Knowledge of the structural features and location of the abdominal organs is important for understanding many pathological processes. The organs of digestion and excretion are located in the abdominal cavity. must be described taking into account the relative position of these organs.
General information
Abdomen - the space between the sternum and the pelvis
The abdomen refers to the space of the body between the ribcage and the pelvis. The basis of the internal structure of the abdomen is the abdominal cavity, which contains the organs of digestion and excretion.
Anatomically, the area is limited by the diaphragm located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The pelvic region begins at the level of the pelvic bones.
The structural features of the abdomen and abdominal cavity determine many pathological processes. The digestive organs are held together by a special connective tissue called the mesentery.
This tissue has its own characteristics of blood supply. The organs of other important systems are also located in the abdominal cavity - the kidneys and.
Many large blood vessels feed the tissues and organs of the abdominal cavity. In this anatomical region, the aorta and its branches, the inferior genital vein and other large arteries and veins are isolated.
The organs and great vessels of the abdominal cavity are protected by the muscle layers that form the external structure of the abdomen.
External structure and abdominal muscles
The structure of the abdomen: internal organs
The external structure of the abdomen is no different from the structure of other anatomical areas of the body. The most superficial layers include the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue.
The subcutaneous fat layer of the abdomen can be developed to varying degrees in people with different constitutional types. Skin, fat, and subcutaneous fascia contain a large number of arteries, veins, and nerve structures.
In the next layer of the abdomen, the muscles are represented. The abdominal region has a sufficiently powerful muscular structure, which makes it possible to protect the abdominal organs from external physical influences.
The abdominal wall consists of several paired muscles, the fibers of which are intertwined in different places. Major abdominal muscles:
- External oblique muscle. It is the largest and most superficial paired abdominal muscle. It originates from the eight lower ribs. The fibers of the external oblique muscle are involved in the formation of a dense aponeurosis of the abdomen and inguinal canal, which contains the structures of the reproductive system.
- Internal oblique muscle. This is the structure of the intermediate layer of the paired abdominal muscles. The muscle originates from the iliac crest and part of the inguinal ligament. Individual fibers are also associated with the ribs and pubic bones. Like the external muscle, the internal oblique muscle is involved in the formation of the wide aponeurosis of the abdomen.
- Transverse abdominal muscle. It is the deepest muscle in the superficial layer of the abdomen. Its fibers are associated with the ribs, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia of the chest and pelvis. The structure also forms the aponeurosis and inguinal canal.
- The rectus abdominis muscle. It is a long muscle associated with the ribs, sternum, and pubic bone. It is this muscle layer that forms the so-called abdominal press, which is clearly visible in physically developed people. The functions of the rectus abdominis muscle are associated with flexion of the body, obstetric processes, defecation, urination and forced expiration.
- Pyramidal muscle. It is a triangular muscle structure located in front of the lower rectus abdominis muscle. The fibers of the pyramidal muscle are associated with the pubic bones and the white line of the abdomen. Muscle may be absent in 20% of people, which is associated with the individual characteristics of the structure of the abdomen.
- The aponeuroses and muscle lines of the abdomen are of particular importance for protecting and maintaining the shape of the abdominal structures. In addition, the abdominal muscle forms the inguinal canal, which contains the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament of the uterus in women.
Abdomen
The structure of the abdomen: muscles
The internal structure of the abdomen is represented by the abdominal cavity. The cavity is lined from the inside with a peritoneum, which has an inner and outer leaflets.
The abdominal organs, blood vessels and nerve formations are located between the layers of the peritoneum. In addition, the space between the sheets of the peritoneum contains a special fluid that prevents friction.
The peritoneum not only nourishes and protects the abdominal structures, but also fixes the organs. The peritoneum also forms the so-called mesenteric tissue associated with the abdominal wall and abdominal organs.
The boundaries of the mesenteric tissue extend from the pancreas and small intestine to the lower colon. The mesentery fixes the organs in a certain position and nourishes the tissues with the help of blood vessels.
Some abdominal organs are located directly in the abdominal cavity, while others are located in the retroperitoneal space. Such features determine the position of the organs relative to the sheets of the peritoneum.
Abdominal organs
Abdomen
The organs located in the abdominal cavity belong to the digestive, excretory, immune and hematopoietic systems.
Their mutual arrangement ensures the fulfillment of many joint functions.
The main organs of the abdomen:
- Liver. The organ is located in the right abdomen just below the diaphragm. The functions of this organ are associated with the processes of digestion, detoxification and metabolism. All nutrient components formed as a result of digestion, along with the blood, enter the liver cells, where chemical compounds harmful to the body are neutralized. The liver is also involved in the production of bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats.
- Stomach. The organ is located in the left abdomen, under the diaphragm. It is an enlarged part of the digestive tract associated with the esophagus and the initial small intestine. Key processes of chemical decomposition of food substrates take place in the stomach. In addition, the cells in the stomach help in the absorption of vitamin B12, which is essential for the functioning of the cells in the body. The hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps kill bacteria.
- The gallbladder. The organ is located under the liver. The gallbladder is a storehouse of bile. When food components enter the duodenum for digestion, the gallbladder secretes bile into the intestinal cavity.
- Pancreas. This structure is located below the stomach between the spleen and duodenum. The pancreas is an indispensable digestive organ necessary for the final processes of food digestion. The gland produces enzymes that make it possible to transform large food components into structural units necessary for cells. The role of the pancreas in glucose metabolism is also very important. The gland secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood sugar levels.
- Spleen. The organ is located in the left abdomen next to the stomach and pancreas. It is an organ of hematopoiesis and immunity that allows you to deposit blood components and utilize unnecessary cells.
- Small and large intestines. In the parts of the small intestine, the main processes of digestion and assimilation of food substrates take place. The large intestine forms and stores feces, and also absorbs water.
- Kidneys. These are paired excretory organs that filter the bloodstream and utilize metabolic waste. The kidneys are associated with the ureters, bladder, and urethra. In addition, the kidneys secrete a number of important substances necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D and the formation of red blood cells.
The close location of the abdominal organs determines the characteristics of many diseases. Inflammatory processes associated with the ingress of bacteria into the abdominal cavity can be deadly.
Methods for examining the abdominal organs
Intestine: Human Anatomy
Numerous diagnostic methods allow you to assess the condition of the abdominal organs and, if necessary, confirm the presence of the disease.
Doctors begin with a physical examination of the patient to detect the external manifestations of pathologies. The next stage of diagnosis is the appointment of instrumental research methods.
Methods for examining the abdominal organs:
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A flexible tube equipped with a camera is inserted through the oral cavity into the patient's digestive tract. The device allows you to assess the condition of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
- Colonoscopy. In this case, the tube is inserted into the lower digestive tract through the anus. The procedure allows examining the rectum and colon.
- Radiography and computed tomography. The methods provide images of the abdominal cavity.
- Magnetic resonance imaging. This highly accurate method is often used for detailed examinations of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
- Ultrasound diagnostics. Using the procedure, the general condition of the abdominal organs is assessed.
Specialized methods, including biopsy and breath test, can be used to diagnose individual diseases.
Thus, the structure of the abdomen is important not only from the point of view of anatomical features, but also from the point of view of diagnosing diseases.
The video material will acquaint you with the anatomy of the human abdominal cavity:
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Abdomen from above it is limited by the diaphragm - a flat muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, located between the lower chest and the lower pelvis. The lower abdomen contains many organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.
The upper abdomen contains mainly the organs of the digestive system. Abdominal cavity can be divided by two horizontal and two vertical lines that form abdominal area... Thus, nine conventional zones are allocated.
A special division of the abdomen into areas (zones), operates throughout the medical world. In the upper row are the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium. In these areas, we try to feel the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen. In the middle row are the right lateral, mesogastrium, or umbilical, umbilical, and left lateral regions, where manual examination of the small intestine, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, and so on is performed. In the lower row, the right iliac region, hypogastrium and left iliac region are distinguished, in which the blind and colon, bladder, and uterus are examined with the fingers.
AND abdominal cavity, and the chest located above it are filled with various organs. Let us mention their simple classification. There are organs that feel like a bath sponge or a loaf of fresh bread, that is, on a cut, they are completely filled with some content represented by functioning elements (usually epithelial cells), connective tissue structures designated as the organ stroma, and vessels of different caliber. it parenchymal organs(Greek enchyma translates as "something infused"). These include the lungs, liver, almost all large glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid, and so on).
In contrast, parenchymal hollow organs, they are hollow because they are not filled with anything. They have a large (stomach, bladder) or small (ureter, artery) cavity inside, surrounded by relatively thin (intestine) or thick (heart, uterus) walls.
Finally, if the characteristic features of both groups are combined, that is, there is a cavity (usually small) surrounded by parenchyma, they speak of mixed bodies... These primarily include the kidneys, and a number of authors, with some reservations, include the spinal cord and the brain.
Inside the abdominal cavity are various organs of the digestive system(stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder with ducts, pancreas), spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands, urinary tract (urethra) and bladder, organs of the reproductive system(different in men and women: in women, the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes; in men, the genitals are outside), numerous blood and lymph vessels and ligaments that hold the organs in place.
The abdominal cavity contains a large serous membrane, consisting mainly of connective tissue, which lines the inner walls of the peritoneum and also covers most of the organs within it. It is believed that the membrane is continuous and consists of two layers: the parietal and visceral peritoneum. These layers are separated by a thin film moistened with serous fluid. The main function of this lubricant is to reduce friction between the layers, as well as between the organs and walls of the peritoneum, along with ensuring the movement of the layers.
Physicians often use the term "acute abdomen" to denote a severe case that requires immediate intervention, in many cases, surgery. The origin of pain can be different, it arises not only due to diseases of the digestive system, as is often thought. There are many other causes of acute abdominal pain; it is often accompanied by vomiting, abdominal hardness, and fever. Here we are not talking about a specific disease, but about the initial diagnosis of a very dangerous condition that requires an urgent medical examination to determine its cause and provide appropriate treatment.
LIVER AND GILTRAL TRACT
; traumatic rupture
;abscess
; acute cholecystitis
; biliary colic
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenal ulcer
obstruction, rupture
acute gastroenteritis
Meckel diverticulum
local enteritis
intestinal tuberculosis
COLON
ulcerative colitis
infectious colitis
volvulus
cancer
intussusception
diverticulitis
break
appendicitis
STOMACH
;ulcer
;cancer
SPLEEN
; heart attack
;abscess
; gap
PERITONEUM
peritonitis
WOMAN'S INTERNAL GENITALS
; gap
;infection
; convulsions
; ruptured ovarian cyst
;ectopic pregnancy
; abscesses
; acute salpingitis
Hernia of the peritoneum appears when there is a weak point in the abdominal wall, due to which part of the intestine protrudes out of the abdominal cavity. An abdominal hernia is an exit or protrusion of the small or large intestine or parts thereof from the cavity in which they are located, through a congenital or acquired opening in the peritoneum. An abdominal hernia can occur due to prolonged pressure of internal organs on the walls of the abdominal cavity or weakening of a certain point - for example, as a result of pregnancy, obesity, constant physical exertion, etc. Hernia of the peritoneum comes out when part of the abdominal cavity protrudes and forms a hernial sac, which sometimes contains part of the small or large intestine. The only effective treatment for a hernia is surgery.
The human body is a rather complex "mechanism" where all the details are interconnected and work harmoniously. And to know the structure, as well as the location of internal organs, is simply necessary to understand at least the general processes that occur in the body, thanks to the precise work of each organ.
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This knowledge will help you to quickly navigate in case of pain, and to react correctly in a certain situation. This article will reveal the internal structure of human organs, as well as their functioning in a harmonious system of the human body.
Human anatomy, internal organs
Our body consists from a huge number of cells that form tissue. From separate groups, organs are obtained, which are called internal, because they are inside. Almost everyone knows many of them since school, in which the human body was studied in anatomy lessons and even in pictures.
Most begin to think about their inner "world" only after something inside them hurts. But even a superficial knowledge of the location of human organs and their functions in the body will greatly simplify the understanding of what is happening and will help to explain correctly with the doctor so that he can make the most correct diagnosis. Yes, and his further recommendations will not seem so abstruse and will become more accessible for your understanding.
Anatomy of single organs, location by zones
Each organ has its own structural features, auxiliary and main functions, as well as a certain localization. That is why the failure of one organic element often affects several other organs, which are part of a whole and well-oiled mechanism. And to make it better to understand and feel his body, a person needs to thoroughly study the location, as well as the work of his internal organs, and timely help the body cope with diseases or injuries in case of urgent need.
The female and male organisms include several main zones in which certain groups of organs are "completed".
They are subdivided as follows:
- Abdominal and thoracic regions.
- The area of the large and small pelvis.
Internal single organs that do not have grouping, are located between the main zones, or rather, in their intervals.
A general introduction can be started with the thyroid gland, which is located below the larynx in the front lower part of the neck. This rather important element of the body in the process of life is slightly shifted down or in depth, but this is a completely permissible and normal phenomenon.
Another pronounced element that does not have a group formation is the diaphragm, located between the thoracic and abdominal regions. The main purpose of this organ is - expand the area of the lungs for free passage of air.
Chest and its components
The most important and permanent areas of the sternum:
- Heart.
- Bronchi.
- Lungs and thymus gland.
Heart is the main muscle of the human body and its "engine", thanks to which the entire human life system functions. It is an internal organ located on the left side of the chest between the lungs above the diaphragmatic zone. Its main task is to ensure the vital activity of the body as a whole by pumping the circulatory system. This is a kind of "blood hydraulic pump ", which constantly, in conjunction with other organs, ensures the supply of blood enriched with oxygen to other parts of the human body.
The shape of the heart muscle can vary from person to person. It depends on the lifestyle, age, gender and general health of each individual.
The pulmonary system, consisting of symmetrically located lungs, fills the main part of the chest from the collarbone to the diaphragm. Responsible for the breathing apparatus, the lungs in appearance have a conical elongated format and are reliably protected by the ribs, in that part of the chest where they are especially strong.
Bronchi are the form of a properly branched plant, the base of which is a stem emerging from the trachea and germinating in both lungs. The same functionality does not affect their visual symmetry. The right-sided organ, in contrast to the left-sided counterpart, is noticeably shortened and somewhat thickened. And there are also subspecies within the bronchial system:
- Segmental extrapulmonary.
- Lobar extrapulmonary.
- Bronchioles, which organically flow into the alveoli.
- Intra-pulmonary subsegmental.
Thymus or the thymus gland, an internal organ that is the main immunologist of the human body and is located in the posterior upper part of the sternum. Visually has a forked shape.
Abdominal organs
This cavity contains the following elements:
Stomach is a kind of food bag, which, having elastic muscle tissue, stretches as it fills. The location of the main food container is located under the diaphragm and is shifted slightly to the left. Although in case of malfunctions of this organ, pain is usually localized in the center. The main function of the stomach is the breakdown of food into nutrients and useful substances with the help of gastric juice.
Liver is multifunctional and one of the most important organs of the digestive process. On top of that, it serves as a filtering mechanism and is located in the hypochondrium on the right side. The structure of the liver is uneven, two lobes, and its task is to protect the body from intoxication, as well as the regulation of intercellular metabolism and the production of cholesterol.
Pancreas produces enzymatic substances for the assimilation and digestion of food. Its location is the upper left part of the peritoneum, behind the stomach. It produces natural insulin, actively participating in metabolic processes.
Gall bladder a small but necessary organ for the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal system. Serves for the production of bile and is located in the abdominal cavity on the right side, having an ovoid shape. It plays a huge role in digestion, and if it malfunctions, you can feel discomfort in the form of vomiting, nausea, pain on the right side. The development of ulcers of the duodenum and stomach is also not complete without his participation.
Kidney are twin organs and are located in the abdominal cavity, performing a very important function in the urinary system. Located in the lower rear parts of the peritoneum, having a bilateral arrangement with some asymmetry and a slight difference in size. The right kidney is slightly smaller than the left one and is located slightly lower. The visual appearance of the kidney resembles a curved bean fruit.
Adrenal glands satellites of the kidneys are also located in the human abdominal cavity on both sides and perform a significant function in the endocrine and hormonal systems. They produce and inject more than two dozen hormones into the bloodstream, including adrenaline, corticosteroids, and androgens. Receiving impulses nervous system from the cortical and medullary substances that fill these organs, the adrenal glands help to correct the processes of inhibition and excitation in various disorders and stresses.
Spleen is the basis of the scheme of the immune system and hematopoiesis. It is located in the abdominal cavity in the upper left part of it and looks like an elongated oval.
Its functions:
- Protection of the human body from various infections.
- Improves metabolism.
- Generation of red blood cells and platelets.
Malfunctions, and, accordingly, pain signals associated with the work of the spleen are very rare.
Intestines, filling the lower abdomen, includes the presence of the small intestine, colon and appendix. The small intestine differs from the large intestine in its location and, accordingly, in diameter. A significantly shortened and thickened intestine, which includes the appendix process, is the final part, which removes the waste of the human body through the anus to the outside. Its localization, bending around the entire intestinal structure, is more straightened. The small intestine, which flows into it from the right side, is much more tangled and longer.
At the slightest nutritional disturbance, as well as the subsequent digestion of food by the human body, the intestine gives appropriate signals from its side. Insufficient work of the elements of the abdominal cavity before the waste enters the intestines is fraught with various manifestations such as flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and discomfort in the lower abdomen. A significant indicator in the development of certain diseases is the muscle tone of the walls of the esophagus and intestines.
Internal organs of the large and small pelvis
The genitourinary system of the body is
the bladder and the reproductive system, which in the male body contains:
- The prostate gland.
- Seminal vesicles.
In the female body, the reproductive system contains:
- The ovaries.
- The uterus.
Bladder located behind the pubic bone in the lower pelvis. Main function this organ is the accumulation of urine and disposal of it through the urethra. Elastic muscle tissue, if content is present, stretches and, after emptying, contracts accordingly.
When the bladder is empty, it is located clearly behind the pubis, but if it begins to fill with urine, it grows upward and significantly changes its shape to ovoid. This organ can grow based on the individual characteristics of the organism, sometimes reaching the level of the navel. If there are "problems" in the work of the bladder, then there may be pain in the lower abdomen, as well as pain when urinating.
Uterus located in the middle area small pelvis over the bladder. It is the most elastic female organ, having a length of about seven centimeters in a resting state, and which can be stretched to a considerable size during pregnancy. It is also the most mobile organ, due to the freedom inside the body near the uterine space, which allows the uterus to move when the intestines and bladder are filled.
In shape, it is a flattened pear rounded in the lower part (transition to the cervix) ... The main task of this body- continuation of the human race. The reservoir for carrying and forming a baby has a three-layer structure of walls, which, due to their protective functions and muscle tone necessary for the birth process, are also responsible for the supply of necessary nutrients.
Ovaries exclusively female paired organ, which is responsible for childbirth. The main task of this organ is the maturation and formation of sex cells in women, although it also takes part in the production of steroid and sex hormones. It is located from the uterus on both sides and symmetrically in relation to it. The cyclical activity of the ovaries is determined by the monthly menstrual process, as a result of which the cellular complex developed for the fertilization of the egg is renewed.
Seminal vesicles are twin organs exclusively of the male body and are located in the lateral posterior region in the region of the bladder. They produce the necessary secret for the advancement and nutrition of spermatozoa, while having an excretory function. In the process of ejaculation, they play one of the main roles.
Prostate -male organ located in the front in the lower central region of the small pelvis just below the bladder. Its appearance resembles a chestnut tree with grooves in the center. The main task of this organ is the secretion of secretory fluid in the composition of sperm, which is rich in enzymatic substances and immunoglobulins. And also in a state of erection, it blocks the outlet of the urethra and participates in the process of ejaculation. Due to the intense contraction of its muscle tissues, the prostate gland promotes the liquefaction of sperm to enhance motility and the vital activity of sperm.
Conclusion
The human body is the object of constant experimentation and research. And the protection and preservation of their internal organs is the instinct of every living being. Unfortunately, we do not always treat our body with proper understanding and respect, leading an unhealthy lifestyle, having a lot of bad habits or burdening ourselves with hard physical labor. All this can be negative affect the work of certain organs and the entire internal system in the end. Therefore, the necessary knowledge on the location and functioning of vital internal organs will help you determine the cause of discomfort and help yourself in an emergency even before the doctor comes.
The human body is a complex mechanism, all the elements of which are in close interaction and occupy a certain place in it. The study of the location of the internal organs of a person allows us to understand the basics of the functioning of the body, to establish its vulnerable and important areas, to diagnose the disease by localizing its manifestations, in an emergency, to provide first aid.
Human anatomy: photo with captions
Anatomy, a branch of biology, deals with the study of the structure and functions of the human body. The sciences of the viscera of the body and their placement are splanchnology and topography.
It is customary to highlight the structure of the body:
- External- accessible to visual observation. It includes the head, neck, torso, legs, arms, and so on;
- Internal- hidden from view. This structure includes the stomach, brain, liver, intestines and others.
The main organs are shown in the figure. Each of them occupies a certain place and performs its functions.
It is advisable to study the structure of a person in different projections. Below is a photo with a detailed list of organs with signatures in Russian for viewing from the front and from the back.
The liver, stomach, intestines, bladder, and thyroid gland are better visualized in the front of the body. The kidneys, pelvic bones, shoulder blades, spine must be viewed from the back. This is taken into account when conducting diagnostic studies.
The structure of the internal organs of the body is usually divided into cavities:
- chest, including the pleural and pericardial regions;
- abdominal;
- pelvic.
The first is separated from the second by the diaphragm, which performs respiratory and support functions. The organs of the head are located in the cranial cavity. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord and sections of the nerve roots.
Depending on the purpose, the totality of human organs forms systems. The main ones are presented in the table, each is responsible for a specific function, and also interacts with others.
The system is distinguished in the body:
| System | Bodies included in the system | Main functions |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | Heart and blood vessels | Carries out a transport task, supplying blood to tissues and organs |
| Musculoskeletal | Skeleton and muscles | Provides support and movement |
| Respiratory | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs | Saturates blood with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide |
| Nervous | Brain and spinal cord, nerves | Due to the transmission of impulses, it regulates the activity of the body |
| Endocrine | Endocrine glands, single hormone-synthesizing cells, parts of non-endocrine organs | Responsible for metabolic processes |
| Digestive | Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and ducts, salivary glands | Recycles food |
| Reproductive | Genital tract and glands (in women - ovaries, in men - testes) | Carries out the function of reproduction |
| Urinary | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra | Removes waste substances from the body |
| Skin integument | Skin, mucous membranes | Protects the body from external factors |
Live study of the location of organs during anatomy - cutting a dead body.
What organs are on the right
To determine how the body works, what and where it is, it is recommended to use the anatomical atlas.
On the right side of the body are located:
- part of the diaphragm;
- right lung;
- liver - its right lobe and part of the left, lying "under the cover" of the diaphragm;
- gallbladder and ducts;
- right kidney with adrenal gland;
- part of the intestine - duodenum, ileum and cecum with appendix;
- bladder - located closer to the center of the lower abdomen;
- pancreas - its head is located on the right;
- right ovary and fallopian tube in women.
What organs are on the left
On the anatomical map, you can see which parts of the body are on the left side, and how they are located relative to each other.
This area contains:
- left lung;
- part of the diaphragm;
- the heart is tilted back and to the left, the position of the organ is behind the lungs;
- stomach;
- spleen;
- pancreas;
- left kidney with adrenal gland;
- intestine - part of the small, transverse and descending colon, sigmoid colon;
- ureter;
- left ovary and fallopian tube in women.
Skeleton
The musculoskeletal system acts as a support and protection for soft tissues, provides movement. The skeleton is its passive part, an element of muscle application, while each bone is considered a separate organ. It includes the skull, chest, spinal column, the girdle of the upper and lower extremities, and directly the arms and legs.
The picture shows a full-length skeleton with the names of the main bones. There are up to 207 of them in the body of adults.
Bones unite and gain mobility through joints, ligaments, and other connections.
The purpose of the skeleton in support, movement and protection, in participation in hematopoietic processes and metabolism. The latter is due to the content of bone marrow in the bones.
The bone structure is shown in the figure.
Bone tissue is formed from compact and spongy substances. The ratio of their content varies. The predominantly compact substance makes up 80% of the bone mass. This outer layer is dense and includes nerves, blood vessels, and bone cells.
The spongy substance makes up 20% of the mass of the skeleton. The porous layer forms a lattice structure, which is necessary for the storage of bone marrow and fat stores.
Bones unite and gain mobility with the help of joints, ligaments, cartilage.
The location of the main joints is shown in the figure.
These elements are comparable to hinges that ensure smooth sliding of bones due to the content of a specific lubricant - synovial fluid, which prevents their destruction. Joints can be motionless (fixed), partially mobile (semi-joints) and mobile (true), have the shape of an ellipse, cylinder, ball.
The joints ensure the movement of the body in space and its individual parts relative to each other, maintaining a stable posture.
The knee joint with an indication of the location of the ligaments and cartilage is shown in the picture.
Cartilage acts as a shock absorber, prevents abrasion of bone tissue. Ligaments connect bones, support muscles, fascia, they are elastic and flexible.
Head
This part of the body is recognized as the main one, since it contains the control center of the body - the brain. The skull serves as his protection. The main sense organs are located in the front part of the head: sight, hearing, smell, taste.
Scull
The figure shows the bones that form the human skull.
The body consists of 2 sections:
- Mozgovoy formed by 8 bones. The upper region is called the vault, the lower one is the base of the skull, which are separated by a conditional line from the occipital part towards the frontal part above the ear and along the infraorbital border;
- Facial formed from 15 paired and unpaired bones. In this area, the eye sockets, oral, nasal, and tympanic cavities are located (the organ of hearing is located here). The only movable bone is the mandibular, to which the chewing muscles are attached.
Ears
The paired organ of hearing is located in the temporal part of the head, is attached to it with the help of rudimentary muscles and is responsible for the transmission of sound waves, regulates the balance and coordination of human movements.
The picture shows a schematic structure of its main departments:
- Outside, which includes the auricle, which catches sound, and the external auditory canal, which contains the sebaceous and sulfur glands.
- Middle, represented by the tympanic cavity and the Eustachian tube connecting the department with the nasopharynx.
- Inner ear (membranous labyrinth)- includes the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals filled with fluid. This section contains the vestibular system, which is responsible for balance and acceleration.
The device of the organ of hearing begins with an externally visible shell and ends in the cranium. A person hears at the moment the sound reaches the eardrum, the vibrations of which set in motion small bones - the anvil, malleus and stapes. Further, the waves are transmitted to a special fluid in the inner ear, which the auditory nerve signals to the brain.
Eyes
The visual drawing depicts the physiological structure of the organ of vision - a kind of optical apparatus of the body.
The eyes are located in the anterior region of the head in the eye sockets of the skull and, together with the eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, are part of the facial region.
The organ has the main components: the eyeball and the optic nerve, as well as auxiliary ones: the eyelids, the lacrimal apparatus, the muscles that provide rotation. The back region of the eyelids and the front apple is covered by a mucous membrane - the conjunctiva.
The detailed structure of the eye is shown in the picture.
Light from an object that a person sees passes through the cornea and pupil into the lens. In this case, the rays are refracted, and an inverted image appears on the retina. Further, impulses along the optic nerve enter the brain, as a result, the appearance of the normal position of the object is restored.
A three-dimensional 3D image is provided by the interaction of both eyes. They transmit the view of their half of the object to the brain, which connects the received parts.
Nose
The olfactory organ is located in the front of the head, its anatomy includes the components: the outer section and the nasal cavity. The outer visible part consists of 2 bones that form the bridge of the nose and cartilage that forms its wings and tip.
The nasal cavity has an upper, middle and lower passages.
It is symmetrically divided by a partition into 2 halves. In front, through the external nose, it communicates with the atmosphere, behind - with the pharynx.
The purpose of the organ is to deliver purified, warmed and humidified air to the lungs, as well as in the perception and recognition of odors.
The mucous membrane is intended for mechanical treatment of the air flow. Its ciliated epithelium has a cleansing effect, trapping and expelling dust particles. The mucous glands help to humidify the air, the rich venous network has a warming effect.
Additional ventilation is provided by the paranasal sinuses located around the cavity of the olfactory organ. They are also covered with mucous membranes. 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses are shown schematically in the figure.
Aromatic particles enter the nose and irritate the olfactory nerves. Through them, signals are sent to the brain, which recognizes smells - this is how the olfactory function is carried out.
Mouth
The oral cavity is considered the beginning of the digestive tract.
Its structure includes the gums, teeth, palate, salivary glands and tongue. The lips, formed by the skin and muscle folds, are considered to be a kind of entrance. Their increased sensitivity is due to an extensive network of nerves.
The salivary glands of the oral cavity are:
- sublingual;
- submandibular;
- parotid.
Due to the production of mucus, they provide a constant humidity of the environment. Saliva has an antiseptic effect, promotes the sense of taste by wetting the kidneys of the tongue.
The oral cavity is involved in 2 functions of the body: digestive and respiratory, and is also associated with human speech. The teeth mechanically process the incoming food, the hard palate promotes its softening and mixing, the soft palate prevents it from entering the nasal cavity.
From the center of the latter comes the so-called "third amygdala", the purpose of which is unknown. However, it is believed that it acts as a kind of flap of the respiratory tract, preventing a person from suffocating when swallowing.
The tongue is an organ of taste with many receptor papillae. The figure shows its structure with a description and indication of the areas responsible for taste and temperature perception.
Leather
The outer cover is considered the most extensive organ of the human body. The structure of the skin in section is shown in the figure.
The cover consists of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous fat).
Sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nails are considered appendages. Blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers are also found in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
The main function of the skin is considered to be protective. It resists the harmful effects of the environment, protects the body from pathogenic microflora, damage.
The skin is involved in metabolic processes, removes unnecessary substances from the body, and regulates body temperature. The dermis carries out about 2% of gas exchange in tissues.
The skin is an organ of touch, through nerve endings, impulses are transmitted to the brain, forming the perception of an object when touched.
Nervous system
The figure shows a structured description of the components of the human nervous system, which regulates the functioning of all organs of the human body. It combines sensitivity, motor activity, the activity of other regulatory mechanisms (immune, endocrine).
It is classified into:
- Central including the brain and spinal cord. It is the basis that has the main function - the implementation of reflexes. The brain controls the work of individual organs, systems, ensures their connection with each other and well-coordinated work. The upper section - the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations - carry out a holistic interaction of the body with the outside world.
- Peripheral, which includes the cranial and spinal nerves and nerve nodes. Connects the central system to the organs. It is not protected by bone tissue, therefore it is prone to damage. Functionally, the peripheral system is divided into somatic, which regulates the muscular activity of the skeleton, and the vegetative, which is responsible for the functioning of organs. The latter is classified into sympathetic, which forms a response to stress, causing tachycardia, an increase in pressure, and so on, and parasympathetic, which controls the mechanisms of relaxation, a state of rest.
Brain
The organ is located in the skull and is the body's control center. The brain is made up of many nerve cells and processes that are connected to each other.
The structure of the organ has 5 sections:
- medulla;
- average;
- intermediate;
- posterior - unites the cerebellum and the bridge;
- large hemispheres (forebrain).
The cerebral cortex, which occupies an area of about 4 square meters, is responsible for the higher nervous activity.
In this case, the grooves and convolutions divide the organ into lobes, shown in the figure:
- frontal- determines the control of human behavior, movement, speech;
- parietal- forms the majority of sensations, analyzes information, is responsible for the ability to read, write, count;
- temporal- carries out the perception of sounds;
- occipital- is responsible for visual function.
The surface of the brain is covered with 3 types of membranes:
- Soft (vascular)- adjoins the medulla, enveloping the convolutions and entering the grooves. The vascular network feeds the organ.
- Cobweb- does not have blood vessels. Does not go into the grooves, these areas between the meninges and the arachnoid are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Solid- periosteum for the inner surface of the skull. The shell has a high concentration of pain receptors.
Spinal cord
The organ of the central nervous system is located in the spinal canal. What the spinal cord looks like, its location and structure are shown in the figure.
It is divided into right and left parts and has a hard, soft and arachnoid shell. Between the latter two, there is a space filled from the inside with cerebrospinal fluid.
In the central part of the organ, a gray matter is found, formed from neurons and surrounded by white. Its length is 50 centimeters, width is no more than 10 millimeters. Sectional structure of the organ is shown in the picture.
The spinal cord is characterized by direct communication and interaction with organs, skin, muscles.
There are reflex functions of the organ, which are responsible for motor activity, and conductive, which consist in the transmission of impulses.
Nerves
Nerves are structural units of the nervous system, formed from a plexus of bundles of nerve fibers (long processes of neurons). The picture shows the structure of the organ and its purpose is determined.
Nerves transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to organs. Their combination forms the peripheral system.
Nerves are of varying thickness. This is due to the number and caliber of the beams that formed it. Large ones are called trunks. Departing from the brain, they form a branched network, in organs and tissues they are represented by separate fibers, the ends of which are nerve endings. The map shows the location of the nerves in the human body.
As you can see, they permeate almost the entire body and connect organs and parts into a single mechanism.
Chest cavity
In the chest area there are organs:
- breathing (lungs, trachea, bronchi);
- heart;
- esophagus;
- diaphragm;
- thymus gland (thymus).
Heart
The main organ of the circulatory system is located between the lungs to the left of the central line of the chest. Oblique presentation of the heart is noted - the wide part is located higher, deviated back and to the right, the narrow part is directed to the left and down.
The heart contains 4 chambers, separated by septa and valves. Due to constant rhythmic contractions, the organ pumps blood and participates in its processing, contributes to the spread of biological fluid throughout the body.
Venous blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle. Further, through the pulmonary trunk, it enters the lungs, where it is converted into an arterial one. Then the blood returns to the heart, left atrium and ventricle, enters the aorta and is carried throughout the body.
The regulation of the work of the heart is produced by receptors presented in its cavity and large vessels. Impulses from the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord cause reflex activity of the organ, taking into account the needs of the body. In this case, the parasympathetic nerves transmit signals that reduce the number of heart contractions, sympathetic - increase.
Lungs
The most voluminous organ of the respiratory system, which occupies 2/3 of the chest. The lungs rest on the diaphragm and are directed towards the area above the collarbone. Their surface facing the ribs is convex, towards the heart it is concave.
The sizes of paired organs are constantly changing and depend on the depth and phase of respiration.
The left and right lungs differ in structure. The first contains 2 lobes: upper and lower. The right one has an additional third, middle one. The shares are divided into segments and labules. The serous membrane - the pleura - covers the respiratory organ and the wall of the chest cavity.
Trachea
The organ is located between the bronchi and the larynx, and acts as a continuation of the latter. Through it, air enters the lungs.
It is a semicircular formations of cartilage tissue, formed in the form of a tube, originating at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. One third of the organ lies in the region of the cervical spine, the rest - in the chest cavity. The trachea is also called the "windpipe".
The organ is covered with a mucous membrane, the back wall is formed of connective tissue with a smooth muscle structure. This helps the passage of food through the esophagus, which is located behind the trachea. A part of the thyroid gland is located in front.
Bronchi
Paired respiratory organ in the form of tubular processes of the trachea, which branch out in the lungs, forming their skeleton or bronchial tree.
The functions of the bronchi are to conduct air, warm it, humidify and cleanse it from dust, microorganisms, and harmful substances. Each of them enters the lungs with blood vessels and passes into the bronchioles. These terminal branches end with alveoli, in which gas exchange takes place.
The bronchi are covered with a mucous membrane from the inside, their walls have a cartilaginous structure. A branched tree is supplied with lymph nodes and nerves.
Abdomen
The placement of organs in the peritoneal cavity is shown in the figure.
This area includes:
- stomach;
- pancreas;
- liver;
- gallbladder and ducts;
- intestines;
- spleen;
- kidneys and adrenal glands.
Stomach
The organ of the gastrointestinal tract is a continuation of the esophagus, from which it is separated by a valve. The stomach is located under the diaphragm and is displaced to the left side, to the hypochondrium.
It has a bag-like appearance, the shape of the organ depends on the physique of a particular person. 
The size of the stomach is constantly changing, as it fills with food, it stretches and presses on the diaphragm and pancreas.
The purpose of the organ is to process food, absorb some components (sugar, water, and others) and move it further into the intestinal tract. The chemical effect on food is carried out due to the juice secreted by the walls. The hydrochloric acid it contains has an antiseptic effect. The endocrine function of the stomach is noted, which consists in the production of hormones and biologically active substances.
Liver
It is considered the largest internal glandular organ in the human body. The liver lies on the right just below the diaphragm. The organ consists of the right and left lobes.
The main cleansing function is due to the peculiarities of the blood circulation in it: blood from the intestinal tract, containing toxins, decay products, the vital activity of microflora is supplied through the portal vein to the liver, where detoxification takes place.
Further, the vessel branches out. The oxygen-rich blood enters the liver through the hepatic artery, which also branches. As a result, blood flows through the interlobular veins and arteries into the sinusoids, while the mixed biological fluid flows into the central vein, then into the hepatic and inferior vena cava.
The functions of the organ include cleansing the body of toxins, excess bioactive substances (hormones, vitamins), regulation of metabolic processes, including lipid, synthesis of bile acids, bilirubin, hormones. The liver is a depot for blood, replenishing in the event of blood loss.
Gallbladder and ducts
The organ is located in the lower part of the liver along the right sulcus and acts as a reservoir for incoming bile.
It consists of the neck, bottom and body. The bubble is shaped like a pear the size of a chicken egg. The organ has upper and lower walls, one of them is adjacent to the liver, the other looks into the abdominal cavity. The bottom communicates with the duodenum and the transverse colon. The fluid accumulated in the organ enters the intestines through the bile ducts. 
The bladder is mobile and capable of twisting, as a result, its necrosis is possible. There is a doubling of the organ, an abnormal position in the abdominal cavity, including intrahepatic.
Pancreas
A full description of the structure and location of the organ is shown in the figure.
It has the functions of internal and external secretion. The gland releases hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. It participates in the production of enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase) for the digestion of food and in the metabolism: carbohydrate, protein, fat.
Pancreatic juice is stored in the interlobular ducts, which join with the main excretory duct that exits into the duodenum.
Spleen
The oval-shaped organ lies on the left side next to the stomach. It touches the colon, pancreas, left kidney, and diaphragm. Sometimes there is an additional lobule of the organ, not showing itself in any way. The spleen is able to change, depending on the accumulated blood.
The picture shows the structure and functions of the organ.
The spleen is responsible for the processes of hematopoiesis and immune defense in the body: it accumulates blood, destroys damaged cells of the biological fluid (erythrocytes, platelets) and foreign agents, and deposits iron.
Intestines
It is recognized as the longest organ, consisting of the small and large intestines. Located in the lower abdomen.
The tubular organ, in which the necessary substances are absorbed and the unnecessary and harmful ones are removed, gradually passes from right to left from its thin part to the thick one and ends with the anus.
The main purpose of the intestines is the processing and assimilation of nutrients, since it is the final destination of the digestive system.
The excretory, immune, secretory functions are also indicated. The intestine prevents the development of pathogenic microflora, produces immunoglobulins, T-lymphocytes, hormones and vitamins.
Appendix
It is a process of the cecum, located on the right side in the ileum, going down to the entrance to the small pelvis. An organ opening with a mucous flap opens into the cecum. In this case, partial or complete overgrowth of the lumen is characteristic.
It is not considered a vital organ, but it carries out a protective function, preserves useful microflora, is considered an incubator for E. coli, contains clusters of lymphoid follicles, is part of the immune system.
In case of inflammation, the appendix must be urgently removed.
Kidney
Paired organs of the excretory system are located in the lumbar region behind the peritoneum at the level of the 12th rib. In this case, the right kidney is located slightly below the left. The organs are covered with a fibrous membrane.
The anatomy of the kidneys is shown in the figure.
The inner part of the organ forms a kind of gate through which the vessels, nerves, and the ureter pass. The latter leaves the pelvis and is directed to the bladder with its distal end. The organs regulate chemical homeostasis, are responsible for urinary excretion, and regulate blood pressure. Like the liver, the kidneys are considered a kind of filter of the body.
Adrenal glands
Paired glands of the endocrine system are located in the upper part of the kidneys and consist of cortex and medulla.
Organs regulate metabolism, produce hormones (adrenaline, norepinephrine, aldosterone, corticosterone, and so on), help the body to adapt to unfavorable living conditions and stress.
Organ dysfunctions lead to severe pathologies.
The adrenal glands are able to increase in size during prolonged stressful situations, depletion is possible when they become unable to produce hormones.
Organs of the large and small pelvis
The pelvis refers to the lower torso. This area is formed by 2 pelvic bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. The large pelvis is bounded from the front by the peritoneal septum, from the back by the spine, and from the side by parts of the ilium. The small one passes from the pubis, ends with the sacrum and coccyx, on the side - with the bones of the seat.
The internal organs of the region include the intestines, bladder, ureter, and genitals.
Bladder
The organ is located in the lower part of the pelvic area behind the pubis.
The figure clearly shows the structure of the bladder, which is a reservoir for the accumulation of urine, which is periodically excreted from the body.
The organ is elastic, capable of contracting or stretching; when filling with fluid, it grows upward, touching the abdominal wall.
The ureters flow into its middle part on both sides, the lower region forms a neck, narrows and passes into the urethra. The internal sphincter is located here, which prevents involuntary urination.
Ureters
The organ is located above the bladder and connects it to the kidney.
The ureter has a tubular structure and is intended for the passage of urine due to the contractile movements of its segments. This is due to the presence of a muscle layer in the outer wall.
From the inside, the organ is covered with a mucous membrane. The ureters have mechanisms that prevent reflux (reverse reflux) of the contents of the bladder.
Rectum
The organ is the end of the large intestine, located downward from the sigmoid to the anus. It is located at the level of the 3rd sacral vertebra.
In men, the rectum is adjacent to the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, in women - to the back wall of the vagina and uterus.
The organ gets food that has not been absorbed in the small intestine and water. There are also fiber, bile, salts, bacteria. In the rectum, the final breakdown of food takes place, the formation of feces with the help of digestive juice and its excretion.
Genitourinary system
This system includes the urinary and reproductive organs of a person.
Common to men and women are:
- kidneys;
- ureters;
- bladder;
- urethra.
However, due to the differences in the device of the reproductive system of both sexes, the features of the structure and placement of organs, shown in the pictures below, are distinguished.
Men
The general structure of the genitourinary system is complemented by male organs:
- Prostate- the prostate gland, which is located below the bladder, its excretory ducts open into the urethra. The functions of the organ are to produce secretions (a constituent of sperm) containing immunoglobulins, enzymes, vitamins, and so on. It is a valve that blocks the exit from the bladder during erection.
- Testicles- Paired organs are presented in the scrotum and may differ in size, placed at different levels. They form sperm - male germ cells and steroid hormones (mainly testosterone).
- Vas deferens- a paired organ connecting the duct of the epididymis and the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle.
- Penis (penis)- an external organ of a man that performs urinary and reproductive functions.
Women
In this case, female organs additionally belong to the common organs of the urogenital tract:
- Uterus with appendages- carry out reproductive function. The uterus is an organ with a smooth muscle structure and is located in the middle of the pelvic cavity. Consists of bottom, body and neck. Designed for bearing the fetus and its subsequent expulsion, participates in menstrual function, the synthesis of prostaglandins, relaxin, sex hormones. The appendages include the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.
- Ovaries- Paired female organs, are the place of maturation of germ cells and are responsible for the production of hormones. They consist of connective tissue and cortex containing follicles at different stages of development.
- Vagina- the internal tubular genital organ in women, is located between the bladder in front and the rectum in the back. They carry out reproductive, protective, generic functions.
Digestive system
Includes organs of the gastrointestinal tract and auxiliary.
The first are:
- oral cavity;
- pharynx;
- esophagus;
- stomach;
- intestines.
Auxiliary digestive organs that aid in the digestion of food are:
- salivary glands;
- gallbladder;
- liver;
- pancreas and so on.
Circulation
Continuous blood flow in the body, providing organs and tissues with food and oxygen and removing processed products from them, is produced through a closed network of vessels.
In the human body, large and small circles of blood circulation are distinguished. Their location, the structure of the arterial and venous systems are shown in the figure.
A small circle comes from the right ventricle: venous blood is ejected during contraction into the pulmonary trunk and follows into the lungs, where gas exchange (oxygen saturation) is carried out. Arterial blood is directed through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, closing the circle.
The systemic circulation originates in the left ventricle. During its contractions, arterial blood enters the aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries of the whole body, giving the tissues nutrients, oxygen and taking away metabolic products, carbon dioxide. Further, venous blood follows the venules and veins into the right atrium, closing the circle of blood circulation.
Lymphatic system
It is considered a component of the cardiovascular system, participates in metabolic processes and cleansing the body. It is not closed and does not have a pump.
The lymphatic system includes:
- capillaries;
- vessels;
- nodes;
- trunks and ducts.
Glands
The endocrine system is responsible for the stability of the activity of organs, regulates their work, growth and development.
The location of the main glands in men and women is shown in the figure:
- Thyroid produces hormones involved in metabolism, affecting growth, oxygen consumption (calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine).
- Parathyroid are responsible for the level of calcium in the body.
- Thymus plays an important role in the immune system, producing T-lymphocytes and hormones (thymalin, thymosin and others).
- Adrenal glands synthesize the hormone adrenaline, which triggers a response to external stress.
- Pancreas produces insulin, glucagon and enzymes for digesting food.
- Sex glands (ovaries, testes) perform the function of reproduction.
- Pituitary and hypothalamus form the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The pituitary gland regulates the activity of the entire endocrine system, produces growth hormone.
- Epiphysis counteracts growth hormones, slows down the progression of tumors, affects sexual development, controls the water balance in the body and the change in sleep phases, is responsible for muscle contractions.
Muscle
The muscular system of the human body is a component of the musculoskeletal system. It sets in motion its various parts, maintains posture, provides breathing, swallowing, and so on.
Muscles are formed from elastic and resilient tissue containing myocytes. Under the influence of signals given by the nervous system, they contract. However, the muscular system is characterized by fatigue. The most powerful are the gastrocnemius and chewing muscles, the most extensive are the gluteal muscles, which are responsible for the movements of the legs.
Allocate types of muscles:
- skeletal - attached to bones;
- smooth- presented in the walls of organs and blood vessels;
- heart- is in the heart and is constantly contracting throughout life.
Anatomy of children
The structure of the child's body has some peculiarities. The main difference from the adult body is the smaller growth and size of the organs.
In adolescent boys and girls, the structure gradually becomes identical to an adult.
The features of the body of children are shown in the figures below.
The skeleton of a newborn baby has 270 bones, which is more than that of an adult (up to 207 bones). In the future, some of them merge. The muscles are less developed than in adults. They lengthen and thicken with age.
The location of the digestive organs does not differ significantly.
Pregnant woman
The physiology of a girl's body during pregnancy changes significantly with an increase in term. The size of the uterus increases, the main organs rise, and the placental circulatory system is formed.
The mass of the heart muscle, the release of blood and its volume increase. An increase in lung capacity is noted, their work is enhanced. The activity of the kidneys becomes tense, the tone of the bladder decreases. Turning to the right, the uterus can obstruct the flow of urine from the right kidney, increasing the risk of hydronephrosis.
Changes in the structure of the body of a pregnant woman are shown in the figure.
After childbirth, the organs return to their previous position.
Pictures of the human structure for children
There are many ways to show your child what is inside the human body. Beautiful and colorful pictures of the body are suitable for babies.
It is advisable to use puzzles and coloring books.
Older children will be interested in models and mock-ups with organs.
They look like a real human body, while being prefabricated
Useful video
Human organs have an individual location and structure. On a daily basis, they play an important role in human life in order to maintain the proper functioning of the body.
Arrangement of organs:
1.
You need to know the location of the main vital organs in order to accurately cope with a difficult situation at the time of injury or complications, or to determine the profile of the physician to whom you need to seek treatment.
In front of the side of the neck, below the Adam's apple (the thyroid cartilage of the larynx) is the thyroid gland. The gland can sink lower with age, going deeper even into the chest cavity. Muscular organ - the diaphragm separates the abdominal and chest cavities. The heart is located in the rib cage above the diaphragm between the right and left lungs. 1/3 of the organ is located on the right side, and 2/3 on the left.
The lungs take up most of the chest space. They pass in a transverse direction from the organ - the heart to the ribs on both sides and continue from the back in the direction of the spine. Their bases abut against the domed diaphragm. Above the heart, behind the sternum, in the mediastinum of the chest cavity is the thymus gland (thymus).
2. The stomach is the main reservoir for storing food eaten. In the shape of a crescent, it lies under the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity. Slightly below the stomach on the left side of the cavity is the pancreas, which breaks down fats, carbohydrates, proteins and hormones glucagon and insulin. The liver is located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity, under the diaphragm itself. The largest part of the liver descends down to the right side where the kidney is located. The gallbladder is located in the lower surface of the liver in the right hypochondrium, it helps to digest food. The spleen, which protects the human body from blood loss and infections, is located between the diaphragm and the stomach on the left side of the hypochondrium of the abdomen, it is protected by the ribs.
3. The small intestine, which occupies a peritoneal position at the bottom of the stomach, is a tangled, long tube. The large intestine begins on the right side, it runs along all the edges of the abdominal cavity, going down along the left side. The cecum, as the beginning of the large intestine is called, has a vermiform appendix - appendicitis. The colon ends in a thick anus (anus), it is through it that emptying occurs.
4. The kidneys are paired organs of the genitourinary system located along the posterior muscular wall. The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum. The right kidney is located slightly lower than the left due to the enlargement of the liver. At the level of 11-12 thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebral discs lie the adrenal glands, at the apex of the kidney. The adrenal glands release 30 important hormones into the bloodstream for life. The bladder is located in the lower part of the small pelvis. In men, behind the bladder are the seminal vesicles, the rectum, and under it the prostate gland. Women are endowed with a vagina, which is located behind the bladder, under which the pelvic floor muscles.
5.
A pair of tiny glands in women are called the ovaries, which are attached by ligaments to the wall of the uterus on the opposite side of the uterus. The uterus is a muscular, hollow organ of the reproductive system.
The testicles are a pair of oval glandular organs (testes) of the male reproductive system, located in the scrotum. The funnel-shaped or round-cone-shaped prostate gland lies under the bladder.
Knowledge about the location of the main internal organs of the human body gives an understanding of its structure and helps to determine the organ whose functions are changing.
Video location of human organs
