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Compound nominal predicate (SIS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part - bunch(conjugated verb) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SIS = bunch + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick ; He was sick; He was injured; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Link type by value	Typical verbs	Examples of
1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs be, be... In the present tense, the ligament to be usually stands in zero form ("zero ligament"): the absence of a ligament indicates the present indicative mood.	He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor . He was sick. He will be sick. He is sick . He is sick. Lyrics is the highest manifestation of art.
2. Semi-cognitive ligament - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that sense).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the feature: to stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) assessment of the feature from the point of view of reality: seem, seem, introduce, reckon, be famous; e) the name of the feature: be called, be called, honored.	He became sick. He remained sick. He was sick every fall. He turned out to be sick. He considered sick. He seemed sick. He is sick. He was known to be sick. Their called sick.
3. A significant link is a verb with full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of movement: go, come, come back, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	She sat tired. He left angry. He returned upset. He lived as a hermit. He born happy. He died a hero.

Verb to be can act as an independent simple verb predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possession:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, become etc. can also be independent simple verb predicates, but in a different meaning:

He found himself in the center of the city; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant linkage, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf. He sat by the window). If the verb becomes a bundle, then its meaning turns out to be less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what he sat and not stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

a significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical link to be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;

the bundle can be made zero:

He sat tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He first.

If the verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Methods of expressing the nominal part

The form	Examples of
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in the nominative or instrumental case	He's my brother . He was my brother.
1.2. Indirect noun with or without a preposition	The navigator was in oblivion. I'm penniless. This house is Meshkova.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	Son-in-law was a silent breed. This girl is tall.
2. Adjective name
2.1. Short adjective	He's cheerful. He became cheerful.
2.2. Complete adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	He's funny. He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective
3. Communion
3.1. Short participle	He's hurt. The windows were broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental	The glass was broken. The glass was broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All fish are yours. it something new.
5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut is the third from the edge. Their hut was third from the edge.
6. Adverb	I was on my guard. His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!

1) Even if a predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the predicate nominal part;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by an integral phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is mistaken for a verb, therefore the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -л appears in the verb, and the link was appeared in the short adjective or participle was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(ASG). - He was sick;
He is sick(SIS). - He was ill ;
The city is taken(SIS). - Town He was taken .

2. A short adjective of the neuter gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the shape of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

Wed: The sea is calm;

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine noun, masculine, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good ;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of a short adjective will change; you can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm a; The seas are calm NS; The sea is calm oh ).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal, is mistakenly disassembled as a secondary term - the definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is asked which? to the given name.

4. The nominative part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between subject and predicate if both terms are expressed in nominative forms.

To distinguish between subject and predicate, expressed by the forms of the nominative case, consider the following:

the subject usually precedes the predicate:

Moscow is the capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

Wed: A good man, Ivan Ivanovich;

the demonstrative particle it stands or can be placed before the predicate:

note that in sentences like: It's good ; This is my brother - this is is a subject, a demonstrative pronoun in the nominative;

the subject can only be expressed by the nominative; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and the instrumental. If you put a bundle in the sentence to be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a conjunction to appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

The plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb stands.

Sample parsing

Life is good.

Good OK expressed in an adverb; grammatical link to be

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed as an ordinal in the nominative case; significant bunch came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This guy is of average height.

Middle-height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part middle-height expressed as an integral phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link to be- in zero form; a zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.

A copular verb in English (Copular Verb) is a word that helps you to establish a connection between a subject and a compound nominal predicate, namely, to harmonize them in number, person and time, so that something like "He will go yesterday" does not turn out ...

Unlike other languages, an English predicate must always contain a verb: regular, modal, bunch. If it is not there, then you definitely made a mistake. However, we are lucky that our comrade does not express any action, but only helps to correctly interpret the statement.

The most common linking verb in English can be considered to be- to be. It can be used in its initial form as well as others:

Present time:

• I - am:

I am your father, Luke. - Luke, I am your father.

• he, she, it - is:

He is my cousin and best friend. - He is my cousin and best friend.

• we, you, they - are:

We are your neighbors. - We are your neighbors.

Past tense:

• I, he, she, it - was:

She was one of the war heroes. - She was one of the heroes of the war.

• You, we, they - were:

You were the man who cooked that soup. “You were the man who made the soup.

Future tense– will be for all pronouns:

They will be your assistants here. - Here they will be your assistants.

In these cases negative and interrogative forms need to make up with to be, not the auxiliary verbs you memorized for simple tenses:

Is he your friend from Brazil? - Is he your friend from Brazil?
We were not upset because of the bad weather. - We were not upset because of the bad weather.

It is also worth remembering how to be maybe shrink with personal pronouns:

I ’M, he ’S, she ’S, it ’S, we ’Re, you ’Re, they ’Re:

You ’Re the pilot we’ve been looking for. - You are the pilot we are looking for.

Undoubtedly, the most problematic cases are those when there is no predicate in a sentence in the native language: I am a student, we are children, etc. To avoid annoying mistakes, remember one of the most important rules of the English language - in a sentence be sure to must be a verb: I am a student, we are children!

If you suddenly hear from your English-speaking friend a phrase like: "They in the movie theater" (They are in the movie), then this is just a colloquial form in which the predicate is allowed to be skipped. Of course, not for you, who still have to pass exams, this can be done.

Of course, apart from to be other representatives of this class may also meet:

State verbs: to appear, to keep, to lie, to play, to prove, to rest, to stay, to stand, etc.

All the children kept silent on that sad day. - All the children were silent on that sad day.

I played hurt until they left. - I pretended to be offended until they left the room.

Perception verbs: to look, to seem, to smell, to feel, to taste, etc.

He looks gorgeous. - He looks amazing.
Your words taste bitter. - Your words taste bitter.

State change verbs: to become, to grow, to come, to fade, to go, to fall, to run, to turn, etc.

The sky grew pale. - The sky turned pale.

My uncle went crazy on learning the news. “My uncle went crazy when he heard the news.

His little face turned red while he was sobbing. His little face turned red as he sobbed.

The main meaning linking verbs can be summarized as follows:

• To be - existence and state:

Richard is the best chef in this restaurant. - Richard is the best chef in this restaurant.

• Become, show up:

The lasagna turned out delicious. - The lasagna was delicious.

• Perceived:

My old prom dress smelt honey. - My old prom dress smelled honey.

So, the linking verb in English connects and reconciles the main members of the sentence. He can be a jack of all trades to be or other verbs. Most importantly, do not forget about them when you start writing or speaking in English, otherwise you will not be appreciated.

Ligaments serve to express the grammatical meaning of full-valued words or to link syntactic elements. For example: Moscow this iswonderful city! (this is- acts as a link from the demonstrative pronoun).

The main function ligaments is reduced to the expression predicativeness in predicates, the lexical meaning of which does not contain signs time and inclinations. As a result of syntactic use, the link is used in compound predicates (... started working, is a student ..., ... to be a teacher ... etc.) and in an impersonal sentence ( It was fun; It became gloomy etc.), where the predicate is expressed by the word of the category of state.

Morphologically the bundles differ from all other service parts of speech. The most common ligaments are:

• 1) word to be;
• 2) various auxiliary verbs (to become, to become, to appear, to be, to seem, to be, to be, to be and etc.);
• 3) words that have lost their lexical meaning (it's like, exactly how, what etc.).

Usually, the bundles are distributed according to the parts of speech with which they correspond: be, become, become, seem - verbal ligaments; it's like that – pronouns;exactly like etc. - adverbial.

Composition verbal ligaments increases as a result of the grammaticalization of the semantics of the verb performing ligament function. Verb connectives have a general grammatical verb meaning - mood, time, face- and are used in the impersonal form of the corresponding syntactic construction: It became light and joyful in my soul; She became lonely in a distant village; In the sky, it begins to sparkle and rumble.

Bunch to be(and zero bundle) in combination with short forms of the adjective and words of the category state forms analytical morphological forms of a compound predicate: She (was) smart and beautiful; It was cold outside.

For compound nominal predicate, as for compound verb, it is characterized by a separately formulated expression of semantic and grammatical meanings. The difference between these two types of compound predicate lies in the grammatical semantics of the attribute contained in the main component: active or passive is this sign. Main component(nominal, or binding, part) of a compound nominal predicate denotes passive feature and by virtue of this, it is represented by various forms of names or categories of words, according to their properties with names that are close. Helper component represents bundle - a conjugated form of an incomplete verb.

The purpose of a binding component is an expression modal-temporal, modal-evaluative, gradual values and formal subordination predicate subject. These functions are performed by linking verbs to be, to become, to become, to appear, to be, to seem, to be considered, to be, to look, to have a reputation etc. Linking verb to be is an indicator of modal-temporal values ​​and is usually absent in the present tense: In a foggy field longway / And the burden not easy(D. Kedrin). In this case, the predicate is qualified as compound nominal with a zero link. Gradual semantics is conveyed by the nominal part of the predicate, its semantics: long, (not) easy.

Other bundles transmit modal-evaluative and gradual values:

• 1) the meaning of the presence, existence of a sign (appear, stay, be); And here she is in my garden / There was a lady of the county, /With a sad thought in the eyes, / French book in hand(A. Pushkin); Dubrovin was inthe very plight(E. Boratynsky);
• 2) the meaning of becoming, detection of a sign (to become, (c) to be done, to be); Meanwhile, Varvara Vasilievna becameTokarev again all the nicer(V. Veresaev); People's faces become delicate and beautifulfrom this light(K. Paustovsky);
• 3) the meaning of the alleged, apparent feature, its assessment from the point of view of the speaker or others ( seem, reckon, look). And in due time was considered the firstby province grip ...(I. Turgenev); The faces were scarlet, road and rye seemed drenched in bloodand wheatgrass greens on the fringes lookedyet greener and brighter(V. Veresaev). Scientific discussion

Currently, the question of the connective function of full-valued verbs in combination with a name... Verbs with the meaning of displacement, position in space, states are recognized ligaments or are interpreted as simple verbal predicates with a predicative definition: How often on your shores / Wandered I am quiet and foggy, / We languish with cherished intent! (A. Pushkin); Grandfather returned cheerful, as drunk, even though he hardly drank wine(K. Paustovsky). In such constructions, two predicative features are expressed - active(full-valued conjugated verb, not subject to grammaticalization, unlike the ligament) and passive(named component with predicative value): ( returned) brooding(= "dreamy, immersed in thoughts, reflections"), ( came) tired(= "experiencing weakness, loss of strength after prolonged work"), (lies) sick (= "afflicted with some kind of disease" / "in pain") and the like. The presence of two predicative features made it possible to qualify such expressions as double predicate(A. A. Shakhmatov) or how real compound predicate(A. M. Peshkovsky). In many ways, such predicates are transitional, since full-valued verbs, combined with nominal predicative forms, retain their lexical meaning and denote a specific action. Obviously, this type of predicate somehow conveys gradual semantics.

The nominative part of a compound nominal predicate is represented by categories of words expressing passive sign, forms of nouns, adjectives, participles, as well as nouns and pronouns. Wed:

Your name - bird in hand, / Your name - piece of ice in the language (M. Tsvetaeva); You are bright star the mysterious world (P. Vyazemsky); But I, too, once lived in Leningrad. And now here watchman(S. Voronin); Teachers were the ringleaders in the village club (V. Astafiev); Gray steppe on fire(D. Kedrin); Was without joys love, / Parting will be without sorrow(M. Lermontov).

Gradual semantics is expressed primarily a null-linked named component, which can be represented by the full forms of adjectives and participles in the nominative or instrumental cases. For example: Faceat the pariahchangeable, nimble, tenacious eyes, clever, fussy hands(V. Astafiev) // (face)changeable -"easily changing, prone to change", nimble -"fast, evasive"; (eyes) tenacious- "tightly grabbing, clinging", smart -"quick-witted, quick-witted"; (hands)fussy -"hasty and disorderly". Graduation of a sentence-statement occurs as a result of the intensification of the feature and the use of the gradation technique (face ... - eyes ... - hands ...). Or compare: Ladyseemed angry, did not get enough sleep and quarreled with the conductor(A. N. Tolstoy); Kozlovsky's face was exhausted, - he apparently did not sleep either(L. Tolstoy). it productive the type of predicate in terms of the expression of graduality.

In function nominal part with zero link are:

• 1) short forms of adjectives (predicatives) and passive participles: Are cold andshortJanuary days, are longand drearycold nights(V. Astafiev); Inside me jumbleddarkness and light ...(D. Kedrin); Photographerwas attachedfor the night at the foreman of the raft office(V. Astafiev);
• 2) forms of comparative and analytical superlatives of qualitative adjectives: AND deviousnorthern night, / and drunk golden ai, / And gypsy love shorter / wereyour terrible caresses ...(A. Blok); Look at the stars: between them / Sweeter than all one! (E. Baratynsky);
• 3) high-quality phrases: Tatyana Borisovna is very wonderful woman(I. Turgenev); She is very living person and efficient(V. Veresaev); Two years younger me was(V. Rasputin). In this case, the word denoting a predicative feature does not have semantic sufficiency for its representation (man, man, woman, thing, thing etc.) and requires an additional indicative component that conveys the value of a measure, degree, magnitude: wonderful (female), alive and efficient (human), two years younger etc.

A compound nominal predicate with gradual semantics can be complicated, while the complication occurs due to the auxiliary component, which acquires an additional phase or modal meaning, and the linking verb is used in the infinitive:

I AM could be happy(K. Ryleev); Listening to Sergei Mitrofanovich, a person ceased to be lonely(V. Astafiev); So, after all, you are exactly proving that teacher can be only a gifted person (V. Veresaev); ...you want to be kind, beneficent despot ... (N. Chernyshevsky).

As a result of quantification, sentences are graded in which a composite nominal predicate includes pronouns and numeral names:

What Hey, such is and the answer (ate); It was bad that I stood first, and Venya Behind me(D. Granin); The fox walks by the stream, / The stream barely sounds. / Only that fox - draw,/ And her headdress is red nobody's(P. Kogan).

Unproductive, syncretic from the point of view of semantics are sentences where the role of the nominal component is played not by nominal, but functionally close to names, unchangeable forms - adverb