Cosmism of Alexander Chizhevsky, or Why the world has gone crazy
Vadim Gorelik (Frankfurt am Main)
or why has the world gone crazy
For the variety of talents he was called « Leonardo XX century » ... For his adherence to the study of the sun and solar radiation - "the solar man". For an unconventional view of Marxism-Leninism - « an enemy under the guise of a scientist. " His works are still little known. But everyone heard his name - Alexander Chizhevsky. We want to remember about him and his theory of space eras today.
Many people ask themselves the question: “What is happening to the world today? It seems like everyone is just out of their minds. " Unusual natural disasters (tornadoes, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, epidemics) and man-made disasters (planes fall, ships sink, accidents at nuclear facilities), monstrous aggressiveness during protest actions (burned cars, broken windows, vandalism at stadiums), politicians behave like fighting cocks, proving to each other which of them is cooler with the help of nuclear and missile "toys". The frenzy of the broad masses reaches its climax: for one word or caricature they kill. The cruelty is off scale. Political scientists intelligently call this the band of turbulence into which the world has entered. But few people think about the reasons for this global phenomenon.
The sun is our everything. The fact that life on Earth owes its origin to the Sun is written in school textbooks. But the fact that our life is more a cosmic phenomenon than an earthly one, and all the processes occurring on the Earth and in our society, strongly depend on the processes taking place on the Sun (Fig. 1), it became known not so long ago.
And this was discovered by Alexander Chizhevsky - one of the major scientists of the past century, the founder of cosmo- and heliobiology, a man who proposed a new philosophical understanding of global earthly processes. From the simple truth that solar energy lies at the heart of everything that happens on Earth, he deduced and mathematically proved the influence of solar activity cycles (CSA) on the frequency and intensity of earthly natural (earthquakes, tsunamis, epidemics) and social (wars, revolutions, rebellions, financial crises) cataclysms, which are very costly for mankind.
The hard way of a genius. He was born on January 26, 1897 in the family of a major general of the Russian army. After the Kaluga real school, he continued his studies at the Moscow Archaeological and Commercial Institutes and at the Physics, Mathematics and Medical Faculties of Moscow State University. In 1918, Chizhevsky defended his doctoral dissertation "On the periodicity of the world-historical process" at Moscow State University, in which he proves the influence of the CSA on all processes occurring on Earth on the basis of a large amount of factual material. The crown of his discovery was the monograph "The Earth in the Embrace of the Sun", written by Chizhevsky in French (Paris, 1938). In Russian, this book was published only in 1973, after his death, under the title "The Earth's Echo of Solar Storms."
Chizhevsky's discovery was immediately recognized. He was a full member of 18 world academies, an honorary professor at many universities in Europe, America and Asia. In 1939, in New York, the first international congress on biological physics and space biology elects Chizhevsky as honorary president and nominates him for the Nobel Prize.
But already in 1940 the "medieval trial" over Chizhevsky began. He is accused of deviating from the principles of Marxism-Leninism. The Chizhevsky case is supervised by Vyshinsky. The devastating article "An Enemy Disguised as a Scientist" appears in Pravda.
Chizhevsky was expelled from all posts, but remains at large for now. He was arrested in 1942 on charges of denigrating the Soviet regime. It cost Alexander Leonidovich 8 years in the camps and gave him another 8 as a special settler.
He was rehabilitated only in 1962, and two years later he was gone.
The essence of Chizhevsky's discovery. Chizhevsky analyzed a large amount of historical material and found a correlation between the maximums of the CSA (a large number of sunspots) and mass cataclysms on Earth. It was found that the frequency of the maximum CSA values varies in the range from 8 to 16 years, on average - 11 years (Fig. 2). Chizhevsky showed that during periods of increased solar activity, wars, revolutions, natural disasters, catastrophes, and epidemics occur on Earth. Hence, a conclusion was drawn about the influence of the 11-year-old CSA on climatic, geological and social processes on Earth.
“An astronomer who reads the epidemiology of cholera,” writes Chizhevsky, “is involuntarily amazed by the fact that the years of solar storms and hurricanes that are familiar to him cause such great disastrous phenomena, and, on the contrary, the years of solar calm and peace coincide with the years of liberation of man from the boundless horror of this. an irresistible invisible enemy. "
Fundamentally important from the point of view of the current situation in the world is Chizhevsky's open dependence on the CSA of mental activity not only of an individual, but also of the masses, causing their aggressiveness, the impact of CSA on the psyche of top officials of states and their teams, the likelihood of them making unconstructive decisions at various levels of government leading to economic disruption and military conflicts.
Along with this, the scientist warned against a simplified understanding of his theory. The sun is not the cause of the appearance of certain earthly cataclysms. They could appear even without the influence of solar storms, under the influence of socio-economic and geological factors, but the time of their appearance and, most importantly, their intensity are closely related to the peaks of the CSA. Solar activity is a trigger for the processes taking place on earth and in society. Therefore, the study of solar storms is necessary to predict the likelihood of natural, biological and social cataclysms.
Chizhevsky's theory today.
Over the past years, Chizhevsky's theory has not only been confirmed, but also become in demand. An ominous triad: virtual communication that easily forms a crowd in a matter of hours, aggressive television propaganda that zombies this crowd, and technological progress in the service of barbarians amplify the effect of CSA so much that it has already become a global problem. The further, the more people are involved in the adventures of mentally unstable leaders, and the world is going more and more crazy.
Recent events in Frankfurt in March 2015 (cycle 24 peak) during the opening of the new building of the European Bank, when brutal crowds of protesters burned police cars and injured 89 police officers, is clear evidence of this.
Now enriched with knowledge, let us try with fig. 2 understand why the world is going crazy. Note that the average CSA level is steadily increasing, and at present it is twice as high as in 1800. Today, 23 solar cycles have been studied, and since 2008, cycle 24 began, which reached a maximum in 2013-2014. According to NASA forecasts, cycle 24 will be two-peak and will cause powerful magnetic storms.
And now let us compare some of the most significant social and natural disasters with the maximums of the CSA. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the time lag (deviation of 1-2 years) of events from the maximums of the CSA due to the inertia of global processes.
15 cycle (1913-1923, maximum in 1917). World War I and revolutions in Russia and Germany.
Cycle 17 (1933-1944, maximum in 1937) World War II.
Cycle 19 (1954-1964, maximum in 1958) Suez Crisis 1956-1957 and the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956
Cycle 20 (1964-1976, maximum in 1968) War 1967-1968 between Israel and Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Algeria and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968
Cycle 22 (1986-1996, maximum in 1989) Earthquake in Armenia that destroyed the city of Spitak (1988), collapse of the USSR (1990).
Cycle 23 (1996-2008, maximum in 2000). The collapse of Yugoslavia, accompanied by civil wars.
And finally, the last 24 cycle (2008-2019, maximum in 2013-2014). The global financial crisis. The largest earthquake in Japan, which led to the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, the emergence of the Islamic State, the second Maidan in Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea and the hybrid war in Donbass, the Russia-Ukraine and Russia-USA confrontation.
How to live on? To the eternal Russian question "Who is to blame?" we tried to answer with the help of Chizhevsky. But to the second eternal Russian question: "What to do?" - it's harder to answer. We are beyond our powers to find a control over the Sun. But for people exposed to solar radiation - quite. In his famous book "The Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms" A. L. Chizhevsky wrote: " The state authorities must know about the state of the Sun at any given moment. Before making this or that decision, the government needs to inquire about the state of the luminary: is it bright, is its face pure or darkened by spots? The sun is a great military-political indicator: its readings are unmistakable and universal ». Theoretically correct, but what about the leaders themselves, who are also people? In the same place, Chizhevsky suggested screening seriously ill patients in case of CSA peaks. It is interesting to imagine the situation in the world if the headdresses and offices of inadequate politicians, managers and financial figures were shielded in this way?
There are many suggestions from physicists and psychologists for testing decision-makers. There is today a test of intelligence in terms of IQ. Maybe it is worth introducing a similar mandatory coefficient of inadequacy (KN) for testing the psychomotor skills of leaders? And with some borderline value of CT, to restrict the access of such people to leadership positions?
The Sun's magnetic field and plasma emissions directly affect the Earth and other planets of the solar system
There is a trace in the case of the clashes on Manezhnaya that no one paid attention to. It is a pity, because the culprit had not a small, but perhaps even a fundamental influence on the events that happened.
The events of December 11, 2010 on Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, which excited the country, came as a complete surprise not only to the authorities, but also to the participants themselves. Many knew that on this day a considerable number of young people would gather, wishing to express their complaints about the national policy pursued in Russia. However, no one expected such massiveness and such intensity of passions, perhaps.
The events on Manezhnaya Square had a prologue in the form of the overlap of the capital's Leningradsky Prospect by crowds of excited football fans and an epilogue in the form of massive clashes on December 15 and the already very small demonstration on December 18 in the Ostankino area. It is also important to note that in addition to the events described in Moscow, similar processes (albeit not so massive) took place in many cities of Russia.
The harsh reaction of the Russian authorities, the demand to find and punish the ringleaders, and the subsequent arrests, overshadowed for many similar mass actions in other regions. For example, the day before the events on Manezhnaya Square, the capital of foggy Albion was shocked by the performances of students, excited by the parliament's decision to raise tuition fees, when even the Crown Prince of the British crown was attacked. A little later, the voting in the Italian parliament, according to the results of which Silvio Berlusconi retained his post as prime minister, also provoked youth unrest in Rome and clashes with the police. We should not forget the mass demonstrations in Greece, France, Spain, which are very similar to what happened in Moscow at the beginning of the second decade of December.
What unites all the events mentioned is the unusual fury of the Protestants, the massiveness of the movements. It was also strange that the beginning of December is usually characterized by a decline in social and political activity. Is it worth combining all these events into a single list, or is their synchronicity and scenario similarity nothing more than an accident? The teachings of the Russian scientist Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky will help us to answer this question.
Alexander Chizhevsky was born in 1897 in the family of an artillery general. All his scientific activities were associated with what was then called "biological physics and space biology." Today the name of Chizhevsky is familiar to many thanks to a household air ionizer - a "chandelier" named in his honor. Unfortunately, his doctrine of the relationship between the cycles of solar activity and the socio-political activity of mankind, which he outlined in his work "Physical Factors of the Historical Process", written in Kaluga in 1924, is much less famous.
In this book, Chizhevsky wrote: “There is some extraterrestrial force influencing from the outside on the development of events in human communities. The simultaneous fluctuations of solar and human activity are the best indication of this force. "
An immediate impetus to Chizhevsky's reflections was the observation of the appearance of large sunspots on the Sun, made in 1915. The scientist drew attention to a strange coincidence between the appearance of these spots on the luminary and the immediate intensification of hostilities on many fronts. A little later, already in 1917-18, Chizhevsky discovered that the February and October coups in Russia, as well as the revolutions in Germany and Austria, were preceded by unusually powerful rises in the sunspot process.
As you know, the so-called. sunspots observed on the surface of a star are zones with relatively low temperatures. These spots are the exit points of strong magnetic fields. The number of such spots is one of the main factors characterizing solar activity. The activity of the Sun undergoes four stages: 1) a period of minimum, 2) a period of increased activity, 3) a period of maximum, and 4) a period of degradation (decline).
The full cycle, which includes one maximum, one minimum and transitional stages, takes a period of time from 7 to 16 years. Typically, however, an arithmetic mean of about 11 years is used. The question of the cause of the appearance of spots on the Sun and such a phenomenon as the solar wind - the release of matter from the surface of the sun into space - is interesting in itself, but its detailing will lead us away from considering the ideas of Chizhevsky. Let's just accept as a fact that a change in the magnetic activity of the Sun affects all the planets of the solar system, including the Earth, causing, for example, such phenomena as magnetic storms, auroras, cirrus clouds, optical effects in the atmosphere, fluctuations in atmospheric electricity, thunderstorms, etc.
However, the influence of the Sun is not limited to these phenomena. As Chizhevsky wrote: "rapid episodic increases in the activity of the Sun can cause dramatic changes in the state of the human psyche and dramatically change its behavior ... There is full reason to recognize that there is a direct correlation between the periodic activity of the Sun and the social activity of mankind."
Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky made his conclusions on the basis of data provided to him by the Mount Willson Solar Observatory, Eidgenossische Sternwarte in Zurich, Royal Observatory in Greenwich; Steward Observatory in Arizona and several others. Observations of the Sun have been conducted since 1610, since the discovery of sunspots by Galileo, which gave the Russian scientist accurate data on solar activity for four centuries. Based on these data, Chizhevsky, with an acceptable error, built a table of solar activity for the entire period of human history. On this table, he superimposed the most important events in the history of mankind in all regions of the world. As a result, he revealed the regularity of the distribution of historical events within the 11-year cycle of solar activity.
Chizhevsky called his theory of periodic changes in the behavior of organized masses, simultaneous with periodic changes in the activity of the Sun - historiometry (measurement of historical time by means of physical units). For the first and basic measuring unit of historical time, Chizhevsky took one cycle of solar activity, equal to an average of 11 years. He called this unit of measurement of historical time the historiometric cycle.
Further, each historical cycle, synchronous with the solar cycle, Chizhevsky divided into four periods. His statistical calculations showed that the first period - the period of minimal excitability, lasts 3 years; second period - build-up, 2 years; the third - maximum excitability - 3 years, and the last (decay period) is equal to 3 years. The density of events in periods, according to Chizhevsky, is distributed as follows:
in the 1st period of the cycle (3 years), 5% of all historical events begin;
in the 2nd (2 years) - 20%;
in the 3rd (3 years) - 60%;
in the 4th (3 years) - 15%.
Chizhevsky also did not pass by the questions related to the fact that different parts of the earth's surface do not receive solar energy in equal proportions. In particular, they wrote: “The lower uncivilized tribes still live either in equatorial or polar countries. Indeed, the influence of geographical latitude in history is noticeable. For example, civilized and populous cities lie between the two extreme isothermal lines at +16 and +4. On the main axis of the climatic and civilized belt with an isotherm of +10 lie Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, London, Vienna, Odessa, Beijing ... Thus, the higher race and higher culture correspond to the average amount of the sun's radiant energy; the minimum and the maximum are accompanied by an inferior race and an inferior culture. "
That is, from the point of view of Chizhevsky, the development of civilization is equally detrimental to both the excessive and the reduced amount of solar energy. At present, these ideas in a tolerant world would be branded as reactionary, since Chizhevsky not only postulates the existence of higher and lower races and cultures, but also gives this scientific justification. However, Chizhevsky also relies on the point of view of such scientists as Lombroso, the Frenchman Moret and others. For example, the English economist Jevons (W.S. Jevons, 1835-1882), to whom Chizhevsky refers, in his work "Commercial Crises and Sunspots" set forth his own theory of the relationship between industrial crises and the periodic course of solar activity.
Chizhevsky gave a description of four periods of the general cycles of historical events that he discovered, which repeat exactly 9 times in each century.
Chizhevsky believed that the first period of the 11-year cycle (minimal excitability) is characterized by fragmentation and indifference of the masses to political and military issues, the peaceful mood of the masses, compliance, tolerance, etc. Studying historical events, Chizhevsky established that in the first period most often peace treaties are concluded; capitulation shares are signed; peoples are under occupation; parliamentarism is reduced to the maximum and autocracy or rule of the few is strengthened.
The beginning of the second period of the historiometric cycle (the period of increasing excitability) is characterized by a significantly greater rise in the excitement of the masses. There is still no unification of the masses; only little by little, the parties and groups that had disintegrated by the period of minimal excitability begin to reorganize, leaders are outlined, programs are determined. The power of suggestion again manifests itself on the masses: statesmen, military leaders, orators, the press are regaining their importance. Questions - political and military - are beginning to prevail in public life and are gradually becoming aggravated.
Soon, after a year or two, and sometimes less, the unanimous demand of the masses, aimed at resolving certain issues, takes up. During the second period, three main phases should be distinguished in the order of their gradual development: 1) the emergence of ideas among the masses; 2) grouping ideas and 3) identifying one main idea (absorbing many group ideas)
The third period of the historiometric cycle (the period of maximum excitability) is the main stage in the development of each cycle, which resolves the world-historical problems of mankind and fundamental new historical epochs. As Chizhevsky writes, this period "encourages humanity to the greatest follies and the greatest benefits: it brings ideas to life by shedding blood and clanging iron."
In the third period, the following factors are clearly distinguished:
stimulating effect on the masses of the people's leaders, generals, etc .;
the stimulating effect of moods and ideas circulating among the masses;
the speed of excitability from the unity of the mental center;
the size of the territorial girth of the mass movement.
Let us give the floor to Chizhevsky again: “The influence of leaders and generals never reaches such a tremendous force as during the period of maximum tension of the sunspot-forming activity. During this period, it is sometimes enough to say one word at a time or one gesture to move entire armies and the masses. Equally important are the ideas that appeal to the masses during the period of maximum excitability. In this case, the influence of oral agitation, as well as the press, can acquire a decisive significance on the outcome of a particular political or military movement. In a period of maximum excitability, sometimes the slightest excuse is enough for the masses to ignite, revolt, or go to war. Even one rumor, put into circulation by the masses, can lead to general unrest and rebellion. "
The period of maximum excitability contributes to:
uniting the masses;
the promotion of leaders, generals, statesmen;
the triumph of ideas supported by the masses;
maximum development of parliamentarism;
democratic and social reforms;
democracy and the limitation of autocracy;
uprisings and troubles, riots, riots, revolutions;
wars, campaigns, expeditions;
emigration, resettlement, persecution and other outbreaks of mass human activity.
Finally, the fourth period of the historiometric cycle (the period of the fall in excitability) in the historical and psychological sense cannot abound with major events, but, usually, in this period those of them that have arisen earlier come to an end. In general, this is a period of general voltage recession.
These are, in short, the views of Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky on the role of the Sun in the events of human history. Of course, it would be a significant oversimplification to say that everything in human life obeys these 11-year cycles and can be reduced to elementary algebraic formulas.
Chizhevsky himself wrote about this: “The theory of the physical foundations of the historical process allows us to state the fact of the presence of a certain kind of rhythm in the mental activity of all mankind and periodic fluctuations in the course of the world-historical process, as an expression of this rhythm,” but “it would be completely wrong to assume that the periodic activity of the Sun is the main cause of certain historical events. Any such event is a dynamic reaction of the human masses from all political and economic stimuli acting on them, as well as natural stimuli that change their behavior and determine the intellectual and social development of mankind. "
Simplifying Chizhevsky's thought, we can say that the activity of the Sun cannot provoke certain social processes from scratch. However, if there are prerequisites for social discontent in a given region, then most likely in the third phase of the cycle, massive social movements will begin, the rage of which will reach its climax at the peak of solar activity. In this regard, it is interesting to see in what phase of the "Chizhevsky cycles" the events of December 2010 took place.
In his work, Chizhevsky gave graphs of the activity of the Sun and the social activity of mankind. From these graphs, in particular, there was a noticeable coincidence of ups in staining and outbreaks of revolutionary activity of the popular masses of Russia for the period from October 1, 1905 to April 1, 1906 (rallies and strikes; bombs and assassination attempts; immediate repressions). Let's take this date as the starting point for our simplified calculations. Let's keep in mind that, in accordance with Chizhevsky's logic, this is the third period of the historiometric cycle (the greatest excitability).
11 years later, as we know, the October Revolution took place and the Civil War began. Omitting consideration of all points every 11 years, we briefly mention that these 11-year intervals (if we count from the period 1905-1906) account for the beginning of World War II (1939), as well as the dramatic events in Moscow at the end 1993 year. The last such point was 2005.
If we consider the most dramatic events at this historical point, then it should be noted: a massive reaction to the seizure of a school in Beslan by terrorists (September 2004); the events in Ukraine called the Orange Revolution (end of November 2004); the start of a campaign of criticism by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez of US policy (February 2005); a million-strong opposition rally in Beirut after the death of Prime Minister Rafik Hariri - the largest in the history of Lebanon (March 2005); the coup in Bishkek and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan (March 2005); the death of Pope John Paul II, which attracted an unprecedented number of Catholics to Rome (April 2005); a surge of mass enthusiasm in Russia in connection with the 60th anniversary of the Victory (May 2005); a series of terrorist attacks in the London Underground (July 2005); the outbreak of major ethnic riots on the outskirts of Paris (October 2005); mass protests of Muslims in connection with the appearance of cartoons of Muhammad (February 2006); massive protests by French students against the adoption of new labor legislation (March 2006).
Since solar activity causes not only social cataclysms, but also natural phenomena, this, apparently, should include the largest earthquake in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Asia on December 26, 2004 - as a result of the tsunami it provoked, about 230 thousand people died. human; large-scale power outages in the south of Moscow on May 25, 2005 (as well as in 25 cities of the Moscow region, in Podolsk, in the Tula region, Kaluga region); hurricane Katrina, which struck New Orleans in the United States on August 29, 2005, flooding 80% of the city (one of the consequences was massive looting, which was suppressed only by armed means).
2006 should be attributed to the fourth period (decrease in excitability), after which the period of minimum excitability began. At this historical point, due to the strange behavior of the Sun (which will be discussed below), the period of decline and the period of minimal excitability (the fourth and first in Chizhevsky's classification) passed in a shorter time, actually compressed in four years instead of six. Further, a period of growth began to which, apparently, the end of 2010 should be attributed. Let us again give the floor to Chizhevsky, who wrote the following about the growth period: “At the end of the second period, which can gradually take on a stormy character and reveal the impatience and nervousness of the masses, we notice one of the most important phenomena of the military-political life of communities, namely: the desire for the unification of various nationalities that make up a given community, for the purpose of defense or attack, and the merging of various political groupings to oppose other political groups. "
As we can see, Chizhevsky's words are the best fit to the events that we saw in Moscow at the beginning of the second decade of December this year, as well as to those events that took place in a number of European countries at the same time. Chizhevsky argued that in the second period, a certain fundamental idea arises in society, which gradually takes over the masses; carriers of this idea "can serve as the mental center for the formation of individual groups, united by one basic idea"; this idea absorbs most of the group ideas that are sacrificed to it, there is a massive concentration on this single idea.
By the way, many people noted that the ideas that were voiced by young people on Manezhnaya Square on December 11, 2010 instantly spread in society and were sympathetically discussed in the streets and in offices.
Well, what does observation of the sun tell us?
In 2009, scientists noted the almost complete disappearance of spots on the sun's surface. Sergei Yazev, a senior researcher at the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of the SB RAS, reported that "There have been no spots on the Sun for almost two months (this is the first time that scientists have recorded this since 1913!), Except for the short-term appearance of tiny spots on July 23 and September 4" ... True, on June 14 and July 5, powerful flares were recorded on the Sun, but then the luminary "fell asleep" again.
By the end of September 2009, the situation on the Sun had changed. Despite the lull, the strength of the solar wind has inexplicably tripled. The sun suddenly showed signs of solar activity, and, starting on September 24, the Sun seemed to go on an assault, trying to escape from the apathy of the decline in activity. The sun suddenly showed signs of increased activity. The GOES satellites have registered an X-ray flux from the Sun, which has been increasing.
Further, our daylight began to "gain momentum" and went into acceleration. On February 9, 2010, 22 large flares occurred on the Sun per day. The star hasn't flashed so often since January 2005. In total, from 5 to 16 February, more than fifty flares occurred on the Sun.
The beginning of the grandiose eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland was attributed by analysts to anything but an unexpected sharp surge in solar activity. Of course, there is no evidence that these two events are connected, but the fact is a fact - seismic activity in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano area began at the end of 2009, that is, when the Sun "woke up". In February - that is, after the "machine-gun burst" of flares on the Sun, scientists recorded a movement of the earth's crust by 3 cm in the area of a glacier on a volcano, after which seismic activity continued to increase and reached a maximum on March 3-5. Is it a coincidence?
Further events developed in the same vein: despite the fact that obvious weather anomalies were happening on Earth, for some reason no one wanted to associate them with the fact that the Sun “woke up”, and very abruptly. From 12 to 13 June 2010, a series of large flares occurred on the Sun. Temperature cataclysms, which provoked an unprecedented rampant wildfires in July-August in the Northern Hemisphere, were associated with anything - even with the terrible American weather weapons, but not with solar activity.
Well, what about the events of December this year?
In November 2010, astronomers noted an all-time high level of solar activity, which began in the very beginning of November. On December 4 and 6, 2010, specialists from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) registered intense eruptions on the Sun. On the afternoon of December 6, 2010, the probe recorded a record 700,000 km long prominence, which is 50 times the diameter of the Earth. NASA circulated a message warning that this plasma burst was likely to cause massive magnetic disturbances on Earth. At the end of the week, according to this report, geomagnetic disturbances should have reached extremely high rates. The end of this week is just December 11, 2010.
You can, of course, dismiss Chizhevsky's theory as a historical curiosity. People generally tend to look for answers to various questions anywhere, just not where these answers are. We do not insist on anything. We just wanted to remind once again about the theory that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, which perfectly explains the events that are a century away from the time of the theory's birth.
In his book, Chizhevsky wrote: “The state authorities must know about the state of the Sun at any given moment. Before making this or that decision, the government needs to inquire about the state of the luminary: is it bright, is its face clean or darkened by spots? The sun is a great military-political indicator: its readings are unmistakable and universal. Therefore, the state power should be equal to his arrows. "
Will the state authorities listen to the words of this person?
Meanwhile, scientists predict a further increase in solar activity, which will peak in 2011-2012. As Chizhevsky said, the peaks of solar activity do not threaten those states in which there are no social contradictions or, in any case, they are not high enough. But woe to those societies in which social discontent exceeds a certain threshold at the time of the peak of solar activity or the period that Chizhevsky called the period of maximum excitability.
I would like to end with the words of Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, which do not inspire too much optimism: “The sun does not force us to do this and that, but it forces us to do something. But humanity follows the line of least resistance and plunges itself into oceans of its own blood. "
A. Chizhevsky, with the support of his relatives, set up his first experiments on "living and dead" air. His research showed that negatively ionized air multiplies the vitality of any organism and, in proper quantities, can serve as an effective remedy. The presence of electric charges in the air is one of the necessary conditions for life and the normal development of organisms.
By 1926 - 1927, he finally established himself in the opinion that fluctuations in the vital functions of humans and other living organisms are closely related to disturbances in the surrounding space, and the virulence of microorganisms is directly dependent on some kind of solar radiation. The results of research opened new paths in the development of many sciences, but in 1942 he was arrested on a ridiculous denunciation and imprisoned.
But the case helped to continue the research. When Chizhevsky was in prison, an epidemic of the disease began there, which was localized thanks to his valuable advice. Since that time, the prison administration has done everything possible to ensure his scientific activities. He was equipped with a laboratory, allowed to choose from among the prisoners highly qualified assistants for his work. When the time of release approached, Chizhevsky asked to stay there for some time to finish a series of his experiments to study the electrical properties of red blood cells. After his term of imprisonment, he was expected to be sent to a camp. Once there, there was almost no chance of surviving because of the difficult living conditions, but again, chance helped him. In the camp, he met Nina Vadimovna Endelgardt. A representative of an ancient family, good health, accustomed to village life, she earned a living for herself and him with needlework. Chizhevsky, in order to brighten up the atmosphere of that life, painted and wrote poetry. (4) By sticking together, helping each other, they managed to survive. After the camp, they got married. After their release, they lived in Moscow, and their small one-room apartment became a gathering place for biosphere researchers from all over the union. The alliance with N.V. Endelgardt played a huge role in preserving the scientific works of A.L. Chizhevsky. When the professor died, Nina Vadimovna herself carefully packed all his archives, sewed them into folders and handed them over to the archives of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (4) She also helped prepare and conduct readings in memory of A.L. Chizhevsky, which were organized at the initiative of the physics section of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. In February 1968, the first Readings in memory of the scientist were held at MOIP. For a long time they were the center of attraction for friends and followers of Alexander Chizhevsky and were all-Union conferences in which representatives of different sciences participated. Nina Vadimovna had to endure the last attacks on heliobiology. On the day of Chizhevsky's death, December 22, 1964, an issue of the journal "Party Life" was published, in which an ideological libelous article about the activities and scientific heritage of A. Chizhevsky was published. (1) After her, the camp of the Sun explorers was divided into 2 groups. Representatives of one preferred to accept the position of the authorities. Another group preferred the truth, bringing to the editorial office of the journal as a refutation lists of A. Chizhevsky's scientific works and diplomas of foreign academies. A letter was sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU, a commission was set up to investigate. As a result, in the March issue of the magazine, the editorial board placed the conclusion of the commission, noting that "thereby correcting the mistake." (1)
Chizhevsky understood the role of the periodic activity of the Sun as the role of the regulator of the Earth's processes in time and the strength of their manifestations, but in no case denied the role of people in them. Noticing at first the general laws of the interaction of the biosphere with solar activity, he strove to understand the mechanism of the ongoing processes of interaction of living nature with the external environment. He investigated the biological effect of positively and negatively charged ions, established the strong reactivity of microorganisms to solar disturbances, and discovered the possibility of predicting solar disturbances using certain microorganisms. He laid the foundation for the structural analysis of blood, discovered the ordering of erythrocytes in the bloodstream, and gave an outline of the theory of the electrical and magnetic interaction of the structural elements of blood. He considered all this as a single system of interaction between the organism and its environment. (2) His theory made it possible to consider microorganisms as electrical resonators, tuned to receive waves of a certain frequency, made it possible to predict epidemic processes on Earth. One of the properties of charged air ions is the ability to cleanse the air from microorganisms and small particles. In practice, this was applied in agriculture, unfortunately not for long. Chizhevsky's lamp is used in medicine.
After the first readings of his name, many scientific institutes began to deal with the issue of solar activity. In 1970, at a special meeting of the Bureau of the Department of General Physics and Astronomy of the Academy of Sciences of the SSR, the issue raised by Chizhevsky as early as 1925 "On the development of research on heliobiological connections" was discussed. In 1973, the book "The Earth's Echo of Solar Storms" was published for the first time in Russian, which was published at one time in French.
Recently, research on the influence of solar activity on the living environment of the Earth has been carried out in two directions: 1) the search for areas of correlation (connection) of solar activity with terrestrial processes and 2) through which physical factors of the external environment the Sun influences biological organisms. The first direction is essentially purely illustrative, since no one doubts the role of solar activity today. The second direction is less studied, but continues to be developed by scientists. The results of some of these studies can already be found. In the literature (3, p. 5), it is indicated that the reproduction of phages (living structures similar to viruses) accelerates at the time of the passage of a thunderstorm, during the disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field. Radio emission at a frequency of 200 MHz also has a stimulating effect. Under the influence of cosmic factors, bacteria can develop drug resistance and increase toxicity. Viruses develop (mutate) into new forms against which organisms have not yet developed a defense. In some experiments, the bacterial culture was exposed to such a changing magnetic field, which occurs during magnetic storms. The aggressiveness of the bacteria of murine typhus increased 3 times, the strains of staphylococcus under the influence of the magnetic field increased their resistance 300 times. In connection with solar activity, the composition of saliva and gastric juice in humans changes, that is, even in this way, resistance to diseases is regulated.
Our ever-deeper understanding of the connection with outer space forces us to solve more and more serious questions - how the physical fields around us affect a person. What happens to a person with ever-increasing electromagnetic radiation, as well as with ultrasonic and noise exposure. This issue needs to be resolved urgently.
Solar activity is now perceived as one of the forces that inevitably unite us with the universe.
Marianna Dotsenko(ENT)
(Master of Biological Sciences)
2008 r.
Literature:
1) A.L. Chizhevsky. Unpublished, bibliography, reflections, development of ideas. Moscow, RANS, 1998.
2) A.L. Chizhevsky. "Earthly echo of solar storms." Moscow, Thought, 1973.
3) YV Mizun, YG Mizun "Secrets of the Future" Moscow, Veche, 2000.
4) N. Cimahovica. "Heliobiologijas likloci" Zvaigznota debess, No. 177, Riga, 2002.
"And the face of life was covered with a grimace;
The compass thrashed - the people raged,
And above the ground, and above the mass of people
The Sun was making its legal move ..."
Scientists predict that the Sun is entering its next active phase. Every 11 years, the luminary begins a stormy life. As a result, there are strong magnetic storms on our planet. At the beginning of the last century, Russian biophysicist Alexander Chizhevsky suggested a connection between the activity of the Sun and social processes on Earth, which sometimes changed the course of history. These days, the creator of a new science - space biology, would have turned 115 years old ( my approx. - the article was written in 2012).
The above poem "Earthly echo of solar storms" Alexander Chizhevsky wrote at 23. The future of the poet was predicted for him. Mayakovsky noted about Chizhevsky's poems: two mistresses, science and poetry, that's a lot - you have to choose one. Chizhevsky chooses the first and becomes a pioneer of a new science - space biology.
"He was so ahead of his time that even scientists did not understand him all. Let's say that only recently they really began to understand him," says Lyudmila Engelgardt, head of the Chizhevsky House-Museum in Kaluga.
That the Sun influences the course of history, Chizhevsky drew attention to another 17-year-old youth. When his father, an artillery colonel, went to the front in 1914, Shura marked the positions of the troops on the map with flags. Carried away by astronomy, he also watched the sun. On the day when the flags on the map had to be rearranged frequently, that is, there were active hostilities, many spots appeared on the Sun. How are these events related? He asked this question to Tsiolkovsky.
"It would be surprising if this were not the case, but you, young man, will have to dig into the study of statistics, exact sciences," Lyudmila Engelgardt quotes Tsiolkovsky's answer. "Why Chizhevsky enters two institutes at once ..."
Scientists measure the life of the Sun in eleven-year periods. The luminary is asleep: there are no flashes, no spots, then it is awake. Chizhevsky studied a bunch of archives. He compared solar cycles with world history. The results stunned him. All large-scale historical events happened during the period of the active Sun... This was confirmed by the XX century.
Geomagnetic storms are a disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field lasting from several hours to several days, caused by the arrival of disturbed high-speed streams of the solar wind and the associated shock wave in the vicinity of the Earth. Geomagnetic storms occur mainly in the middle and low latitudes of the Earth.
As a result of solar flares, a huge amount of matter (mainly protons and electrons) is thrown into outer space, part of which, moving at a speed of 400-1000 km / s, reaches the Earth's atmosphere in one or two days. The Earth's magnetic field captures charged particles from outer space. Too strong particle flux perturbs the planet's magnetic field, due to which the characteristics of the magnetic field change rapidly and strongly.
Thus, a geomagnetic storm is a fast and strong change in the Earth's magnetic field that occurs during periods of increased solar activity.
At one time, heated debates were aroused by the question of the influence of solar activity on the occurrence of accidents and injuries in transport and in production. This was first pointed out back in 1928 by Alexander Chizhevsky, and in the 1950s, German scientists Reinhold Reiter and Karl Werner, from an analysis of about 100 thousand car accidents, established their sharp increase on the second day after the solar flare. Later, the Russian forensic physician from Tomsk, Vladimir Tenth, discovered a sharp increase in the number of suicides (4 - 5 times compared to the days of the calm Sun) also on the second day after the solar flare. And this exactly corresponds to the beginning of magnetic storms.
According to various sources, from 50 to 75% of the world's population are subject to the negative impact of magnetic storms. In this case, the moment of the onset of the stress reaction can shift relative to the onset of the storm by different times for different storms and for a specific person. Many people begin to react not to the magnetic storms themselves, but 1-2 days before them, i.e. at the time of flares on the Sun itself.
It is also noted that up to 50% of the world's population is capable of adaptation, i.e. to a decrease to zero of the reaction to several successive magnetic storms with an interval of 6-7 days, and that young people practically do not feel the effect of magnetic storms.
The theory of the influence of magnetic storms on humans has opponents who are of the opinion that gravitational perturbations associated with a change in the relative position of the Earth, the Moon and the planets of the solar system are immeasurably small in comparison with those that people are exposed to in everyday life (shaking, acceleration, etc. braking in public transport, abrupt descent and ascent, etc.).
The Village has found a person who has never been to Europe and the States, but has traveled literally half of Russia - at the time of publication of the text - 626 cities. Perhaps, by the time of reading this, this figure has already increased. Ivan Shiryaev, 33, told The Village why he wants to visit every city in Russia and what he learned about the country while traveling.
I have visited 626 cities, about 56%, but there is still a lot to come. In total, there are at least 1,127 (Wikipedia says - 1,117. - Ed.), But this number is constantly changing: every year different settlements receive the status of a city. I have not traveled around the world at all, only in Russia. If there were foreign states, it was only from the CIS: Ukraine, Belarus, Abkhazia, South Ossetia. I don’t know why, but it just doesn’t pull abroad. Plus, the more I travel, the slower I travel. If at first I managed to visit 120 or even 150 cities in a year, now I can hardly get 70–80. Because some cities want to pay more attention. Plus it takes a lot of time to write, publish, upload photos. Therefore, it is difficult to say how much more time is needed.
My journey began seven years ago. I then left the Jehovah's Witnesses - I just took it one day and disappeared. I was completely absorbed in religion, therefore, leaving, I had absolutely no idea what I would do and how to live.
For three months I worked and read blogs of various hardened hitchhikers. I was very inspired by these stories. I found a travel companion on the Internet, and we went on a trip to Ukraine and Belarus. For two weeks we stopped together, and then we realized that one by one it is easier to catch a ride and find a lodging for the night - and so we parted.
Monasteries, Emergencies Ministry and other ways to spend the night for free
The book by Anton Krotov "The Practice of Free Travel" helped me more than others. There he gives a lot of useful advice for beginner hitchhikers: bright clothes are important - so that you can be seen from afar; you need to stand behind some junction or police post - where cars slow down; in conversations with drivers, it is better to avoid political and religious topics, so that there is no reason for dispute.
Basically, I stayed in monasteries - I specially planned my route so that I could get from one to the other in a day. Monks accept almost everyone, the main thing is to have a passport: they rewrite data in order to report to the police - you never know, fugitive convicts or someone else. I introduced myself as a pilgrim traveling to the holy places of Ukraine. Usually, such pilgrims are expected to stay for several days, go to services, and help take care of the monastery. But I have always limited myself to only one overnight stay, so as not to stay for a long time, because all this is not interesting to me. The pilgrims are fed, given a place to sleep, and helped. In short, this is a free entry with all the basic amenities. Only once they demanded a payment for the night in the monastery, it was in Kharkov. Although inexpensive, the fact itself surprised me.
I was included in both male and female monasteries, and not far from Donetsk, Buddhists let me in. It was then the only Buddhist monastery in Ukraine, quite small, there were only three or four monks. It was interesting with them: they are calm, immersed in their thoughts, but at the same time they are very sociable and easily make contact. And in Sudak, I was invited to stay at a mosque with the Crimean Tatars. I remember we sat for a long time and talked about Islam.
Then I hitchhiked to the Far East. In three weeks I reached Magadan. There I met a local, who promised to take me to a high hill, from where a beautiful view of the village opens. Our path was blocked by a river, which at normal times can be easily waded. But just then the rains fell, the river rose and overflowed its banks. The current was so strong that all documents and money floated out of my pockets, even my boots were blown off my feet. My friend found himself cut off on a small island. The nearest bridge was seven kilometers away. I ran for help - the rescuers arrived, everything worked out. We never got to the hill, but thanks to this incident, I first visited the fire station and made friends with the Ministry of Emergencies. After this story, I became their frequent guest. I usually spend the night in the units of the emergency department. But, of course, this is not the only way to save money on accommodation while traveling.
In any city there are hospitable people who can easily register with them. You just need to be able to find them. For example, on the CouchSurfing site - among members of local travel clubs, cyclists or bikers. This allows you not only to save money, but also to see the city as it really is. Locals are almost always ready to show interesting locations, willingly tell city tales: where the staircase exploded, which kindergarten the plane fell on, how to find the grave of a crime boss shot in the 90s or the house of a gypsy baron.
In Murom, I was joined by a man whose nickname on VKontakte was Alexander Dahmer. And Dahmer is such a famous American maniac who lured boys to him, raped, tortured, reading the Gospel aloud, killed and piled corpses in the basement of his house. This host's room was strange - all covered with some kind of inscriptions, only then I learned that he was an artist. That day I wanted to sleep, and therefore, when I did not get in touch in the morning, my mother started calling me: she was afraid that this Dahmer had done something to me. But he turned out to be an ordinary person, friendly, hospitable. So, I hope I'll visit him again soon.
About closed cities of Russia
The purpose of my trip is to go around all cities of Russia, including closed ones. I have already visited eight of them: Mirny in the Arkhangelsk Region, Vilyuchinsk in Kamchatka, Zelenogorsk and Zheleznogorsk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Znamensk in the Astrakhan Region, Shikhany in Saratov, Fokino in Primorye and Raduzhny in the Vladimir Region.
All closed cities are similar to each other. Most often, young military families live there, many pregnant women and women with wheelchairs. It is usually quite clean, well-groomed there, people feel safer and more relaxed, because outsiders cannot get there. But what distinguishes these cities is the degree of closeness: you can come somewhere without problems, there is not even a checkpoint, somewhere there is, but suffice it to say where and to whom you came, and in some cities you just won't get there. But you can always find local residents who will issue a pass, negotiate with the city administration or with journalists. For example, a Cossack chieftain helped me get to one city. I wrote to the local motorcycle club, and there was a relative of this chieftain. He gave me an official pass, although the city administration had refused me before, he entered me into the church house for the night, took me around the city, showed me everything. These are the kind of people who are ready to meet halfway, always help - both in closed and in open cities.
Stereotypes about cities
In each city, I ask you to put a local seal or stamp on my notebook. Most often I contact the city administration, newspaper editorial offices, museums, post office or railway station. In some small towns, stamps cannot be found on weekends. Then I send myself a postcard or letter to use the postmark. This is for my stamp collection. I don't really show them to anyone, they are just kept in my notebook so that there is something to look through later, to remember: here I was, and here, and here too. And besides, when you set a goal to put a stamp, you walk around the city more, because for this you need to go somewhere, meet someone, talk - it’s more interesting.
It often happens that you come to a city with stereotypes that are actively spread by people who have never been to this region. But this is like hearing a joke about the Chukchi and deciding that all Chukchi are stupid, although they are, in general, the same as everyone else. Therefore, now I divide everything that I hear about this or that region in half.
Anyway, in my experience these stereotypes have never been confirmed. People are different everywhere: among the Dagestanis there are, for example, Wahhabis, and generally unbelievers, but there are simply inadequate, capable of causing harm to others, as elsewhere. But this does not mean that it is dangerous in Dagestan and that you cannot go there. I think Moscow is much more dangerous than Dagestan or Chechnya. In the North Caucasus, cops stopped me much more often than in other regions. But they are not the same as ours, they are more friendly and stopped me not so much for the sake of order as out of curiosity. For example, if a cop comes up with us, then it’s already somehow uncomfortable, you don’t know what to expect from him. And there, on the contrary, there were no problems, although it happened that in the same city I was stopped seven or eight times a day. They see a non-local person walking - with a large backpack, a camera, they come up, ask about something, treat them to tea, help with the ride. Apparently, they are bored there, that's all, and they wanted to meet.
Of course, people change from region to region. Compared to the hospitable Ingush, Ossetians, Kabardians and Balkars, who immediately invite you to the table, the Circassians seem unfriendly and even suspicious. In Tuva, you generally feel like a foreigner. They rarely see guests like me. Tourism there is generally not developed, and the locals speak only their own language and are reluctant to make contact. But in neighboring Khakassia, there are no problems with this. In the Far East, people are more responsive, especially in remote areas. Probably, in harsh conditions, as there, one cannot do without it. And in the Moscow region, in Obninsk, one day I had to charge my phone, I went around all the shops and offices of the shopping center - and no one allowed me to use the socket.
About dialects and the worst roads
In some regions, it happens that you hear such words that you don't immediately understand, you have to ask again. Once in the Arkhangelsk region I came to a store and said: "I have a kilogram of sugar." And they answer me: "There is no sugar, only sand." It's just that they call sugar refined sugar, and loose is sand. And they also say "seigod" and "for those years." For example, "there are few mushrooms nowadays, not like in those years." In the Perm Territory, the loofah is called "vekhotka". And in Kamyshin we have white and dark bread, and the “brick” of bread is called “saika”. I remember one of my visiting friend laughed a lot when I asked in the store for a "half of the dark".
The worst roads, in my experience, are in my native Volgograd region and in neighboring Saratov, where they are hardly repaired. Of course, the quality of roads is distinguished by the metropolitan regions - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tatarstan, Krasnodar Territory. And so everywhere and in everything: the central cities live, prosper, and the remote ones are dying out, the population is rapidly decreasing, only old people remain. But even in the outback, people manage to live well. In general, it seems to me that not so much depends on where a person lives, but rather on what he does, how he looks at the world. So, even in remote regions, there are those who live happier than many of the capital's residents: someone is fishing, someone is hunting, picking mushrooms, someone is even engaged in scientific activities or writing.
I remember St. Petersburg, Kazan and Novosibirsk more than other Russian cities. I like Peter for some of his special spirit. It's hard for me to describe it in words, but I feel very comfortable there. In Kazan, as in Tatarstan in general, everything is very comfortable: clean, beautiful, children's parks, squares, playgrounds - everything is for people. It can be seen that not all taxes from the region go to Moscow. In general, it is very pleasant to be there. As in Novosibirsk: of all Siberian cities, it is distinguished by some kind of comfortable urban environment and civilization, or something.
Sometimes I make myself a weekend, a break in the trip, to take a break from new impressions, from people, from moving, from everything. I don't go anywhere, I don't see anyone, I just get enough sleep and go about my business. Most often for the winter I stay in St. Petersburg or in my native Kamyshin. Having traveled around more than half of the cities of Russia, I began to look differently at the place where I was born, began to notice details that I had not paid attention to before: architecture, unusual places and views, interesting facts from the history of the city - now I became much more interested in Kamyshin than before.
Now I have a break in my own travel, but I go for work: I just flew from Norilsk to Krasnoyarsk, an hour later I have a train to Novosibirsk, from there a plane to Khanty-Mansiysk, then to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg, and from there to Vorkuta. I lead tourist groups on various extraordinary routes within the framework of the Unknown Russia project.
