Dosing of mortar and concrete mixtures. Concrete mixtures of specified compositions. Dispensers. Reinforcement and concrete work. Distinguish between dispensers of cyclic and continuous action. Dispenser for liquids. The composition of the mixture and its adjustment

All sentences, in their structure, are divided into simple and complex, both in English and in other languages. With simple sentences, everything is quite simple, which cannot be said about complex ones, especially in English. Complex sentences are subdivided, in accordance with their composition, into complex and complex sentences. Compounds are composed of several equal parts. But complex ones include one main and one (or more) subordinate clause, while the second only explains the first. Subordinate clauses perform a wide range of functions in English: they can act as a subject, predicate, addition, circumstance, definition.

Subordinate clause as part of a complex subordinate clause

In English, in order to introduce a subordinate fragment into the complex structure of a complex sentence, as a rule, the following conjunctions and union words are used:

• that- what
• because- because
• if- if
• when- when
• since- with
• after- after
• before- before
• till- before
• though- although, etc.

It happens that in the use of union words are not needed.

• Tom never thought he should see them again. - Tom never thought he would see them again

Typology of subordinate clauses

Depending on the function performed, subordinate clauses in English were divided into types, which are named according to their role in phrases:

1 clauses

Subordinate clauses of this type perform, which is already understandable from the name, the function of the subject and answer the questions:

• Who? - who?
• what? - what?

It can be introduced by the following unions:

• What I told them yesterday is the lie. - What I told them yesterday is a lie

2.Preditive clauses (or predicates)

This type of subordinate clauses performs the function of the nominal part of the predicate. The question to which they answer:

• what is the subject?- what is the subject?

The same union words are used for their introduction as for the previous type.

• The question is whether Kate knows about his decision or not. - The question is, does Kate know about his decision or not.

3. Additional clauses

Questions answered by clauses

• whom? - whom
• what? - what?

In English, this type of sentence does not require a comma to separate it from the main sentence. Introductory union that may be overlooked. We can use the future tense even after the introductory word when :

• Jean knows when her friend will return. - Jane knows when her friend will return
• I don’t understand what I can do. - I don't understand what i can do

4 clauses

Questions that are answered by relative clauses:

• which? - which?
• what? - which?.

Definitive sentences are attached to the main one in a non-union way, or the following adverbs and pronouns are used to introduce the definitive parts of the phrase:

who - which	whom - which
whose - whose, which	which, that - which
when - when	where - where, where
why - why

If attributive sentences are introduced by pronouns whom ,whose and which , then there is a chance that a preposition will also be required. Definitive constructions refer to one of the members of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or pronoun, and there are given constructions after the member that they define.

• The house where my family once had a rest has been flooded. - The house where my family once rested was flooded

Here the relative clause together with the union where stands after the noun house:

• where my family once had a rest

5 adverbial clauses

The group of adverbial clauses is quite large. Depending on the "circumstances", they were divided into conditional, concessional, etc.

Manners and comparisons
The question answered:

• How? - How? How?

• The weather is not so nasty now as it was at the beginning of the month. - The weather is not as inclement as it was at the beginning of the month.

Causes
Answer the question

• Why? - Why?

The main sentence is joined using the words:

• As it's hot, I'll stay at home. - Since it's hot, I'll stay at home

Goals
Questions answered:

• what for? - why?
• f or what purpose? - for what purpose?

They can be introduced by such constructions as:

• in order that- so as to
• so that- to
• lest- so as not

The predicate in this type of sentence requires an auxiliary verb may (to be able) followed by the main verb in the infinitive. In Russian, in such cases, the subjunctive mood is used, in English it is absent. May it is not translated into Russian literally.

• In order that the students might say their opinions, it was mentioned about democracy in our country. - In order for students to speak (be able to speak) their opinions, it was mentioned about democracy in our country

Consequences
What matters is the consequence that follows from the whole phrase. Union that appends two (or more) parts of a phrase.

• The night was so hot that I could not sleep. - The night was so hot that I could not sleep.

The condemnatory
The question they usually answer

• in spite of what? - in spite of what?

Allied words that combine the phrase into a single whole:

Though (although) - although	However - no matter how
Whoever - whoever	Whatever - whatever
Whichever - whatever	As - although

• Whatever wages it is Nick will work here. - Whatever the salary, Nick will work here

Subordinate clauses
Attach adverbial conditionals to the main clause with:

Types of conditional clauses

There are three types of conditional clauses in English:

• Conditional of the first type express possible-feasible events that can relate to any of three times (present, future or past). Verbs are used in the indicative mood in both parts (main and subordinate) of the phrase.
  • If you leave a dog here, it will escape. - If you leave the dog here, it will run away
• Conditionals of the second type express unrealistic events or assumptions that relate to the present or the future.
  The conditional part uses either to be in the past tense, plural - were , or a verb in the past simple ( Past simple).
  • He would not wait, if he were you. - He wouldn't wait if he was you (was you)
  • If Lucy ceased to work, her family would have financial problems. - If Lucy stopped working, her family would have financial problems.
• Conditionals of the third type indicate unfulfilled events, assumptions that relate to the past.
  In the main part of the phrase, the following situation is observed with the temporal form of the predicate:
  would + Present Perfect "
  In the conditional part, the verb stands in Past perfect
  • I would have relaxed better, if it had not been for John. - I would have rested even better if it hadn't been for John

Purpose clauses are used when it is necessary to say for what purpose the action described in the main clause is performed. The most common type of target clauses are clauses that include particle infinitiveto.

in order to and so as to

In more formal communication situations, conjunctions are used. in order to and so as to in the same meaning.

in order not to and so as not to

In negative sentences, we use in order not to and so as not to in the meaning "so as not to ...":

So that or in order that

In formal written speech, you can also enter the target clause with so that or in order that... Usually in such sentences, the conjunction is followed by a modal verb. If the sentence contains can or will, then the action takes place in the present, if could or would - in the past.

Difference between so and so that

Difference between so and so that is that in the case of so that we imply that the action described in the main sentence was performed intentionally in order to achieve a certain result .

Ways to Express Purpose

There are a number of other ways to express purpose. The most common ones are presented below:

In case+ present verb- the action takes place in the present or will happen in the future

In case+ past tense verb- the action took place in the past

We draw your attention to the fact that after the conjunction in case there can be no will or would

For

For+ noun- to describe the purpose for which the action is performed

For+ gerund- to describe what the item is for or how it functions

Prevent

We can also use negative target clauses, implying that we are doing something to protect ourselves and avoid negative consequences. In this case, the verbs prevent and avoid are used.

Prevent+ noun / pronoun + (from) + gerund

Circumferential clauses perform the functions of various circumstances and answer questions when? when?, where? where?, where?, why? why?, how? as? etc.

According to their meaning, they are divided into adverbial clauses (1), places (2), reasons (3), consequences (4), mode of action (5), concessional (6), goals (7) and conditions (8).

Circumferential clauses separated by commas only then when they stand in front ofmain proposal.

Time clauses answer questions when?when?, how long?how long?,since when?since when? etc.

when - when whenever - whenever while -while, when, bye as - when, while, as after - after before -before before

till, until - until, until ... not as soon as - once as long as - while since - since by the time (that) - by the time and etc.

For example:

I was there before I came here.	I was there before I came here.
As I was going down the road , I met your sister.	As I walked down the street, I met your sister.
I won’t leave until you come.	I won't leave until you come.
I haven’t seen her since she left school.	I haven't seen her since she graduated from high school.
After the agreement had been signed, the delegation left Moscow.	After the agreement was signed, the delegation left Moscow.
We have not had any news from him since he left Moscow.	We have not heard from him since he left Moscow.
I shall stay here until(till) yon return.	I will stay here until you return.

Note 1: A feature of the subordinate clauses of time (as well as conditions) is that they never use a predicate verb in any of the future tenses ... If necessary, express future action in a subordinate clause, real tenses are used.

I'll buy that novel when it comes out.	I will buy that novel when it comes out.
You will be informed as soon as he comes.	You will be informed as soon as he arrives.
By the time you come , I shall be ready.	By the time you arrive, I'll be ready.
While you are having dinner, I shall be reading the newspaper.	While you dine, I will read the newspaper.
When I come back , I'll call you.	When I get back, I will call you.

Note 2... Russian Union when in meaning while corresponds to while or as:

While he was explaining all this , the phone rang.	When he was explaining all this, the phone rang.
While I was sitting in the garden, he came up to me.	When (while) I was sitting in the garden, he came up to me.
As I was coming here, I met your brother.	When (while) I walked here, I met your brother.

And in the meaning when match union when:

Note 3... Russian expression by the time translates into english as by the time that(and not: by the time when), and that it is often omitted here altogether:

I shall have finished the letter by the time (that) you come back.

I will already finish the letter by the time you will return.

Note 4... Russian dialect then in expression then when not translated into English:

Place clauses answer questions where?where? where?, from where?where? They are combined with the main sentence with union words: where - where, where; wherever - wherever, wherever .

For example:

She wanted to live where she was born.	She wanted to live where was born.
She stood where I had left her.	She stood where I left her.
The house stands where the road turns to the left.	The house is worth where the road turns left.
I like to spend my leave where I can shoot.	I like to spend my holidays where I can hunt.
Wherever he wen t, he was welcome.	Wherever he nor walked, he was welcomed everywhere.
They went where you sent them.	They went wherever you sent them.
I shall go where my brother lives.	I will go where my brother lives.
They stopped where the road turned to the river.	They stopped where the road turned towards the river.

The reason clauses answer the question why?why? They are linked to the main proposal by unions:

For example:

I'm late because I was very busy.	I was late because I was very busy.
Since you feel tired , you should rest.	Once you are tired, you need to rest.
He walked quickly for he was in a great hurry.	He walked quickly because he was in a hurry.
I believe you because I know you.	I believe you because I know you.
I went away because there was no one there.	I left as there was no one there.
As there were no porters, we had to carry the luggage ourselves.	Since there were no porters, we had to carry the luggage ourselves.
Since you have finished your work, you may go home.	Since you have finished your work, you can go home.
Now that he is here , he can help you.	Now that (because) he is here, he can help you.

Note: Please note that Russian now when translates into english as now that(and not: now when), and that, as in other cases, is often omitted:

Now (that) he is here , he can help you.

Now when he is here, he can help you.

The clauses of a consequence express a consequence that follows from the entire content of the main sentence. They connect with the main proposal by the union so that (so ... that) - so , instead of which in colloquial speech is often used so, for example:

He went to the lecture early so that he got a good seat.	He went to the lecture early, so he got a good seat.
The snow blew in our faces so we could hardly see.	The snow hit us in the face, so we could barely see.
She sat behind me so that (so) I could not see the expression on her face.	She was sitting behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.

And so can stand in the middle of the main sentence:

He was so embarrassed that he could hardly understand her.	He was so embarrassed that he could hardly understand her.
It was so hot that nobody wanted to do anything.	It was so hot that no one wanted to do anything.
The ball was so large that the child couldn’t hold it.	The ball was so large that the child could not hold it.
The weather was so bad that the plane could not start.	The weather was so bad that the plane could not take off.

1 . Clauses course of action answer the question how?as? how? They are linked to the main proposal by unions:

For example:

I will do as I like.	I will do what I want.
You must know this question as he does.	You should know this question as well as he.
He played so well that everybody admired him.	He played so well that everyone admired him.
She spoke as though nothing had happened .	She spoke as if nothing had happened.
You answer as if you did not know this rule.	You answer as if you do not know this rule.

Note 1:With unions as if and as though:

The subordinate clause uses Past Indefinite (or Past Continuous with long action), if the action or state expressed by a subordinate clause simultaneously with the action or state of the main clause. Past forms are used regardless of the tense of the main sentence verb.

He spoke as if (as though) he knew this question very well.	He spoke as if (as if) he knew the matter very well.
They walked slowly up the stairs as if (as though) they were carrying something heavy.	They walked slowly up the stairs, as if (as if) they were carrying something heavy.

Here we have essentially the subjunctive, which, however, coincides with the Past Indefinite indicative.

Verb to be after as if used in the form of the subjunctive mood, that is, the form were used with all singular and plural persons. However, in modern language, especially in colloquial speech, along with were with 1st and 3rd person singular is often used was:

He loved him as if he were (was) his son.	He loved him like a son (as if he were his son).
He looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he were (was) waiting for somebody.	He looked in the direction of the front door as if he were waiting for someone.

Note 2 : If the predicate of a relative clause expresses an action or state, prior the action or state of the predicate main sentence, then in the subordinate clause is used Past Perfect, no matter what tense the predicate of the main sentence is in:

Here we have essentially the subjunctive mood, which, however, coincides with the Past Perfect indicative mood.

Note 3 : If the subordinate clause is introduced by the union thatwhat, then the main sentence uses the words soso, such or suchsuch. Wherein so defines an adverb or adjective, and such defines a noun:

He played so well that everybody admired him.	He played so well that everyone admired him.
The airplane was flying at such a height that we could hardly see it.	The plane was flying at such an altitude that we could barely see it.

Offers with such ... that considered here for practical convenience in conjunction with proposals with so ... that although sentences with such(and also with so defining an adjective) could be attributed to attributive clauses.

2 ... Subordinate comparative clauses are connected to the main clause by unions:

than – how

as ... as - so (same) same ... like, (first as- in the main sentence)

(not) so ... as - (not) so (such) ... like, (so- in the main sentence)

the… the – what ... so, (second the- in the main sentence)

For example:

I couldn’t have done any more than they did.	I couldn't do more than them.
He works as quickly as I do.	It works as fast as I do.
The book is not so interesting as you think.	The book is not as interesting as you might think.
The more time you spend in the Crimea , the sooner you will recover.	The more time you spend in Crimea, the sooner you will get better.

Note: In the presence of the ... the future tense after the first the(i.e. in the subordinate clause) is replaced by this one.

Degenerative clauses indicate a circumstance in spite of which the action of the main clause is performed. They are linked to the main proposal by unions:

though, (although) - although in spite of the fact that - although however - howsoever

whoever - whoever whatever - whatever whichever - Whichever

For example:

She did not cry though the tears were often in her eyes.	She did not cry, although there were often tears in her eyes.
Although the weather was bad , we went for a walk.	Although the weather was bad, we went for a walk.
Whatever I may do , he is never content.	No matter what I do, he is never satisfied.
He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.	He came out despite the fact that he had a very cold.
Though (although) it was only nine o "clock, there were few people in the streets.	Although it was only nine o'clock, there were few people on the streets.
Whatever happens , she won’t have it her own way.	Whatever happens, she will not be able to do her own way.

Purpose clauses indicate the purpose for which the action of the main clause is performed, and answer questions what for?why? for what?, for what purpose?for what purpose? They are linked to the main proposal by unions:

so that- so that; colloquially just so

in order that - (to

lest - so as not

The predicate of these sentences is expressed by the verbs may (might) or should + infinitive without to.

May used when the predicate in the main sentence is expressed by a verb in the present or future tense, and might - when the verb is in the past tense. Should used regardless of the tense in which the verb appears in the main sentence. Verbs may (might) and should are not independently translated into Russian.

Write to him at once so that he may know our plans.	Write to him now so that he knows about our plans.
The teacher speaks slowly so that (in order that) his pupils may understand him.	The teacher speaks slowly so that his students understand him (can understand him).
I gave him the text-book so that (in order that) he might learn his lesson.	I gave him a textbook so he can learn a lesson (can learn a lesson)
I "ll ring him up at once so (so that) he shouldn "t wait for me.	I will call him immediately so that he does not wait for me.
so that you may be able to read it before I hand it to the typist.
so that she might be able to find his house easily.

Instead of may can be used can, and instead of might - could:

He spoke loudly and clearly so that all could hear him.	He spoke loudly and clearly so that everyone could hear him.
I shall write the letter immediately so that you can read it before I hand it to the typist.	I will write the letter immediately so that you can read it before I hand it over to the typist.
He drew a plan of the village so that she could find his house easily.	He drew a plan of the village so that she could easily find his home.

Predictable in proposals introduced by the union lest, stands in the affirmative, since the union itself lest has a negative meaning " so as not":

Write down all the new words from the text lest you should forget them.	Write out all the new words from the text so that you do not forget them.
I'll ring her up lest she should forget about it.	I'll call her so she doesn't forget about it.
She drew a plan for me lest I should lose the way.	She drew me a plan so that I would not lose my way.

In bookish language, target clauses are sometimes combined with main conjunctions. that and lest.

Union lest used with the meaning that ... not to ... not.

After lest predicate is expressed by a combination should with an infinitive. Particle not with the predicate is not used, since the union lest contains denial.

Instead of combining should with the infinitive, the present tense of the subjunctive is sometimes used:

The invitations were sent out early that the delegates might arrive in time for the conference.	Invitations were sent out in advance so that delegates could arrive (could arrive) on time for the conference.
We wrapped the instruments in oilcloth lest they should be damaged by sea water (= lest they be damaged by sea water).	We wrapped the tools with oilcloth so that they would not be damaged by the sea water.

When there is one subject in the main and subordinate clauses, the subordinate clause is usually replaced by an infinitive turnover (as in Russian). In such cases, the infinitive can be preceded by unions in order, so as to.

These conjunctions, however, are rarely used, especially in colloquial speech:

I am going to the lecture early so that I may get a good seat. = I am going to the lecture early to get (so as to get, in order to get) a good seat.	I go to the lecture early to get a good seat.
They left home at five o "clock so that they should not be late for the lecture. = They left home at five o "clock not to be late (so as not to be late) for the lecture.	They left the house at five o'clock so as not to be late for the lecture.

Note.It should be borne in mind that the Russian union to before the infinitive can be translated by unions in order, so as only when the infinitive expresses a purpose:

In other cases to before the infinitive cannot be translated into English by unions in order or so as:

He's too tired to go to the theater.	He is too tired to go to the theater.
He is hardy enough to take part in this expedition.	He is strong enough to take part in the expedition.
I have no time, to do the job today.	I haven’t any time to do this work today.

A complex clause with a conditional clause, called for brevity conditional sentence such a complex sentence is called, in which the possibility of performing the action expressed in the main sentence depends on certain conditions expressed in the subordinate clause. The clauses of the condition are connected to the main clause by unions:

if - if

in case - when

supposing (that), suppose (that) - if, suppose (what)

unless - if not

provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that) - provided if, provided that

For example:

If we start off now, we’ll arrive there by dinner time.	If we go now, we'll be there for lunch.
He won "t go there unless he is invited.	He will not go there if he is not invited.
If I see him tomorrow , I shall ask him about it.	If I will see him tomorrow, I will ask him about it.
We can deliver the machine in December provided (that) we receive your order within the next ten days.	We can deliver the car in December provided if we will receive your order within the next ten days.

In subordinate conditional clauses (as well as in subordinate tense), the predicate is used in the present tense, if the future tense is used in the main clause:

They will be glad if you go and see them.	They will be glad if you visit them.
If he has time , he will go there.	If he has time, he will go there.
We’ll have the party outside if it does not rain.	We'll have an outdoor party if it doesn't rain.

For more details see the section: "Verb. Subjunctive mood. Conditional clauses ."

The devices with which the components of the concrete mixture and solutions are measured are called metering devices or measuring devices.

According to technical conditions, to ensure the required quality of concrete and mortars, the measuring accuracy should be: cement and water - ± 1%, aggregates - ± 2%.
There are two dosing methods available: by volume and by weight.

Volumetric batchers are the simplest in design, but do not provide high accuracy, since the bulk density of aggregates varies greatly depending on moisture content (for example, when the moisture content of sand changes from 0 to 6%, the bulk density increases by 32-37%), and cement - from the degree of compaction (up to 50%).

Therefore, at this time, the volumetric dosage of the constituents of concrete is allowed only for lumpy material, where the volume changes slightly with moisture. Weight batching provides greater metering accuracy, but weighing batchers have a more complex device than volumetric ones. According to the existing technical conditions, cement and sand in the preparation of high quality concrete must be measured by weight.

From the point of view of the quality of concrete, it is necessary to apply only the weight dosage of aggregates and cementitious concretes and mortars.

Weighing dosing devices can have manual, semi-automatic and automatic remote control.

Rice. 200. Diagram of a dosing tank for water
1 - tank body; 2 - scale; 3 and 6 - tubes; 4 - air valve; 5 - siphon knee; 7-tap; 8-tube; 9 - tank filling indicator.

Volumetric dispensers for water are usually installed on mixing machines and very rarely separately from them. They all work according to the siphon principle. In the tank body 1 (Fig. 200) there is a siphon knee 5, which is connected with a three-way tap 7 to a water supply and a pipe 8 for draining water into the mixer drum. Water from the water supply fills the tank, displacing air through the air valve 4. As soon as the valve with its seat closes the hole connecting the tank body to the atmosphere, the water flow will stop, and the pointer 9 will rise, indicating that the tank is full.

When the tap is switched to the drain position, water from the tank flows through the siphon and pipe 8 into the mixing drum, and the valve is lowered, letting air into the tank body. The water will drain from the tank until its level reaches the opening of the tube 6. At this moment, the air through the tubes 6 and 3 is clogged into the siphon, the water stream will break and the drain will stop. The required volume of drained water is set on a scale 2 by tilting the tube 6 in the vertical plane. The higher its end is raised, the less the dose of water drained from the tank will be, and vice versa.

Volumetric batchers for concrete and mortar aggregates represent a metal box, consisting of two sections. The lower section (in the form of an overturned truncated pyramid) can be raised and lowered using bolts, respectively, increasing or decreasing the volume of the measure. On the outside of the upper section, there is a scale with divisions in liters. The upper section is fixed on a frame, from which the measuring device is suspended. A receiving funnel with a shutter (most often a sector one) is installed on the frame from above. The shutter is opened and closed by a lever manually.

Weighing batchers are manufactured in batch and continuous operation. Their work is based on the principle of balance of mechanisms with lever weighing devices with a variable shoulder ratio.

In batch batchers (Fig. 201) weighing is carried out in a weighing hopper 4, suspended on a system of load-receiving levers 3, which are connected to a weighing mechanism with a dial indicator 6. The weighing mechanism is adjusted to weigh a given portion by moving the weights along its levers. Inlet funnels 2 are installed on the frame 1 of the dispenser

Rice. 201. Automatic weighing batcher for aggregates
1 - wound; 2 - funnels; 3 - load-receiving levers; 4- bunker; 5 - shutter; 6 - dial indicator; 7 - electro-air valve,
and in the lower part of the hopper there is an outlet valve 5.

The control of the gates of the funnels and the hopper can be manual, semi-automatic and automatic. When manually operated, the gates are closed and opened manually; when semi-automatic, they are opened manually and closed automatically by pneumatic cylinders; with automatic - the gates are opened and closed by pneumatic cylinders, each of which is controlled by an electric air valve 7.

The weighing system is used individually, in which each measuring hopper is designed for one type of material, and in a group, when the measuring hopper is designed to measure several types of dry components of the concrete mixture (usually no more than three). With an individual weighing system, the dosing cycle is reduced several times.

In continuous batchers, the continuously moving layer of the mixture constituents is weighed. They are used for batching materials in continuous plants.

After preparation, the concrete mix is ​​loaded into concrete mixer trucks and sent to the construction site. How is the order and delivery of concrete mix according to the concreting schedule described? .