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Modern types of interfaces. Methods and tools for developing user interface: state of the art. Definition of information technology

A computer communicates with a person through a set of certain rules that are binding on both the machine and the person. These rules are called an interface. The interface can be clear and confusing, friendly or not. Modern types of interfaces are:

1.Command interface- the user gives commands to the computer, which executes them and gives the result to the user. The command interface is implemented as batch technology and command line technology.

2.Wimp-interface (Wimp from: Window- window; Image- image; Menu- menu; Pointer- pointer) - the dialogue between the user and the computer is carried out using graphic images: menus, windows and other elements. The interface is implemented at two levels of technology: a simple graphical interface and a WIMP interface.

3.SILK interface (SILK from: Speech- speech; Image- image; Language- language; Knowlege- knowledge) - a conversation between a user and a computer. The interface is closest to the usual, human form of communication. In this case, the computer determines the commands by analyzing human speech and finding key phrases in it. The computer transforms the result of executing the commands into a human-readable form. This type of interface is the most demanding on the hardware resources of a computer, therefore it is used mainly for military purposes.

The main technologies for implementing interfaces are the following technologies (Figure 1.3.):

1.Batch technology... Historically, the technology appeared first and already existed on the relay machines of Sius and Zuse (Germany, 1937). A sequence of characters was fed to the computer input, in which, according to certain rules, the sequence of programs launched for execution was indicated. After the execution of the next program, the next program was launched, etc. The machine found commands and data according to certain rules. For example, such a sequence was: punched tape, a stack of punched cards, a sequence of pressing the keys of an electric typewriter (such as CONSUL). The machine gave its messages to a puncher, an alphanumeric printing device ( ATsPU), typewriter tape. Such a machine was a cabinet in which information was constantly fed, and which constantly informed about its condition. The user had little influence on the operation of the machine. He could only suspend the operation of the machine, change the program and restart the computer.

2.Command line technology... User information for the computer is transmitted through the keyboard. The computer displays information on an alphanumeric display (monitor). The combination "monitor + keyboard" was named terminal or console... Teams are recruited in command line, which is an invitation character and a flashing rectangle - cursor... When a key is pressed, characters appear at the cursor position and the cursor moves to the right, the incorrectly typed character is erased by pressing the key Delete (del). The command ends with a key press Enter (Return.), after which the transition to the beginning of the next line is carried out, in the position of which the computer displays the results of its work on the monitor. Then the process is repeated. Command line technology has already worked on monochrome alphanumeric displays.

Since only letters, numbers and punctuation marks were allowed to be entered, the technical characteristics of the display were not essential. A television receiver or an oscilloscope tube could be used as a monitor. The predominant type of files when working with the command interface were text files that could be created using the keyboard. The most widespread use of the command line interface is the emergence of the operating system UNIX and the emergence of the first eight-bit personal computers with a multi-platform operating system CP / M.

3.Graphical interface technology... The idea for a graphical interface originated in the mid-70s, when the research center Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) the concept of the visual interface was developed. A prerequisite for the graphical interface was a decrease in the response time of a computer to a command, an increase in the amount of RAM, and the development of the technical base of computers. The hardware basis of the concept was the appearance of alphanumeric displays, which began to support new effects: flickering of characters, color inversion (changing the style of white characters on a black background with black characters on a white background), underlining characters. The effects did not extend to the entire screen, but only to one or more characters. The next step was to create a color display that allows you to display, along with these effects, characters in 16 colors on a background with a palette (that is, a color set) of 8 colors.

First GUI system 8010 Star Information System group PARC appeared in early 1981. Initially, the interface was used only in programs. Gradually, he began to switch to operating systems, which were first used on computers. Atari and Apple Macintosh, then on IBM-compatible computers. Influenced by new concepts, the process of unification in the use of keyboard and mouse by application programs took place. The graphical user interface has gone through two stages during its development from 1974 to the present.

Simple graphical interface... At the first stage, the graphical interface was very similar to command line technology, with the following differences:

When displaying symbols, it was allowed to highlight some of the symbols with color, inverse image, underlining and flickering, which increased the expressiveness of the image;

Depending on the specific implementation of the graphical interface, the cursor could be represented by a flickering rectangle or some area spanning several characters that was different from other unselected parts;

Keystroke Enter did not always lead to the execution of the command and the transition to the next line, since the reaction to pressing any key largely depended on which part of the screen the cursor was located in;

Except the key Enter on the keyboard, cursor control keys and manipulators (mouse, trackball, etc., Fig. 1.4.) began to be used, which made it possible to quickly select the desired part of the screen and move the cursor.

Distinctive features of the interface: selection of areas of the screen; redefining keyboard keys depending on the context; using manipulators and cursor keys; widespread use of color monitors. The appearance of the interface coincides with the widespread adoption of the operating system MS-DOS, which has implemented this interface and has improved the display characteristics of the symbols and other parameters of the monitor. Interface Usage Examples: File Shell Nortron Commander, text editor Multi-Edit, editors: Lexicon and ChiWriter, word processor Microsoft Word for Dos.

Wimp interface became the second stage in the development of the graphical interface, its characteristic features:

Work with programs, files and documents takes place in windows- parts of the screen, outlined by a frame;

Programs, files, documents, devices and other objects are represented as icons - icons which, when opened, turn into windows;

Actions with objects are carried out using the menu, which has become the main control element;

One of the main controls has become a manipulator, which points to an area of the screen, windows or icons, selects it and through menu or control them using other technologies.

For implementation Wimp-interface requires: a high-resolution color raster display, a manipulator and programs oriented to this type of interface, which place increased demands on computer performance, memory capacity, bus bandwidth, etc. Currently Wimp-interface is standard.

4.Speech technology... It appeared in the mid-90s after the appearance of inexpensive sound cards. Using this technology, commands are given by voice by pronouncing special reserved words - commands. The main commands are:

"Rest" - turn off the speech interface;

"Open" - switch to the mode of calling one or another program, the name of the program is called in the next word;

"I will dictate" - switch from command mode to voice typing mode;

"Command mode" - return to the mode of giving commands by voice, etc.

Words should be pronounced clearly, at the same pace. A pause is required between words. Due to the underdevelopment of the speech recognition algorithm, such systems require individual pre-configuration for each specific user. Speech technology is the simplest implementation SILK- interface.

5.Biometric technology(mimic interface.). The technology emerged in the late 90s of the XX century. To control a computer, a person's facial expression, the direction of his gaze, the size of the pupil and other signs are used. To identify the user, a drawing of the iris of his eyes, fingerprints and other unique information is used. Images are read from a digital video camera, and then, using special pattern recognition software, commands are extracted from this image. This technology is used in software products and applications to identify a computer user.

6.Semantic interface technology(public interface). The technology emerged in the late 70s of the XX century with the development of artificial intelligence and is based on semantic networks. This type of interface includes: command line interface, graphical interface, speech interface and mimic interface. Its main distinguishing feature is the lack of commands when communicating with a computer. The request is formed in natural language in the form of associated text and images. At its core, the interface is a simulation of human-computer communication.

Types of interfaces

An interface is, first of all, a set of rules. Like any rules, they can be generalized, collected in a "code", grouped according to a common criterion. Thus, we have come to the concept of "interface type" as a combination by the similarity of the ways of interaction between humans and computers. Briefly, we can offer the following schematic classification of various interfaces of human-computer communication.

Modern types of interfaces are:

1) Command interface. The command interface is called so because in this type of interface a person gives "commands" to the computer, and the computer executes them and gives the result to the person. The command interface is implemented as batch technology and command line technology.

2) WIMP - interface (Window - window, Image - image, Menu - menu, Pointer - pointer). A characteristic feature of this type of interface is that the dialogue with the user is conducted not with the help of commands, but with the help of graphic images - menus, windows, and other elements. Although in this interface commands are given to the machine, but this is done "indirectly", through graphic images. This kind of interface is implemented on two levels of technologies: a simple graphical interface and a "pure" WIMP - interface.

3) SILK - interface (Speech - speech, Image - image, Language - language, Knowlege - knowledge). This type of interface is the closest to the usual, human form of communication. Within the framework of this interface, there is a normal "conversation" between a person and a computer. At the same time, the computer finds commands for itself, analyzing human speech and finding key phrases in it. It also converts the result of executing commands into a human-readable form. This type of interface is the most demanding on the hardware resources of a computer, and therefore it is used mainly for military purposes.

Command interface

Batch technology. Historically, this type of technology appeared first. It already existed on the Sius and Zuse relay machines (Germany, 1937). Its idea is simple: a sequence of characters is sent to the input of a computer, in which, according to certain rules, the sequence of programs launched for execution is indicated. After the execution of the next program, the next one starts, etc. The machine finds commands and data for itself according to certain rules. This sequence can be, for example, a punched tape, a stack of punched cards, a sequence of pressing the keys of an electric typewriter (such as CONSUL). The machine also issues its messages to a puncher, an alphanumeric printing device (ADC), a typewriter tape. Such a machine is a "black box" (more precisely, a "white cabinet"), into which information is constantly fed and which also constantly "informs" the world about its state (see Figure 1). A person here has little influence on the operation of the machine - he can only suspend the machine, change the program and restart the computer. Subsequently, when the machines became more powerful and could serve several users at once, the eternal waiting of users like: "I sent data to the machine. I am waiting for her to answer. And will she answer at all?" - became, to put it mildly, annoying. In addition, computing centers, after newspapers, have become the second largest "producer" of waste paper. Therefore, with the advent of alphanumeric displays, the era of truly user-friendly technology - the command line - began.

Fig. 2. Main computer view of the ES EVM series

Command line technology. With this technology, the keyboard serves as the only way to enter information from a person to a computer, and the computer outputs information to a person using an alphanumeric display (monitor). This combination (monitor + keyboard) became known as the terminal, or console. Commands are typed on the command line. The command line is a prompt symbol and a blinking rectangle - the cursor. When you press a key, characters appear at the cursor position, and the cursor moves to the right. It's a lot like typing a command on a typewriter. However, unlike it, letters are displayed on the display, not on paper, and an incorrectly typed character can be erased. The command ends by pressing the Enter (or Return) key. After that, it moves to the beginning of the next line. It is from this position that the computer displays the results of its work on the monitor. Then the process is repeated. Command line technology has already worked on monochrome alphanumeric displays. Since only letters, numbers and punctuation marks were allowed to be entered, the technical characteristics of the display were not essential. A television receiver and even an oscilloscope tube could be used as a monitor.

Both of these technologies are implemented in the form of a command interface - commands are given to the machine as input, and it seems to "respond" to them.

Text files became the predominant type of files when working with the command interface - they and only they could be created using the keyboard. The most widespread use of the command line interface was the emergence of the UNIX operating system and the appearance of the first eight-bit personal computers with the multi-platform CP / M operating system.

Graphical interface

How and when did the graphical interface appear? His idea originated in the mid-70s, when the concept of a visual interface was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). The prerequisite for the graphical interface was a decrease in the response time of a computer to a command, an increase in the amount of RAM, as well as the development of the technical base of computers. The hardware basis of the concept, of course, was the appearance of alphanumeric displays on computers, and these displays already had such effects as "flickering" of characters, color inversion (changing the style of white characters on a black background to the opposite, that is, black characters on a white background ), underscore characters. These effects did not extend to the entire screen, but only to one or more characters. The next step was to create a color display that allows you to display, along with these effects, characters in 16 colors on a background with a palette (that is, a color set) of 8 colors. After the appearance of graphic displays, with the ability to display any graphic images in the form of many dots on the screen of various colors, there were no limits to imagination in using the screen at all! PARC's first graphical 8010 Star Information System thus appeared four months before the first IBM computer was released in 1981. Initially, the visual interface was used only in programs. Gradually, he began to switch to operating systems used first on Atari and Apple Macintosh computers, and then on IBM-compatible computers.

From an earlier time, and under the influence of these concepts as well, there has been a process of unification in the use of keyboard and mouse by application programs. The merger of these two trends has led to the creation of that user interface, with the help of which, with a minimum investment of time and money for retraining of personnel, it is possible to work with any software product. This part is devoted to the description of this interface, common to all applications and operating systems.

Simple graphical interface

At the first stage, the graphical interface was very similar to command line technology. The differences from the command line technology were as follows:

1. When displaying symbols, it was allowed to highlight some of the symbols with color, inverse image, underline and blinking. This has increased the expressiveness of the image.

2. Depending on the specific implementation of the graphical interface, the cursor may appear not only as a flickering rectangle, but also as a certain area covering several characters and even part of the screen. This selection is different from the other unselected parts (usually in color).

3. Pressing the Enter key does not always execute the command and go to the next line. The reaction to pressing any key largely depends on where the cursor was on the screen.

4. In addition to the Enter key, the "gray" cursor keys are increasingly used on the keyboard.

5. Already in this edition of the graphical interface, manipulators (such as a mouse, a trackball, etc. - see Fig. 3) began to be used. They made it possible to quickly select the desired part of the screen and move the cursor.

Fig. 3. Manipulators

Summing up, the following distinctive features of this interface can be cited.

1) Selection of areas of the screen.

2) Redefine keyboard keys depending on the context.

3) Using manipulators and gray keyboard keys to control the cursor.

4) Extensive use of color monitors.

The emergence of this type of interface coincides with the widespread adoption of the MS-DOS operating system. It was she who introduced this interface to the masses, thanks to which the 80s passed under the sign of improving this type of interface, improving the characteristics of displaying symbols and other parameters of the monitor.

Typical examples of using this kind of interface are the Nortron Commander file shell (see below for file shells) and the Multi-Edit text editor. And the text editors Lexicon, ChiWriter and the word processor Microsoft Word for Dos are examples of how this interface has outdone itself.

WIMP - interface

The second stage in the development of the graphical interface was the "pure" WIMP interface. This interface subtype is characterized by the following features.

1. All work with programs, files and documents takes place in windows - certain parts of the screen outlined with a frame.

2. All programs, files, documents, devices and other objects are presented in the form of icons - icons. When opened, the icons turn into windows.

3. All actions with objects are carried out using the menu. Although the menu appeared at the first stage of the development of the graphical interface, it did not have a dominant meaning in it, but served only as an addition to the command line. In a pure WIMP interface, the menu becomes the main control.

4. Extensive use of manipulators to indicate objects. The manipulator ceases to be just a toy - an addition to the keyboard, but becomes the main control element. Using the manipulator, they POINT at any area of the screen, windows or icons, highlight it, and only then, through the menu or using other technologies, they are controlled.

It should be noted that WIMP requires a high-resolution color raster display and manipulator for its implementation. Also, programs focused on this type of interface impose increased requirements on the performance of the computer, the volume of its memory, bus bandwidth, etc. However, this kind of interface is the easiest to learn and most intuitive. Therefore, now WIMP - the interface has become the de facto standard.

A striking example of programs with a graphical interface is the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Speech technology

Since the mid-90s, after the advent of inexpensive sound cards and the widespread use of speech recognition technologies, the so-called "speech technology" SILK - interface appeared. With this technology, commands are given by voice by pronouncing special reserved words - commands. The main such commands (according to the rules of the "Gorynych" system) are:

"Rest" - turn off the speech interface.

"Open" - switch to the mode of calling one or another program. The name of the program is named in the next word.

"I will dictate" - switching from command mode to voice typing mode.

"Command mode" - return to voice command mode.

And some others.

"Speech" technology is the simplest implementation of the SILK interface.

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1. Concept of the user interface

2. Types of interfaces

2.1 Command interface

2.2 Graphical interface

2.2.1 Simple graphical interface

2.2.2 WIMP - interface

2.3 Speech technology

2.4 Biometric technology

2.5 Semantic (public) interface

2.6 Types of interfaces

3. Information technology

3.1 The concept of information technology

3.2 Stages of information technology development

4. Types of information technology

4.1 Information technology data processing

4.2 Information technology management

5. The role and importance of information technology

6. Components of information technology

7. Modern information technologies and their types

7.1 Information technology decision support

7.2 Information technology expert systems

8. Obsolescence of information technology

9. Methodology for using information technology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

As you know, the process of information technology penetration into practically all spheres of human activity continues to develop and deepen. In addition to the already familiar and widespread personal computers, the total number of which has reached many hundreds of millions, there are more and more embedded computing facilities. There are more and more users of all this diverse computing technology, and the development of two seemingly opposite tendencies is observed. On the one hand, information technologies are becoming more and more complicated, and for their application, and even more so for further development, one needs to have very deep knowledge. On the other hand, the user-computer interfaces are simplified. Computers and information systems are becoming more and more friendly and understandable even for a person who is not a specialist in the field of computer science and computer technology. This became possible primarily because users and their programs interact with computers through special (system) software - through the operating system. The operating system provides interfaces to both running applications and users.

semantic biometric user interface

1. User interface concept

Interface - a set of technical, software and methodological (protocols, rules, agreements) means of interfacing in the computing system of users with devices and programs, as well as devices with other devices and programs.

Interface - in the broadest sense of the word, it is a way (standard) of interaction between objects. The interface in the technical sense of the word defines the parameters, procedures and characteristics of the interaction of objects. Distinguish:

User interface - a set of methods of interaction between a computer program and the user of this program.

Programming interface is a set of methods for interaction between programs.

A physical interface is a way of communication between physical devices. Most often we are talking about computer ports.

A user interface is a collection of software and hardware that provides a user interaction with a computer. Dialogues form the basis of such interaction. In this case, a dialogue is understood as a regulated exchange of information between a person and a computer, carried out in real time and aimed at jointly solving a specific problem. Each dialog consists of separate I / O processes that physically provide communication between the user and the computer. The exchange of information is carried out by sending a message.

Figure 1. Interaction of the user with the computer

Basically, the user generates messages of the following types:

information request

help request

operation or function request

entering or changing information

In response, the user receives hints or help; informational messages requiring a response; orders requiring action; error messages and other information.

The computer application user interface includes:

means for displaying information, displayed information, formats and codes;

command modes, user-interface language;

dialogues, interaction and transactions between the user and the computer, user feedback;

decision support in a specific subject area;

the procedure for using the program and its documentation.

The user interface (UI) is often understood only as the appearance of the program. However, in reality, the user perceives through him the entire program as a whole, which means that such an understanding is too narrow. In reality, UI unites in itself all the elements and components of a program that are capable of influencing the interaction of a user with software (software).

It is not only the screen that the user sees. These elements include:

a set of user tasks that he solves using the system;

the metaphor used by the system (for example, the desktop in MS Windows®);

system controls;

navigation between system blocks;

visual (and not only) design of program screens;

information display means, displayed information and formats;

data entry devices and technologies;

dialogues, interactions and transactions between the user and the computer;

user feedback;

decision support in a specific subject area;

the procedure for using the program and its documentation.

2. Types of interfaces

Modern types of interfaces are:

1) Command interface. The command interface is called so because in this type of interface a person gives "commands" to the computer, and the computer executes them and gives the result to the person. The command interface is implemented as batch technology and command line technology.

2.1 Command interface

Fig. 2. Main computer view of the ES EVM series

Both of these technologies are implemented in the form of a command interface - commands are given to the machine as input, and it seems to "respond" to them.

2.2 Graphical interface

2.2.1 Simple graphical interface

At the first stage, the graphical interface was very similar to command line technology. The differences from the command line technology were as follows:

1. When displaying symbols, it was allowed to highlight some of the symbols with color, inverse image, underline and blinking. This has increased the expressiveness of the image.

2. Depending on the specific implementation of the graphical interface, the cursor may appear not only as a flickering rectangle, but also as a certain area covering several characters and even part of the screen. This selection is different from the other unselected parts (usually in color).

3. Pressing the Enter key does not always execute the command and go to the next line. The reaction to pressing any key largely depends on where the cursor was on the screen.

4. In addition to the Enter key, the "gray" cursor keys are increasingly used on the keyboard.

5. Already in this edition of the graphical interface, manipulators (such as a mouse, a trackball, etc. - see Fig. 3) began to be used. They made it possible to quickly select the desired part of the screen and move the cursor.

Fig. 3. Manipulators

Summing up, the following distinctive features of this interface can be cited.

1) Selection of areas of the screen.

2) Redefine keyboard keys depending on the context.

3) Using manipulators and gray keyboard keys to control the cursor.

4) Extensive use of color monitors.

2.2.2 WIMP - interface

The second stage in the development of the graphical interface was the "pure" WIMP interface. This interface subtype is characterized by the following features.

1. All work with programs, files and documents takes place in windows - certain parts of the screen outlined with a frame.

2. All programs, files, documents, devices and other objects are presented in the form of icons - icons. When opened, the icons turn into windows.

3. All actions with objects are carried out using the menu. Although the menu appeared at the first stage of the development of the graphical interface, it did not have a dominant meaning in it, but served only as an addition to the command line. In a pure WIMP interface, the menu becomes the main control.

A striking example of programs with a graphical interface is the Microsoft Windows operating system.

2.3 Speech technology

"Wake up" - turn on the voice interface.

"Rest" - turn off the speech interface.

"Open" - switch to the mode of calling one or another program. The name of the program is named in the next word.

"I will dictate" - switching from command mode to voice typing mode.

"Command mode" - return to voice command mode.

and some others.

Words should be pronounced clearly, at the same pace. A pause is required between words. Due to the underdevelopment of the speech recognition algorithm, such systems require individual pre-configuration for each specific user.

"Speech" technology is the simplest implementation of the SILK interface.

2.4 Biometric technology

This technology emerged in the late 1990s and is still under development at the time of this writing. To control a computer, a person's facial expression, the direction of his gaze, the size of the pupil and other signs are used. To identify the user, a drawing of the iris of his eyes, fingerprints and other unique information is used. Images are read from a digital video camera, and then, using special pattern recognition software, commands are extracted from this image. This technology is likely to take its place in software products and applications where it is important to accurately identify the computer user.

2.5 Semantic (public) interface

This type of interface emerged in the late 70s of the XX century, with the development of artificial intelligence. It can hardly be called an independent type of interface - it includes a command line interface, a graphical, speech and mimic interface. Its main distinguishing feature is the lack of commands when communicating with a computer. The request is formed in natural language, in the form of associated text and images. In its essence, it is difficult to call it an interface - it is already a simulation of the "communication" of a person with a computer. Since the mid-90s of the XX century, publications related to the semantic interface have no longer been encountered. It seems that due to the important military significance of these developments (for example, for the autonomous conduct of modern combat by machines - robots, for "semantic" cryptography), these areas were classified. Information that these studies are ongoing sometimes appears in periodicals (usually in the sections of computer news).

2.6 Types of interfaces

User interfaces are of two types:

1) procedural oriented:

-primitive

-menu

-with free navigation

2) object oriented:

-direct manipulation.

The procedure-oriented interface uses a traditional user interaction model based on the concepts of "procedure" and "operation". Within the framework of this model, the software provides the user with the ability to perform certain actions for which the user determines the correspondence of the data and the result of which is to obtain the desired result.

Object-oriented interfaces use a user interaction model focused on manipulating objects in the domain. Within the framework of this model, the user is given the opportunity to directly interact with each object and initiate the execution of operations during which several objects interact. The user's task is formulated as a purposeful change of some object. An object is understood in the broad sense of the word - a model of a database, a system, etc. An object-oriented interface assumes that the interaction with the user is carried out by selecting and moving the icons of the corresponding object-oriented area. Distinguish between single-document (SDI) and multi-document (MDI) interfaces.

Procedural-Oriented Interfaces:

1) Provide the user with the functions necessary to complete the tasks;

2) The emphasis is on tasks;

3) Icons represent applications, windows or operations;

4) The content of folders and directories is reflected using a table-list.

Object Oriented Interfaces:

1) Provides the user with the ability to interact with objects;

2) The emphasis is on inputs and results;

3) Pictograms represent objects;

4) Folders and directories are visual containers of objects.

An interface is called primitive that organizes user interaction and is used in console mode. The only deviation from the sequential process that data provides is looping through multiple sets of data.

Menu interface. Unlike the primitive interface, it allows the user to select an operation from a special list displayed by the program. These interfaces assume the implementation of many scenarios of work, the sequence of actions in which is determined by the users. The tree-like organization of the menu assumes a strictly limited implementation. In this case, two options for organizing the menu are possible:

each menu window occupies the entire screen

there are several multilevel menus on the screen at the same time (Windows).

In conditions of limited navigation, regardless of the implementation option, finding an item with more than two-level menu turns out to be a rather difficult task.

Free navigation interface (graphical interface). Supports the concept of interactive software interaction, visual feedback with the user and the ability to directly manipulate the object (buttons, indicators, status bars). Unlike the Menu interface, the free navigation interface provides the ability to perform any operations allowed in a specific state, which can be accessed through various interface components (hot keys, etc.). An interface with free navigation is implemented using event-driven programming, which implies the use of visual development tools (via messages).

3. Information technology

3.1 information technology concept

Definition of information technology

Technology when translated from Greek (techne) means art, craftsmanship, skill, and these are nothing more than processes. Under process you should understand a certain set of actions aimed at achieving the goal. The process should be determined by the strategy chosen by the person and implemented using a combination of various means and methods.

Under material production technology understand the process determined by a set of means and methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials or materials. Technology changes the quality or initial state of matter in order to obtain a material product ( http://www.stu.ru/inform/glaves/glava3/ - ris_3_10 rice. 1.7).

Information is one of the most valuable resources of society, along with such traditional material types of resources as oil, gas, minerals, etc., which means that the process of its processing, by analogy with the processing of material resources, can be perceived as technology. Then the following definition is valid.

Information technology- a process using a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain information of a new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product).

The purpose of the technology material production - the release of products that meet the needs of a person or a system.

The purpose of information technology- the production of information for its analysis by a person and based on it, making a decision to perform an action.

It is known that by applying different technologies to the same material resource, it is possible to obtain different products and products. The same will be true for information processing technology.

For comparison in tab_3_3 the main components of both types of technologies are shown.

Table 1.3. Comparison of the main components of technologies

Technology components for product manufacturing

material

information

Preparation of raw materials and materials

Collection of data or primary information

Material Product Manufacturing

Data processing and obtaining results information

Sales of manufactured consumer products

Transmission of information results to the user for making decisions based on it

New information technology

Information technology is the most important component of the process of using society's information resources. By now, it has gone through several evolutionary stages, the change of which was determined mainly by the development of scientific and technological progress, the emergence of new technical means of information processing. In modern society, the main technical means of information processing technology is a personal computer, which has significantly influenced both the concept of building and using technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of a personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunication means of communication determined a new ethane for the development of information technology and, as a result, a change in its name due to the addition of one of the synonyms: "new", "computer" or "modern".

The adjective "new" emphasizes the innovative rather than evolutionary nature of this technology. Its implementation is innovative in the sense that it significantly changes the content of various activities in organizations. The concept of new information technology also includes communication technologies that ensure the transfer of information by various means, namely, telephone, telegraph, telecommunications, fax, etc. == tab. 1.4 shows the main characteristic features of the new information technology.

Table 1.4. Main characteristics of new information technology

Methodology

The main feature

Result

Fundamentally new means of information processing

Integration into control technology

New communication technology

Holistic technological systems

Integration of functions of specialists and managers

New information processing technology

Purposeful creation, transmission, storage and display of information

Taking into account the laws of the social environment

New technology for making management decisions

New information technology - information technology with a "friendly" user interface, using personal computers and telecommunications facilities.

The adjective "computer" emphasizes that the main technical means of its implementation is a computer.

Remember! Three basic principles of new (computer) information technology:

· Interactive (dialogue) mode of work with a computer;

· Integration (docking, interconnection) with other software products;

· Flexibility of the process of changing both data and task settings.

Apparently, the term should be considered more accurate. new, but not computer information technology, since it reflects in its structure not only technologies based on the use of computers, but also technologies based on other technical means, especially on the means of providing telecommunications.

Information Technology Toolkit

The implementation of the technological process of material production is carried out using various technical means, which include: equipment, machine tools, tools, conveyor lines, etc.

By analogy, there should be something similar for information technology. Such technical means of information production will be hardware, software and mathematical support of this process. With their help, the primary information is processed into information of a new quality. Let us single out software products separately from these tools and call them a toolkit, and for greater clarity, we can concretize it, calling it software tools of information technology. Let's define this concept.

Information technology toolkit is one or several interconnected software products for a certain type of computer, the technology of work in which allows you to achieve the goal set by the user.

As a toolkit, you can use the following common types of software products for a personal computer: word processor (editor), desktop publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic notebooks, electronic calendars, functional information systems (financial, accounting, marketing etc.), expert systems, etc.

How information technology and information system relate

Information technology is closely related to information systems, which are its main environment. At first glance, it may seem that the definitions of information technology and systems introduced in the textbook are very similar to each other. However, it is not.

Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity over data stored in computers. The main goal of information technology is to obtain the information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for processing primary information.

An information system is an environment, the constituent elements of which are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various kinds of technical and software communication facilities, etc. The main purpose of the information system is to organize the storage and transmission of information. An information system is a human-computerized information processing system.

The implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of the information technology oriented towards it. Information technology can exist outside the sphere of the information system.

Thus, information technology is a more capacious concept that reflects the modern understanding of the processes of information transformation in the information society. In a skillful combination of two information technologies - management and computer - the key to the successful operation of the information system.

Summarizing all of the above, we offer somewhat narrower than the previously introduced definitions of the information system and technology, implemented by means of computer technology.

Information technology is a set of clearly defined targeted actions of personnel to process information on a computer.

Information system - a human-computer system for decision support and production of information products, using computer information technology.

Information technology components

Technological concepts used in the production sphere, such as norm, standard, technological process, technological operation, etc., can also be applied in information technology. Before developing these concepts in any technology, including information technology, you should always start by defining a goal. Then you should try to structure all the expected actions leading to the intended goal, and select the necessary software tools.

In fig. 1.8 The technological process of information processing is presented in the form of a hierarchical structure by levels:

Rice. 1.8. Representation of information technology in the form of a hierarchical structure, consisting of stages, actions, operations

1st level - stages, where relatively long-term technological processes are implemented, consisting of operations and actions of subsequent levels.

2nd level - operations, as a result of which a specific object will be created in the software environment selected at the 1st level.

3rd level - actions- a set of work methods standard for each software environment, leading to the fulfillment of the goal set in the corresponding operation. Each action changes the content of the screen.

It is necessary to understand that the development of information technology and its further use should be reduced to the fact that you must first master a set of elementary operations, the number of which is limited. From this limited number of elementary operations in different combinations, an action is composed, and from actions, also in different combinations, operations are composed that determine a particular technological stage. The totality of technological stages forms a technological process (technology).

3.2 Stages of information technology development

There are several points of view on the development of information technology using computers, which are determined by various signs of division.

Common to all the approaches outlined below is that with the advent of the personal computer, a new stage in the development of information technology began. The main goal is to meet the personal information needs of a person both for the professional sphere and for the household.

Division sign - the type of tasks and information processing processes

1st stage (60s-70s) - data processing in computing centers in a shared mode. The main direction of development of information technology was the automation of operational routine human actions.

2nd stage (since the 80s) - the creation of information technologies aimed at solving strategic problems.

Division sign - problems standing in the way of informatization of society

The first stage (until the end of the 60s) is characterized by the problem of processing large amounts of data in conditions of limited hardware capabilities.

The second stage (until the end of the 70s) is associated with the spread of the IBM / 360 series computers. The problem of this stage is the lag of software from the level of hardware development.

3rd - stage (from the beginning of the 80s) - a computer becomes a tool for a non-professional user, and information systems - a means of supporting his decision-making. Problems - maximum satisfaction of the user's needs and the creation of an appropriate interface for working in a computer environment.

4th stage (from the beginning of the 90s) - the creation of modern technology of inter-organizational relations and information systems. The problems at this stage are numerous. The most significant of them are:

· Development of agreements and establishment of standards, protocols for computer communications;

· Organization of access to strategic information;

· Organization of protection and security of information.

Division is an advantage that computer technology brings

· The 1st stage (since the beginning of the 60s) is characterized by a rather efficient processing of information when performing routine operations with a focus on the centralized collective use of the resources of computing centers. The main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the information systems being created was the difference between the funds spent on development and the funds saved as a result of implementation. The main problem at this stage was psychological - poor interaction between users, for whom information systems were created, and developers due to the difference in their views and understanding of the problems being solved. As a consequence of this problem, systems were created that users did not perceive well and, despite their rather large capabilities, did not fully use.

· The second stage (from the mid-70s) is associated with the emergence of personal computers. The approach to the creation of information systems has changed - the orientation is shifting towards the individual user to support his decisions. The user is interested in the ongoing development, contact is established with the developer, mutual understanding of both groups of specialists arises. At this stage, both centralized data processing, characteristic of the first stage, and decentralized, based on solving local problems and working with local databases at the user's workplace are used.

· The third stage (since the beginning of the 90s) is associated with the concept of the analysis of strategic advantages in business and is based on the achievements of telecommunications technology for distributed information processing. Information systems are aimed not only at increasing the efficiency of data processing and helping the manager. Appropriate information technology should help an organization compete and gain an edge.

Division sign - types of technology tools

1st stage (until the second half of the 19th century) - "manual" information technology, the tools of which were: pen, inkwell, book. Communications were carried out manually by sending letters, packages, dispatches through the mail. The main goal of the technology is to present information in the required form.

2nd stage (from the end of the 19th century) - "mechanical" technology, the tools of which were: a typewriter, a telephone, a dictaphone, equipped with more advanced mail delivery means. The main goal of the technology is to present information in the required form using more convenient means.

3rd stage (40s - 60s of XX century) - "electric" technology, the toolkit of which consisted of: large computers and related software, electric typewriters, copiers, portable voice recorders.

The purpose of the technology is changing. The emphasis in information technology begins to shift from the form of information presentation to the formation of its content.

4th stage (from the beginning of the 70s) - "electronic" technology, the main toolkit of which are large computers and automated control systems (ACS) and information retrieval systems (ISS) created on their basis, equipped with a wide range of basic and specialized software systems. The center of gravity of technology is even more shifted to the formation of the content side of information for the management environment in various spheres of public life, especially to the organization of analytical work. A multitude of objective and subjective factors did not allow solving the assigned tasks facing the new concept of information technology. However, experience was gained in the formation of the content side of management information and a professional, psychological and social basis was prepared for the transition to a new stage in the development of technology.

5th stage (from the mid-80s) - "computer"("new") technology, the main toolkit of which is a personal computer with a wide range of standard software products for various purposes. At this stage, the process of personalization of the ACS takes place, which manifests itself in the creation of decision support systems by certain specialists. Such systems have built-in elements of analysis and intelligence for different levels of control, are implemented on a personal computer and use telecommunications. In connection with the transition to a microprocessor base, technical means for household, cultural and other purposes are also subject to significant changes. Global and local computer networks are beginning to be widely used in various fields.

4. Types of information technology

4.1 Information technology data processing

Characteristics and purpose

Information technology data processing is intended for solving well-structured problems for which the necessary input data are available and algorithms and other standard procedures for their processing are known. This technology is applied at the level of operational (executive) activities of low-skilled personnel in order to automate some routine, constantly repeated operations of managerial work. Therefore, the introduction of information technologies and systems at this level will significantly increase the productivity of personnel, free them from routine operations, and possibly even lead to the need to reduce the number of employees.

At the level of operational activities, the following tasks are solved:

· Processing of data on operations performed by the company;

· Creation of periodic control reports on the state of affairs in the company;

· Receiving answers to all kinds of current inquiries and their execution in the form of paper documents or reports.

An example of a control report: a daily report on cash receipts and disbursements by a bank, generated to monitor the cash balance.

Example request: a query to the HR database, which will allow you to obtain data on the requirements for candidates for a specific position.

There are several features related to data processing that distinguish this technology from all others:

· Fulfillment of data processing tasks required by the company. Every firm is required by law to have and store data about its activities, which can be used as a means of ensuring and maintaining control over the firm. Therefore, any company must have a data processing information system and develop the appropriate information technology;

· Solving only well-structured problems for which an algorithm can be developed;

· Implementation of standard processing procedures. Existing standards define typical data processing procedures and prescribe them to be followed by organizations of all types;

· Execution of the bulk of work in automatic mode with minimal human participation;

· Use of detailed data. The records of the firm's activities are detailed (detailed) in nature, allowing for audits. During the audit, the activities of the firm are checked chronologically from the beginning of the period to its end and from the end to the beginning;

· Emphasis on the chronology of events;

· The requirement of minimum assistance in solving problems from specialists of other levels.

Main components

Let us present the main components of information technology for data processing ( http://www.stu.ru/inform/glaves/glava3/ - ris_3_12 rice. 1.9) and give their characteristics.

Data collection. As a firm produces a product or service, its every action is accompanied by appropriate data records. Usually, the actions of the firm affecting the external environment are singled out as the operations performed by the firm.

Data processing. To create information from the incoming data that reflects the activities of the company, the following standard operations are used:

· Classification or grouping. Primary data is usually in the form of codes consisting of one or more characters. These codes, which express certain characteristics of objects, are used to identify and group records.

Data storage. Much of the data at the operational level needs to be stored for later use, either here or at another level. Databases are created to store them.

Creation of reports (documents). In information technology of data processing, it is necessary to create documents for the management and employees of the company, as well as for external partners. In this case, documents or in connection with the operation carried out by the company and periodically at the end of each month, quarter or year.

4.2 Information technology management

Characteristics and purpose

The purpose of information technology management is the satisfaction of the information needs of all employees of the company, without exception, dealing with decision-making. It can be useful at any level of government.

This technology is focused on work in the environment of an information management system and is used with the worst structuredness of the tasks to be solved, when compared with the tasks solved using information technology of data processing.

Management IS are ideal for meeting similar information needs of employees of different functional subsystems (departments) or levels of company management. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable: future of the company. This information takes the form of regular or ad hoc management reports.

To make decisions at the level of management control, information should be presented in an aggregated form so that trends in data change, the reasons for deviations that have arisen and possible decisions are visible. At this stage, the following data processing tasks are solved:

· Assessment of the planned state of the control object;

· Assessment of deviations from the planned state;

· Identification of the reasons for deviations;

· Analysis of possible solutions and actions.

Management information technology is aimed at creating various types of reports .

Regular reports are generated according to a set schedule that determines when they are generated, for example, a monthly analysis of a company's sales.

Special reports are created at the request of managers or when something unplanned happened in the company.

Both those and other types of reports can take the form of summarizing, comparative and extraordinary reports.

V summarizing in reports, data are combined into separate groups, sorted and presented as subtotals and final totals for individual fields.

Comparative reports contain data obtained from various sources or classified according to various criteria and used for comparison purposes.

Emergency reports contain data of an exceptional (extraordinary) nature.

The use of reports to support control is particularly effective when implementing so-called variance control.

Deviation management assumes that the main content of the data obtained by the manager should be the deviations of the state of the company's economic activities from some established standards (for example, from its planned state). When using the principles of variance management in the company, the following requirements are imposed on the reports generated:

· A report should be generated only when a deviation has occurred;

· Information in the report should be sorted by the value of the critical indicator for the given deviation;

It is advisable to show all deviations together so that the manager can grasp the existing connection between them;

· The report must show the quantitative deviation from the norm.

Main components

The main components of management information technology are shown in Fig. 1.13

Input information comes from operational-level systems. The output information is formed in the form management reports in a form convenient for making a decision.

The content of the database is transformed with the help of appropriate software into periodic and ad-hoc reports, which are sent to the specialists involved in decision-making in the organization. The database used to obtain the specified information must consist of two elements:

1) data accumulated on the basis of the evaluation of the operations carried out by the firm;

2) plans, standards, budgets and other regulatory documents that determine the planned state of the object of management (division of the company).

5. The role and importance of information technology

The modern period of development of a civilized society characterizes the process of informatization.

Informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant type of activity in the sphere of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information, carried out on the basis of modern means of microprocessor and computer technology, as well as on the basis of various means of information exchange. Informatization of society provides:

active use of the constantly expanding intellectual potential of society, concentrated in the printed fund, and scientific, industrial and other activities of its members;

integration of information technologies into scientific and industrial activities, initiating the development of all spheres of social production, intellectualization of labor activity;

a high level of information services, the availability of any member of society to sources of reliable information, visualization of the information provided, the materiality of the data used.

The use of open information systems, designed to use the entire array of information currently available to society in a certain area, makes it possible to improve the mechanisms for managing the social structure, contributes to the humanization and democratization of society, and increases the level of well-being of its members. The processes taking place in connection with the informatization of society contribute not only to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the intellectualization of all types of human activity, but also to the creation of a qualitatively new information environment of society, ensuring the development of the creative potential of the individual. One of the directions of the process of informatization of modern society is the informatization of education - the process of providing the education sector with methodology and practice for the development and optimal use of modern, or, as they are called, new information technologies focused on the implementation of the psychological and pedagogical goals of teaching and upbringing.

The informatization process has also affected the economic sectors. Their radical improvement and adaptation to modern conditions became possible due to the massive use of the latest computer and telecommunication technology, the formation of highly effective information and management technologies on its basis. Means and methods of applied informatics are used in management and marketing. New technologies based on computer technology require radical changes in the organizational structures of management, its regulations, human resources, the system of documentation, recording and transfer of information. New information technologies significantly expand the possibilities of using information resources in various industries, as well as in education.

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The student should know:

Purpose of the interface.
Types of interfaces (external, internal, reference, input / output control, informational).
Elements of graphical interfaces and the functions they implement.

The student should be able to:

Create a windows application interface.

Modern types of interfaces are:

Topic 3. Functional and system content of domain-specific software. Input languages and their use for programming in the environment of the selected software.

The student should know:

· Purpose of method - oriented software;

· Appointment of problem-oriented software;

· Purpose of domain-specific software.

· Assignment of input programming languages.

PPP (Application Package) is a collection of compatible programs for solving a certain class of problems.

The compatibility of the programs that make up the PPP means the possibility of their mutual use, the commonality of the structure of the control data and the information arrays used. In addition, the PPP should be considered as an independent software product, as a special type of application software.

§ Since the PPP is designed to solve a certain class of problems, we can talk about the functional purpose of the package.

§ Depending on the functional purpose, PPPs are distinguished that expand the capabilities of the OS, for example, for building multi-user systems, working with remote subscribers, implementing a special organization of files, simplifying work with the OS, etc. Examples of such packages are the SRV package, which implements the time sharing mode in the ES computer operating system, and the Norton Commander package to facilitate work with the MS DOS operating system.

§ Among the packages designed to solve applied problems of users, method-oriented and problem-oriented packages are sometimes distinguished. The method-oriented package is designed to solve the user's problem using one of several methods provided in the package, and the method is either assigned by the user or automatically selected based on the analysis of the input data. An example of such a package is a mathematical programming package.

§ Problem-oriented packages are designed to solve groups (sequences) of tasks using common Data. Problem-oriented people can focus on typical operations or on an applied problem. This is the most numerous group of packages. Problem orientation can be expressed in the general nature of the "operations" performed by the package. Typical examples of such packages are text editors, spreadsheet processors, linear programming package.

§ Problem orientation can also be represented by a general applied problem, the solution of which is divided into separate tasks, for each of which the package provides its own algorithm. Typical examples are a package for calculating interindustry balances, packages used in various design automation systems.

§ PPP consists of several program units. PPP consists of several program units. Such program units are commonly referred to as program units. The package is designed to solve problems of a certain class. This class of tasks is commonly referred to as the package domain.

§ Topic 4. Integration of the selected software with other programs. Integration of VBA with MS Office.

The student should know:

· Integration of the built-in programming language Visual Basic for Application (VBA) with Word.

· Integration of the built-in programming language Visual Basic for Application (VBA) with Excel.

· Integration of the built-in programming language Visual Basic for Application (VBA) with Access.

· Integration of the built-in programming language Visual Basic for Application (VBA) with Power Point.

§ Topic 5. VBA. Controls, VBA Editor Interface, VBA Objects

The student should know:

· VBA controls.

· VBA editor interface.

· Objects, properties, methods VBA.

Be able to.

· Work with windows in the VBA editor.

· Work with standard VBA math functions.

· Carry out input / output of data.

VBA belongs to object - oriented programming (OOP) languages. OOP can be described as a technique for analyzing, designing and writing applications using objects. An object is a combination of code and data that can be viewed as a single unit, such as a control, a form, and an application component. Each object is identified by its class membership. All visual objects such as Worksheet, Range, Chart, UserForm are objects.

This programming language can be accessed from virtually any Windows application.

§ Topic 6. VBA. Creating your own dialog boxes

The student should know:

· Properties of VBA controls.

· VBA data types.

· Types of dialog boxes.

Be able to.

· Create an application interface.

· Create event processing procedures.

At its core, a form (or userform) is a dialog box in which you can place various controls. An application can have one or several forms. The new form is added to the project by choosing Insert ® UserForm.

VBA has a rich set of built-in controls. Using this set and form editor, it is easy to create any user interface that meets all the requirements for an interface in a Windows environment. Controls are objects. Like any objects, they have properties, methods and events. Control elements are created using the Toolbox.

§ Topic 7. VBA. Branching Algorithms and Programs

The student should know:

· Syntax of algorithms of a branching structure with a conditional IF statement.

· Conditions of applicability of algorithms of branching structure.

Be able to.

· Apply the algorithms of the branching structure in practice.

· Work with objects Worksheets (), Range ().

In the program code, to implement branching, the conditional IF THEN statement is used.

The conditional operator allows you to select and perform actions depending on the truth of a certain condition. There are two options for the syntax: In the first case, it looks like:

IF condition Then [statements 1]

LECTURE 23-24

Topic 3.2 User Interface Development

1. Types of user interfaces and stages of their development.

2. Psychophysical characteristics of a person associated with the perception, memorization and processing of information.

3. User and software interface models.

4. Classifications of dialogues and general principles of their development.

5. The main components of graphical user interfaces.

6. Implementation of dialogs in the graphical user interface.

7. User interfaces of direct manipulation and their design.

8. Intelligent elements of user interfaces.

In the early stages of the development of computing technology, the user interface was considered as a means of communication between a person and an operating system and was rather primitive.

With the advent of interactive software, special user interfaces began to be used. Currently, the main problem is the development of interactive interfaces to complex software products designed for use by non-professional users.

1. Types of user interfaces and stages of their development

User interface- a set of software and hardware that ensure the interaction of the user with the computer. Basis of interaction- dialogues.

Dialogue- a regulated exchange of information between a person and a computer, carried out in real time and aimed at the joint solution of a specific problem: the exchange of information and coordination of actions. Each dialogue consists of separate I / O processes that physically provide communication between the user and the computer.

The exchange of information is carried out by the transmission of messages and control signals.

Message- a piece of information participating in the dialogue exchange.

Types of messages:

Input messages that are generated by a person using input means: keyboard, manipulators (mouse, etc.);

Output messages that are generated by a computer in the form of texts, sound signals and / or images and are displayed to the user on the monitor screen or other information output devices.

The user generates messages like:

Information request,

Help request,

An operation or function request,

Entering or changing information,

Frame field selection.

Receives in response:

Hints or help,

Wordform- a piece of text between two adjacent spaces or punctuation marks.

Morphological analysis - processing word forms out of context.

Procedural - assumes the selection of the basis in the current word form, which is then identified.

After recognizing word forms, the message is parsed, the results of which determine its syntactic structure, that is, the sentence is parsed.

An interface that implements the phrasal form of a dialogue must: convert messages from a natural language form to the form of an internal representation and vice versa, analyze and synthesize messages from the user and the system, track and remember the passed part of the dialogue.

disadvantages phrasal form:

Large consumption of resources;

No guarantee of unambiguous interpretation of the wording;

The need to enter long grammatically correct phrases.

Dignity phrasal form - free communication with the system.

Directive form - using commands (directives) a specially designed formal language.

Command- a sentence of this language describing combined data, which includes the identifier of the initiated process and, if necessary, data for it.

The command can be entered:

As a line of text in a specially designed format (MS DOS commands in the command line);

By pressing a certain key combination (a combination of "quick access" Windows applications);

By manipulating the mouse ("dragging" icons);

A combination of the second and third methods.

Dignity directive form:

Small amount of input information;

Flexibility - the ability to select an operation, limited by a set of valid commands;

Targeting user-driven dialogue;

Using the minimum screen area or not using it at all;

The ability to combine with other shapes.

disadvantages directive form:

Practical absence of prompts on the screen, which requires memorization of the entered commands and their syntax;

Almost complete lack of feedback on the status of the initiated processes;

The need for skills in entering text information or manipulating the mouse;

Lack of user customization.

The directive form is convenient for the professional user who usually quickly learns the syntax of frequently used commands or key combinations. The advantages of form (flexibility and good timing) are especially evident in this case.

Tabular form - the user chooses an answer from those offered by the program. The dialogue language has the simplest syntax and unambiguous semantics, which is quite easy to implement. The form is user-friendly, since it is always easier to choose, which is essential for a non-professional user. This form can be used if the set of possible answers to a specific question is finite. If the number of possible answers is large (more than 20), then the use of a tabular form may be impractical.

Merits and in tabular form:

The presence of a hint;

Reducing the number of input errors: the user does not enter information, but points to it;

Reduced user training time;

The ability to combine with other forms;

In some cases, the ability to customize.

disadvantages tabular form:

The need for screen navigation skills;

Using a relatively large screen area to display visual components;

Intensive use of computer resources associated with the need to constantly update information on the screen.

The types and forms of dialogue are selected independently of each other: any form is applicable for both types of dialogues.

Synchronous- dialogues that occur during the normal operation of the software.

Asynchronous- dialogs that arise at the initiative of the system or the user in case of violation of the script of the normal process. They are used to issue emergency messages from the system or user.

Development of dialogues. Stages of design and implementation of dialogues:

Determination of the set of required dialogs, their main messages and possible scenarios - design abstract dialogues;

Determination of the type and form of each dialogue, as well as the syntax and semantics of the languages used - design specific dialogues;

Selection of main and additional devices and design of input-output processes for each dialogue, as well as clarification of transmitted messages - design technical dialogues.

The basis of abstract dialogues is the ideology of the technological process, for the automation of which the software product is intended.

In addition to scripts, use interface state diagrams or dialogue graphs.

Dialogue graph Is a directed weighted graph, each vertex of which is associated with a specific picture on the screen ( frame) or a certain state of the dialogue, characterized by a set of actions available to the user. Arcs emanating from the vertices show possible state changes when the user performs the specified actions. Arcs emanating from the vertices show possible state changes when the user performs the specified actions. The conditions of transitions from state to state and operations performed during the transition are indicated as weights of arcs.

Each route on the graph corresponds to a possible dialogue option.

Figure 3 - Graphs of abstract dialogue:

a - dialogue controlled by the system; b - user-controlled dialog

5. Basic components of graphical user interfaces

Graphical user interfaces are supported by Windows, Apple Macintosh, OS / 2, and so on. For such interfaces, sets of standard user interface components have been developed for each operating system.

The interfaces are built using WIMP technology: W - Windows (windows), I - Icons (icons), M - Mouse (mouse), P - Pop-up (pop-up or drop-down menus). The main elements of graphical interfaces: windows, icons, I / O components and a mouse, which is used as a pointing device and a device for direct manipulation of objects on the screen.

Window.Window - a rectangular, box-bound area of the physical screen. The window can be resized and positioned within the screen.

Main windows (application windows);

Child or subordinate windows;

Dialog windows;

Information windows;

Menu windows.

Application window Windows contains: a frame that bounds the working area of a window, a title bar with a system menu button and buttons for selecting the window view and exit, a menu bar, an icon menu (toolbar), horizontal and vertical scroll bars, and a status bar.

Child window Windows is used in multi-document programming interfaces (MDI). This window does not contain a menu. The title bar is a special name that identifies the associated document or file. The icons for all child windows are the same.

Dialog window Windows is used to view and set various modes of operation, required parameters, or other information.

A title bar with a system menu button;

Components that provide the user with the ability to enter or select an answer;

Helper components that provide a prompt (viewport or help button).

The window is not resizable, but it can be moved around the screen.

Information windows of two types:

Message windows;

Help windows.

Message windows contain: a title with a system menu button, a message text, one or more user response buttons (Yes, No, Cancel).

Help window contains: menu, scroll bars, information area, similar to the application window, but has a highly specialized purpose.

Menu windows Windows are used as opening panels of hierarchical menus or as context menus.

Each line of the menu window can correspond to:

Command;

Menu of the next level, which is provided by the arrow;

Dialogue window, which is indicated by three dots.

An indication of keyboard shortcuts is added.

Pictograms. A pictogram is a small window with a graphic image that reflects the contents of the buffer with which it is associated.

Types of pictograms:

Software related to the respective program;

Child window icons that provide access to various documents;

Toolbar icons duplicate access to the corresponding functions through the menu, providing their quick access;

Object icons, for direct manipulation of objects.

Direct image manipulation. Direct image manipulation - it is the possibility of replacing the command of action on some object with a physical action in the interface, carried out with the help of the mouse. In this case, any area of the screen is considered as a destination that can be activated by moving the cursor and pressing the mouse button.

According to the reaction to the impact, the types of addressees are distinguished:

Indication and selection (expanding icons, determining the active window);

On-screen buttons and "sliding" barriers (performing or cyclically repeated actions (performing some operations or drawing, implied when activating a certain area of the screen - buttons)).

Dynamic visual signal - changing the image on the screen (mouse cursor when performing specific operations, changing the image of a button).

I / O components... Interfaces include several menus: main or "drop-down" hierarchical menus, pictographic menus (toolbars) and context menus for different situations. Any of these menus is an I / O component that implements a dialog with the user using a tabular form.

Hierarchical menus are used to organize the software's operations, if there are more operations as recommended by IBM), and to provide the user with an overview of them. Toolbars and context menus are used to provide quick access to frequently used commands, allowing the user to navigate relatively freely.

Other forms of input-output:

Phrasal,

Tabular,

Mixed.

6. Implementing dialogs in the graphical user interface

Dialogues of both types:

User controlled,

System controlled.

Implementation of user-driven dialogs. For implementation, menus of various types are used:

Basic,

Toolbars,

Contextual and push-button.

As an alternative to the menu, it is advisable to use the directive form of the dialog, assigning certain key combinations to the main commands. It is advisable to provide for the ability to control the menu by the keyboard, if most of the time the user enters text or data, that is, interacts with the keyboard.

Menu. The menu is designed based on the dialog graphs of the software being developed. If the number of operations does not exceed 5, then buttons are usually used. If the number of operations is not more than 9-10, then - a single-level menu. If the number of operations is more than 10, then a “drop-down” two-level hierarchical menu is used.

Dropdown menu... The first level of the hierarchical menu should contain the names of the main groups of operations.

Traditionally (usually in text and image editors):

1.item File,

2.item Edit,

3.item View,

the last item is Help.

The number of levels in the hierarchical menu should not exceed 2-3 (difficult to search). The number of operations in a window should not exceed 7-8 operations.

If the number of operations exceeds 70-80. Microsoft Word developers suggested adaptive a hierarchical menu, where the contents of the second-level menu window are constantly changing, displaying only those operations that the user uses. If the user does not find the desired operation, then after a few seconds or by pressing a special button, Word displays the entire menu window.

7 Direct manipulation user interfaces and their design

The direct manipulation capability of the WIMP interfaces enables the development of object-oriented direct manipulation interfaces for applications.

The interfaces use the directive form of the dialogue: the command is entered when performing certain actions with the object's icon with the mouse. The main elements of these interfaces are: metaphors, objects, object representations and Drag and Drop technologies.

Metaphors. Metaphors- mental transfer of properties or attributes of one object to another, somewhat similar to the first. The use of metaphors in interfaces is meant to invoke the user's experience.

The direct manipulation interface should provide the user with an environment containing familiar elements that the user has repeatedly encountered in professional activities or in everyday life, and provide him with the ability to manipulate individual objects. (Metaphor “Throwing out trash” - for deleting files).

Similar elements should behave in a similar way, elements highlighted with the same color should be in a certain relationship with each other.

It is advisable not to render the images too realistic so as not to deceive the user's expectations.

Metaphors and animation... In the implementation of metaphors, an increasing role is given to multimedia, mainly animation. Using animation, you can not only entertain the user, but also "prepare" him for a change in personnel, reducing the time required to adapt to a changed situation.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/247/images/image005_68.gif"> A program that implements animation interfaces never stands idle, because while waiting for a user command, it continues to display the corresponding frames. time programming... Unlike event programming, which allows you to associate the image on the screen with external and internal events in the system, time programming provides a change in the projected sequence of frames depending on the state of the simulated processes and user actions.

Direct manipulation interface objects and their representations.

There are three main types of direct manipulation interface objects:

Data objects,

Container objects,

Device objects.

Data Objects provide the user with information (texts, images, spreadsheets, music, videos). Within the operating system, such objects correspond to applications that are launched when the object is expanded.

Container objects can manipulate their internal objects, including other containers (copy or sort them in any order). Typical containers include folders, baskets. When the container is expanded, the components it stores are demonstrated, and it becomes possible to manipulate them. Components can be represented by pictograms or presented in a table.

Device Objects represent devices that exist in the real world: telephones, fax machines, printers, etc. they are used to refer to these devices in the abstract world of the interface. When you expand such an object, you can see its settings.

One window corresponds to each object. Initially, this window is represented by an icon, but if necessary, you can open it and perform the required operations, for example, object settings. An open object window can contain menus and toolbars. The pictogram must correspond to a context menu containing a list of operations on the object.

The name of the icon is formed in its own way for each type of object. Data object icons are named according to the names of the stored data, and the data type is encoded by the icon itself. The name of the container icon or device icon denotes the object itself and is therefore independent of the content.

The difference between the types of objects is conditional, since the same object in different situations can behave like a data object, then as a device object, then as a container object (printer is a device object, can have properties container object, may contain data objects in the print queue; representation in the form of an icon, print queue window, settings window; it is advisable to indicate the name of the view in the title of the object window).

TechnologyDragandDrop... The basic principles of direct manipulation described in the IBM User Interface Development Guide are:

The result of moving the object must meet the user's expectations;

Users should not suddenly lose information;

The user must be able to undo the wrong action.

Initial selection - used as a feedback to the user to inform him that the object is captured; in Windows, color selection is used for this purpose;

Displacement visualization - used to identify the performed action;

Target selection - is used to identify the destination, thus showing where the object will "fall" if released at the current time;

Visualization of an action - used to indicate the waiting time for the completion of an operation, usually animation or changing the shape of the cursor to an "hourglass" is used for this purpose.

There are two types of destinations: one accepts the object, and the other a copy of it (the user "throws" the document into the "trash" - the document itself is destroyed, and if a copy of the document is sent to the printer).

Designing Direct Manipulation Interfaces... Design is carried out on the basis of dialog graphs developed for specific software and includes the following procedures:

Formation set of objects of the subject area, which should be presented on the screen, and in this case, not use cases are used, but a conceptual model of the subject area;

Analysis objects, defining them types and views, as well as a list of operations with these objects;

Clarification object interactions and the construction of the matrix direct manipulation;

Definition visual representations objects;

Development of object window menu and context menus;

Creation prototype interface;

Testing on the convenience of use.

8 Intelligent user interface elements

Elements of user interfaces: Master, Advisor, Agent. Many attempts have been made to create a socialized user interface. This interface is based on the idea of creating a personified, that is, "having a personality" interface. Entertainment programs such as Cats and Dogs, which implement complex behavior of pets in different situations, show that this is technically a completely solvable problem.

Advisers... They are a form of a hint. They can be invoked from the help menu, the command line of the window, or from the pop-up menu. Advisors help users complete specific tasks.

Masters. The wizard is used to perform common but rarely performed tasks by an individual user (installing software or hardware). Performing such actions requires the user to make complex interrelated decisions, the sequence of which is dictated by the master program. Intelligent Wizards are able at every step to demonstrate in the viewing window the results of the user's answers to previous questions, helping the latter to navigate the situation.

The wizard implements a sequential or tree-like dialogue script. It is useful for well-structured, sequential tasks.

In this case, it is necessary:

Provide the user with the option to return to the previous step;

Provide the possibility of canceling the work of the Wizard;

Number the steps and inform the user about the number of steps of the Wizard, especially if there are more than three such steps;

Explain each step to the user;

If possible, demonstrate the result of the operations already performed at each step.

Software agents... Used to perform routine work. The main functions of Assistant Agents are: observation, search, control. Distinguish:

agent programs configured to perform specified tasks;

agent programs capable of learning (recording user actions (like a tape recorder)).

Types of interfaces

Command interface

Graphical interface

Simple graphical interface

WIMP - interface

Speech technology

Information systems in economics (30)

Information technologies in management (5)

Information control technology (10)

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

1. Concept of the user interface

2. Types of interfaces

2.1 Command interface

2.2 Graphical interface

2.2.1 Simple graphical interface

2.2.2 WIMP - interface

2.3 Speech technology

2.4 Biometric technology

2.5 Semantic (public) interface

2.6 Types of interfaces

3. Information technology

3.1 The concept of information technology

3.2 Stages of information technology development

4. Types of information technology

4.1 Information technology data processing

4.2 Information technology management

5. The role and importance of information technology

6. Components of information technology

7. Modern information technologies and their types

7.1 Information technology decision support

7.2 Information technology expert systems

8. Obsolescence of information technology

9. Methodology for using information technology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

semantic biometric user interface

1. User interface concept

Interface - a set of technical, software and methodological (protocols, rules, agreements) means of interfacing in the computing system of users with devices and programs, as well as devices with other devices and programs.

Interface - in the broadest sense of the word, it is a way (standard) of interaction between objects. The interface in the technical sense of the word defines the parameters, procedures and characteristics of the interaction of objects. Distinguish:

User interface - a set of methods of interaction between a computer program and the user of this program.

Programming interface is a set of methods for interaction between programs.

A physical interface is a way of communication between physical devices. Most often we are talking about computer ports.

Figure 1. Interaction of the user with the computer

Basically, the user generates messages of the following types:

information request

help request

operation or function request

entering or changing information

In response, the user receives hints or help; informational messages requiring a response; orders requiring action; error messages and other information.

The computer application user interface includes:

means for displaying information, displayed information, formats and codes;

command modes, user-interface language;

dialogues, interaction and transactions between the user and the computer, user feedback;

decision support in a specific subject area;

the procedure for using the program and its documentation.

It is not only the screen that the user sees. These elements include:

a set of user tasks that he solves using the system;

the metaphor used by the system (for example, the desktop in MS Windows®);

system controls;

navigation between system blocks;

visual (and not only) design of program screens;

information display means, displayed information and formats;

data entry devices and technologies;

dialogues, interactions and transactions between the user and the computer;

user feedback;

decision support in a specific subject area;

the procedure for using the program and its documentation.

2. Types of interfaces

Modern types of interfaces are:

1) Command interface. The command interface is called so because in this type of interface a person gives "commands" to the computer, and the computer executes them and gives the result to the person. The command interface is implemented as batch technology and command line technology.

2.1 Command interface

Fig. 2. Main computer view of the ES EVM series

Both of these technologies are implemented in the form of a command interface - commands are given to the machine as input, and it seems to "respond" to them.

2.2 Graphical interface

2.2.1 Simple graphical interface

At the first stage, the graphical interface was very similar to command line technology. The differences from the command line technology were as follows:

1. When displaying symbols, it was allowed to highlight some of the symbols with color, inverse image, underline and blinking. This has increased the expressiveness of the image.

2. Depending on the specific implementation of the graphical interface, the cursor may appear not only as a flickering rectangle, but also as a certain area covering several characters and even part of the screen. This selection is different from the other unselected parts (usually in color).

3. Pressing the Enter key does not always execute the command and go to the next line. The reaction to pressing any key largely depends on where the cursor was on the screen.