyledonous plants include aquatic and weeds, pineapple, lily of the valley, calla lilies, monstera, tulip, lily, hyacinth, bulbous, etc.
Plant root system types
Root system of fruit trees
The root system of the fruit tree keeps it in the soil, absorbs moisture and nutrients, forms organic compounds - amino acids and proteins, promotes the development of microorganisms that are beneficial to the plant. The roots of a fruit tree are composed of horizontal and vertical. Horizontal roots play an important role, as they absorb moisture and nutrition from the surface. Their volume in diameter corresponds to the size of the crown, or exceeds it. Therefore, watering and fertilization are so important. The ratio of vertical and horizontal roots depends on many things - soil fertility, rootstock, care. If the soil is fertile and fertilization is sufficient, horizontal roots develop well. On dry and nutritionally poor soils, vertical roots grow, which go deep into the soil to get food and water. Stone fruit crops are not deeply rooted. Root growth usually occurs during the growing season of the tree. With the help of modern methods, which are developed by agricultural technicians, the growth of roots can be regulated.
Root system of berry bushes
Berry bushes play a special role in fruit orchards. Knowledge of the structure of their root system and proper care ensure a good harvest. Their main difference from trees is the absence of a trunk. Dozens of branches branch off from the roots, which give a crop. The roots do not lie deep, their horizontal arrangement is characteristic. When digging a near-trunk circle, you need to carefully work with a shovel to avoid touching the roots.
Water in plant life
Water plays an important role in the life of every plant.
- Plants are 80 percent water
- Delivers food to other parts of the plant
- Regulates heat transfer
- A source of hydrogen for photosynthesis.
- Provides firmness to the leaves
Considering all the factors of the role of water, its absence will ensure the death of the plant. The entry of water into the plant's body comes from the roots, the evaporation of water occurs through the leaves. The meaning of such a water cycle is metabolism. If the uptake of water by the roots is less than its input through the leaves, the plant wilts. Water replenishment occurs at night, since evaporation is reduced.
Water exchange takes place in three stages:
- The roots absorb water.
- The water is moving towards the top.
- The water evaporates through the leaves.
Water absorption and evaporation are approximately the same. Only a small percentage of it synthesizes substances.
How to properly water fruit trees and shrubs, depending on the root system
The vital activity of plants directly depends on watering. Young plants especially need watering, which need to be watered once a week, except on rainy days. Water deficiency can be detrimental to the appearance and health of plants. They may eventually die.
When planting, it is necessary to take into account how close the groundwater is located in the ground - a shallow occurrence will destroy the roots, they can rot.
There are three types of irrigation - sprinkler irrigation, root irrigation and soil irrigation. When choosing watering, you need to take into account many factors - climatic conditions, weather, plant characteristics, soil.
Plants with a rod system can extract water deep underground. The fibrous one does not have such an opportunity. In addition, garden plants such as carrots and beets have a rod system and a powerful root that stores food and moisture in case of drought.
