Chapter 2 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY Legal psychology is one of the relatively young branches of psychological science. The first attempts to systematically solve some problems of jurisprudence by methods of psychology date back to the 18th century.

1.3. History of the formation and development of social psychology History of social psychology abroad

1. The history of the development of sciences So, we have traced the history of psychoanalysis over many decades, from its discovery by Freud to the current situation. Now is the time to turn to the frequently asked question about the scientific nature of psychoanalysis. To

1.2. The history of the development of perinatal psychology The official history of perinatal psychology began in 1971, when the Society for Pre- and Perinatal Psychology was first organized in Vienna. The initiator of its creation was Gustav Hans Graber (student of Z. Freud), who

History of the development of the method The use of group interaction for the treatment of various diseases was first proposed by the Austrian physician and philosopher Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815). He developed the theory of "animal magnetism". The essence of this theory was

Ethnic psychology is a branch of social psychology that studies the psychology of large groups - peoples. Since ancient times, there has been a need for the psychological characteristics of ethnic groups, due to diplomatic, military and other needs. In this regard, the study of the psychological characteristics of peoples and the practical use of the materials obtained began to be carried out long before the creation of the foundations of ethnic psychology. There are four periods (stages) in the history of research on ethnic and cross-cultural psychology abroad and in Russia.

First stage (pre-scientific) includes works up to the middle of the 19th century. In 1859, the first issue of the journal "Peoples' Psychology and Linguistics" was published in Germany under the editorship of G. Steinthal and M. Lazarus. In Russia in 1846 N.I. Nadezhdin made a policy statement at a meeting of the Russian Geographical Society for the Study of the Peoples of the Russian State. In the research program, he identified three areas: language, "physical ethnography" and "mental ethnography" (Budilova, 1983). As can be seen from the dates, the pre-scientific period abroad and in Russia roughly coincide.

Second stage (descriptive) in Western ethnic psychology ended in 1905. The most famous work of this period are the first volumes of the multivolume edition of the German scientist W. Wundt "The Psychology of Nations" (Wundt, 2001). In Russia, this period lasted until 1935. The most famous work of this period is the work of GG Shpet "Introduction to Ethnic Psychology", which was published in 1927 (Shpet, 1996).

Third period (creation of scientific foundations) in Western ethnic psychology began in 1906, when W. Rivers in Great Britain published the results of research on visual perception in different ethnic groups, obtained using experimental methods. 1925 is a significant date in the history of the development of ethnic psychology: a psychological and socio-psychological test for ethnic bias (Bogardus scale) was first published in the United States (Bogardus, 1925). This made it possible in the future to move from descriptive characteristics of ethnic groups to quantitative measurements. In 1934, the first scientific trend in ethnic psychology, “Models of Culture,” was formed in the United States, the founder of which is R. Benedict (Benedict, 1934). Then there is a joint concept of A. Kardiner and R. Linton "The basic structure of personality" (Kardiner, 1939; Linton, 1945).

In Russia, the creation of scientific foundations began in 1936. This date is associated with A.R. Luria in Central Asia field work using experimental techniques. The results of this study were published only in 1974 (Luria, 1974). This stage was characterized by the initial ban on research in ethnic psychology (1937-1958), and then by a significant increase in the number of publications and dissertations on the problems of national psychology. During this period, the concept of "national psychology" was more actively used. Philosophers, ethnographers, psychologists, historians and representatives of many other professions, whose publications were mainly theoretical in nature (with the exception of the work of military psychologists who conducted applied research), actively joined in research on national psychology.

The fourth period (the formation of ethnic psychology) in the West since 1946 and continues to the present. This stage is characterized by an avalanche stream of publications on cross-cultural and ethnic psychology and a rapid trend towards the use of experimental methods. Ethnologists, psychological anthropologists and representatives of other professions, using qualitative research methods, also participate in scientific research.

The later theory of national character is represented by the works of M. Mead and J. Gorer (Mead, 1951; Gorer, 1950). The approach associated with the "modal personality" was proposed by H. Duker and N. Freida, A. Inkelis, D. Levinson (Duijker, Frijda, 1960; Inkeles, Levinson, 1965). The theory of geographical factors in ethnopsychology was developed by W. Hellpag and P. Hofstetter (Hellpach, 1954; Hoffstatter, 1957). Currently, the most famous specialists in this field are X. Triandis (Triandis, 1979, 1994), V. Lonner, D. Berry (Lonner, Berry, 1989), Hofstede (Hofstede 1980, 1991), etc.

In Russia, the fourth period began in 1985, when G.U. Ktso-eva (Soldatova) defended her thesis at the Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, for the first time using quantitative methods of collecting information and methods of mathematical statistics for processing the results (Ktsoeva, 1985).

This period in our country is characterized by the active involvement of experimental methods in ongoing research, an increase in the number of publications and the training of highly qualified specialists (candidates and doctors of science) on the problems of ethnic psychology. This stage is characterized by a sharp decrease in funding for fundamental science (including ethnic psychology), but the provision of targeted assistance to scientists with the help of various grants, including foreign ones. Numerous publications on ethnic and cross-cultural psychology appear in Russia. The ban on the study of politically acute problems of ethnic psychology is lifted.

The founders of ethnic psychology in Russia can be considered G. G. Shpet (Shpet, 1927), S. I. Korolev (Korolev, 1970), I. S. Kon (Kon, 1971), B. F. Porshnev (Porshnev, 1979) , in experimental terms - A.R. Luria (Luria, 1974) and G.U. Ktsoe-vu (Soldatov) (Ktsoeva, 1985).

The main centers for the study of various problems of ethnic psychology are currently the Institute of Psychology and the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Department of Social Psychology of Moscow and St. Petersburg State Universities, as well as other universities where teachers work on this problem.

Basic concepts. At present, two tendencies can be traced in the world ethnic process. The first is the global integration of peoples, and the second is the differentiation of ethnic groups, the preservation of ethnic identity.

The following socio-historical types of ethnic communities are distinguished: nation, nationality, tribe and clan. The concept of "ethnic psychology" is used for all groups. In relation to the nation and nationality, the concept is sometimes used "National psychology", but to the tribe and clan - "Tribal psychology"(in Russia the concepts of "tribal psychology" and "tribal remnants" are used).

In the Anglo-American scientific literature, instead of the concept of "ethnic psychology", the name "Cross-cultural studies", or "Cross-cultural psychology", which involves the conduct of empirical work, the purpose of which is to compare the psychological characteristics of one, two, and sometimes more representatives of different peoples.

Ethnic psychology deals with the study of the psychological characteristics of the people, due to the unity of its origin.

Ethnic (national) stereotypes - widespread traditionally existing judgments and ideas that ordinary people have about representatives of different ethnic groups at the level of everyday consciousness. They can be formed both on the basis of personal experience of communication with representatives of an ethnic community, and on the basis of books read (scientific, popular, etc.), watched videos and films, stories about a given national group, etc. Hetero- and auto-stereotypes are distinguished. Heterostereo-type - it is an idea of ​​the ethnopsychological appearance of another people (outgroup) and the fixation in it of a certain attitude towards it. Autostereotype - it is the idea of ​​one's own people (ingroup) and the fixation in it, as a rule, of a positive attitude.

Ethnic (national) consciousness is a reflection by the people of their past, present and future life in spiritual and material culture, as well as in everyday consciousness (national traditions, customs, habits, etc.).

The process of moving peoples from one place to another is usually called ethnic migrations, and adaptation to new, previously unknown conditions for them - ethnic adaptation. The process of adaptation to language and culture, accompanied by complexity and tension, is called acculturation, and the process of social adaptation is adjustment(adaptation) (Stefanenko, 1993). The psychological problems of the process of adaptation of migrants to the new environment have been deeply and thoroughly studied in the English-language literature (Oberg, 1960; Bochner, 1982; Kirn, 1988; Berry, 1976, 1992). Among domestic sources, the works of N.M. Lebedeva (1993) and T.G. Stefanenko (1993,1996). These studies address issues "Culture shock"(negative feelings, discomfort, etc.), which accompanies the adaptation of migrants to previously unknown conditions "forms of adaptation: genocide (a dominant or resource-rich community seeks to destroy the opposite group; here ethnic intolerance or intolerance towards representatives of another community is manifested); assimilation (the dominant ethnic group forces representatives of other ethnic communities to borrow the values, lifestyle and other aspects of their dominant culture); segregation (separate independent development of two ethnic communities; the idea of ​​their real existence is allowed) and integration (both ethnic groups retain their identity; their representatives "accept" a different way of life and find them in positive moments).

Subsequent studies have identified the so-called U-shaped and W-shaped curves (mental ups and downs) that accompany the adaptation processes of migrants.

Abroad and in Russia, specific programs are being developed to prepare people for intercultural interaction (Triandis, "1975, 1994; Handbook of intercultural training, 1983; Brislin, Cushner, Cherrie, Yong, 1989; Stefanenko, 1996; Sheinov, 1996; Reznikov, Marasanov They consider specific methods of increasing intercultural sensitivity and recommendations for general cultural and culturally specific approaches (when a person will have to communicate with a large number of representatives of different ethnic groups or with a representative of one ethnic group).

R. Albert proposed a method, calling it "a technique for increasing intercultural sensitivity" (cultural assimilator), representing a description of various situations in which representatives of two different cultures interact and four options for explanations (interpretations) of the character's possible behavior in each situation. The trainee must choose one of the options and explain the reasons for their choice (Albert, 1983). L. Kole identifies four types of training programs: education, orientation, instruction and intercultural training (Kohls, 1987).

When describing the psychological appearance of a particular ethnic group, expressions such as "psychology of Russians", "psychology of Japanese", etc. are sometimes incorrectly used. Japanese ".

Let us consider what is invested in the concepts of "national character", "national temperament" and "national feeling".

National character absorbs the most typical and fairly stable psychological characteristics that express the attitude of the majority of representatives of an ethnic community to various phenomena of the surrounding world. It can be conceptually considered as a determinant of the behavior of a representative of an ethnic community.

Under national temperament the typical manifestations of its properties in the majority of representatives of the ethnos are understood. Despite the fact that every nation has all types of temperaments, the dynamics of the manifestation of their mental activity is carried out according to the historically fixed omniscience of the people canons (ethnic norms).

At the heart of ethnic (national) feelings lies the emotional side of awareness of one's ethnicity. It is closely related to the existence of national and nationalist ideas among the people. Depending on the dominance of national or nationalist ideas in society, the corresponding national feelings are manifested. National sentiment is the most vulnerable of all components of ethnic psychology.

Ethnic psychology is closely related to ethnology (ethnography), sociology (ethnosociology), history, culture and many social sciences.

The nature of ethnic psychology. Many factors influence the formation of ethnopsychological characteristics of a people. Socio-economic conditions of life are the main factor in the formation and formation of the spiritual life of people, their psychological characteristics. The formation of the psychology of ethnic groups is greatly influenced by politics and ideology that dominate society. The group in power seeks to spread its ideology and psychology to a national scale. The originality of the psychology of an ethnos can also be due to religion. In the course of the spread of world religions, the established religious system was superimposed on local traditions, customs and habits. As a result, there was a mutual change in both local customs and religious concepts. The formation of ethnopsychological characteristics was influenced by significant events in the history of the people (long wars, natural disasters, land development, etc.) and the interethnic experience of communication. The geographical environment was of a certain importance for the formation of ethnopsychological originality. Migration plays an important role in changing the psychology of peoples. The moving representatives of the ethnic group have to adapt to the new geographic environment and cultural conditions.

Living in similar economic, social and natural-economic conditions led to the emergence of the same features in the national character of different peoples, similar norms and rules of behavior. In the rapidly changing socio-political and economic conditions, the ethnopsychological identity of the people is a relatively stable system. Along with the change in the fundamental determinants, an imperceptible change in ethnopsychological characteristics also occurs (Reznikov, 1997; Reznikov, Nguyen Ngoc Thuong, 1999).

Functions of ethnic psychology. Ethnic psychology is revealed in three interrelated functions: reflective, regulatory and educational (Reznikov, 1997).

Feature reflective function is that it includes an informational aspect. In this regard, the ethnopsychological characteristics reflect the peculiar natural and climatic conditions in which the formation and development of the ethnic community, historical events and other factors took place.

Regulatory function consists in regulating various forms of communication and behavior of representatives of an ethnic group. From the content point of view, it represents those norms of behavior and lifestyle that an ethnic community has developed during its existence (Bobneva, 1978). As a result, the components of ethnic psychology are, as it were, algorithms that prescribe a representative of the ethnic community in question to behave according to the “national canons”. The role behavior of the representatives of the ethnic group in various life situations is especially clearly spelled out. Hence the need to study national norms and rules of communication to predict the behavior of members of ethnic groups.

Educational function - instilling in the population the traits inherent in its national character, national habits, etc. The development of the rules and norms of ethnic behavior, the formation of national character traits, etc., occurs in the process of ethnic socialization. For their implementation, assessment (in case of deviation from ethnic norms), the ethnic community, applying positive and negative sanctions, exercises social control.

The structure of the ethnopsychological characteristics of the people. The study of the structure of ethnopsychological phenomena is reflected in the works of domestic and foreign researchers. To highlight the structural components, various principles are used: dynamism and awareness (Goryacheva, 1965), the psychological way of processing information, value-motivational approaches, etc. (Inkeles A., Levinson D., 1965). Sometimes the structure includes elements of different order, the connection between which is difficult to trace (for example, beliefs, tastes, prejudices, temperament, self-awareness, etc.).

The structure of the ethnopsychological characteristics of the people can be viewed as a complex dynamic and multilevel system, the components of which are logically and subtly interconnected;

changing some indirectly affects others.

TO first level can be attributed to value orientations. For different ethnic communities, they have different dominant profiles. Value orientations include the values ​​that dominate the lifestyle of most of its representatives. They are, as a rule, the most conscious and can carry a certain ideological load. Their influence on the formation of the psychological characteristics of the people is quite large. The allocation of this level allows researchers to correlate the categories "class" (estate, stratum) and "ethnic", to show the place and role of the influence of values ​​on the formation of the psychological image of the people. The above is clearly seen in the example of Russia, when socialist values ​​were replaced by market ones and influenced the lower levels of ethnopsychological characteristics of the peoples living in our country. This level also includes the moral values ​​of the people, their different understanding, interpretation and attitude towards them. Second level presupposes a wide range of diverse attitudes of representatives of an ethnic group to various phenomena of the surrounding world (relations between themselves, to representatives of other peoples, work, etc.). Third level covers the components associated with the specifics of mental processes and temperament.

The allocation of three levels in ethnopsychological characteristics allows, firstly, to describe in the system the psychological components and elements of each level, secondly, to analyze the levels as an organized integrity and, thirdly, to determine the place and role of each level in the hierarchical system, to establish relationships and interdependencies between them. In this regard, one cannot but agree with B.F. phenomena ”(Lomov, 1984; 96).

At the same time, it should be noted that the relationships between the levels of ethnopsychological characteristics are ambiguous, often difficult to trace, and are characterized by great dynamism, which presents enormous difficulties for their study.

The presence in the structure of the ethnopsychological characteristics of the people of three, not 4-5 levels is far from indisputable. Judging by the qualities that researchers distinguish in applied works, in principle, it is possible to consider the fourth level - psychophysiological. For example, G.V. Starovoitova also adhered to this position (Starovoitova, 1983).

Research by scientists from the Institute of Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the determination of biochemical gene markers in the peoples of the two Komi groups is interesting and promising. The results obtained indicate the Caucasian (mainly) character of the gene pool of the Komi peoples and make it possible to determine the genetic position of the Komi in the system of the peoples of Eurasia (Shneider, Petrishchev, Lebedeva, 1990). Thus, we can say that, in principle, there is a genetic level of ethnopsychological characteristics of peoples.

The above-described systematic approach to the structure of ethnopsychological characteristics was previously used in applied research on ethnic groups from different cultures and has positively proved itself. At the same time, it naturally requires further theoretical and empirical substantiation (Reznikov 1999; Reznikov and Tovuu 2001).

Subjects of ethnopsychological phenomena. The carriers of ethnopsychological characteristics can be large groups - ethnic groups (macro-approach), professional, age and other groups (meso-approach), and specific individuals (micro-approach) (Reznikov, 1999).

Large group as a bearer of the ethnopsychological characteristics of a people, in turn, can be divided into component groups. According to L.N. Gumilyov, large ethnic communities are called superethnoses, including ethnic groups, and the latter distinguish subethnos, that is, ethnic groups living in different regions. Convixies follow (different strata in the ethnic community) (Gumilev, 1994). It seems that this approach can be productive in applied research in national psychology, since the ethnopsychological characteristics of various groups in some peoples vary within a fairly wide range.

Western and Eastern ethnic groups differ in the following basic psychological characteristics: individualism-collectivism (individualism prevails in Western cultures, and collectivism in Eastern cultures); low and high contextual communication (most Asian peoples are highly contextual, and Western nations are low-contextual); low - high level of uncertainty avoidance (among Western ethnic groups - low;

level, and in the east - high); power distance (among the eastern peoples - a high level, and among the western ones - a low level) and masculinity-femininity (for example, in the USA and Germany there is a low level of masculinity, and in Japan - a high level) (Hofstede, 1983; Gudy-kunst, Ting-Toomey , Chua, 1988; Hofstede, 1991; Triandis, 1995).

Small group by encouraging and punishing, forms among the representatives of his ethnic group the models of establishing interpersonal, as well as in- and out-group contacts in various situations of communication with members of different social, professional, national and other groups. The psychological characteristics of various groups of the Russian population are interestingly examined by V.V. Kochetkov (Kochetkov, 1998). Idiosyncratic credit(credit of trust) to leaders in different ethnic groups differs (in the east it is higher than in the west). Depends on the ethnic culture and the style of management in production (in Western ethnic groups instrumental prevails, in Eastern - emotional-interpersonal). It has an ethnopsychological specificity and a decision-making process (in the East it is more authoritarian, and in the West it is more democratic).

In personality ethnopsychological characteristics are most clearly manifested. The most researched problems in Russia are ethnic socialization (ethnization) personality, ethnic identity, ethnic identification and the psychological aspect of migration. Ethnicization is actively carried out in childhood; it consists in the development and reproduction of the national way of life in which the person is. The ethnic socialization of adolescents in different cultures is described in the joint work of E.P. Belinskaya and T.G. Stefanenko (Belinskaya, Stefanenko, 2000).

Ethnic (national) identity - it is the people's awareness of themselves as an ethnic community, the isolation from the surrounding world and the assessment of their place in it. In the individual, ethnic self-awareness is associated with ethnic self-determination. According to V.Yu. Khotinets, ethnic self-awareness is a relatively stable system of conscious ideas and assessments, really existing ethnodifferentiating and ethnointegrating components of the life of an ethnos (Khotinets, 2000). Ethnic identity implies the process of identifying a person with the national community to which she belongs. This process can be conscious and poorly understood. Usually ethnic identification is accompanied by emotional experiences. This phenomenon is viewed as a mechanism for the formation of ethnic identity.

When considering a personality as a carrier of ethnopsychological characteristics, the problems of the formation of an implicit personality structure, socio-psychological observation, communication style and its locus of control in different national communities are considered.

The chronological age of its representatives is assessed differently in ethnic groups. The manifestation of activity and sensitivity is manifested and supported in different ways by representatives of ethnic communities (this is especially true of the role behavior of men and women).

Ethnopsychological features of communication. Ethnic communication can be viewed as a multidimensional, multidimensional and multilevel systemic phenomenon. At the social level, it is institutionalized and can be attributed to social relations. In this regard, ethnic communication has different aspects: legal (interstate and intrastate), political, moral, economic, social, etc. At the socio-psychological level of ethnic communication, perceptual, communicative and interactive aspects can be distinguished (Reznikov, 1999).

In interpersonal perception (cognition) the mechanism of ethnocentrism is triggered, which determines the perception of a communication partner through the prism of one's ethnic being. In the event that the perceived belongs to his own community (in-group), the assessment, as a rule, is overestimated. Conversely, if the perceived belongs to another community (outgroup), his assessment may decrease. Ethnocentrism often determines the polar assessment of the in- and outgroup (Levkovich, Andrushchak, 1995).

In case of insufficient acquaintance of a representative of one ethnic group with a representative of another ethnic group, the mechanism of stereotyping is triggered, that is, the perceived person is ascribed the psychological characteristics of his ethnic group (especially in cases where the perceived person is not well known).

The functioning of mental reflection systems (acoustic, optical, tactile-kinesthetic and olfactory systems of smell) in different ethnic communities determines the originality of a person's perception of a person in intra- and interethnic communication (in some cultures, attention is paid to speech, in others - to expression, in others - smells, etc.)

Ethnopsychological originality is reflected in communicative aspect of communication. Ethnic originality lies in the manner of presenting information (succinctly and quickly - in the Western, leisurely and flowery - in the Eastern), in the use of non-verbal means of communication (para- and extralinguistic), the preference for methods of psychological influence, etc. the representatives of Latin and North America, European and Asian peoples estimate the time allotted for solving business issues. The role of proxemics in establishing interethnic contacts is well known.

Ethnic specificity is visible and in interaction. In the process of historical development, an ethnic community develops certain principles and rules for cooperation and conflict resolution. Unfortunately, this issue has hardly been studied in the domestic literature. Of foreign approaches, an interesting position considers interaction as an exchange of resources. This phenomenon is characterized by three dimensions: particularism - universalism in the exchange of resources; concreteness - abstractness of resources and the process of transferring - receiving resources.

Collectivist communities are characterized by a general purpose exchange (the typicality of any communicating dyad and interaction for all representatives of a given ethnos), and individualist communities are characterized by a purpose-specific exchange (the uniqueness of the communicating dyad and interaction in comparison with others interacting in a given ethnos).

In masculine cultures, the emphasis is on the exchange of deep values ​​associated with specific material resources, while in feminine cultures, attention is paid to the exchange of values ​​associated with emotions and information (upbringing and quality of life).

Representatives of low-context communities (for example, in the USA) value strict logic, clear presentation of verbal information, individualization of non-verbal behavior, individualistic interaction (up to a deviating interaction strategy). Members of highly contextual communities (for example, Japan) value flowery logic, implicit presentation of information, non-verbal information corresponding to the situation of interaction. In general, when exchanging resources, they act in an indirect style of receiving and rejecting (Gudykunst, Tim-Toomy, Chua, 1988).

Conflict resolution in different ethnic groups is carried out according to different algorithms (with the involvement of intermediaries or without them, with a high level of emotional involvement or with a low, etc.). At the same time, the ethnopsychological approach to conflicts can be seen not only at the interpersonal, but also at the interstate level. In this regard, the results of G.U. Soldatova's research "The Psychology of Interethnic Tension" and "Social Conflicts in Contemporary Russia" (Soldatova, 1998; Social Conflicts in Contemporary Russia, 1999) are valuable.

Interpersonal relationships. In ethnic communities, interpersonal relations have a different content, which is manifested in a form characteristic of this group. As the results of empirical studies in the United States show, the originality of interpersonal relations is determined by the ethnic origin of a particular American.

Cross-cultural studies show that representatives of collectivist communities are relatively easier to form interpersonal relationships with members of groups of the same name than with representatives of individualist communities. In such ethnic groups, the formation of interpersonal relations with family ties is cultivated.

Self-disclosure in interpersonal relationships is conditioned by belonging to a collectivist or individualist culture (for example, North Americans are more willing to disclose than Japanese). The problem of attraction among different ethnic groups is of interest.

Conducting applied research in ethnic psychology is determined by the needs of society, the economic and financial capabilities of the country, the theoretical and methodological level of research on ethnopsychological problems, the development of programs for conducting applied research, the experience of conducting such research in the country and the availability of scientific personnel capable of carrying out such work.

Empirical research is based on the principles of determinism, the unity of consciousness and activity, the development of the psyche in activity, consistency and comparability. The principle of comparability is clearly traced in cross-cultural studies (the psychological characteristics of one ethnic group are compared with the psychological characteristics of another people).

Empirical research on various aspects of ethnic psychology is carried out at the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ktsoeva, 1985; Naumenko, 1992; Shikhirev, 1993; Levkovich, Andrushchak, 1995; Reznikov, 1999; Klyuchnikova, 2001), the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Lebedeva, 1993, 1995, 1998; Drobizheva, 1996; Soldatova, 1998), Moscow State University (Stefanenko, Shlyagina, Enikolopov, 1993; Stefanenko, 1986, 1999) and the Russian Academy of Civil Servants (Kokorev, 1992; Fetisov, 1995; Nabiev, 1995).

A special place is occupied by applied comprehensive studies of military psychologists on the ethnopsychological characteristics of personnel of foreign armies (Fedenko, Lugansky, 1966; Lugansky, 1968), which reveal the psychological characteristics of the population and show their influence on the combat readiness of army personnel.

Applied research in ethnic psychology is most often determined by the practical requests of state organizations.

In 1992, at the Institute of Youth, Ethnopsychology was published in two parts (Krysko, Derkach (Part 1); Derkach, Krysko, Sarakuev (Part 2), 1992). The last work gives a brief description of the peoples of Russia, near and far abroad. The description of the psychological appearance of foreign ethnic groups is covered in the books of the Sukharevs (V. A. Sukharev, M. V. Sukharev, 1997) and S. D. Lewis (Lewis, 1999).

Empirical research on ethnic psychology in Russia is almost exhausted by the above-mentioned works. Restrictions on their implementation in the past were associated with an ideological ban, and after 1991 - with a lack of financial resources. At the same time, interesting studies were carried out by N. M. Lebedeva "New Russian Diaspora" (1995), G. U. Soldatova "The Psychology of Interethnic Tension" (1998), "Social and Cultural Distance" (edited by L. M. Drobizheva, 1998) and the 1st Ethnopsychological Conference was held by the section of ethnic psychology at the Russian Psychological Society in October 1997 (Ethnic Psychology and Society, 1997).

A positive phenomenon in ethnic psychology is the publication of author's methods on various aspects of ethnopsychological phenomena (Stefanenko, Shlyagina, Yenikopolov, 1993; Levkovich, 1992; Kochetkov, 1998; Soldatova, 1998).

In connection with the socio-economic transformations in Russia, we began to develop economic ethnic psychology. The subject of her research is the manifestation of ethnopsychological characteristics in the economic sphere of activity (Lewis, 1999; Shikhirev, 2001).

As can be seen from the above, there are, unfortunately, not very many studies on theoretical and applied problems of ethnic psychology in Russia, and they present a mosaic picture. The number of publications abroad is over 10 thousand; fundamental reference books have been published (for example, on the problems of cross-cultural psychology, preparing a person for intercultural communication).

Perspective theoretical problems of ethnic psychology are the nature, functions and structure of ethnopsychology, psychological aspects of migration of peoples, ethnopsychological characteristics of various ethnic groups (living both in Russia and abroad), etc.

Introduction to Ethnopsychology.

Recently, we increasingly come across these words. We hear them both at the everyday level and from the lips of scientists, politicians, and state leaders.

Interethnic relations have become an essential element of social and political reality. Unfortunately, ethnic conflicts and ethnic violence accompany the modern history of Russia. Society today is paying the price for the lack of sufficient interest in the past in the specifics of interethnic relations. It is dangerous to ignore these problems, since they threaten the very integrity of Russia, and it is impossible to find ways to solve them without understanding the conscious and unconscious aspirations of people united in an ethnic community.

Modern ethnopsychology does not represent a single whole, both in terms of the topics of problems and in the methods of study.

The trend of absolutism involves a comparative analysis of psychological phenomena as equally inherent in communities, regardless of the level of development. As a result, it is concluded that representatives of one ethnic group are more intellectual than another, therefore there are differences between them, and, consequently, the superiority of some peoples over others.

And finally, the trend of universalism, which assumes that basic psychological phenomena are common to everyone, but their manifestation depends on their level of development and the history of the people. The ethnic groups themselves are equal and only outwardly differ from each other.

Language, origin, customs, material culture are the defining features of an ethnos, therefore the thesis is relevant: "We are such and such, and all others are different."

Research in the field of ethnic psychology requires a careful and attentive approach, because unfounded conclusions about the psychological characteristics of certain peoples can offend their national feelings.

Subject, conceptual apparatus, problems and tasks of ethnopsychology

Ethnic psychology - the science of the mental identity of people belonging to various ethnic associations (tribal organizations, nationalities, nations). Ethnic psychology arose at the junction of two humanitarian disciplines: social psychology and ethnography, forming a new branch of knowledge, in which the subject of research, problems and goals had already been determined, but its own methodology and terminology had not yet been sufficiently developed. The separation of ethnopsychology from social psychology and ethnography is very conditional; we can say that it is a "psychologized ethnography".

Ethnography, originally designed to describe and analyze the mores, customs, life of various ethnic groups, their relationships in the family, value orientations, etc., cannot ignore the psychological characteristics of peoples themselves, but it is more interested not so much in psychological as in ethnocultural specificity, historical the experience of a particular nation or people. Ethnographic approaches to understanding the essence of ethnopsychological phenomena are based not on psychological, but on sociological laws.

Ethnopsychology subject... The problems of national psychology are among the most complex in the structure of psychological science. Interest in identifying the nature of national psychology is shown not only by psychologists, but also by ethnographers, physiologists, historians, philosophers, politicians, the military and representatives of other sciences, in particular such a relatively young science as valeology.

National psychology cannot be reduced only to the sphere of social psychology, to the sphere of culture, to ethnographic description. National psychology has its own material base, its specific carriers and reflects what the representatives of a whole nation, ethnic community have in common in their worldview, stable forms of behavior, traits of psychological appearance, in reactions, speech and language, and attitudes towards other people and nature.

The very fact of the existence of differences in the psychology of various ethnic communities has received fairly wide recognition. Representatives of ethnopsychological science recognize the presence of specific psychological traits and a special combination of these traits (mental makeup) in representatives of a particular ethnic community. Differences may be clearly pronounced, may have less delineated outlines, but they are. Of course, the reality of psychology is less tangible than, say, the reality of language.

Each tribe, nationality, nation in a certain historical epoch has a number of mental characteristics inherent in this ethnic community and not inherent in another. Dissimilar geographic, economic and historical conditions have given rise to significant differences in the psychology of such similar in origin, language and stage of social development of human populations, such as, for example, Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and Canadians. As a result, noticeably different cultures emerged with their own traditions, family life, relationships between the sexes, between ages, religious dogmas are perceived differently, etc. This entire system of ideas, culture, behavior and specific actions characteristic of a particular people is the subject of ethnopsychology.

The psychological characteristics of an ethnos play the role of a protective mechanism, a mechanism of alienation (eulenization) of everything coming from outside. The peculiarities of an ethnos are a grid, censorship, designed to highlight the extraneous in order to accept it and rework it in accordance with the prevailing norms of the people or reject it.

Thus, the formation of ethnopsychology is influenced by: the genetic makeup of the formed population, climatic and geographic conditions, the influence of the indigenous and newcomer population, the level of general culture, economic development, ties with other peoples and countries.

Methodological framework ethnopsychology as a science are the principles of psychology: determinism, unity of consciousness and activity, personal approach.

The principle of determinism associated with identifying the reasons for the existence of ethnopsychological phenomena. In order to correctly comprehend a specific ethnopsychological phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the nationally-specific reasons and conditions that gave rise to it.

Modern ethnopsychological science sees the causes of ethnopsychological phenomena in social, climatic-geophaphic, hereditary and other factors that took place in the process of the formation of a particular national community. Ethnopsychological characteristics of a people can be a consequence of the socio-historical originality of the development of one nation in contrast to others; the result of a combination of economic, political, social and cultural factors.

Psychological the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity reflects the dependence of ethnopsychological phenomena on the characteristics of those types of activity in which a representative of the national community is involved. On the one hand, the general laws of concrete activity determine the similarity in the psychology of the subjects of its implementation, on the other hand, national self-awareness, which is unique for each nation, brings the same originality into the forms and results of the activity itself.

The principle of personal approach requires, when studying any ethnopsychological phenomena, to take into account that their bearer is always, firstly, a specific person and, secondly, a representative of a specific ethnic community, with their characteristic feelings, thoughts, value orientations, etc. Therefore, one must constantly remember: in psychology, each person has both personally and nationally special.

Conceptual apparatus of ethnopsychology... Before embarking on the study of any science, it is necessary to understand its definitions, i.e. the meaning of its basic concepts. Ethnopsychology has its own conceptual apparatus, which is a set of concepts about the phenomena and processes that it studies.

Ethnic community, ethnos - a historically established stable grouping of people - a tribe, nationality, nation. Ethnic community presupposes a common territory, climatic and geographical conditions, socio-economic unity and language of the people inhabiting it, as well as the commonness and specificity of culture and everyday life and the fact of conscious self-identification as an independent social group. The unity of the characteristics of the mental make-up is considered as an important indicator characterizing an ethnic community.

Ethnic group - language-related and culture-related community of people. Ethnic groups were, for example, the ancient Slavs, who were subsequently divided into several ethnic associations - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians. Typical ethnic groups are the Celtic peoples who have lost their linguistic unity, but retained their cultural and ethnographic identity, the Eskimos of the Russian Federation, Canada, the United States and Greenland, the Arabs of Asia and Africa.

Ethnogenesis - the process of adding up an ethnic community based on ethnic factors.

A number of researchers in the field of ethnopsychology propose to consider this science as a specific section of general psychology. On this basis, it is considered legitimate to apply the definitions of mental phenomena and processes that exist in general psychology to the characteristics of the psyche of representatives of different ethnic groups.

The generally recognized category of ethnopsychology is the concept psychological makeup of the nation. However, being borrowed from the social sciences, it is still not filled with real content. A number of attempts have been made to find equivalents to this concept that would be more accessible for their use in empirical research. As a synonym for the "psychological makeup of a nation", the concepts of "national character" and "national identity" are used.

National psychology includes structure-forming and dynamic components. Structural component - these are specific qualities of a national character, national identity, national feelings and sentiments, national interests, orientation, traditions, habits. Dynamic component national psychology includes the national psychological characteristics of an ethnic group, which include communicative, motivational-background, intellectual, cognitive, emotional, volitional characteristics of representatives of ethnic groups.

National character formed under the influence of historical and socio-economic conditions National character is a historically formed set of stable psychological traits of representatives of a particular nation, which determine the usual manner of their behavior and a typical way of action and are manifested in their relation to the social environment, to the world around them, to labor. National character is a combination of more or less stable socio-psychological traits and properties inherent in most representatives of the nation.

The attitude to the social and everyday environment is manifested in such features of the national character as conservatism, religiosity, optimism, pessimism, etc. The attitude to work in the national character is expressed in the form of such traits as efficiency, practicality, accuracy, punctuality, commitment, enterprise, passivity , disorganization, etc. In representatives of different nations, these qualities have slightly different manifestations. For example, there is a difference between the industriousness of Americans, Japanese, Germans and representatives of other nations. The diligence of the Japanese is painstaking, patience, dexterity, diligence, perseverance. The industriousness of the German is accuracy, thoroughness, punctuality, accuracy, discipline. inexhaustible business excitement, inclination to take risks, initiative, rationalism.

The concepts of national character and national temperament are not recognized as identical. The national temperament contains the emotional and volitional aspects of the reaction of this or that nation. The formation of national temperament is influenced by the genetic factor, the types of higher nervous activity prevailing in a given country. National temperament serves as a prerequisite for the formation of certain traits of national character. The national temperaments of peoples living in countries with hot climates can be very similar, while their national characters can differ very significantly, because each country has the idea of] the peculiarities of its historical development, its traditions, customs, rituals, and its culture.

National feelings and sentiments reflect the emotional aspects of people's attitudes towards their ethnic community, towards its interests, other peoples. National feelings can have both positive and negative connotations. A positive connotation is expressed in such forms as a sense of national pride, patriotism, love for one's people. Negative - manifests itself in nationalism and chauvinism, national and racial prejudices, in a state of alienation in relation to other peoples, etc.

National interests and orientations - that the motivational priorities of an ethnic community, they serve to preserve its unity and integrity. An attempt to infringe on national interests is always viewed by peoples as an encroachment on their foundations of life, as a threat to the security of the state's existence. Therefore, ethnic communities usually do not compromise their national interests, protecting them not only politically, but also by armed means. Having ensured the realization of their national interests, an ethnic community can deliberately infringe on the interests of other peoples. The clash of national interests of various national communities often leads to bloody armed conflicts and wars.

National traditions - rules of behavior, actions, communication of people, established historically, ingrained v everyday life and passed on to new members of an ethnic community Practice shows that insufficient knowledge of national traditions and customs often served as a reason for serious complications in communication with representatives of other ethnic communities. People, as a rule, are very sensitive to their traditions, customs, tastes, so it is advisable not to violate them.

Individual peoples adhere to national traditions to varying degrees. So, the British blindly bow to their traditions. Tradition in England turns into a fetish, a cult, they are enjoyed. The British strive to preserve their habits, tastes, customs, assortment of dishes, and their demeanor in any conditions. The attitude of the Russian people to their traditions is less scrupulous.

The dynamic component of national psychology has its own structure and content. National psychological characteristics can be structurally presented as follows:

motivational background - efficiency, efficiency, discretion, degree of diligence, etc. All these qualities are universal. There is no working capacity without diligence, it is impossible to endow one people with working capacity, and diligence - another. Therefore, we can talk not about some sets of these traits, but about the severity of this or that trait, about the specifics of their combination and manifestation;

intellectual - the breadth and depth of abstraction, the speed of mental operations, the nature of the organization of mental activity, the degree of adherence to logic, etc. Different peoples have peculiar intellectual characteristics. For example, the British and the Chinese are distinguished by criticism, a penchant for specific forms of thinking, while the Germans are distinguished by the power of abstraction, adherence to formal logic. F. Engels noted among the French a "mathematical bias of the mind" and "innate inventiveness", and among the British - a weak "speed of mental operations" and "a dislike for abstract theories";

ethnic psychology interethnic intra-ethnic

cognitive - depth and integrity of perception, brightness and vividness of imagination, concentration and stability of attention, features of memory, etc. Engels spoke about the specific characteristics of the cognitive processes in the representatives of the English nation: a good eye and a weak imagination. He also pointed out that the French are characterized by a wealth of imagination, persistent inquisitiveness and courage in knowing the world around them;

emotional - dynamics of the flow of feelings, especially the expression of emotions. F. Engels noticed the phlegmatic and restraint of the British and Germans, the great excitability, frivolity and ardor of the French and Irish;

strong-willed - volitional activity, stability of volitional processes, duration of volitional efforts. For example, in the national character of the Japanese and Chinese people there are such qualities as perseverance and perseverance. Finns are able to achieve their goal, despite objective opposition;

communicative - the nature of interaction, communication and relationships between people, the strength of cohesion in groups (cohesion and alienation). For example, the talkativeness of the French and Italians contrasts sharply with the taciturnity of the British, Scandinavians, and Japanese.

The stability of the functioning of all the noted national-psychological characteristics is given by national self-awareness. National identity there is an awareness by people of their belonging to a particular ethnic community, an understanding of national interests, the relationship of their nation with other nations. The function of national self-awareness is to fix the peculiar national traits and to separate, on this basis, one national community from another.

Ethnopsychology studies all the problems associated with the life of the ethnic group. The main problems of modern ethnopsychology:

what is the modern picture of the world;

what are the mechanisms of its change;

how the bearer of this or that culture adapts to the changes taking place in the world;

how the society in which he lives adapts to these changes;

how a person perceives the world around him;

what are the meanings of the objects of the surrounding world in his view;

how these meanings change in his mind;

how the mixing of these meanings is influenced by intercultural interaction;

what are the limits of flexibility and mobility of ethnic tradition;

that in the minds of members of an ethnos in any circumstances remains unchanged, what is discarded, what is modified and how;

what is the relationship and interdependence of intracultural paradigms, what are their possible trajectories of movement, the limits of oscillation;

whether there are immovable areas in ethnic culture that hold the entire structure, protecting it from decay during periods of turbulent social processes, etc.

All these problematic issues have come to the attention of ethnology in recent decades, and their flow is growing. The definitions given to the science of ethnology do not have time to take into account more and more new questions that fall into the field of vision of ethnologists. The definition of ethnology as a science that studies all the problems associated with the life of an ethnos is too vague and not exhaustive. It also becomes a question from what angle she studies them.

It is believed that ethnopsychology studies:

material culture of peoples;

rituals, customs, beliefs of various peoples;

systems of kinship among different peoples, systems of kindred clans;

the social and political structure of peoples (family relations, power relations, etc.);

behavioral systems inherent in different peoples;

educational systems that different peoples adhere to;

the relationship and interdependence of various components of the culture of one people;

comparing the complex of cultural traits of different peoples;

the dynamics of the cultural traits of a particular people (cultural changes);

psychological characteristics of different peoples;

life support systems of various peoples, their adaptation to the environment;

comparison of value systems of ethnic groups;

comparison of pictures of the world of different peoples;

comparison of systems of meaning and models of perception among different peoples;

features of intercultural contacts;

ethnogenesis;

the reasons for the emergence and disintegration of ethnic groups;

resettlement of peoples;

demographic processes in ethnic groups;

economic behavior of members of a particular ethnic group;

ethnolinguistics;

ethnosemiotics;

the formation and development of traditions;

problems of ethnicity and ethnic groups.

The list of subjects studied by ethnopsychology can be continued and expanded. But even without this it is large enough to be convinced that the problem field of ethnopsychology is very wide. The first thing that catches your eye is that many of the listed subject areas are studied by other sciences, their subject fields seem to overlap. This is especially true of the following disciplines: ethnography, political science, cultural studies, sociology, anthropology, etc.

Functions of ethnic psychology. Ethnic psychology is revealed in three interrelated functions: reflective, regulatory and educational (Reznikov, 1997).

Feature reflective function is the fact that it includes an informational aspect. In this regard, the ethnopsychological characteristics reflect the peculiar natural and climatic conditions in which the formation and development of the ethnic community, historical events and other factors took place.

Regulatory function consists in regulating various forms of communication and behavior of representatives of an ethnic group. From the content point of view, it represents the norms of behavior and way of life that an ethnic community has developed during its existence. As a result, the components of ethnic psychology are, as it were, algorithms that prescribe a representative of the ethnic community in question to behave according to the "national canons." The role behavior of the representatives of the ethnic group in various life situations is especially clearly spelled out. Hence the need to study national norms and rules of communication to predict the behavior of members of ethnic groups.

Educational function- instilling in the population the features inherent in its national character, national habits, etc. The assimilation of the rules and norms of ethnic behavior, the formation of traits of national character, etc., takes place in the process of ethnic socialization. For their implementation, assessment (in case of deviation from ethnic norms), the ethnic community, applying positive and negative sanctions, exercises social control.

Abstract completed

4th year student 436 / BK

Karlova Svetlana

Checked by Bashkina Yu.D.

St. Petersburg 2012

Plan: 1. Subject, object, purpose and content of ethnopsychology. 2. Ethnopsychology and other branches of knowledge. 3.Functions and main tasks of ethnopsychology in modern society. 4. Methodological principles of ethnopsychology. 5. General characteristics of the main methods in ethnopsychology.

1. Development of the problems of ethnopsychological science requires a great and comprehensive preparedness of scientists and practitioners, finding new methods, methods of research activity, deep analysis of the experience accumulated by psychologists in the study of diverse social, psychological and other processes. Research and study of psychological problems falls to the lot of one of the branches of psychology - ethnopsychology. Ethnopsychology Is a science that arose at the intersection of social psychology, sociology and ethnography, which also, to one degree or another, study the national characteristics of the human psyche. The modern theory of nations and many representatives of sociological science recognize the presence of specific traits and their special mental makeup in representatives of a particular ethnic community, which are actively manifested in their activities and behavior. Ethnopsychology as a sphere of manifestation of national characteristics of the psyche, which is quite extensive and at the same time very vividly outlined in the structure of social consciousness, is a special branch of social psychology. Object research ethnopsychology is ethnos, nation, nationality, national and ethnic community. Subject ethnopsychology are behavioral features, emotional reactions, psyche, character, ethnopsychology as an independent science, has its own conceptual categories, which are determined by the specifics of the subject. They can be divided into two sets of categories. First row- these are concepts related to the existence of an ethnic group. These include: ethnos (nation) - ethnic lifestyle - ethnic interests - ethnic psychology - personality Second row- categories of activity: culture - ethnic traditions - communication - ethnic images - ethnic ecology. Ethnopsychology has its own conceptual apparatus, which is a set of concepts about the phenomena and processes that it studies. The main empirical concepts are: "national character", "national identity", "national psychology", "national attitude". Thus, ethnic psychology - a branch of psychological science that studies the characteristics of the mental make-up and behavior of people, due to their nationality or ethnic community. 2. Ethnopsychology is closely related to ethnopedagogy and ethnography, cultural studies, philosophy, history, pedagogy, anthropology, medicine, jurisprudence, sociology, political science and other sciences. Often there is an identification of the sciences of ethnography, ethnopsychology and ethnopedagogy due to the proximity of the object of study .. Ethnopedagogy is a branch of pedagogical science that studies the originality of goals, objectives, methods, techniques and methods of education and training, traditional for specific peoples; a comparative study of the specifics of training and education among different peoples; analysis of the influence of national psychology on the training and education of representatives of certain ethnic communities; taking into account the laws of this process in the organization and implementation of pedagogical and teaching impact. Ethnography, having emerged as a science aimed at analyzing, explaining the mores, customs, life of various ethnic groups, their relationships in the family, value orientations, etc., could not ignore the psychological characteristics of peoples themselves. But ethnography, as a science, cannot reveal the mechanisms of the psychological impact of ethnic representatives and the ethnos in general. 3. Ethnopsychology as a branch of scientific research has its own specific tasks, including: 1. Comprehensive understanding and generalization of data on the factors and sources of formation of national psychological characteristics of representatives of specific ethnic communities; 2. study of the specifics of the motivational sphere of the national psyche of representatives of certain nationalities in order to analyze the originality of the manifestation of efficiency, initiative, the degree of diligence and other similar qualities that determine the most important indicators of the effective activity of people; 3. study of the national characteristics of the intellectual and cognitive activity of people of a particular nationality, which are manifested in the degree of adherence to logic, the depth of abstraction, the speed of mental operations, the organization of intellectual processes, the depth of perception, the completeness and efficiency of ideas, concentration and stability of attention, which are uniquely combined in the course of work etc.; 4. analysis and identification of the patterns of the flow of national feelings, the organization of observations of the specifics of the expression of emotions in order to establish the patterns of their emotional life; 5. study of the specifics of national attitudes towards volitional activity, functioning in the national character of a particular people or nation; identification of the stability of volitional processes, the originality of volitional efforts that representatives of a particular nation or people are able to manifest; 6. study of the originality of the communicative sphere of ethnic psychology of people, functioning in specific forms of interaction, communication and relationships and influencing the nature of the course of socio-psychological processes in groups and collectives, their hierarchy and characteristics; 7.comparative (cross-cultural) study of the national psychological characteristics of various peoples of the world in order to identify the patterns of functioning of national psychology and compilation of the psychological characteristics of these peoples; 8. identification of the distinctive national features of various classes, strata and other confessional groups of society in order to generalize the patterns (national, sociological, cultural, etc.) of their development and functioning; 9. a comprehensive study of the psychology of numerous nations and nationalities of the country, socio-psychological conditions and the specifics of interethnic relations in various regions of the state, forms of economic, cultural and political cooperation between peoples; The solution of the tasks facing ethnopsychological science is achieved in different ways. First, a systematic and thorough development of theoretical and methodological problems of this branch of knowledge is carried out, both in our country and abroad. Secondly, a wide field for the research activity of ethnopsychologists is the study of specific national-psychological characteristics of the people of our state, one of the most polyethnic in the world. Thirdly, the solution of a number of tasks of ethnopsychology can be carried out within the framework of other sciences, with which it is closely connected, since has a similar object, phenomena occurring among people, in the process of their interaction and communication. And, finally, ethnopsychology should play a special role in the formation of a culture of interpersonal relations, which is a set of worldview, moral, aesthetic values ​​of our society, mutually enriching and creatively developing in the process of communication between representatives of different nations. Functions of ethnopsychology. In ethnopsychology, the following functions are distinguished: gnoseological; descriptive; predictive; culturological; communicative; ethnopolitical; educational. Epistemological function consists in the knowledge of the laws that arise in the psyche of the subjects of ethnopsychology. The epistemological function also provides for the study of the possibility of cognition and the relationship of knowledge to objective reality, during which the stages and forms of the cognition process, the conditions and criteria for its reliability and truth are investigated. Task descriptive function- to recognize and define the characteristic features and signs of an ethnic community. This function of psychological research consists in recording the results of the study of ethnic groups and communities using certain notation systems adopted in science. The essence predictive function consists in the theory and practice of forecasting, carried out on the basis of ethnopsychology. Using the predictive function, you can get, for example, information about the possibility of ethnic conflicts on the territory of a certain state, or predict the interpersonal relations of members of several ethnic communities. Cultural function consists in the study of ethnopsychology of cultural processes in a particular ethnic group, as well as the characteristics of customs, rituals, folklore inherent in a particular ethnic community. Communicative function involves the study of the processes of interpersonal communication of members of various ethnic groups and the characteristics of their behavior in interpersonal communication. Ethnopolitical function ethnopsychology presupposes a thorough study of ethnic processes in ethnic groups for the appropriate development of recommendations on a conflict-free policy of the state in relation to the ethnic groups inhabiting it, taking into account the interests of the national majority and minority of the country. Under in nutritional function the study of the psychology of representatives of various ethnic groups is understood in order to form the most effective program of their education, taking into account the specifics of their mental characteristics. The upbringing function allows avoiding the formation of ethnic prejudices and contributes to the international education of the public, the purpose of which is conflict-free communication within a multinational state. The main tasks of the educational function of ethnopsychology in Kazakhstan: · development of theoretical and methodological provisions on the problems of national education, adequate to the requirements of the national school and the relevant institutions of the state at the present stage; Rethinking the goal of education, forms of organization and tasks of a sovereign state in accordance with the demands of the time; · Creation of an integral system of national education, which is a logical relationship of national culture, language, science, education, traditions and faith; · Substantiation of the need to introduce into the content of education a national component associated with universal human values, that is, the assimilation of the values ​​of one's own people along with the cultural characteristics of other peoples; · Disclosure of the mechanisms of transfer of ethnocultural traditions in the process of educating young people. At the same time, national education acts not only as a factor in increasing the educational influence on the individual, but also as a means of successful development of the nation. Grigory Skovoroda wrote: "Everyone should get to know his people and among the people know himself ... If you are a Ukrainian, be one ... If you are a Pole, then be a Pole ... Everything is good in its place and in its measure." An important category in ethnopsychology is "national self-esteem" - the moral and ethical assessment by the nation of its actions, moral characteristics, motives, and conscience of the nation. The ability for national self-esteem is formed in the long process of socialization of the nation, the formation of national culture. In this regard, two levels of national self-esteem can be distinguished: · psychological attitude to the values ​​of one's own nation, expressed in national pride; · Moral self-awareness as a form of manifestation of the nation's right to self-determination. The role and significance of ethnopsychology is increasing at the present stage. She studies the patterns of manifestation and functioning of the national psychological characteristics of people, determined by nationally specific needs, interests, value orientations. 4. Ethnopsychology, like any other science, has its own scientific and theoretical basis, which determines its methodological principles. The methodological principles of ethnopsychology as a science are the principles of psychology. The principle of determinism shows the causality of ethnopsychological phenomena by social and other factors that take place in the formation of a particular national community, which determine the specifics of their functioning and manifestation. In order to correctly comprehend a specific ethnopsychological phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the nationally-specific reasons and conditions for its occurrence. The principle of the epistemological approach to the analysis of the national psychological characteristics of people orients to a thorough study and comparison of the socio-historical originality of the development processes of one nation or people, in contrast to others; teaches to see the manifestation of the specific in their psychology as a result of a natural combination of the impact of well-known economic, political, social and cultural factors. The psychological principle of the unity of consciousness and activity equips ethnopsychology with a correct understanding of the essence of the manifestation of ethnopsychological phenomena, depending on the patterns of a particular type of activity in which a representative of the national community is involved. On the one hand, it is obvious that the general patterns of concrete activity give rise to similarities in the manifestation of the psychology of the subjects of its implementation. On the other hand, national identity, being unique in its origin for each nation, brings the same originality to the elements, forms and results of the activity itself. The principle of personal approach requires, when studying any ethnopsychological phenomena, to take into account that their bearer is always, firstly, a specific person and, secondly, a representative of a specific ethnic community, with their characteristic feelings, thoughts, value orientations, etc. In addition, it is necessary to take into account and the principle of the study of ethnographic factors. When studying them, it is important to be guided by a concrete historical approach, which allows us to reveal their historical and social-class conditioning. 5. There are two types of ethnopsychological research:

standard and cross-cultural. Standard - involves the study of the national psychological characteristics of representatives of one ethnic community. Cross-cultural - involves the study of the national psychological characteristics of several ethnic communities at once. And in this and in another case, a comparison and comparison of the national-psychological characteristics of representatives of different nations is carried out. But, In the first - this is done after the completion of the study, or the methods used are adapted to study a specific ethnic community. The ethnopsychologist himself is an expert in psychology. In the second case there is a simultaneous comparative study of ethnopsychological characteristics of representatives of several national groups. The content of ethnopsychological works is based on objects and subjects of research, which appear in the following manifestations: 1. National self-awareness is people's awareness of their belonging to a certain socio-ethnic community, understanding the position of their nations in the system of social relations, understanding national interests, their relationships nations with other socio-ethnic communities, manifested in ideas, feelings, aspirations. 2. Interests and value orientations. Awareness by a person of his social need turns it into an interest. The emergence of interest, causes an incentive to activity, a motive of behavior, an attitude and value orientation. Value orientations are manifested through group and personal norms as a complex of integrative judgments, prescriptions, requirements that determine the behavior of the group as a whole and its members, goals and means of activity. The interests and value orientations of the individual and the group are formed, formed and changed depending on the level of development of the group as a collective. 3. Needs and motives. The need in sociological and socio-psychological terms acts as the ability and desire to realize values, to use benefits, as the highest degree of necessity, need for objects, conditions, processes, the implementation of which ensures the preservation or desired change in the life of an individual, a social group. The objects of satisfaction of needs are values. There are material values ​​and cultural or spiritual values ​​(communication, knowledge, creativity). 4. Communicative and behavioral activity. A distinctive feature of the life of an individual is the predominance of collective forms of activity. On the basis of joint activities in a team or in a group, a certain system of relationships, interaction and communication is formed. These processes are influenced by: - normative structure of the group - in a particular group in the process of joint activities, certain norms are formed. They form a system of models of group behavior and can significantly change individual and group actions, influence the psychological climate of the group; a person's perception of their group - represents a kind of background against which the processes of interaction and communication take place. As an indicator of the type of perception by a person of a group in a person's individual activity: a) a person can perceive a group as a hindrance to his activities or treats it neutrally; b) the person perceives the group as a means that contributes to the achievement of certain individual goals; c) the person perceives the group as an independent value. Subjective preferences in the group - subjective interpersonal preferences of group members in certain areas of social activity determine: a) sociometric status of an individual in a group - a leader, an outcast, isolated; b) the structure of interpersonal relationships, group cohesion. Socio-psychological properties of personality - provide social behavior of the individual in the process of real interaction with other members of the group, defining the originality of relationships and communication. 5. Ethnic stereotypes are a group standard formed on the basis of public opinion of one ethnic group about the most striking characteristics of another. Ethnic stereotypes can be divided into two groups: autostereotypes and heterostereotypes. Main literature: 1. Asmolov A.G. Cultural-historical psychology and the construction of worlds. M., Voronezh, 1996. 2. Arutyunov S.A. Peoples and culture: development and interaction. M., 1989. 3. Aimaganbetova O.Kh. Fundamentals of ethnopsychology. Almaty, 2003 4. Bandurka A.M., Druz V.A. Ethnopsychology. Kharkov, 2000 5. Bodalev A.A. Perception of a person by a person. M., 1982. 6. Boronoev A.O. Fundamentals of Ethnic Psychology. SPb, 1991. 7. Baronin A.S. Ethnic psychology. Kiev, 2000 8. Bromley Yu.V. Essays on the history of the ethnos. M., 1983. 9. Vygotsky L.S. Thinking and speaking. T.2. M., 1988. 10. Vandeyk T.A. Language. Cognition. Communication. M., 1989. 11. Gumilev L.N. Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the earth. L., 1989.

ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY

ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY

a discipline that studies the characteristics of the psyche. warehouse and behavior of people, determined by their national (tribal) affiliation or ethnicity. community. Relatively isolated nationalities and groups of the population (for example, the inhabitants of the Pacific Islands, North American Indians, separate tribes of Africa, groups of emigrants, etc.) are characteristic objects of the E. p. The content of ethnopsychological research is to establish the relationship between the type of activity (occupation, their technical equipment, etc.) and the nature of culture (, beliefs, rituals, etc.), on the one hand, and the characteristics of the behavior and psyche of members of the studied communities - p. Most of these studies are comparatively described. ...

The history of Ethnography was originally closely intertwined with the development of ethnography and anthropology, and its material was made up of reports by missionaries and travelers. The first attempt is actually psychological. generalizations of this material were undertaken by W. Wundt in his works on the psychology of peoples. Although these works were based on the wrong idealistic. the premise of the presence of a special substantial nar. spirit, they identified a common cultural and historical. the direction of research in the field of E. n. In this case, the results obtained depends on the general psychological. the position of a particular researcher. In a number of countries, especially in the United States, the approach to e. P. From the standpoint of Freudianism and neo-Freudianism is widespread - directions that try to investigate the psyche in its relationship with culture. E. p. Is influenced by research in related fields, especially in linguistics (studies of the specifics of the thinking of peoples belonging to different linguistic groups; see Relativity of the linguistic hypothesis) and sociology, from a swarm of E. p. Borrows research methods, in particular methodology for studying small groups.

E. n. Should be distinguished from having nothing in common with her political. speculation on racial and nat. differences. In E. p. It was not established the presence of K.-L. features or properties that make it possible to talk about the advantages of some peoples over others.

Lit .: Le Bon G., Psychology of peoples and masses, trans. p., St. Petersburg, 1896; Foulier Α., Factors nat. character, lane. from French, Odessa, 1906; Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky DN, Psychology of nationality, P., 1922; Shpet G.G., Introduction to ethnicity. psychology, no. 1, M., 1927; Porshnev B. F., Social and history, M., 1966; Kon I., Psychology of prejudice, "New", 1966, No 9; Gregg FM, Peoples psychology, psychology "s path to personality, NY, 1951; Duijker H. C. J., Frijda NH, National character and national stereotypes, Amst., 1960; Griéger P., La charactérologie éthnique, Approche et compréhension des peuples, P., 1961.

V. Kozlov, H. Alekseev. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Edited by F.V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

See what "ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY" is in other dictionaries:

The psychology of peoples (ethnic psychology, ethnopsychology) is one of the branches of psychology, which considers the peculiarities of the mental structure of various races and peoples to be its subject; the largest section of the so-called. social psychology. The term "E. etc. "... ... Wikipedia

ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY- ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY, 1) features of the spiritual life of ethnic groups, manifested in the so-called. ethnic or nat. character. Attempts to give an integral detailed description of ethnic groups. character to. l. the people of the world have so far been unsuccessful, since they were not taken into account ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

A discipline that studies the characteristics of the mental make-up and behavior of people of a certain ethnic community (See Ethnic Community). The main objects of ethnography are tribes, nationalities, nations, as well as ethnically specific groups ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Check information. It is necessary to verify the accuracy of the facts and the accuracy of the information presented in this article. There should be explanations on the talk page. Psychology of peoples (ethnic psychology ... Wikipedia

PSYCHOLOGY- PSYCHOLOGY, the science of the psycho, personality processes and their specifically human forms: perception and thinking, consciousness and character, speech and behavior. Soviet P. builds a common understanding of the subject P. based on the elaboration of the ideological heritage of Marx ... ... Great medical encyclopedia

ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY- see Ethnopsychology. A large psychological dictionary. M .: Prime EUROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 ... Big psychological encyclopedia

Process oriented psychology, Process Work is a theoretical and practical direction in psychology, combining a wide range of areas, including psychotherapy, personal ... ... Wikipedia

Process oriented psychology, Process Work is a theoretical and practical direction in psychology that combines a wide range of fields, including psychotherapy, personal growth and ... Wikipedia

D. p. Studies the nature and origins of individual and group differences in behavior. The measurement of such differences has generated an enormous amount of descriptive data, which in themselves represent a great deal of scientific and practical experience. interest. More ... ... Psychological encyclopedia

Ethnic tolerance- 1) the property of ethnicity. a community or its individual representative, characterized by a willingness to recognize and accept the legitimacy of culture, traditions, values, behavioral and communicative models, the way of life of other ethnic groups; 2) ethnic orientation ... ... Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Ethnic psychology. Textbook. Grif of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Labunskaya V.A. The book examines the historical path of the formation of ethnopsychology, analyzes ...