United Kingdom. The Laborites came to power for the second time in 1929. They used the outbreak of the economic crisis as an excuse to reject their election promises. Moreover, unemployment benefits and social spending began to decline. This provoked protests from workers, demonstrations and "hunger trips" of the unemployed. In 1931 the government was forced to resign. There was a split in the Labor Party. Some of its leaders joined the coalition "national government" together with the conservatives and liberals.
France. An economic crisis hit France in the early 1930s. Half of the workers faced unemployment. 10 thousand small enterprises and 100 thousand small merchants were ruined.
In this situation, in 1932 a government of radicals and socialists came to power. Following the example of the German industrial magnates, the French big bourgeoisie began to support fascist groups, the largest of which was the Battle Crosses organization. On February 6, 1934, 20 thousand armed members of fascist organizations took to the streets of Paris in order to seize power. In the capital, workers came out against the fascist detachments. On February 12, the country was engulfed in a strike, the participants of which demanded to curb fascism.
In the summer of 1934, a pact of unity of action against the threat of fascism was concluded between the communist and socialist parties. In 1935, the Popular Front was created, which included the parties of communists, socialists, radicals, anti-fascist women's, youth and other organizations.
The Popular Front's program provided for the dissolution of fascist groups, the nationalization of the Bank of France, an increase in taxes on big capital, capital export control, the creation of national unemployment funds, the recognition of the rights of trade unions to conclude collective agreements with entrepreneurs, the introduction of paid vacations, the establishment of fixed prices for food, support for agricultural cooperatives, nationalization of the military industry, the struggle for collective security in Europe and the limitation of weapons.
In 1936, the Popular Front parties won the parliamentary elections. The government was headed by the socialist Leon Blum. Fascist organizations were banned, the French Bank was nationalized, a 40-hour working week was established with an increase in wages of workers and employees, a state bureau was created for the purchase of agricultural products, etc. But large entrepreneurs announced a boycott of the government, they became to close factories in France. The prime minister has gone into retirement. Subsequent governments abandoned the Popular Front program. In 1938, the Popular Front collapsed. Representatives of the right-wing bourgeois parties were in power. Many of the conquests of the Popular Front were canceled.
USA. The stunning event was the fall in the stock price on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929 (in three weeks the stock price fell by 40%). This is how the world economic crisis of 1929-1933 began.
It has had the most dire consequences for the American economy. More than 5 thousand banks were bankrupt. Millions of Americans have lost all their savings. For three years, industrial production has decreased by 2 times. Wage rates have decreased by 2 times. By the spring of 1933, there were up to 17 million unemployed in the country. On the outskirts of large cities, villages grew from shacks, where people huddled who had lost their jobs and homes. Hundreds of thousands of farmers have been ruined by falling agricultural prices.
In the summer of 1930, the National Council of the Unemployed was formed in Chicago. Mass demonstrations and "hunger campaigns" began.
In this situation, in the fall of 1932, Democratic candidate Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945) won the presidential elections. Roosevelt called his presidential program the New Deal. The new administration began with the support of large banks, the concentration of the entire US gold reserve in the hands of the state, and the devaluation of the dollar. One of the first was the law on the regulation of agriculture, according to which state aid was provided to farmers. The state corporation bought part of the farmers' products, forced the farmers to reduce the sown area for certain crops, to reduce the number of livestock.
A special role was assigned to the law on the restoration of national industry. It provided for the introduction of codes of "fair competition", which set the length of the working day, minimum wages and the distribution of markets among firms. Companies that signed such codes received government support.
The state also tried to regulate the relationship between entrepreneurs and workers. It supported the rights of trade unions and at the same time retained the role of arbiter (judge-mediator) in conflicts between workers and business owners. To reduce unemployment, public works programs were carried out, from cleaning streets to building roads and other facilities. Particular support was given to the Resource Conservation Civil Corps, which recruited young people to work. For 10 years more than 3 million Americans have passed through it. A law was passed, according to which, for the first time in the United States, social security for unemployment, disability and old age (from 65 years old) was introduced.
The actions of the "New Deal" caused a controversial attitude among the Americans. Some newspapers claimed that the president "opened the way for communism", while others - for fascism. He himself explained the motives of his actions as follows: “We are against the revolution. Therefore, we are waging a war against the conditions that trigger the revolution - inequality and injustice. "
Roosevelt also changed the nature of foreign policy. He established diplomatic relations with the USSR. The United States actively helped the USSR to implement the industrialization program: equipment for factories and plants under construction was sold in the USSR, thousands of American spice alists worked there. The USSR, in turn, contributed to the fact that the United States was able to get out of the economic crisis. Roosevelt began to pursue a "good neighbor" policy towards the countries of Latin America.
In the presidential elections in 1936, F. Roosevelt won and again became president. During this period, an 8-hour working day was established at all enterprises and institutions in the United States.
F.D. Roosevelt was the most popular president in US history. He was elected to this position four times.
Authoritarian regimes ... In the 30s. XX century authoritarian regimes also emerged in Europe. In Hungary, the dictator Horthy was able to finally suppress the revolutionary movement by 1931. By 1934, the revolutionary movement was also suppressed in Austria. In 1935, the dictatorship of Yu. Pilsudski was established in Poland.
A characteristic feature of dictatorial regimes was that they were ruled by aristocrats, generals and land magnates. Monarchs (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria) often became dictators. Most states with authoritarian regimes were drawn into economic cooperation with Nazi Germany. War propaganda has become fashionable. Many Europeans, especially young people, believed that it was during the war that the best qualities of a citizen were manifested - fighting spirit, obedience to the leader and patriotism.
Lesson 8. Democratic countries of Europe in the 1930s. Great Britain, France.
The purpose of the lesson: describe the consequences of the First World War for France and Great Britain; analyze the socio-economic and political development of countries in the 20-30s, highlight the factors of political instability; to form the ability to analyze and generalize historical events, compare them and draw conclusions.
Lesson type: a lesson in learning new material.
Equipment: textbook, illustration.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Learning a new topic.
United Kingdom
Having emerged victorious from the World War, Great Britain began to play a significant role in the political life of Europe and the world. The internal political line of the government was entirely aimed at restoring the domestic economy, burdened by the world war. Compared to other victorious countries, Great Britain could not get ahead in terms of its economic development, but only restored its pre-war level. At the same time, as in other countries of Western Europe, the living standard of the so-called. middle class .
The capitalist model of the UK economy allowed industry to quickly free itself from the military-state tutelage and expand significantly. Like other Western countries, the UK saw an increase in business and trade. The development of the commercial and industrial base made it possible to "draw" large strata of English society into the orbit of entrepreneurship. The "economic boom", accelerated rates of development and, as it seemed to many, the era of prosperity ended abruptly with the arrival of The world economic crisis of 1929-1933. A sharp collapse in prices, the closure and bankruptcy of companies and, as a result of all this, - unemployment, led to massive protests, which were often suppressed by force.
Only after the end of the crisis Great Britain began to recover and come to its senses, but the collapse of industry that occurred during the years of the crisis, she could not overcome to the end. Gradually, this country from the first player in Europe, began to retreat to the second and third plans. This retreat took shape after the Second World War, when Great Britain was included in the orbit of the most powerful country - the United States.
In the 1920s-1930s. began to play a large role in the life of English societyunions ... These organizations, defending the rights of workers, during this period of time became a fairly powerful force of influence in the UK. In 1925, when the government cut government funding for the coal industry, mine owners began to cut miners' wages, close unprofitable (inefficient, unprofitable) mines, and fire miners en masse. In response, the UK trade unions declared a general strike in May 1926. The government's forceful measures against the workers almost led to a social explosion and revolution. In fact, only concession from the trade unions did not lead English society into protracted conflict. Some of the workers went on strike until 1927, without obtaining any concessions from the capitalists.
Despite this, the ruling Conservative Party was defeated in the 1929 parliamentary elections. Society supportedLabor Party , acting from the standpoint of social democracy, so popular in the lower strata of English society. The outbreak of the economic crisis was not conducive to the success of Labor. In the next election, they lost 1st place to the Conservatives, who were the leading party until the 1945 election.
The foreign policy of Great Britain was aimed at the inadmissibility of a repetition of the horrors of the First World War. At the same time, while remaining the leading colonial power, it was in the 1930s. ruthlessly suppressed national liberation movements and uprisings in their colonies - in India, Burma, on the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and a number of others.
In European politics, Great Britain, together with its ally, France, throughout the 1920s. tried to dominate in Europe and set itself the goal of fighting Bolshevism, being the most consistent in this. The Anglo-Soviet crisis of 1927, associated with the alleged support of the strike movement through the International, almost led to a war between Great Britain and the USSR. The parties broke off diplomatic relations and were in an extremely tense state with each other until 1939.
Another side in British politics was the so-called. appeasement policy, that is, "flirting" with Hitler's Germany. The British government, seeking to unfold Germany's predatory plans from West to East, did everything possible to help Hitler. It turned a blind eye to open non-compliance with the clauses of the Versailles Treaty and to an increase in military spending. All this led to the next redistribution of Europe, and then a new conflict - the Second World War of 1939-1945.
France
As a continental European power, France was a country that played one of the key roles in the victory over Germany in the First World War. The battles of the World War took place on the territory of France, which could not but affect the economic integrity of these lands.
As in the rest of the Western world, in France in the 1920s there was an increase in industrial production, the rise of trading companies, and an economic boom. France's economic growth was 40% of the pre-war level. It was a country whose citizens believed that all the horrors of the war were behind them, and that they should now enjoy life, since such a century of upsurge would always continue. They led a measured rhythm of life, trying to forget the monstrous losses of the war, to erase all the worst from their memory. "Anything you want, but not war" - this was a kind of attitude of French society.
As in other Western countries, in France at this time there is middle class society, which largely influences politics and is the very pillar on which the economic development of the state rests. The growth of capital investment, mostly by the middle class, contributed to the growth of the economy as a whole.
The rapid industrial growth turned into a catastrophic recession associated withThe world financial crisis of 1929-1933. Just like in other Western countries, where the crisis was raging, in France there was a tendency towards a fall in industrial production. In the midst of the crisis, unprofitable enterprises were closed, which led to massive layoffs and an increase in unemployment. The French, like other residents of "crisis countries", were acutely worried about the times that had come. The dissatisfaction that was growing day by day poured into ever-widening support for the so-called.The Popular Front , which united in itself all left and center-left political forces (communists, social democrats, etc.), and which supported the movement of workers.In the 1936 elections, representatives of the Popular Front won a convincing victory and took first place. But after a short time, power in France was able to take the rightists, which predetermined further catastrophic events for the country.
In foreign policy, France adhered to the same attitude as its ally in the First World War - Great Britain: to prevent a repetition of the horrors of war.
Adolf Hitler, who came to power in 1933, did not hide his hostile attitude towards the countries of the so-called. Western democracies, forced France to start looking for allies on the European continent (see Fig. 3). In 1935, agreements were signed with Czechoslovakia and the USSR.
At the same time, following in the mainstream of the British foreign policy, France "flirted" with Hitlerite Germany, trying to redirect her predatory plans from the West to the East. Later, as if freeing its hands to the aggressive plans of Germany in Europe, France itself became a victim of the Second World War that began in 1939 and ended up under the occupation regime of the former vanquished - Germany.
III. Consolidation of the studied material.
Conversation.
How was social compromise achieved in France and Great Britain in the post-war period?
What are the strengths of the Popular Front's activities?
What new have you learned about France and Great Britain today?
IV. Homework.
§11, questions, tasks.
Methodical development of a history lesson in grade 9
M International relations in the 1930s
Yakovlev Andrey Vladimirovich,
history and social studies teacher
GBOU SOSH №68
| Developer: |
Yakovlev Andrey Vladimirovich, teacher of history and social studies, secondary school №362 |
| Item | History |
| Class | Grade 9 |
| Occupation type | Study of new material with elements of discussion; lesson-seminar. |
| Lesson technology (methods, forms of organization of activities) |
Group work; answers to teacher's questions; work with historical documents and maps; comprehension of audiovisual material; technology for the development of critical thinking. |
| Theme | International relations in the 1930s |
| Target | The purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the history of international relations in the 1930s. Subject results: to know the main fact from the history of the development of international relations in the 1930s; determine the places of historical events, working with a historical map; analyze statistical handouts; compare the history of international relations in the 1930s with possible historical parallels; to present the reasons for the decisions of the political leaders of certain states in the period under review; identify moral values when assessing certain events (for example, the Munich Agreement); identify and explain their assessments of the formation of the causes of the Second World War. |
| Lesson plan |
|
| Basic concepts and terms | Versailles-Washington system; aggressor states; pact; Anschluss; collective security system; the policy of appeasing the aggressor. |
| Possible Personally Significant Problem | Understanding the main causes of the Second World War and assessing the actions of the leading states of Europe in the 1930s. World War II is directly related to Russian history. It was the USSR that made a decisive contribution to the victory of the allies in this global conflict. It is important to have a general idea of the events that later led to the death of millions of our compatriots and serious economic, material and technical losses. |
| Planned results | - students know the main components of the Versailles-Washington system; - students understand the specifics of foreign policy relations on the European continent in the 1930s. (collective security system, policy of appeasing the aggressor); - students understand as a result of what events the Second World War broke out; |
| Sources of information (for teachers and students) | As part of the lesson: electronic presentation, handouts (Appendix # 1, Appendix # 2). |
| Lesson steps | Formable skills | Teacher activity | Students' activities |
| Introductory stage. Call. Survey and updating of previously acquired knowledge. |
Regulatory UUD: - determine the goals and objectives of the lesson - to participate in a collective discussion of the problem based on the answers to the teacher's questions, which actualize the previously acquired knowledge. Personal UUD: |
In 1921-1922, the Washington Conference was held, which determined the balance of forces at sea and the alignment of forces in the Far East. Also in 1919, the League of Nations was created, which was the guarantor of compliance with the above agreements, and its main task was to create a system of collective security and resolve conflicts between states, to prevent war. This system of the world political order is usually called Versailles-Washington. The 1920s became a golden age for the United States and a period of economic recovery in Western Europe (including the Weimar Republic), which suffered losses in the war. However, in 1929 the United States and Europe were seized by an unprecedented economic crisis in world history (the Great Depression). The leading states of the world are faced with the question of how to get out of it: at the expense of internal reserves or territorial expansion. Fast forward to the early 1930s. The slides of the presentation are shown with the beginning of the conflict in Manchuria in 1931, the fire of the Reichstag, the coming of the Nazis to power, fascist Italy. Teacher's word: So, we see that in some states totalitarian regimes come to power, which are heading for expansion and revision of the Versailles-Washington system. The purpose of our lesson: to get acquainted with the history of international relations in the 1930s. We also have to solve several difficult problems: 1) Identify the role of leading European states in the outbreak of World War II 2) Assess a number of controversial international treaties and agreements 3) Find the point of no return, after which the outbreak of World War II became inevitable. |
1. Check their readiness for the lesson. Tune in to learning activities. 2. Answer the introductory questions of the teacher to enter the realities of the historical situation of the early 1930s. 3. Look at the slides of the presentation for a deeper dive into the historical era. |
| The main stage. Comprehension. | Cognitive UUD: - work with historical maps and documents. - find differences - explanation of the meaning of new words - highlight the causes of events -be able to make analogies -establish causal relationships Communicative UUD: - Ability to organize educational cooperation and joint activities with the teacher and peers; - Ability to work in a group; Subject results: |
“England was offered a choice between war and dishonor. She chose dishonor and will receive wars "(Winston Churchill, 03.10.1938) Teacher's word: The Munich Agreement was not yet a point of no return; only Czechoslovakia dropped out of the political game.
Conditions for Germany: Your political leadership has come to a military solution to the Polish issue, a war on two fronts as in the First World War is not beneficial to you, you need uninterrupted supplies of fuel and other resources in the context of a predicted naval blockade. Students analyze situations and the two sides try to find the ground for a possible compromise.
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1. Distributed into groups. 2. Perform tasks in groups. 3. Teachers answer leading questions. 4. Analyze presentation slides and quotes. 5. Work with a historical map. |
| The final stage. Reflection | Communicative UUD: - to formulate, argue and defend their point of view. Cognitive UUD: Subject results: |
The teacher invites students to think about the main questions posed at the beginning of the lesson. The results of the lesson are summed up in the form of students' critical comprehension of the studied material. The students pass each other a printed photo showing the aftermath of the bombing of Guernica and in one sentence express their views on what they have learned in the lesson. The main conclusions formulated by the teacher and the class:
Homework: solve 5 questions of the test in the OGE format (handouts, Appendix # 2); retelling of the paragraph "International relations in the 1930s" |
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Appendix # 1. Handout cards.
1. USSR in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: 162.5 million (as of 1937)
1.3 Political Ideology: Marxist-Leninist Theory
1.4 The level of economic development: Command and control methods of managing the economy. At the end of the 1930s, an industrial country that still needs to modernize a number of industries and improve transport infrastructure. The second place in the world in terms of industrial output. Virtually the entire range of resources.
1.5 Main internal problems: overcoming the costs of industrialization (due to industrialization); fight against internal opposition (Stalinist repression).
1.6 Public sentiment: high level of loyalty of the population, partly under the pressure of the repressive mechanism and the imposition of the personality cult of I. V. Stalin.
1.7 Armed forces: As of January 1, 1937 - 1,518,090 people. About 15 thousand tanks (the overwhelming majority are light), about 7 thousand aircraft, a rather weak navy, with the exception of destroyers and submarines. Real combat experience of a number of units. Powerful industrial base. At the end of the 1930s. the army needs further technical re-equipment and coordination of the interaction of units. The repression of the highest command personnel in the late 1930s caused serious damage to the combat capability of the army.
1.8 Main foreign policy goals: Creation of a system of collective security in Europe, defense of the Far Eastern borders, return of the former rulers of the Russian Empire to their sphere of influence.
1.9 Allies, friendly relations: France, Czechoslovakia, Spanish Republic, Mongolia.
1.10 Potential opponents; enemies: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Spanish Francoists, Imperial Japan. Unfriendly relations with Poland, Finland, the Baltic countries.
2. Nazi Germany in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: 69 million (for 1939)
1.2 Political regime: totalitarian
1.3 Political Ideology: National Socialism
1.4 Level of economic development: an industrial country with a developed and technological industrial base and transport infrastructure. The main problem is the lack of resources, especially fuel, the industry is dependent on the supply of raw materials.
1.5 Main internal problems: suppression of any forms of opposition to the Nazi regime, saturation of all spheres of public life with ideological attitudes, anti-Semitism.
1.6 Public sentiment: high level of loyalty of the population due to the means of coercion and effective propaganda.
1.7 Armed forces: 1.6 million people, 3,000 tanks (most light, up to ¼ machine-gun), 5,000 aircraft. The navy has a number of new ships and a serious submarine fleet, but is not capable of serious action. Real combat experience of a number of units. Powerful industrial base, but relatively small stockpiles of ammunition. The army needs more advanced armored vehicles.
1.8 Main foreign policy goals: revanchism, revision of the Versailles-Washington system, expansion to the East, domination on the European continent.
1.9 Allies, friendly relations: fascist Italy, Spanish Francoists, imperial Japan, Austria, Hungary.
1.10 Potential opponents; enemies: the USSR, France, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Spanish Republic.
3. Fascist Italy in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: 44 million in 1939 (excluding colonies)
1.2 Political regime: totalitarian
1.3 Political Ideology: Italian Fascism.
1.4 The level of economic development: an agrarian-industrial country, a serious difference between the level of development of the North and the South of the country, mediocre infrastructure, limited resource base.
1.5 Main internal problems: poverty, mafia, crisis phenomena in the economy.
1.6 Public sentiment: the population as a whole is loyal under the influence of fascist propaganda, and under the force of the coercive apparatus.
1.7 Armed Forces: Up to 1 million people in wartime. Real combat experience of a number of units. Armored forces are represented mainly by light tankettes and tanks of the level of the First World War. The fleet has a number of strong ships and can compete in the Mediterranean. The military industry is rather weak. A radical re-equipment of the army is required, the development of technical means of the ground forces.
1.8 Main foreign policy goals: expansion on the African continent (obtaining new colonies) and in the Balkans, the idea of making the Mediterranean an "internal lake of Italy."
1.9 Allies: Nazi Germany, Spanish Francoists, Imperial Japan.
1.10 Potential opponents; enemies: France, Spanish Republic, USSR, Yugoslavia, Albania, Great Britain.
4. Poland in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: Approximately 30 million as of 1930
1.2 Political regime: authoritarian
1.3 Level of economic development: industrial-agrarian country, lack of a serious industrial base.
1.4 Main internal problems: problems of a multinational state (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Jewish question), the problem of finding reserves for industrialization.
1.5 Public sentiment: the Polish population is generally loyal to the government, however, in a war, it will take a passive position. The high role of the army in the life of society. Aristocratic vestiges.
1.6 Military: A fairly mediocre army. Up to 1 million people in wartime. 800 tanks (mostly tankettes), 400 aircraft. A high share of imported equipment (France, USA), its own military industry is weak. The main fighter is a biplane! The high role of the cavalry (lancers), in fact the elite of the army!
1.7 Main foreign policy goals: holding positions on the Soviet-Polish border, defensive lines. On the western border, territorial disputes with the Third Reich. Poland is not opposed to expanding its possessions at the expense of Czechoslovakia.
1.8 Allies: Great Britain, France.
1.9 Potential opponents; enemies: USSR, Germany. Unfriendly relations with Lithuania.
5. France in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: 42 million in 1930 (excluding colonies)
1.4 Main internal problems: suppression of attempts at a fascist coup, crisis phenomena in the economy.
1.5 Public sentiment: the population as a whole is loyal to the authorities, frequent changes in political forces. The population will react to the war without enthusiasm due to the experience of the First World War and other factors.
1.6 Armed forces: over 1 million people. 3000 tanks of various types, 1500 aircraft. The army is well armed and equipped. Armored vehicles, aviation and navy meet the requirements of the time. The deeply echeloned defense line "Maginot" runs along the border with Germany. But the strategy is the level of the First World War.
1.7 Main foreign policy goals: maintaining order and stability in their colonial empire, creating a system of collective security in Europe, the desire to avoid war.
1.8 Allies, friendly relations: Great Britain, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Balkan countries.
1.9. Possible opponents: Germany, Italy.
6. Great Britain in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: 45 million in 1931 (excluding colonies).
1.2 Form of government: constitutional monarchy
1.3 Level of economic development: an industrial country with a developed industry and infrastructure. The economy needs raw materials from the colonies.
1.4 Main internal problems: suppression of the Nazi coup attempts, crisis phenomena in the economy, the Irish question, the labor movement.
1.5 Public sentiment: the population is loyal to the authorities. On the issue of war, there are isolationist sentiments due to the insular position of the country.
1.6 Armed forces: traditionally compact, but well-armed and equipped land army and the most powerful fleet on the European continent. The military industry is moderately developed.
1.7 Main foreign policy goals: maintaining order and stability in your colonial empire, the desire to avoid a world war.
1.8 Allies, friendly relations: France, Poland
1.9. Possible opponents: Germany, Italy, Japan, even the USSR in the late 1920s.
7. Czechoslovakia in the 1930s.
1.1 Population: 14.7 million in 1930.
1.2 Political regime: democratic
1.3 Level of economic development: agro-industrial country. The most developed part of the state is the Czech Republic, where the largest enterprises are located.
1.4 Main internal problems: problems of a multinational state (Slovaks, Hungarians, Sudeten Germans, Ukrainians and Poles in the eastern regions). Interethnic contradictions are strong in society.
1.5 Public sentiment: the Czech population is loyal to the government, ready for defense in case of war.
1.6 Armed Forces: A compact but well-armed and well-equipped land army. Up to 500 modern tanks. Good artillery and firearms. 1000 aircraft. Benes' defensive line on the borders with Germany. The military industry is moderately developed.
1.7 Main foreign policy goals: defense in all in all directions, maintaining stable borders.
1.8 Allies, friendly relations: France, USSR.
1.9. Possible opponents: Germany, Poland, Hungary.
Appendix # 2. Homework in the OGE format.
1. What was the consequence of the policy of appeasing the aggressor?
A. Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
B. Fighting on the Khalkhin-Gol River 1939
B. Occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939
D. The rise of the Nazis to power in 1933
2. Read an excerpt from the interrogation of Guderian after the end of World War II and determine what event in question.
“If you Frenchmen intervened in<…>1936, we would have lost everything, and the fall of Hitler would have been inevitable. "
A. Remilitarization of the Rhineland
B. Anschluss of Austria
B. Italo-Ethiopian War
D. Sino-Japanese War
3. Which of the following events in the history of international relations in the 1930s? happened later than the others?
A. Murder of Marseilles
B. Withdrawal of Germany from the League of Nations
B. Munich Agreement
D. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
4. Write down the term in question:
In 1934-1935. The French Foreign Ministry and the Soviet NKID made attempts to create this system, which was reflected in the projects of the Eastern Pact, the Balkan Entente, the Soviet-French and Soviet-Czech treaties of alliance and mutual assistance.
Answer:_________________________
5. There is a point of view that the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact on 08/23/1939 had certain positive consequences for the USSR. Give at least two facts supporting this point of view.
In 1933, the National Socialists, led by Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany during the parliamentary elections. Throughout the 1920s - in the first half of the 1930s. authoritarian, fascist and pro-fascist regimes were established in many European countries. The main fascist countries in Europe were Italy and Germany. Why did the citizens of certain countries voluntarily support fascism? This is due to the fact that in the wake of the World Economic Crisis, people's lives are crumbling from despair. And it is precisely on the wave of a decadent mood that a force appears that promises the people a quick solution to all their problems, seeks the main enemy, on whom it blames all the troubles and misfortunes. The fight against fascism and the activities of the anti-fascist movement will be discussed in this lesson.
Anti-fascist movement in European countries in the 1930s
Background
The creation of fascist parties (and sometimes their rise to power) became an important feature of the political life of Europe after the First World War. The popular masses were in many respects close and understandable to their ideology, the characteristic features of which were adherence to conservative values, an authoritarian model of power, reliance on national identity up to aggressive nationalism. The popularity of fascist parties was often facilitated by the low efficiency of the institutions of democracy and parliamentarism: often the confrontation of political parties unable to reach a compromise led to a crisis, while current state problems remained unresolved. The effective propaganda of the fascist forces also played a role.
The main political opponents of the fascists, as a rule, were left-wing forces - socialists and communists. The rhetoric of both opposing camps was often based on accusations against opponents. Where the fascists managed to come to power (for example, in Italy and Germany), the left forces were invariably subjected to persecution and repression. The opposition of the left forces to the fascists in Europe in the 1930s is often viewed as a single anti-fascist movement: firstly, due to the similarity of processes in different countries; secondly, due to the inherent internationalism and international solidarity of European communism (History of Anti-Fascism).
Developments
1935 g.- VII Congress of the Comintern (Communist International), an international communist organization. The main theme of the congress was the growing fascist threat. Within the framework of the congress, it was decided to create popular fronts in European countries - organizations that aim to counter fascism, including through legal political methods.
1936 g.- Germany and Japan conclude the Anti-Comintern Pact, to which Italy later joins. The purpose of the pact was to counter the spread of communist ideology.
1936 g.- The French Popular Front wins a landslide victory in parliamentary elections. One of the decisions of the Popular Front government was the prohibition of fascist parties and organizations in France (in previous years they increased their popularity, largely due to the domestic political successes of the German fascists). It should be noted that France did not oppose Nazi Germany in foreign policy.
1936 g.- The Spanish Popular Front wins by a narrow margin in parliamentary elections. After that, the conservative forces, primarily in the army, staged a military coup, which grew into a civil war (1936-1939), in which the left forces and their allies were defeated. The conservative dictatorship of General Franco was established in Spain.
Conclusion
Success factors for anti-fascist movements
On the whole, France is perhaps the only example where the confrontation between fascists and anti-fascists was at the same time a full-scale political struggle with the chances of victory for each of the parties and, at the same time, ended with the victory of the anti-fascists. This makes it difficult to analyze the reasons for the success of anti-fascists in some cases and failures in others. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to assume that republican traditions played a role in France, as well as the image of Germany as an eternal enemy, according to which the values that triumphed in Germany were perceived as something alien.
Abstract
In the 1930s, in response to the arrival of Nazi and fascist regimes in a number of countries, such as Germany, Italy, Hungary, Portugal, Poland, etc., in response to the inability of governments to deal with the global economic crisis and its consequences, create the so-called " Popular fronts”, Organizations that united left and center-left forces - communists, social democrats, radicals, etc.
V 1935 onViiCongress of the International Communist Organization - Comintern- it was decided to create Popular Fronts, the purpose of which would be to oppose the fascists and their sympathizers (Fig. 1). The creation of the Popular Front was a response to the formation of the so-called. " Anti-Comintern Pact". With great support among workers and small employees, the Popular Fronts won elections in Spain and France.
Rice. 1. VII Congress of the Comintern ()
In France, the Popular Front banned fascist organizations, and in Spain began an armed struggle against them. One of the main and consistent fighters against world fascism was the Soviet Union. The USSR sought to create a system of "collective security" in Europe in order to prevent the spread of fascism and the start of a new war in Europe. The USSR directly pointed to the anti-human regime of fascism.
The inability of the Spanish government to bring the country to the proper level of development, social and economic problems allowed the Popular Front to win the parliamentary elections in Spain in 1936 and take power into its own hands.
The new government carried out a series of reforms: it granted amnesty to political prisoners, allowed strikes, guaranteed civil rights and freedoms, and eased the plight of workers. At the same time, the country split into two opposing camps - those who supported the Popular Front, and those who advocated preserving the existing situation, i.e. opponents of trade unions and left-wing parties.
In the summer of 1936 military, opponents of the Popular Front, led by a general Francisco Franco raised a fascist mutiny. Civil war broke out. The conspirators captured cities and provinces, but the forces republicans were more numerous, therefore Francoists were soon defeated and blocked in the Spanish colony of Morocco. At a critical moment for Franco, he was assisted by Germany and Italy. In fact, by providing aid to Franco, these countries have carried out military intervention. German and Italian "volunteers" were sent to Spain - soldiers and officers - pilots, tankmen, infantrymen, sailors.
Rice. 2. Republican poster
Inspired by the Francoists, they moved to Madrid in order to establish their rule in Spain. In response to this, the USSR and a number of the Popular Fronts of Europe extended a helping hand to the Republicans, sending military specialists to Spain as well. In the skies of Spain, Soviet and German pilots met for the first time in an air battle.
The defeat of the Popular Front became inevitable when the anarchists and communists who were part of it began to argue among themselves about further actions. The Francoists, on the other hand, were a powerful, united fist.
In 1938, General Franco, who took advantage of the disagreements in the Popular Front, sliced Spain in two with a powerful blow and finished off each of the units one by one. In addition, the new political forces that came to power in France began to block the goods sent by the USSR to republican Spain.
Spain lay in ruins. The common name was the name of the Spanish city of Guernica, which was razed to the ground during the battles (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Guernica after the fascist air raid ()
At the beginning of 1939, the Francoists were finally victorious. Mass terror began in the country. Franco restored the monarchy, abolished in 1931, but bequeathed to transfer the reins of government to the king only after his death.
The era of the one-man rule of General Franco has begun in the country.
The confrontation between communist and fascist forces in Spain was the first open conflict in Europe before World War II.
1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.
2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.
3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya TP, Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.
1. Read Chapter 8 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century pp. 88-89 and answer question 7 on p. 90, Chapter 11, pp. 115-120, and answer questions 1-2 on page 122.
2. Why do you think the USSR found itself alone in its desire to really resist fascism?
3. How can you explain the defeat of the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War?
The crisis has aggravated relations between states. He allowed the vanquished to take revenge. France has proposed a new plan for the unification of Europe called Pan Europe. 27 states were to unite, create an organization of the economic plan. The first challenge to Versailles was thrown in 1931 by Japan. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. This was another blow to Versailles. They wanted to revise it and refuse. Germany has declared that it demands equalization.
The crisis has aggravated relations between states. He allowed the vanquished to take revenge. France has proposed a new plan for the unification of Europe called Pan Europe. 27 states were to unite, create an organization of the economic plan. The first challenge to Versailles was thrown in 1931 by Japan. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. This was another blow to Versailles. They wanted to revise it and refuse. Germany declared that it demands to equalize it in rights with other countries. In 1935 Germany declared that it was not bound by Versailles. Was introduced universal conscription, new weapons. There was a statement from Germany to withdraw from the League of Nations.
In Italy, too, the Nazis came to power even earlier, in the mid-1920s. And it was their arrival that prompted Hitler to attempt a coup d'etat, which was called the "beer coup", which ended, however, unsuccessfully. But in 1933 the fascists nevertheless came to power. The fact is that they had an Italian model in front of them and they frankly admired it and wanted to reproduce it in their country. The Italians were also not opposed to the revision of the treaty. After all, they entered the war in order to expand their colonial possessions. In 1935 Italy felt able to resolve this issue on its own. In 1935, Italian troops invaded Abyssinia. The League of Nations took a number of measures against the aggressor. An embargo was imposed on trade with Italy, but this did not include fuel, fuel, oil. Italy found an ally in Germany and the sanctions fell through and were soon lifted. Hitler sensed the possibility of revenge. The winners were not already so united. They were divided into interest groups. German troops were brought into the Rhein zone.
In 1936, negotiations begin between Germany and Austria. An attempt at a fascist putsch in Austria failed, but a treaty of friendship was soon concluded with her. A civil war broke out in Spain. Franco revolted and, with the support of Italy, landed in Spain. Germany and Italy supported Franco. The USSR came out in defense of the republicans. European states announced that they would adhere to neutrality, and even a special committee on neutrality was created, which included the USSR, Germany and Italy. But only France and England were really neutral. In particular, France closed the border with Spain. Hitler understood that Franco's regime would only last if he won power for himself. In the end, the Republicans lost and a third fascist state was formed in Europe. But Franco pursued a cautious policy that allowed him to hold on to power until his death. He did not take an active part in the war.
In 1933, relations between the USSR and Germany deteriorated sharply. Hitler began a persecution of the communists. At first, attempts were made to negotiate with him, but they were unsuccessful. The USSR turned towards the west. Relations with France are beginning to improve. Before that, she treated him carefully. But they were brought together by the German threat. Relations with Britain, which was the main enemy of the USSR, are improving. Relations with the United States are established. German expansion into Europe continued. Hitler sought to reclaim what Germany had lost in 1918. In 1935, the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations. In 1938 - the incorporation of Austria into Germany. Hitler did not want to enter into open confrontation. A conference was convened in Munich in 1938, at which Czechoslovakia was recognized as Germany. Europe satisfied Hitler's wishes, striving to keep the peace in Europe.
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