Separating (comma-separated) circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.
A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds
1. Circumstances expressed by the gerunds (morphological questions can be asked to the gerunds what are you doing? what having done?) and gerunds (that is, adverbs with dependent words), as a rule, stand apart regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the predicate verb:
Example: Arms outstretched the grimy bulldozer is sleeping(Sands). Ksenia had dinner, spreading a handkerchief on the rod (Sands).
If a circumstance expressed by an adverbial participle and an adverbial adverb is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:
And then to the cliff, leaving your bulldozer, Nikolay ran up(Sands). The bird, shuddering, picked up its wings(Permitov).
Separate circumstances, expressed by adverbs and adverbs, are close in meaning to the secondary predicate (but they are never independent predicates!). Therefore, they can be replaced with subordinate clauses or independent predicates.
Wed: And then to the cliff, leaving your bulldozer, Nikolay ran up. - Nikolai left his bulldozer and ran to the cliff. The bird flinched and pulled up its wings. The bird shuddered and lifted its wings.
Note!
1) The restrictive particles are only, only included in the isolated structure and stand out along with it.
Strike a match only for a second illuminating the man's face.
2) The gerunds and adverbs following a compositional or subordinate union / union word are separated from it with a comma (such a turnover can be torn from the union, rearranged in another place of the sentence, or removed from the sentence).
Wed: He dropped his pen and, leaning back in a chair, began to look at the glade flooded with moonlight(Permitov). - He dropped his pen and stared at the moonlit clearing; Life is arranged in such a way that, not knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love(M. Gorky). - Life is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to sincerely love, not knowing how to hate.
3) A union, a union word is not separated by a comma with an adverbial participle and an adverbial turnover in the event that the adverbial structure cannot be torn off from the union, the union word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the compositional union a.
Wed: He tried to read books imperceptibly, and after reading, he hid somewhere(impossible: He tried to read books unnoticed, but hid somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the note, but after reading it, put it in his pocket. - He did not name the author of the note, but put it in his pocket.
Two homogeneous gerunds or adverbs connected by single composing or separating unions and, or, or, comma are not separated.
The telephone operator sat with his knees hugged and lean your forehead on them(Baklanov).
If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for setting punctuation marks for homogeneous members, in a compound sentence, etc.
Wed: 1. I took the note and, after reading it, put it in my pocket. Single union and connects predicates ( took and stuck) and a comma is placed after the union;
2. He stopped, thinking about something, and , turning around sharply, called the sentry. A single union and connects two predicates ( stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial expressions refer to different predicates ( has stopped , thinking about something; called, turning around sharply ). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from the other members of the sentence.
2. Do not stand apart circumstances expressed by gerunds and adverbial phrases, in the following cases:
the adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:
He worked carelessly; He ran at breakneck speed.
Note. Most often, such phraseological units are not isolated in texts: run headlong, run headlong, work slipshod, work roll up sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, rush with tongue out, listen with bated breath, shout without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rushing about without remembering yourself, spending the night without closing your eyes, listening with your ears hanging... But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word ( in all honesty, honestly, frankly, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he had no intention of helping me; In short, we have to do everything ourselves.
before the gerunds there is an amplifying particle and (not a union!):
You can live and not bragging about the mind;
Note!
The verbal participle in modern Russian is never predicate, therefore verb and participle cannot be homogeneous members!
The verbal participle is part of the subordinate clause and has as a dependent union word which. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and between the gerunds and the union word that the comma is not put:
We are faced with the most difficult tasks, not deciding which we will not be able to get out of the crisis;
the adverbial turnover includes the subject.
In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and gerunds are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:
On a spruce crow perching, had breakfast I’m quite ready ...(Krylov); Wed: Crow, perching on a spruce, going to have breakfast;
The geru part acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it by a union and:
He walked quickly and did not look around.
3. Do not stand apart adverbial constructions and single adverbs that have lost their verb meaning. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation analysis. They require special attention to the meaning of the verbal participle, the context in which the verbal participle is used, etc.
The gerunds and adverbial expressions, which have finally lost their verb meaning, passed into the category of adverbs, or acquired an adverbial meaning in this context, are not isolated:
She looked at me without blinking(it is forbidden: looked and did not blink); We drove slowly(it is forbidden: we drove and did not rush); The train went do not stop (it is forbidden: walked and did not stop); He answered while sitting(it is forbidden: he answered and sat); He walked with his back bent(it is forbidden: he walked and bent).
Such single adverbial participles, less often adverbial expressions, are usually circumstances of the course of action (answer questions as? how?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause, and most often stand immediately after the predicate:
looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, spoke yawning, chatted incessantly, sat groveling, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked with a limp, walked with head bowed, wrote with bowed head, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money not counting and etc.
Often such adverbs can be replaced with adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.
Wed: He spoke about it smiling. - He spoke about it with a smile; The train went do not stop... - The train went non-stop.
In all such uses, the verbal participle indicates not an independent action, but a mode of action expressed by the predicate.
For example, in a sentence: He walked bent over- one action ( went), and the former participle ( bending over) indicates a mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.
If, in this context, the verb meaning is preserved, then the single adverbial or adverbial adverb is isolated. Usually in this case there are other circumstances with the predicate verb; The gerunds acquire the meaning of clarification, clarification, and intonationally stands out.
Wed: He walked without looking back. - He hurriedly walked without looking back.
Strengthening the verb in gerunds can be facilitated by the degree of prevalence of the adverbial turnover.
Wed: She sat waiting. She sat there, waiting for an answer.
Do not isolate former participles that have lost their connection with the verb and have passed into the category of official words: starting with (in the meaning of "from such and such a time"), proceeding from (in the meaning of "based on"), depending on (in the meaning of "in accordance") :
Everything has changed since last Monday; The estimate is based on your calculations; Act as appropriate.
However, in other contexts, the turnovers can isolate:
a turnover with words starting with is isolated if it has the character of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:
The word starting in such contexts cannot be discarded without prejudice to the meaning of the sentence;
turnover with words proceeding from is isolated, if in meaning it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:
We made an estimate based on your calculations (we proceeded from your calculations);
turnover with words, depending on, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification or addition:
I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert "namely"); The vacation can be used for a variety of sports, depending on the season (accession).
B) Circumstances expressed by nouns
1. Always stand apart circumstances of assignment expressed by nouns with prepositions despite, despite... Such phrases can be replaced with subordinate clauses of concessions with the union though.
Wed: Despite the rainy summer, the harvest turned out to be excellent(Pochivalin). - Although the summer was rainy, the harvest was excellent; Despite heavy shelling Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post. - Although the shelling was strong, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post.
2. Can isolate circumstances:
reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations due, due, due, due to lack, due to absence, according to, due, due to, due, due to etc. (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union as).
Wed: Savelich, according to the opinion of the driver, advised to come back. - Since Savelich agreed with the coachman's opinion, he advised to go back; Children, due to early childhood, have not identified any positions(Turgenev). - Since the children were young, no positions were assigned to them;
concessions with prepositions in spite of, at (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union though).
Wed: His life, for all the severity of his position, was easier, slimmer than Anatol's life(Herzen). - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier, slender than the life of Anatole; Contrary to his instructions, the ships were put out to sea in the early morning(Fedoseev). - Although he gave instructions, the ships were put out to sea in the early morning.
conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations if available, if not, if and others (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with the union if).
Wed: Workers, in case of refusal, decided to go on strike. - If the workers are refused, they decided to go on strike;
goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations in order to avoid (you can replace the subordinate clause with the conjunction so).
Wed: Money, to avoid delay, translate by telegraph. - To avoid delay, transfer the money by telegraph;
comparisons with the union are similar.
Wed: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like older brother Paul (Turgenev).
However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.
More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:
Savelich, according to the opinion of the driver, advised to come back.
In addition, separate phrases are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:
Thanks to the great weather and especially holiday, the village of Maryinsky street revived again(Grigorovich).
As a rule, the specified turnovers at the end of the sentence are not segregated.
Wed: Workers, at the direction of the master, went to the neighboring workshop. - Workers went to a nearby workshop at the direction of the master.
In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several circumstantial meanings (temporary and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.).
For example: Peter, after he received a decisive refusal, went to my room(L. Tolstoy).
In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason ( when did you leave? and why did he leave?). Please note that the turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.
Note!
Separate circumstances, expressed by nouns, always stand out intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that stand at the beginning of the sentence are always intonationally highlighted.
Wed: In St. Petersburg / I was last year; Last year / I was in St. Petersburg.
However, a comma is not put after such a circumstance!
C) Circumstances expressed in adverbs
Circumstances expressed in adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them, if they have the meaning of a passing remark, etc.:
A moment later to the yard, no one knows where, a man in a nanke caftan, with a head white as snow, ran out(Turgenev).
The adverbial participle and the words related to it (dependent on it) are an adverbial turnover. As in the case with, the arrangement of commas with participial turns has its own subtleties.
Our starting point will be the general rule: "The adverbial expressions on both sides are separated by commas." But what should be considered besides this?
* If in a sentence two homogeneous (that is, referring to the same verb) adverbial turnover are connected by the conjunction "and" (as well as other compositional or separating - "or", "or", etc.), then by analogy with other homogeneous members of the sentence around "and", "or" and other similar unions do not put commas. The same goes for the single adverbial participle and adverbial adverb. "He walked up to the house, dreaming of rest and thinking about a future dinner." However, remember that this rule applies only to those cases when the adverbial turns / participles refer to the same verb. If we are talking about different verbs, commas will be put: "He came to the house, dreaming of rest, and, thinking about the future dinner, he opened the door."
* "Only" and "only", standing before the adverbial turnover, as a rule, are included in it, that is, a comma is placed before these words.
* The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is included in the subordinate clause and has the word "which" as a dependent (the same is true for a single adverbial participle). "Each of us has our own fears, without rebuffing which we will not be able to free ourselves."
* If the adverbial turnover is adjacent to the unions "a", "and" and other similar ones, then in order to understand whether to put a comma before or after the union, determine whether it is included in the circulation or not. So, if the union belongs to the adverbial turnover, then, as a rule, when mentally removing the last from the sentence, the remaining union violates the structure of the phrase. This is especially true of the union "a". If, when withdrawing the turnover, the role of the union in the proposal does not change, then it is not included in the turnover.
Compare:
“For a long time she could not find shoes to match the dress, and choosing sandals with stiletto heels, she was very happy”. -> The phrase “For a long time she could not find shoes to match the dress, but was very happy” does not seem entirely logical.
“For a long time she could not find shoes to match the dress and, taking the stiletto sandals, realized that they were perfect for the outfit.” -> The phrase “For a long time she could not find shoes to match the dress and realized that they [sandals] fit perfectly to the dress” is quite consistent.
* Not separated by commas phraseological units with gerunds (such as "do not close your eyes", "later / roll up your sleeves").
* If there is an amplifying particle "and" between the verb and the turn immediately following it, the turn is not separated by commas. "I can solve my financial problems without taking loans."
* Also, commas are not needed if the gerunds do not express an additional action, but a shade of the main one, which we discussed in detail in the article about the isolation of single gerunds. Similar designs can represent a whole revolution.
Recall that “in spite of” and “in spite of” are prepositions, and they are written together with “not” (while the adverbial phrases “in spite of” / “in spite of” are written separately). Prepositions are also words such as "thanks", "later", "starting", etc. In this case, of course, do not forget that there are also "analogous" participles. Compare: "Thanks to his prompts, I passed the exam" (preposition), "Thanks to his prompts, I handed him a bottle of cognac" (verbal participle). Some of the phrases with similar prepositions also separate themselves, but according to their own rules, and not according to the rules of separating adverbial phrases.
The adverbial turnover is an independent part of speech, which includes the adverbial participle and dependent words. In speech construction, this turnover is always separated by commas, with the exception of a number of cases. In this article, in the form of a table, all the rules for isolating the adverbial circulation with examples are given.
When does the adverbial turnover become isolated?
Participial turnover- a speech construction, which is an geru part with dependent words. In a sentence, the adverbial turnover is always separated by commas and plays the syntactic role of the circumstance. The conditions for separating the adverbial turnover in written speech are given in the table.
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The rule |
Sample sentences |
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The adverbial turnover is separated by commas, regardless of the position in which it is used in relation to the predicate verb. It can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. |
By answering the teacher's question , Sasha sat down at the desk. Andrey, catching a big pike, decided to return home. The man did not listen to the interlocutor, thinking about plans for the day. |
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If the adverbial turnover comes after a union or union word, it is separated by commas on both sides (in cases where the turnover can be rearranged to another part of the sentence without losing meaning). |
The woman made a salad, but, remembering the seasonings, added a little black pepper. Katya heard that, picking up the right chords, in the other room they were playing the guitar. |
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The adverbial turnover is not separated by commas if it is closely related to the predicate. |
They lived without meeting anyone. The man walked limping on the left leg. |
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The adverbial turnover is not isolated in cases when the adverbial participle with dependent words is part of the phraseological turnover. |
We listened to him hanging ears. They always work slipshod. |
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Two adverbials (or adverbial adverbs), which in the sentence are homogeneous members of the sentence and are used through the union and, are separated by commas as a single construction. |
Retelling the news and collecting things, Masha was talking on the phone with her friend. Smiling broadly and hugging tightly Sasha, Anya began to ask how he was doing. |
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If the participle is a homogeneous member of a sentence with a non-isolated circumstance and is used through a union and, then it is not separated by a comma. |
The traveler walked cheerfully along the road and rejoicing in the first rays of the sun. Loud and sometimes shouting over the interlocutor she tried to get her point across. |
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The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it has a union word in its composition which the. |
Vanya chose a computer having bought which he will be able to play his favorite games. A friend told me a secret knowing which I can win the competition. |
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Participial turnover Is an adverbial participle with dependent words. Like a single verbal participle, it denotes an additional action and is performed by the same person, object or phenomenon that performs the main action. Always separates. Answers the question "doing what?" or "having done what?" The action usually refers to the subject, for example: summing up the meeting, the minister congratulated all teachers on the start of the school year.
The verbal participle is an independent part of speech in Russian, which denotes an additional action with the main one. In this part of speech, the signs of a verb (type, voice and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, the syntactic role of a circumstance) are combined. Answers the questions of what to do? what having done?
Rule.
When using an adverbial phrase in a sentence, remember that:
- the main action, expressed by the predicate verb, and the additional action, expressed by the verb, refer to the same person or object
- often the adverbial turnover is used in a one-part definite personal sentence, including with a verb in the form of an imperative mood (where the subject is easily restored)
- it is possible to use an adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive
Adverbial sentences (examples)
Trap!
The adverbial turnover cannot be used in the following cases:
if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerunds refer to different persons (objects):
Jumping off the steps of the tram, my hat flew off (DO NOT, since "the hat cannot jump off the tram"!)
if in the impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the adverbial turnover could refer, but there is a combination of a predicate verb with a pronoun or noun in the role of an object.
Looking out the window, I felt sad (CAN'T, as there is an addition to me)
if the adverbial turnover refers to the passive participles, since in this case, the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the verbal participle) do not coincide:
After running away from home, the boy was found (CAN'T, because the boy runs away from the house, but other people find him!)
Syntactic norms. Algorithm of actions.
1) In the reverse, in bold, find the verbal participle (answers the questions: what to do? What to do?)
2) Highlight the bases in each version.
3) If there is no subject in the sentence, try to restore it by the predicate.
4) If it is impossible to restore the subject in the sentence, see if the producer of the action is indicated in the indirect case.
5) Correlate in each variant the subject with the gerunds.
6) The option where the subject performs the action of both the participle and the predicate is correct.
Analysis of the task.
Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Not counting on help
1) my strength began to leave.
2) the students coped with the task on their own.
3) independence is very important.
4) the textbook helps to better cope with difficult material.
We find the gerunds: n not counting on help - what are you doing? not counting.
In each variant, we will find a grammatical basis:
1) my strength began to leave.
2) the students coped with the task on their own.
3) independence very important .
4) the textbook helps to better cope with difficult material.
We correlate the verbal participle and the subjects by answering the question: who can not count on help? Is not strength, not independence and not a textbook. Only students may be able to cope with the task and not rely on help.
Correct answer - option number 2.
Also watch the video if something is not clear.
Practice.
1. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Analyzing Pushkin's poem "Poltava",
1) critics noted the abundance of colloquial expressions.
2) the abundance of colloquial expressions was considered its "obvious" drawback.
Participial turnover Is an adverbial participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it is usually isolated from two sides, it can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a speech structure. The adverbial turnover is distinguished by commas, regardless of the position in relation to the predicate it is.
Examples: Jumping over a puddle, the boy went on. Pupils, solving the problem, handed over their notebooks. We discussed plans walking in the park.
When are the adverbial turnover not separated by commas?
There are cases when the adverbial turnover does not isolate(not separated by commas):
- If the adverbial turnover is a phraseological expression.
Examples: Men did the job slipshod... They agreed to help reluctantly.
- If the adverbial turnover is a homogeneous member of the sentence with another non-isolated circumstance (pronounced adverb) and is used after the adverb and union and.
Examples: He is fast and sometimes swallowing the endings of words was telling this story. The woman is neat and holding by hand carried a flower.
- If a particle is used before the adverbial turnover and.
Examples: Can work and not getting tired so much... You can retell the plot and without going into details.
- If the participle has a dependent word which (which, which, which).
Examples: The teacher gave an assignment, by doing which we could leave earlier... Vanya asked a friend a question, answering which the boy pondered.
- If the verbal participle has changed into an adverb.
Examples: He coped with the tasks assigned jokingly(jokingly = jokingly). The bus drove all the way do not stop(without stopping = incessantly).
Exceptions... If a phraseological unit, which includes an adverbial turnover, is an introductory construction, then it is separated by commas. Example: They, conscientiously speaking, knew what they were doing.
