Home Roses Bring to put in 3 person singular. How to determine the face of a verb? Person category in Russian

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Bring to put in 3 person singular. How to determine the face of a verb? Person category in Russian

In this tutorial we will get to know:

Third-person personal pronouns
Rules for reading letter combinations sh, ch
Verb in the third person, singular present tense, transformation of verbs in this number and person. End increment rules -s and reading it
New words in English

Third person personal pronouns and verb be in third person

Third-person personal pronouns include:

they[ðei] - they

she *[ʃi:] - she

it- this, he, she, it

* - pay attention to the pronunciation of this pronoun. The fact is that in English there is no sound [s], so you cannot pronounce the familiar [shy], but you cannot pronounce the sound [i] too softly, then you will get [shchi], try to pronounce something in between.

We have already met the combination of letters sh in the previous lessons, and now it's time to learn the rule of reading it. This combination reads like sound [ʃ] - analogue of the Russian "sh", and an example from the last lesson: short [ʃɔ: (r) t]- short

Before seeing the features of the use of these pronouns in sentences, let's see what form the verb takes be after these pronouns:

are

Now look at the features of third person personal pronouns:

A feature of the English language is that gender division in speech is expressed only with people. That is, we use pronouns he and she only when replacing nouns expressing people of the corresponding gender. In other cases, a personal pronoun is used It... It is placed in place of inanimate objects, animals or children. This greatly simplifies the process of learning the language, since we do not need to learn any kind of this or that noun to replace it with the corresponding pronoun, as we do in Russian. However, if we want to emphasize the sex of some phenomenon, animal, then it is allowed to use pronouns he and she... But the pronoun they replaces all third-person plural nouns, regardless of what the noun is (person, object, animal, or some kind of force). Also the pronoun It maybe as a formal subject - remember the example from the previous lesson:

It is sunny today.

In this sentence, the personal pronoun is not translated into Russian, but it is necessary in English to preserve the order in the structure of the sentence (you will further understand that English loves order very much, everything is strictly structured in it). Check out other examples:

The friend read s a plan. He is good.

friend

But friend maybe a woman, then:

She is good.

This sentence can also describe a noun plan then it is replaced it:

It is good.

To the verb read added ending -s... We will analyze the reason for setting this ending later in this lesson.

People * like books *. They are very good.

they

* - Although it is still early, but if you could notice - before the nouns people and books there is no determinant, and in the previous lesson it was said that a noun must be preceded by an article or some other determinant. In our sentence, nouns are plural, but in the context we mean indefinite people and books. And we must put the indefinite article a... But the fact is that historically this article is derived from the numeral "one". Therefore, it would be grammatically incorrect to put "one people" or "one book" in the sentence, and in this connection the article is omitted, but it is assumed that it is there (zero article). We will consider this case in more detail when we study the cases of setting articles. And in this sentence, before the nouns, you can put the definite article the, but then the meaning of the sentence will change - people and books will no longer be just any, but "quite" specific.

If there are several personal pronouns in the sentence, then their order is as follows - the 3rd person is placed in front of 1 l., 2 l. placed before 3 l., examples:

She and I read the book.

You and he are friends.

And remember that, as in Russian, personal pronouns replace other parts of speech in a sentence (most often a noun). Therefore, in the sentence the verb be conjugates with nouns according to the same principle. In order to understand what we are talking about, let's rewrite the last 3 sentences:

The friends(they) are very good.

Anna(she) and I read the book.

You and Pavel(he) are friends.

Present simple tense. Verbs in the third person, present tense singular.

Time present simple very similar to the present in Russian and expresses the usual daily events, indisputable facts, everything that is in the present. Remember what happens to the ending of the verb in Russian using the example of the verb "I read":

But there is one difficulty - with the education of 3 y. units h the verb has a number of exceptions:

If the verb ends in letters: -s, -sh, -ch, -x, then for the formation of the 3rd person singular of the verb, the ending is added -es and pronounced like a sound (if you want to understand this rule, try to pronounce this ending with the addition -s, and you will see that the last sound is almost indistinguishable), for example:

Also after consonant whistling sounds [z], [ʒ], the ending -s / -es reads like sound [-iz]: chan ges .

"y", and in front of it there is a consonant, then in 3v. units h. y changes to the letter "i" and the ending is added -es and pronounced like a sound [z]:

If the verb ends with a letter "y", but there is a vowel in front of it, then in 3p. units h. it remains unchanged, and the ending is added -s, for example:

goes

And remember that if there is a noun (subject) in front of the verb, but it can be replaced with a personal pronoun of the third person singular ( he, she, it), then the verb is put in the same person and number:

The friend like s books.

-s

Pronunciation ending -s can be transmitted by sound [s] if there is a voiceless consonant (sound) in front of them ( k, p, t, f, h, θ); sound [z] if they are preceded by a vowel or voiced consonant (sound) ( b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, ð, ŋ); sound in the case of the considered exceptions. We'll take a closer look at the ending reading -s when studying the formation of plural nouns in the following lessons. See examples:

Reads -
likes * -
sees -
comes -

* - unpronounceable "e" remains the same after the end increase -s.

Rules for reading letter combinations ch

A very common combination conveys the sound we know: - similar to the Russian sound "h", but when pronouncing, press the tip of your tongue to the alveoli. Look at examples (remember all the spoken words you need to learn):

* - Pay attention to the noun home... It is often confused with the noun house- House

They are very similar, but house characterizes the "house" as a building, and home is a place to stay.

Adjectives:

["əʊpən]

book - books

["veri]

very - very

life - life

["ɒfn]

often - often

A child comes We are big She is a student I like new letters **

* - look at the position of the article. It comes before the adjective, as mentioned above.

Recall that in a sentence, a verb can act as a predicate (personal forms of the verb) or be part of a predicate (non-personal forms of the verb). Only personal forms of verbs have face and number.

In English, the verb has two numbers (singular and plural), and is also conjugated by persons (first person - I / we - I / We, second person - you / you - You / You, third person - he / she / it / they are He / She / It / They).

When constructing a sentence in English, the face and number of the verb is determined by the subject, which is expressed by both personal pronouns and nouns.

So, in the present tense, the ending must be added to verbs in the third person, singular ‘ s / es ’.

I sometimes play computer games.

She sometimes watch es TV.

She sometimes watches TV.

Consider the forms of the verb to be depending on the person and number.

PRESENT TIME

Thus, in all other situations, the face and number of a verb is determined only by context or by pronoun. Therefore, personal pronouns are never omitted as a subject and always stand in front of a semantic verb.

It is carried out according to the person and number of the latter, which makes it possible to change the form of the predicate expressed by the verb and receive the so-called “personal” forms by this part of speech. At the same time, if in the Russian language numerous personal verb forms are different for each person and number, then in comparison with it, English personal verb forms often coincide, for example:

I get up* early every day.*	I AM get up* early every day.*
You get up* early on Mondays.*	You get up* early Mondays.*
He gets up* late daily.*	He stands up* late daily.*
She gets up* early every day.*	She stands up* early every day.*
My cat (it) gets up* at 4 o'clock in the morning.*	My cat (it) stands up* at 4 o'clock in the morning.*
We get up* late at weekends.*	We get up* late on the weekend.*
They get up* early every day.*	They get up* early every day.*

As you can see from the above examples, in the first case, the verb predicate is consistent with the subject I (I am) and takes shape get up (first person singular), in the second example due to agreement with the subject she (she) the verb gets an ending – s – gets up (third person singular), and the difference between the third example and the first is also in the person and number of the predicate (they are the third person plural), which, nevertheless, does not in any way affect the form of the predicate.

Therefore, we come to the conclusion that the difference in person and number does not always lead to a change in its shape.

English verb face

the first, which corresponds to the pronouns I (I), we (we):

I go skiing every winter. -I go skiing every winter.

We go swimming on Tuesdays.- We go swimming on Tuesdays.

the second is you (you, you, you):

You always help your friend. -You always help your friend.

In the autumn you like walking in the forest together. -In the fall, you love to walk in the woods together.

the third - he (he), she (she), it (it), they (they).

He likes writing letters to his penfriends. -He loves writing letters to his pen pals.

She helps us with our homework. – She helps us with our homework.

English verb number

I(first person singular)travel a lot during my holidays. -I travel a lot during my holidays.

We(first person plural)travel to Asia every two years. -We travel to Asia every two years.

The face and number of the subject as a guide for verb conjugation

Thus, the positions by which the conjugation of verbs is carried out (as far as the rather poor grammatical system of the English language permits) can be represented in the following table:

Of course, these are conditional landmarks, and in real sentences, not only pronouns can be found as a subject (see the topic for more details) Subject in English), but by replacing it with the corresponding personal pronoun, you can always determine the person and number of the subject, and therefore the necessary personal form of the verb. For example:

	singular	plural
first person	I play* the guitar in my free time.* / I play guitar in my spare time.	My parents and I (= we) play* cards in the evenings. /My parents and I (= we) play cards in the evenings.*
second person	You play* golf every Saturday. /You play golf every Saturday.*
third party	Tom(= he) plays* ball with his little brother. /Tom (= he) plays ball with his little brother.* My sister (= she) plays* volleyball for the school team. /My sister (= she) plays volleyball for the school team.* My computer (= it) plays* chess better than I do.* / My computer (= it) plays chess better than me.	My friends (= they) play* frisbee in the park after classes. /My friends play frisbee in the park after school.*

Differences in the category of person between Russian and English

At the same time, the correspondence of certain nouns that perform the functions of a subject to personal pronouns differs in Russian and in English, especially with regard to the third person singular. So, in Russian, the category of gender is in no way tied to the biological sex of the subject (he is a table, a backpack; she is a jacket, a tent; it is a window, a ghost). In English, on the other hand:

pronoun he you can designate only a male representative (a man, a boy, a male animal, if it is necessary to emphasize his gender);
she- accordingly, only a female representative (a woman, a girl, a female animal, if it is important to emphasize her gender);
and all objects, phenomena and animals, the sex of which is not so important for the expression, if necessary, replace them with a personal pronoun are designated using the word it.

Rare cases of verb expression of categories of person and number

It was already mentioned above that the verb forms in the English sentence do not reflect the category of person and number very often. You can talk about such manifestations in the following situations:

Third person singular present prime tensePresent simple- the ending is added to the stem of the verb - s or -es . This does not happen in cases with modal verbs, which are characterized by the presence of the present simple tense form, which is the same for all persons. The ending —s or -es is not formative also in cases with verbstobe and , for the latter of which the third person singular is characterized by the formhas.

She goes to the candy shop every day after work and buys a big bar of bitter chocolate.

He can tellyou the truth but he wouldn’t do it.

She has a dream of a big house near a lake.

She goes to the candy store every day after work and buys a large bar of dark chocolate.

He can tell you the truth, but he won't.

She has a dream of a big lake house.

In the Russian language, there is such an inflectional grammatical category as the face of verbs. With its help, you can find out exactly who is performing a specific action. There are three faces of the verb, both singular and plural.

What is the face of a verb in Russian?

The face of the verb in Russian- This is an inflectional grammatical category of verbs, expressing the correlation of the action called by the verb to the participants in speech. That is, the face of the verb indicates who is performing the action. The category of the person is inherent in the verb forms of the present and future tense of the indicative mood, as well as in the forms of the imperative mood.

Meaning of the face category of verbs

In Russian, there are three faces of the verb in the singular and in the plural, expressing different meanings of the action called the verb.

Singular:

1 person verb- means that the action relates directly to the speaker, he is the subject of speech (I am cook coffee, i buy apples).
2 face of the verb- indicates the correlation of the action to the interlocutor (you read a book, you build a house).
3rd person verb- expresses the attitude of the action to a person or to an object that does not participate in speech (he goes to the cinema, she will iron his shirt).

Plural:

TOP-5 articleswho read along with this

1 person verb- denote an action that relates to a group of persons, including the speaker (we sleep, we will solve the problem).
2 face of the verb- indicate an action that relates to a group of people, including the interlocutor (you think about summer, you go to the mountains).
3rd person verb- express the relevance of an action to a group of objects or persons who do not take part in speech (they pick mushrooms, they will clean the house).

How to determine the face of a verb?

To determine the face of a verb, select the personal ending of the verb form, determine its meaning in the context of speech, and also ask questions:

1st person verbs answer questions: What am I doing? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do?
2-person verbs: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
3rd person verbs: What is he doing? What will it do? What are they doing? What will they do?

For the convenience of determining the face of the verb, we give personal endings and examples of the use of faces of verbs in the table:

	Indicative		Imperative mood
	Unit number	Mn. number	Unit number	Mn. number
1st person	I smile NS smiling; I build NS	We smile eat Xia; We will build them	–	Let's smile eat Xia; Let us build them
2nd person	You smile eat Xia; You build see	You smile yea smiling; You build go	Smile th Xia; Build th	Smile eat smiling; Build eat
3rd person	He's a smile no Xia; She built it	They smile hut Xia; They build yat	Let him smile no Xia; Let her build it;	May they smile hut Xia; Let them build yat;

In the imperative mood, the forms of the 1st and 3rd person are formed with the help of particles let it go, let it go, let it go.

The most "difficult" rule of the English language is for many beginners to learn it (and sometimes not only for them) adding an ending - (e) s to the verb in the 3rd person singular Present Simple (present simple tense), used in the affirmative sentence (more about negative and interrogative forms can be found in the article on). And although this rule is quite simple and is studied among the basic foundations of English grammar literally in the first lessons, nevertheless, the mistake associated with the incorrect use of this verb form is made quite often. And this mistake, it is worth noting, is quite gross and immediately cuts the ears of a native speaker and just a person who speaks English well. Therefore, we will try to deal with this verb form and the "insidious" ending!

3rd person singular verb form Prese nt Simple

When conjugating in the present tense (that is, changing the form of the verb corresponding to a certain person and number) in Russian, the verb changes its ending in almost every single case. The same cannot be said about the English language. Here, the change in the verb form occurs only in the 3rd person singular (which corresponds to the pronouns he - he, she - she, it - it), namely by adding the ending – s... Let's compare:

	unit number		pl. number
1 person		i work NS		we work eat
2 person		you work eat		you / you Work yea
3rd person	he / she / it work s	he work no		they work hut

Thus, we see that the ending -s is added to the stem of the verb in the 3rd person singular Present Simple:

Shelike s pineapples.	She loves pineapples.
Jane work s for an IT-company.	Jane works inIT companies.
My sister jog s in the park every morning.	My sister runs in the park every morning.

However, even this seemingly simple rule has special cases and exceptions.

Ending -e s

Some verbs, due to the peculiarities of their pronunciation, require an end - es, not just s. This includes verbs ending in – s s,-zz, -x, - sh, -ch, -tch and –O.

-ss	to pass - he passes[ ˈ pɑː sɪ z]	Tom passes all his exams brilliantly.	Tom is doing excellently on all his exams.
-zz	to buzz - it buzzes [ˈ bʌ zɪ z]	This insect buzzes very loudly.	This insect buzzes very loudly.
-x	to fix - he fixes [ˈ fɪ ksɪ z]	Jack often fixes cars and motorcycles in his garage.	Jack often repairs cars and motorcycles in his garage.
-sh	to wash - she washes [ˈ wɒʃɪ z]	My sister washes windows two times a month.	My sister washes the windows twice a month.
-ch	to teach - she teaches [ˈ tiː tʃɪ z]	Ms. Smith teaches geography at our school.	Miss Smith teaches geography at our school.
	to catch - it catches [ˈ kætʃɪ z]	My cat catches mice almost every night.	My cat catches mice almost every night.
	to go - he goes [ɡəʊ z] to do- he does	Mattgoes to school by tube. Jennet does the same work as you do.	Matt takes the subway to school. Jennette does the same job as you.

Since this phenomenon is caused by the difficulties of pronunciation of these consonants together with the letter -s, then -e in this ending is necessarily read as a sound [ɪ], except for verbs ending in -o.

Verbs ending in - y

If we are dealing with a verb ending with a letter - at, then there are two possible options for the behavior of the verb when adding an ending. Let's compare:

to play	he plays	Jack plays* the guitar every evening.*	Jack plays his guitar every night.
to cry	it cries	The baby cries* when it is hungry.*	The kid cries when he is hungry.

You can see that the letter -y does not change when adding an ending if there is a vowel in front of it, and turns into -ie- if there is a consonant in front of it.

End pronunciation - s / -es

This ending can be read, depending on its "neighborhood" as a sound [ s] or like a sound [z]... The sound [s] is pronounced in the ending if it is preceded by a voiceless consonant.

to pick - he picks	pick up - he picks up
to like - he likes [ˈ la ɪ k s]	to love - he loves
to stop - he stops	stop - it stops
to look - he looks	look - he looks

Pay attention to the fact that it is worth focusing on the preceding sound, and not on the letter (after all, sometimes the ending is preceded by a "mute" e, that is, an unreadable vowel, as in the word likes).

If the ending is preceded by a pronounced vowel sound or a voiced consonant, then such an ending is read as the sound [z]:

to obey - he obeys [ əˈ be ɪ z]	obey - he obeys
to dig - he digs	dig - he digs
to play - he plays [ˈ ple ɪ z]	play - he plays
to listen - he listens [ˈ l ɪ s ə nz]	listen - he listens

As mentioned above, the ending -es reads as [ ɪ z] ... But do not confuse it with the -s ending after the unreadable -e in the stem of the verb. Let's compare:

ending -es

to watch - he watches [ˈ w ɒ t ʃ ɪ z]

to brush - she brushes [ˈ br ʌʃ ɪ z]

look - he looks

brushing - she brushes

ending -s after unreadable -e

to bake - she bakes [be ɪ k s ]

to take - he takes

oven - she bakes

take - he takes

The verb to have

This verb has a special form of the third person singular in Present Simple - has.

James has* lunch at 12 o'clock at the café opposite his office.*	James is having lunch at 12 o'clock in a cafe opposite his office.
She has* an idea about the ways of development for your business.*	She has an idea for ways to grow your business.
Tom has* some good friends.*	Tom has some good friends.

Verb to be

It is safe to say about the forms of this verb that they are all special for him. It is described in more detail in a separate one. As for the third person shape
singular for Present Simple, then this form is a fairly common word is:

Helen is a journalist and works for a local newspaper.	Helen Is a journalist and works for a local newspaper.
She is at home every evening.	She is at home every night.
My dog is ill. I want to show it to a vet.	My dog is sick. I want to show her to the vet.

Modal verbs without 3rd person singular endings

Some modal verbs do not require the addition of the ending - (e) s, that is, verbs expressing the speaker's attitude to the action expressed by another verb in the initial form (infinitive):

he can	*maybe he can*	Tom can ski brilliantly.	Tom can ski excellently.
he may	*maybe has permission, maybe*	John may leave the country.	John can leave the country.
he must	*should*	My brother must be back in two or three days.	My brother should be back in two or three days.
he ought to	*he should, he should*	Your uncle ought to offer you help.	Your uncle should offer you help.
he will	*he will, he will have to*	He will go there and it doesn’t matter if he want sto.	He will have to go there and it doesn't matter if he wants to.
he dare	*he dares*	Paul dare speak to the lord in such a manner.	Paul dares to speak to the lord in that manner.

We have deliberately left out other modal verbs here (for example, should), since they either do not meet this rule (like the have to verb), or represent a Past Simple form from another verb (like should or used to).

Try to firmly grasp the simple rules described in this article, and use the ending - (e) s with English verbs skillfully. This way you can avoid common, but rather silly mistakes caused by neglecting these basic rules.