Portraits of scientists in physics. Portraits of great scientists

(September 22, 1791 - August 25, 1867)

The great English scientist, the founder of the theory of the electromagnetic field, was born on September 22, 1791 in the town of Newington Bette near London.

In 1816, his first work in chemistry, "Analysis of Natural Caustic Lime," was published in the journal of the Royal Institution, and in 1818 he completed his first work in physics, on the Singing Flame. In December 1821, He "made" a wire with a current near the magnetic pole to rotate, for the first time there was a transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy. The scientific basis was prepared for the creation of electric motors.

January 8, 1824 M. Faraday was elected a member of the Royal Society, and in 1827 received a chair at the Royal Institute. On August 29, 1831, M. Faraday found that when an electric circuit with a current was closed and opened, an induction current arose in the primary winding. On October 17, 1831, M. Faraday discovered that when the iron core was quickly pushed into the coil at a certain moment, a current arose in the circuit. But only in 1851 did he give a complete formulation of the law of induction.

M. Faraday studied electrolysis and established the laws of this phenomenon (1833-1834).

Michael Faraday died while sitting at his desk on August 25, 1867.

The outstanding Italian physicist Alessandro Volta was born on February 18, 1745 in Como (near Milan) into an old noble family. The first scientific research of A. Volta was devoted to the Leyden bank. In 1771, his work "Empirical Investigations of the Methods of Exciting Electricity and Improving the Design of Machines" was published. In 1774 A. Volta became a physics teacher in the city of Como, and in 1775 he created an electrophore. In 1779 he became professor of physics at the University of Pavia. In 1780, the scientist took up the problem of atmospheric electricity and created an electroscope with a capacitor. Already in 1792, he came to the conclusion that metals are not only perfect conductors, but also engines of electricity. In 1796 - 1797 A. Volta established the law of stresses, according to which the voltage between the extreme metals of the circuit is equal to the voltage arising from the direct contact of these metals. In 1799, he achieved a significant increase in voltage by using wetted cardboard spacers between copper-zinc metal pairs. The "volt pole" was created. In 1815 - 1819. A. Volta was director of the Faculty of Philosophy in Padua, and then left the university and moved to his homeland, in the city of Como. The last years of the scientist's life were very modest. It was attended by many prominent people of that time.

Isaac Newton was born in1643 in the town of Woolsthorpe near the town of Grantham, located in the center of Britain, in the family of a poor farmer. At the age of 12 he was sent to study in Grantham at the royal school.

During his studies, Isaac made complex mechanical models of various machines. Newton considered his first physical experiment to measure the strength of the wind during a storm in 1658.

The main part of his discoveries Newton made within two years (1665 - 1667) after graduating from the University of Cambridge. While the plague was raging in England, Newton, in order to avoid infection, left for his native Woolsthorpe, where he plunged into scientific work. It is said that the idea of ​​the law of universal gravitation came to Newton at the moment when, sitting in a garden, he watched an apple fall to the ground. Here he understood why light, refracted in a glass prism, breaks down into colored rays. Throughout his later life, Newton put in order and published the discoveries he made at Woolsthorpe. For the last 25 years of his life, Newton was president of the Royal Society of London - the English Academy of Sciences. Isaac

Newton died on March 20, 1727 at the age of 84. By decree of King Henry 1, he was buried in the tomb of kings - Westminster Abbey.

(1564 - 1642)

The famous Italian scientist was born in 1564. Galileo was one of the founders of exact natural science, fought against scholasticism, and considered experience as the basis of knowledge.

He laid the foundations of modern mechanics: put forward the idea of ​​the relativity of motion, established the laws of inertia, free fall and motion of bodies on an inclined plane, addition of motions; discovered the isochronism of pendulum oscillations; first investigated the strength of beams. He built a telescope with 32x magnification and discovered mountains on the moon, four moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus, sunspots. He actively defended the heliocentric system of the world, for which he was subjected to the trial of the Inquisition (1633), which forced him to renounce the teachings of N. Copernicus. According to legend, Galileo, after his forced abdication, exclaimed: "But still it turns!"

Until the end of his life, Galileo was considered a "prisoner of the Inquisition" and was forced to live in his villa Arcetri near Florence. Galileo Galilei died in 1642. In 1992 Pope John PaulIIdeclared the decision of the court of the Inquisition erroneous and exonerated Galileo.

Albert Einstein - was born on March 14, 1879 in the small town of Ulm, from which the family later moved to Munich, and in 1893 to Switzerland.

In 1905, an unknown expert of the patent office publishes a work devoted to a particular theory of relativity called "To the electrodynamics of moving bodies." In the same year, he gives an explanation of the photoelectric effect on the basis of Planck's quantum hypothesis.

During 1907-1916 he created the general theory of relativity - the theory of gravitation.

Since 1914, Einstein has continued his scientific activities in Germany. Einstein's work on the theory of Brownian motion led to the final victory of the molecular kinetic theory of the structure of matter.

In the 30s, he came face to face with fascism. He, a world-renowned scientist, is included in the category of enemies of the Hitler regime. In 1933, Einstein was forced to emigrate to the United States, where he continued his scientific and social activities until his death.

Niels Hendrik David Bohr (1885 - 1962) - the famous Danish physicist, one of the founders of modern physics.

In 1908 N. Bohr graduated from the University of Copenhagen.

In 1911-1912. worked at the University of Cambridge under the direction of J. J. Thomson and at the University of Manchester under the direction of E. Rutherford. Since 1916 - Professor at the University of Copenhagen, and since 1920 - Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. He created the theory of the atom, which was based on the planetary model of the atom, quantum concepts and the postulates he proposed. He wrote important works on the theory of metals, the theory of the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions. In 1922 he received the Nobel Prize.

In Copenhagen, Bohr created a large international school of physicists and did much to develop cooperation between physicists around the world. Niels Bohr took an active part in the fight against the atomic threat to humanity.

Enrico Fermi - an outstanding Italian physicist was born on September 29, 1901 in Rome. He has numerous works in the field of atomic physics, static mechanics, cosmic ray physics, high energy physics, astrophysics and technical physics. Fermi is one of the founders of quantum electrodynamics, the author of the canonical rules for quantizing the field.

In 1933-1934 he created a quantitative theory of beta decay, which laid the foundation for the theory of weak interactions.

In 1934 he discovered artificial radioactivity caused by neutrons, discovered the phenomenon of slowing down of neutrons and gave his theory, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1938, expressed the idea of ​​obtaining new (sauranium) elements as a result of irradiation of uranium nuclei with neutrons. Having left for the Nobel Prize in Stockholm with his family, he did not return to Italy, where the fascist dictatorship of Mussolini essentially eliminated the conditions for normal scientific work. In the USA (Chicago), he built the first nuclear reactor and on December 2, 1942, he launched it for the first time, having received a self-sustaining chain reaction. He laid the foundation for optics and neutron spectroscopy. He was a member of many academies of sciences and scientific societies. In his honor, the 100th chemical element is named in the United States, a prize was established in his name.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was born on February 22, 1857 in Hamburg in the family of a famous lawyer. Young Hertz was fond of the problems of astronomy, physics and mathematics. Initially, Hertz intended to get an engineering education, for which he entered the Dresden Polytechnic, and then continued his studies in Munich. At the age of 20, he transferred to the University of Berlin, where he attended lectures in mathematics and physics, studied the works of the classics of the exact sciences and got acquainted with the history of natural science. During these years, Hertz does an excellent experimental work on the topic "Does an electric current have kinetic energy?", And then a theoretical doctorate "On the rotation of bodies in a magnetic field." At 23, Hertz completed his studies in Berlin and worked as an assistant at the Physics Institute. In 1883 he went to the provincial university in Kiel. Only when he moved to Karlsruhe in 1884, already as a professor at the Higher Technical School, Hertz carried out his famous experiments on obtaining electromagnetic waves and studying their properties.

From 1889 until the end of his days, Hertz worked at the University of Bonn, where he was engaged in the systematization of the main provisions of electromagnetic theory.

The presentiment of imminent death prompted the scientist to write to his parents in December 1893: "If something really happens to me, you should not be sad, but ... be proud and think that I belong to the chosen few who live a little, but still have enough." Heinrich Hertz died on January 1, 1894, 2 months before he was 37 years old.

(December 18, 1856 - August 30, 1940)

J.J. Thomson , or, as he was later called, "G-G", was born on December 18, 1856 in the outskirts of Manchester in the family of a second-hand bookseller. Intending to become an engineer, at the age of 14 he entered Owen College (later the University of Manchester), but after the death of his father and due to lack of funds, he could not continue his studies. Having independently studied mathematics, physics and chemistry, he graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge University. After being awarded a degree in mathematics, he works at the Cavendish Laboratory under the direction of J. Rayleigh. At the age of 28, Professor Thomson will head this laboratory, remaining its director for 20 years. In it, he will conduct his main experimental and theoretical research and here he will create a famous scientific school that has trained 8 Nobel Prize winners, 27 members of the Royal Society of London and 80 physics professors for many European countries.

In 1906, J.J. Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize "for his study of the passage of electricity through gases."

Alexander Stepanovich Popov - Russian physicist, inventor of radio. Born in the village of Turinsky mines (now the city of Krasnoturinsk, Sverdlovsk region). In 1877 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, where he took an active part in the work of the Physics Laboratory of the University, became an excellent experimenter, and became interested in electrical engineering. After graduating from the university, he worked in the society "Electrical Engineering", and then was invited to teach physics and electrical engineering in military schools. Since 1901, Popov became the head of the Department of Physics of the St. Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute. After the publication in 1888 of G. Hertz's works on obtaining electromagnetic waves, he began to study electromagnetic phenomena. Convinced of the possibility of communication without wires using electromagnetic waves, Popov built the world's first radio receiver, using a sensitive element in its circuit - a coherer. April 25 (May 7, new style) 1895 Popov made a scientific report on his invention of a communication system without wires and demonstrated its work. During experiments in radio communication with the help of Popov's devices, the reflection of radio waves from the ship was first detected. Recognition of Popov's merits was the decision of the Council of People's Commissars to consider May 7 as Radio Day. The USSR Academy of Sciences established a gold medal named after V.I. A.S. Popova.

G Juygens Christian (1629 – 1695) –Dutch physicist and mathematician. Born in The Hague. Having entered Leiden University, Huygens, at the insistence of his father, studied legal sciences. In 1655 Huygens defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Law in France. Along with this, he devotes a lot of time to classes in optics. He made a telescope with which Huygens discovered Saturn's moon Titan. In 1657, he first built a pendulum clock. Huygens first used a pendulum to achieve a regular clock rate and derived a formula for the oscillation period of mathematical and physical pendulums. In 1659 Huygens published a book about Saturn, in which he explained the appearance of the planet. He first saw and described the ring surrounding Saturn. In 1663 Huygens was elected a member of the Royal Society of London. In 1665 he was invited to Paris to the Royal Academy of Sciences as its chairman.

Huygens is the creator of the first wave theory of light. Huygens outlined the foundations of this theory in his "Treatise on Light" (1690).

Huygens' mathematical work concerned the study of conic sections, cycloids, and other curves. One of the first works on the theory of probability belongs to him.

TO Urchatov Igor Vasilievich - Soviet physicist and organizer of science, three times Hero of Socialist Labor. Born in the village of Sim in the Southern Urals in the family of an assistant forester. After graduating from high school, he entered the Crimean University in 1920. After early graduation from the university he moved to Petrograd, where he continued his studies at the Polytechnic Institute. In 1925, Kurchatov began working at the Physics and Technology Institute. He was engaged in the physics of the atomic nucleus since the 30s. In 1943, Kurchatov headed scientific work related to the atomic problem. Under his leadership, the first nuclear reactor in Europe (1946), the first Soviet atomic bomb (1949) and a thermonuclear bomb were created. Under the scientific supervision of Kurchatov, the world's first industrial nuclear power plant was built (1954), the largest installation for research on the implementation of controlled thermonuclear reactions (1958)

Early work of Kurchatov related to the study of ferroelectrics, nuclear reactions caused by neutrons, artificial radioactivity. Kurchatov discovered the existence of excited states of nuclei with a relatively long lifetime.

WITH Claudowska-Curie Maria - physicist and chemist. Born in Poland, in the family of a teacher, she worked in France.

Maria Sklodowska became the first woman teacher in the history of the Sorbonne. At the Sorbonne, she met Pierre Curie, also a teacher, whom she later married. Together they began to study the anomalous rays (X-rays) that uranium salts emitted. Without any laboratory, and working in a barn on the rue Lomont in Paris, from 1898 to 1902, they processed 8 tons of uranium ore and isolated one hundredth of a gram of a new substance - radium. Later, polonium was discovered - an element named after the birthplace of Marie Curie. In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding services in joint research on radiation phenomena." At the awards ceremony, the couple think about creating their own laboratory, and even an institute for radioactivity. Their idea was brought to life, but much later.

After the tragic death of her husband Pierre Curie in 1906, Marie Sklodowska-Curie inherited his chair at the University of Paris.

In 1910, in collaboration with André Debierne, she succeeded in isolating pure metallic radium, and not its compounds, as was the case before. Thus, a 12-year cycle of research was completed, as a result of which it was proved that radium is an independent chemical element. In 1911 Sklodowska-Curie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for outstanding services in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element." Sklodowska-Curie became the first (and today the only woman in the world) twice to win the Nobel Prize.

NS etr Nikolaevich Lebedev (1866-1912) - Russian physicist, was born in Moscow in a merchant family.

After completing his secondary education, he studied in Germany. In 1891 Lebedev returned to Moscow and, at the invitation of A.G. Stoletova became a teacher, and from 1900 to 1911 - a professor at Moscow University. He was the first to measure the pressure of light on solids and gases. These works by Lebedev quantitatively confirmed Maxwell's theory.

In an effort to find new experimental evidence of the electromagnetic theory of light, Lebedev obtained electromagnetic waves of millimeter length and investigated all their properties.

Lebedev created the first physics school in Russia. Many outstanding Soviet scientists are his students. The Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (FIAN) bears the name of Lebedev

Stoletov Alexander Grigorievich - Russian physicist, professor at Moscow University (since 1873) Stoletov was born in Vladimir, into a merchant family. After graduating in 1860. Moscow University was left at the university to prepare for a professorship. In 1862-1865 he continued his education in France and Germany. The study of the photoelectric effect made Stoletov famous all over the world. Stoletov also has the possibility of using the photoelectric effect in practice. In his doctoral dissertation "Research on the function of magnetization of soft iron" he developed a method for studying ferromagnets and established the form of the magnetization curve. This work was widely used in practice in the design of electrical machines. Stoletov devoted much effort to the development of physics in Russia. He initiated the creation of a physics institute at Moscow University.

(April 23, 1858 - October 4, 1947)

Planck Max - the great German theoretical physicist, founder of quantum theory - the modern theory of motion, interaction and mutual transformations of microscopic particles. Born into a family of lawyers and scientists, who paid much attention to the development of children's abilities. He graduated from high school in Munich, where, along with high talent in many disciplines, he showed high diligence and efficiency. The decision to become a physicist was not easy - along with natural sciences, music and philosophy were attracted. He studied physics in Berlin and Munich.

After defending his thesis, he taught from 1885 to 1889 in Kiel, and then from 1889 to 1926 in Berlin. From 1930 to 1937, Planck headed the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (since 1948 it was transformed into the Max Planck Society).

Planck devoted his research mainly to questions of thermodynamics. He gained fame after explaining the spectrum of the so-called "absolutely black body" In 1900, in a work devoted to equilibrium thermal radiation, Planck first introduced the assumption that the energy of an oscillator (a system performing harmonic oscillations) takes discrete values ​​proportional to the frequency of oscillations. Electromagnetic energy is emitted by the oscillator in separate portions.

V Ilhelm Konrad Roentgen was born in Linnep (modern name Remscheid) as the only child in the family. Wilhelm receives his first education at the private school of Martinus von Dorn. Since 1861, he attended the Utrecht Technical School, but in 1863 he was expelled due to his refusal to issue the one who drew a caricature of one of the teachers.

In 1865, Roentgen tries to enter the University of Utrecht, despite the fact that according to the rules he could not be a student of this university. Then he passed exams at the Federal Polytechnic Institute of Zurich, and became a student in the department of mechanical engineering, after which he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1869. However, realizing that he was more interested in physics, Roentgen decided to go to university. After successfully defending his thesis, he began work as an assistant at the Department of Physics in Zurich, and then in Giessen. In the period from 1871 to 1873, Wilhelm worked at the University of Würzburg, and then, together with his professor August Adolf Kundt, moved to the University of Strasbourg in 1874, where he worked for five years as a lecturer (until 1876), and then as a professor ( since 1876). Also in 1875, Wilhelm became a professor at the Academy of Agriculture in Cunningham (Wittenberg). Already in 1879 he was appointed to the Department of Physics at the University of Giessen, which he later headed. Since 1888, Roentgen headed the Department of Physics at the University of Würzburg, later, in 1894, he was elected rector of this university. In 1900, Roentgen became head of the Department of Physics at the University of Munich - it became his last place of work. Later, upon reaching the age limit stipulated by the rules, he handed over the department to Wilhelm Wien, but still continued to work until the very end of his life.

September 5 (17), 1857 - September 19, 1935)

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky - Russian scientist, founder of modern cosmonautics. Beginning in 1896, he was engaged in the theory of the motion of jet vehicles and proposed a number of schemes for long-range missiles and missiles for interplanetary stations. In 1903, part of his article "Exploration of world spaces by jet devices" was published. In this article, as well as in the works of 1911 and 1914. he laid the foundations for the theory of rockets and liquid propellant rocket engines. He was the first to solve the problem of landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets without an atmosphere. In 1926-1929. Tsiolkovsky developed the theory of multistage rockets. He was the first to solve the problem of the movement of rockets in a gravitational field, considered the influence of the atmosphere on the flight of a rocket, and calculated the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the resistance forces of the Earth's air envelope. He also put forward the idea of ​​creating near-earth stations. Tsiolkovsky wrote a number of works in which he paid attention to the use of artificial earth satellites in the national economy.

André Marie Ampere (1775-1836) - French physicist and mathematician, born in Lyon. He was educated at home under the guidance of his father. Ampere was 14 years old when he read 20 volumes of the Encyclopedia. Ampere began his career as a home teacher of mathematics, physics and chemistry. In 1801 he was accepted as a teacher of physics and chemistry at the Central School in Bourque-en-Bresse. In 1805, Ampere took the position of a teacher of mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. In 1814 Ampere was elected a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. In 1824 he was appointed professor of physics at the Normal School in Paris.

Ampere discovered the mechanical interaction of currents and, based on the hypothesis of the existence of molecular currents, built the first theory of magnetism.

In 1826 Ampere prepared and published his main work - "Theory of electrodynamic phenomena, derived exclusively from experience."

The unit of current strength is named after Ampere - ampere.

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) - German physicist. Born in Erlangen in the family of a craftsman. After graduating from high school, Om entered the University of Erlangen, but interrupted his studies due to financial difficulties. He worked as a teacher in Gotstadt (Switzerland). He independently prepared his doctoral dissertation and defended it at the University of Erlangen in 1811. After that, Om taught mathematics and physics at various schools in Germany. In 1826 Ohm established a formula for direct current in an electrical circuit, now known as Ohm's law. Ohm's recognition did not come immediately, but only about 10 years after its discovery. In addition to research on electricity, Ohm carried out work on optics, crystal optics, and acoustics. In 1833 Ohm became director of the Polytechnic School in Nuremberg, in 1849 - professor at the University of Munich. In recognition of the importance of Ohm's discovery, he was elected in 1842 as a member of the Royal Society of London. The unit of electrical resistance is named after Ohm.

(September 21, 1801 - March 11, 1874)

Boris Semenovich Jacobi - Russian physicist and electrical engineer, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Jacobi was born in Potsdam (Germany). Graduated from the University of Göttingen. From 1837 he lived in St. Petersburg and took Russian citizenship. Jacobi designed the world's first practically usable electric motor with continuous rotational motion of the shaft and in 1838 first used it for ship propulsion (tests of Jacobi's "electric ship" were carried out on the Neva River). Jacobi is the inventor of electroforming and published a complete description of the electroforming process in 1840. Jacobi owns a number of theoretical studies related to the operation of an electric motor. He developed several designs of telegraph devices and was one of the first in the world to build operating cable telegraph lines. Through his activities, the scientist largely contributed to the establishment of a system of measures, participated in the development of standards, the choice of units of measurement.

N Icolaus Copernicus - Polish scientist. Born in Torun, a native of a merchant family. Copernicus received a diversified education. After graduating from the cathedral school in Wloclawsk, Copernicus at the age of 19 entered the University of Krakow, where he studied astronomy and the art of observation. To continue his education, he moved to Italy in 1496. First, Copernicus studied law at the famous University of Bologna, as well as mathematics. In 1501 he continued his education at the University of Padua, where he studied medicine. In 1503 he was awarded a doctoral diploma. Returning to his homeland, Copernicus soon moved to Frombork, where he took up a spiritual position. Copernicus's scientific activity in Frombork was very diverse. He develops a new, heliocentric, system of the world, designs the simplest instruments for observing and measuring the heights of celestial bodies, conducts astronomical observations. By 1530 Copernicus basically completed the development of his doctrine and the system of the world, but only in 1543 Copernicus decided to print a manuscript with a complete presentation of the heliocentric system.

N Icola Leonard Sadi Carnot - French engineer and scientist. Sadi Carnot is the son of L.N. Carnot (1753-1823), scientist, statesman, participant in the French bourgeois revolution. In 1814 S. Carnot graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris and then entered the service in the engineering troops. In 1827 he was promoted to captain and soon retired. While in military service, he devoted a lot of time to scientific work. Carnot wrote the only scientific work "Reflections on the driving force of fire and on machines capable of developing this force", published in 1824. Carnot's work was not widely spread at first, and only by 1834 another French scientist Clapeyron (1799-1864) turned attention to him. After Carnot's death, his brother published Carnot's notes. They expressed the idea of ​​the equivalence of heat and work.

R Udolph Julius Emanuel Clausius was born on January 2, 1822 in Köslin (now Koszalin, Poland) in the family of a pastor. He studied at a private school, then at a gymnasium. Graduated from the University of Berlin (1848), where he received his Ph.D. In 1850-1857 he taught in Berlin and Zurich. Professor at universities in Zurich, Würzburg, Bonn. Since 1884 - Rector of the University of Bonn.Clausius made a great contribution to the development of the molecular kinetic theory of gases. He first applied a new approach here - the so-called method of average values ​​(what is now called statistical methods), explained from a unified standpoint such different phenomena as internal friction, thermal conductivity, diffusion. He introduced the concept of the average free path of molecules and in 1860 calculated its value, which later made it possible to estimate the size of the molecules. He generalized the van der Waals equation for the gas state, revealed the meaning of the equation connecting the melting (or boiling) temperature of a substance with pressure (Clapeyron - Clausius equation).

In addition, Clausius developed the theory of polarization of dielectrics, from which, independently of O. Mossotti, he derived the relationship between the dielectric constant and polarizability (the Clausius-Mossotti formula).

Clausius is one of the founders of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases. He formulated the first and second gas laws of thermodynamics. In 1876 he wrote the work "The Mechanical Theory of Heat".

L Judwig Boltzmann - Austrian physicist, founder of statistical mechanics and molecular kinetic theory.

After graduating from high school, Boltzmann entered the University of Vienna. Already in 1866, at the age of 22, he received his doctorate and took the position of assistant professor at the University of Vienna. Since 1869 Boltzmann is a professor at the universities of Graz, Vienna, Munich, Leipzig. He spent his last years in Vienna.

Most of Boltzmann's works are related to theoretical research in the field of molecular physics. His main merit was the statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics. These works by Boltzmann were not appreciated during his lifetime and only after his death they received recognition.

Boltzmann also belongs to a number of works on mechanics, electrodynamics and other branches of theoretical physics. In his views, he was a convinced materialist and a sharp ideological opponent of Mach and Ostwald, who tried to substantiate idealistic philosophical teachings on the basis of a distorted view of the achievements of science.

Jean Baptiste Perrin - French physicist. After graduating from the Higher Normal School in Paris, Perrin first worked at the same school, and then at the University of Paris.

Since 1910 he is a professor. In 1940, after the occupation of France by the troops of Nazi Germany, he left for the United States.

Perrin belongs to works related to various areas of physics, and in particular, work on the study of Brownian motion.

Perrin was an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1929), Nobel laureate (1926)

(August 14, 1777 - March 9, 1851 G.)

Oersted Hans Christian - Danish physicist.

Oersted was born in Rudkøbing, located on the island of Langeland, in the family of a pharmacist. In 1797 he graduated from the University of Copenhagen. In 1800 Oersted became an associate and in 1806 - a professor at the University of Copenhagen. The main works of Oersted are devoted to physics, chemistry, philosophy. The discovery of the deflection of the magnetic needle under the action of an electric current was the most important scientific achievement of Oersted. His message about his experiments triggered a number of subsequent major studies (Ampere, Faraday, etc.) in electrodynamics, which led to the construction of the theory and practical use of electricity.

Oersted organized in Denmark the Society for the Dissemination of Science and the Polytechnic School in Copenhagen, of which he was the first director. For 36 years he served as Secretary of the Royal Danish Society (Danish Academy of Sciences).

From 1830 Oersted was an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

James Clerk Maxwell - English physicist, creator of the theory of the electromagnetic field, one of the founders of statistical physics. Maxwell was born in Edinburgh (Scotland) to a noble family. In 1847 Maxwell entered the University of Edinburgh. In 1850. Maxwell goes to study at the University of Cambridge. After graduating from Trinity College of this university (in 1854), he began to teach there. In 1856 Maxwell became professor of physics at the University of Scotland, why the University of London, and since 1871 Maxwell became a professor at the University of Cambridge. In the latter, he founded the famous Cavendish Laboratory and was its first director. The first of Maxwell's main works on electrodynamics was called "On the Faraday lines of force" (1855-1856). In it, the young scientist formulated a method and, in essence, outlined a program for studying electromagnetic phenomena based on the concept of short-range action. The subsequent development of the theory of the electromagnetic field was given by Maxwell in the works: "On physical lines of force" (1861-1862), "Dynamic theory of the electromagnetic field" (1864), "Treatise on electricity and magnetism" (1873).

The development of the theory of electromagnetism is the most important of a wide range of problems that received a first-class solution in the writings of Maxwell.

(March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953)

Robert Endrus Milliken (1868-1953) - American physicist. Millikan graduated from Ohio College. Received his doctorate from Columbia University. In 1895-1896. worked in Germany at the Berlin and Göttingen universities, then from 1896 at the University of Chicago and other institutions.

Millikan made a very accurate measurement of the charge of an electron using a method he developed.

Millikan also tested the photoelectric effect equation. He owns a number of works on spectroscopy, cosmic rays, etc. He is a Nobel Prize winner.

NS rnest rutherford – English physicist, founder of nuclear physics. Born into the family of a poor farmer in New Zealand. In 1894 E. Rutherford graduated from the University of New Zealand. In 1895-1898 he worked under the direction of J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1898-1907. Rutherford - professor at McGill University in Montreal (Canada), 1907-1919. - Professor at the University of Manchester, and since 1919 - Professor at the University of Cambridge and Director of the Cavendish Laboratory. Since 1903 - a member of the Royal Society of London, and in the period from 1925 to 1930 - its president. Rutherford is an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of most countries of the world. He is a laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908). Rutherford's main works are related to the physics of the atom and the atomic nucleus. He was the first to discover (in 1899) that the radiation of radioactive elements has a complex composition; he named two components of this radiationα - and β -rays. In 1903, Rutherford, together with F. Soddy, created a theory of the radioactive decay of elements. Based on scattering experimentsα - particles He concluded that there is a positively charged nucleus in the center of a chemical element. In 1919, Rutherford was the first to discover the possibility of transformation of atoms of non-radioactive elements into atoms of other elements under the influence of impactsα - particles. In 1920, Rutherford predicted, and in 1933, together with M. Oliphant, experimentally proved the validity of the law of the relationship between mass and energy.

(12 (24) March 1891 - 25 January 1951)

Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, from 1945 to 1951 - President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. S.I. Vavilov was born in Moscow to the family of a commercial clerk. He received his secondary education at a commercial school. From 1909 to 1914 he studied at Moscow University, where he became a member of a group of physicists led by P. N. Lebedev. In Lebedev's laboratory, Vavilov carried out his first scientific research in optics, for which he later received a gold medal. After graduating from university, Vavilov was drafted into the army and sent to the front, where he stayed until 1918. From 1918 to 1932, Vavilov worked at Moscow University (from 1929 - professor) and at the same time (from 1918 to 1930) headed the department of physical optics at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics, and since 1932 he is the director of the Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The main scientific works of Vavilov are devoted to questions of physical optics. In 1938 Vavilov was elected a deputy of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet, and in 1946 - a deputy of the USSR Supreme Soviet. Vavilov's name was given to the Institute for Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow and the State Optical Institute in St. Petersburg. In 1951, the S.I. Vavilov, awarded annually for outstanding work in the field of physics.

Short description:

"Portrait gallery" consists of posters of scientists and cells-frames in A3 format. The gallery of scientists is multifunctional and allows you to quickly change the portraits of physicists. The gallery of scientists and physicists can be decorated with the flag of the country (France, Russia, USA, Great Britain, etc.), which allows you to identify the country where the scientist was born. Thanks to the colorful design, these portraits attract the attention of students in the physics classroom, allow them to expand their horizons in the field of physics.

The set of posters includes portraits of famous physicists:
Alessandro VOLTA, Albert Einstein, André Marie AMPERE, Sergei Ivanovich VAVILOV, Galileo GALILEY, Heinrich Rudolf HERZ, Georg Simon OM, James Clerk MAXWELL, James Prescott JOULE, Isaac NEWTON, IgorTOURICH VASILOVICH , Mikhail Vasilievich LOMONOSOV.

You can arrange a full gallery in the physics classroom of the school or purchase several cells and organize the ROTATION of posters during the school year, for example, for scientists' birthdays (safe plastic is used in the cells, it takes 2-3 minutes to replace a poster).

Price of a set of posters (15 portraits of physicists) 1170 RUB
Price of one frame A3 RUB 858
Price of one checkbox RUB 98
Posters are sold as a set only. The number of slots can be purchased from 1 to 15, because you can design not a complete gallery, but purchase from one to several slots for the ROTATION of posters. The price of the order is calculated by the manager, taking into account the number of cells and the flags required for them.
Flags for portraits of scientists.
Complete set: flags - 15 pcs., Holders - 15 pcs.
USA flag - 1pc.
Italy flag - 2 pcs.
French flag - 2 pcs.
Germany flag - 2 pcs.
UK flag - 4 pcs.
Russian flag - 4 pcs.

When the posters are ROTATED (for the number of A3 cells in the order no more than 6 pieces), 6 flags are enough, the number of holders is equal to the number of cells.
USA flag - 1pc.
Italy flag - 1 pc.
France flag - 1 pc.
Germany flag - 1 pc.
UK flag - 1 pc.
Russian flag - 1 pc.

Albert Einstein - USA flag
Alessandro VOLTA - flag of Italy
Galileo GALILEI - flag of Italy
André Marie AMPERE - flag of France
Charles Augustin PENDANT - flag of France
Heinrich Rudolf HERZ - flag of Germany
Georg Simon OM - flag of Germany
James Clerk MAXWELL - UK flag
James Prescott JOLE - UK flag
ISAAC NEWTON - UK flag
Ernest RESERFORD - UK flag
Sergey Ivanovich VAVILOV - the flag of Russia
Igor Vasilievich KURCHATOV - flag of Russia
Alexander Stepanovich POPOV - Russian flag
Mikhail Vasilievich LOMONOSOV - flag of Russia

Portraits of physicists and stands for the decoration of the physics room

ARCHIMEDES 287-212 biennium BC.

Archimedes is the name of an ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, mechanic and engineer, an ancient inventor who designed steam tanks and flying machines hundreds of years before the birth of Christ. By today's standards, the works of Archimedes are at the level of high school. However, do not forget that they were made over 2000 years ago and were at least 17 centuries ahead of their time. Thanks to this, Archimedes can rightfully be called one of the greatest geniuses of mankind.

Leonardo da Vinci is an outstanding Italian artist, scientist and inventor.

As you know, Leonardo da Vinci perfectly mastered 17 professions. It is difficult to find such areas of knowledge and technology in which Leonardo did not work, did not make major discoveries and inventions, or did not express bold ideas. He studied anatomy and physiology, geography and geology, mechanics and hydraulics, acoustics and optics, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, technology, construction and flight science. His many discoveries and guesses were ahead of their time. He left drawings of machines and mechanisms that represent prototypes of an excavator, tank, airplane, bicycle, parachute, submarine. He developed a blueprint for an ideal city with multi-level traffic.

Pascal - French mathematician, physicist, writer and philosopher

The first mathematical treatise, the Practice "Experience in the Theory of Conic Sections" (1639, published in 1640) contained one of the main theorems of projective geometry - Pascal's theorem. In 1641 (according to other sources, in 1642) Pascal designed a summing machine. By 1654 he completed a series of works on arithmetic, number theory, algebra and probability theory (published in 1665). Pascal's range of mathematical interests was very diverse. He found a general algorithm for finding signs of divisibility of any integer by any other integer (treatise "On the nature of divisibility of numbers"), a method for calculating binomial coefficients, formulated a number of basic provisions of elementary probability theory ("Treatise on the arithmetic triangle", published in 1665 ., and correspondence with P. Fermat). In these works, Pascal was the first to accurately define and apply the method of mathematical induction for the proof.