The basic idea of correspondence truth is deceptively simple: a sentence is true if and only if it matches the facts (or reality).
This theory must first of all determine what is the truth of empirical or observation sentences, i.e. related to experience and not inferred from other proposals - but, on the contrary, those that themselves are basic for further knowledge. According to this theory, a sentence (a proposition, belief, utterance, or whatever it is that we take in our theory as the bearer of truth) is true if there is something due to which it is true - something that corresponds in reality to what is said. In other words: if R is true, then this corresponds to the fact that R... Or: that which corresponds to the facts is true. If R true if and only if R, then when something - for example, R- is affirmed truly, then there must be something additional, something other than what is said - something to which what is affirmed refers to. The obvious and, perhaps, the only full-fledged candidate for the role of this "something" - fact; for example, the fact that R.
Classical attempts to explain the concept of correspondence truth quickly ran into insurmountable difficulties. If the sentence is true by virtue of its correspondence with the fact, then we need an explanation of this "correspondence" and these "facts". Attempts to reveal the concept of correspondence - correspondence - quickly got bogged down in metaphors: "picture", "mirror" or "reflection of reality" (the latter, of course, is not yet "unconcealment", but it is also quite poetic). Sentences, from this point of view, in some way not defined further, "reflect" or "portray" facts - in turn, obscure entities with dubious identity conditions. In any case, a fact is understood to mean something independent of what is said about it and, in addition, something that can be described in other words.
The basic assumption in the discussion of correspondence theory - common to its supporters and opponents - is that both relata, between which the correspondence relationship is established, are separately existing objects of one kind or another (and, moreover, of different kinds); accordingly, truth is a relational property.
The carriers of truth in the correspondence theory can easily be recognized such mental entities as positing or judgment, or such an entity that is not clarified by its otological status as a proposition, as well as sentences or utterances. An event, situation, or state of affairs can be taken as a truth operator.
We can deduce from these classical discussions the following signs of the concept of correspondence truth.
(1) It is inherent in sentences or propositions (at least in part) by virtue of the structure of the sentence.
(2) It is inherent in sentences (at least in part) due to the relationship of sentences to reality.
(3) It is inherent in sentences (at least in part) due to the objective nature of reality, independent of consciousness. This feature is intended to capture the typical correspondence view, according to which the sentence is "made by a true independent reality".
(1) follows from the fact that correspondence truth may be inherent in some sentences, but not others. This, in turn, is due to the fact that it can be implicitly used in our daily cognitive practice. several concepts of truth, and asymmetrically: for example, adhere to physical correspondence truth when rejecting ethical (moral or other axiologically determined) correspondence truth.
(3) contains a serious ontological requirement, but it is at least clear and unambiguous.
One version of the interpretation of the correspondence relationship between the statement that p and the fact that p- such a relation of correspondence, which is expressed by definitions of the form "Newton's theory corresponds to the facts". However, the second term of this last relation is always "facts X, Y, Z" and not "the fact that p", and the first term is usually some explanation, history or theory. Theory or history p is regarded by us as such, not because it corresponds to the fact that p, but because it corresponds to facts X, Y, Z, that is, satisfies them, is compatible with them, or perhaps explains them. For example, the theory of rectilinear propagation of light does not correspond to the fact that light travels in a straight line, but to various facts about its reflection, refraction, and other optical phenomena; the suspect's statement that he was at home at the time of the crime will be considered true on the grounds that it does not correspond to the fact that he was at home at the time of the crime, but to various other facts known to the police - for example, that he was seen by a neighbor, fit to the phone, accurately described the film on television at the time, had dry shoes, etc. In short, the common expression "fits the facts" is used to express a non-relationship between the statement that p, and the correlating fact that p, and the relation between the statement that p, and various other facts - i.e. attracts also the relation of coherence, and not only and not so much correspondence.
Literary and art magazines have always been a special part of Russian culture. Today, thick magazines are practically the only publications that focus exclusively on the artistic and intellectual consistency of the text.
We would like to draw your attention to an overview of the "thick" magazines that continue the best traditions of Russian literary and artistic periodicals.
You can get acquainted with these magazines on the subscription of the Central City Library named after A.P. Chekhov.
"FRIENDSHIP OF PEOPLES"- was founded in 1939 to popularize the works of writers of the Union republics translated into Russian. Since 1991 - a private publication. Since 1995, Ch. the editor is Alexander Ebanoidze.
The magazine covers and supports a single cultural space created over many decades by the efforts of art and culture workers from all countries of the former Soviet Union.
The magazine publishes: new works of writers and poets of Russia, countries of near and far abroad; topical essays and essays analyzing the most acute problems of our time - national, social, religious, cultural and moral; literature reviews and critical articles.
Today, the magazine publishes works by famous authors: Roman Senchin, Mikhail Kaganovich, Vladimir Shpakov, Alexander Zorin, Alexander Melikhov, Evgeny Alekhin, Marina Moskvina, Alexander Ebanoidze, Leonid Yuzefovich, etc.
"STAR"- the oldest monthly "thick" magazine in Russia. Since its foundation in 1924, it has published more than 16,000 works by more than 10,000 authors, including Maxim Gorky, Anna Akhmatova, Alexey Tolstoy, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Osip Mandelstam, Nikolai Klyuev, Vladislav Khodasevich, Boris Pasternak, Yuri Tynyanov, Nikolai Zabolotsky and many other writers, scientists, publicists, critics. Of all the magazines that have ever been published in the northern capital since the day of its foundation, not a single one has been published, like Zvezda, for more than 80 years in a row without interruption.
Here are some of the regular columns of the magazine: "POETRY AND PROSE", "NEW TRANSLATIONS", "OUR PUBLICATIONS", "OPINIONS", "ESSAY AND CRITICISM".
In each issue of the journal, new names, unknown to readers, appear, new translations of the best foreign authors are published.
The editorial board regularly publishes thematic issues entirely devoted to a particular cultural figure, historical phenomenon or event. Once a year, a special thematic issue of "Stars" is published, entirely devoted to a specific cultural phenomenon.
"BANNER" is a literary, art and socio-political magazine of Russia founded in 1931. Among the authors of that period were poets Akhmatova, Tvardovsky, Yevtushenko, Levitansky, prose writers Paustovsky, Tynyanov, Kazakevich, Trifonov. During perestroika, Znamya was one of the most popular literary magazines. Works by Fazil Iskander, Andrey Bitov, Tatiana Tolstoy, Victor Pelevin appeared on its pages.
Works of the most popular poets and writers of our day are printed on the pages of the magazine. The well-known critic Andrei Nemzer singles out the following authors: Yuri Davydov, Yuri Buida, Andrei Dmitriev, Marina Vishnevetskaya, Evgeny Popov, Mikhail Kuraev, Emma Gershtein, Georgy Vladimov, Vladimir Makanin.
Permanent columns of the magazine: "Prose", "Poetry", "Archive", "Cultural Policy", "Image of thought", "Observer", "Publicism", "Criticism", etc.
In 2003, the magazine opened a new column "Not a day without a book", in which it provides monthly reviews of new books - 30 or 31, according to the number of days in the current month.
The modern magazine "Znamya" reflects the literary tendencies of our days. People of various tastes in literature will find something to read for their souls and minds on the pages of the Znamya magazine.
"YOUNG GUARD"
- a monthly literary and artistic and socio-political magazine. Founded in 1922. Until 1990, the organ of the Central Committee of the Komsomol, then independent.
It was to the magazine "Molodaya gvardiya" that young and at that time almost unknown S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, L. Leonov, V. Shishkov, A. Fadeev, N. Ostrovsky once brought their works ...
When A. Nikonov became the editor-in-chief of the magazine in the 1960s, a patriotic team of authors began to form around Molodaya Gvardiya. At that time, V. Soloukhin's Letters from the Russian Museum, which caused a lot of controversy, were published. Then there were strong patriotic publications by L. Leonov, V. Chivilikhin, artist I. Glazunov, sculptor S. Konenkov, researchers of literature M. Lobanov, V. Kozhinov.
M. Alekseev, Y. Bondarev, V. Fedorov, I. Stadnyuk, P. Proskurin, V. Shukshin, N. Rubtsov, F. Chuev, E. Volodin, I. Lyapin, V. Tsybin, V. Smirnov.
Today, among the authors of "Young Guard" N. Kuzmin, V. Manuilov, M. Antonov, G. Shimanov, V. Stroganov, A. Tuleyev, S. Shatirov, D. Ermakov, V. Desyatnikov and others.
Together with the Foundation for the Support of a Creative Personality, "Young Guard" is holding the All-Russian Poetry Competition named after S. Yesenin.
Currently, the journal continues to defend the classic, Orthodox-patriotic traditions of Russian literature.
"MOSCOW"- Russian literary magazine. Published monthly in Moscow since 1957. Since 1993 it bears the subtitle "Journal of Russian Culture".
The magazine "Moscow" first published Mikhail Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita". Outstanding works of Russian literature were printed on the pages - "The Life of Arseniev" by Ivan Bunin, "They Fought for the Motherland" by Mikhail Sholokhov, "Seventeen Moments of Spring" by Julian Semenov.
"Moscow" is the prose of Leonid Borodin and Pyotr Krasnov, Alexei Varlamov and Alexander Segen, Alexander Gorokhov, Mikhail Popov and Vera Galaktionova. This is the poetry of Boris Romanov, Galina Shcherbova, Vladislav Artyomov and Viktor Bryukhovetsky, Alexander Khabarov and Vladimir Shemshuchenko, Marina Kotova and Ekaterina Polyanskaya. These are criticism and publicism of Kapitolina Koksheneva and Pavel Basinsky, Alexander Repnikov and Vladimir Dahl, Konstantin Krylov and Mikhail Remizov, Valery Solovy and Andrei Fursov, Veronica Vasilyeva and Nikolai Shadrin.
Headings of the magazine: "Prose", "Publicism", "Literary criticism", "Culture", "History: faces and faces", "Russian destinies", "Home Church".
The journal's policy is based on the journal's fundamental non-engagement with any political forces, an Orthodox-state orientation.
"OUR CONTEMPORARY"
- the magazine of Russian writers. Published in Moscow since 1956.
Main directions: contemporary prose and patriotic journalism. The most significant achievements of the magazine are associated with the so-called "village prose". Since the beginning of the 70s, the journal has published works by F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, V. Belov, S. Zalygin, V. Likhonosov, E. Nosov, V. Rasputin, V. Soloukhin, V. Shukshin.
Since the second half of the 1980s, journalism has become the leading genre of the magazine.
"Our Contemporary" is the tribune of the most prominent politicians of the patriotic trend.
A distinctive feature of the magazine "Our Contemporary" is the widest coverage of the life of modern Russia. This is largely achieved through the active involvement of writers from the provinces.
The magazine regularly publishes new talented works created by contemporary Russian writers. On its pages, the problems of modern criticism and literary criticism are considered, the heritage of Russian philosophical thought is investigated, and topical problems of modern Russia are touched upon.
"NEW WORLD"- published since 1925. This is one of the oldest monthly thick literary and art magazines in modern Russia, publishing fiction, poetry, essays, socio-political, economic, socio-moral, historical journalism, memoirs, literary-critical, cultural, philosophical materials.
Among the authors of "New World" in different years were well-known writers, poets, literary critics, philosophers: Vasily Grossman, Viktor Nekrasov, Vladimir Dudintsev, Ilya Erenburg, Georgy Vladimov, Vladimir Lakshin, Vladimir Voinovich, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Chingiz Aitmatov, Vasil Bykov, Grigory Pomerants, Victor Astafiev, Sergey Zalygin, Irina Rodnyanskaya, Joseph Brodsky, Alexander Kushner, Tatiana Kasatkina, Vladimir Makanin, Lyudmila Petrushevskaya and many others.
In one of the addresses of Novy Mir to its readers, wonderful words were said: "Not every year masterpieces are born, but Russian literature is alive, and we feel ourselves as an organic part of this living culture."
"OCTOBER" is an independent literary and art magazine. Published since May 1924. A. Serafimovich, D. Furmanov, A. Fadeev stood at the origins of its formation.
The journal published articles by Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Andrey Platonov, Arkady Gaidar, Alexander Tvardovsky, Konstantin Paustovsky, Mikhail Prishvin.
From the very first issues, the magazine introduced its readers to the works of foreign writers: I. Becher, L. Feuchtwanger, V. Brelya, R. Rolland, A. Barbusse, T. Dreiser, G. Mann.
Permanent columns of the magazine: "Prose and Poetry", "Publicism and Essays", "New Names", "Literary Criticism", "Literary Chance", etc.
The journal is always open for talented literature, for literary experiment, and willingly lends its pages to promising young authors, returns to the reader the names that are significant for history and national culture. The magazine reflects the difficult history of our Fatherland.
At the present time "October" is one of the leading Russian thick literary magazines, has a liberal orientation.
"ROMAN-NEWSPAPER"- the most popular magazine of fiction was founded in July 1927.
The best works of Russian writers, novelties of modern literature are published here. The traditional style of the magazine - a high literary taste combined with the satisfaction of all-round readership - has remained unchanged for over 80 years. All significant works of Russian literature have been published and are being published in this journal. Roman Gazeta is the only literary and art magazine with 24 issues a year.
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Konstantin Paramonov
In 1987, A. Rybakov's Children of the Arbat and M. Dudintsev's White Clothes appeared. And away we go ...
M. Shatrov, A. Beck, A. Nuikin, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Grossman, V. Tendryakov, V. Korotich, V. Shalamov, Yu. Trifonov, V. Voinovich ...
The names that merged into the indistinct hum of that time, were replaced at the end of the eighties with new names - from another, unheard of and "non-Soviet", as it seemed to me then, writing: Yuri Arabov, Dm. Al. Prigov, Alexander Eremenko, Timur Kibirov, Vitaly Kalpidi, Ivan Zhdanov, Evgeny Popov, Vik. Erofeev, Nina Iskrenko, Victor Toporov ...
The circulation of thick magazines has grown to unprecedented proportions.
For example, at the end of 1988, the circulation of Novy Mir increased to 1,595,000 copies, Novy Mir is now 15,260, Znamya - 11,050, Druzhby Narodov - 6,400, etc.
However, despite the predictions of many critics, who predicted if not death, then a slow dying for the thick magazines, the magazines not only survived, they even became more numerous.
"New world"
Published since January 1925.
On the blue cover of the May notebook of Novy Mir, familiar for many years, the reader, without looking inside, will be able to read an appeal to himself and find out that:
"In March of this year, Academician Sergei Pavlovich Zalygin, who headed the" New World "for twelve years, left his post. Many memorable publications became a breakthrough from the policy of" glasnost "to genuine freedom of speech. such as "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak, "Pit" by Andrey Platonov, "The Gulag Archipelago" by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Any other edition of the previous cover? These fears are in vain. "New World" will continue to follow its not chosen today direction, preserving the traditional structure and circle of authors. "
All clear?
Undoubtedly.
The issue opens with Viktor Astafiev's story "The Merry Soldier".
About war. Therefore, it is not funny. It's fun though. The further we move away from the events of half a century ago, the more we learn the truth about a real and unadorned war.
Prose by Vladimir Tuchkov. "Death comes over the Internet. Description of nine unpunished crimes that were secretly committed in the homes of the new Russian bankers." These stories, according to the author, were told to him by a bored private detective in a Crimean resort in August 1997.
The financier Dmitry, having read Russian literature of the 19th century and possessed by a passion for power and greed, like the negative prototype of the master from Dostoevsky, Tolstoy or that Pushcha - Nekrasov, bought a plot of land one hundred and fifty kilometers from the capital and built a luxurious house with outbuildings, a kennel there, a barn, a stable and twenty-five hastily assembled huts. He hired serfs in the neighboring collective farms. A contract was signed with them, printed on a laser printer. The entire way of life on his estate corresponded to the original of the middle of the last century, plus an annual employee compensation - two thousand dollars for each family member. Already on the second day of the new era, lordly lawlessness begins in the village. "His wild amusements in many ways followed the historical tradition, read from the great Russian literature, which had a detrimental effect on the non-standard psyche of Dmitry." By "wild fun" we mean the whipping of the guilty peasants, and the unlimited violence of the master and his wife against the courtyard girls, and the home theater with the only play "Woe from Wit" ... But, according to the canons, St. George's Day is coming. The new Russian master arranges folk gulyanye: three buckets of vodka for peasants, two buckets of port for peasants, songs, dances. He calls out the peasants according to the granary book and pays the capitation. The next morning, it turns out that all the serfs have renewed their contracts for another year. And three years later, the serfs formed a "new identity" and they began to treat the master Dmitry as his own father - strict but fair ...
After such a plot, Boris Yekimov's documentary essay on a similar topic entitled "Near old graves" with quotations from the protocol of the administration of the "Victory of October" collective farm dated July 7, 1997 is perceived almost as a parody of reality: "... winter wheat has disappeared almost completely ... "," there is no fuel ... "," ask the district administration to postpone the repayment of the debt "...
Let's skip the poems of Elmira Kotlyar and read two stories by Grigory Petrov. One about the swamp priest. Another, more cheerful, is about the unemployed Shishigin and his wife, who went to the circus ...
Poems by Jan Holtzman.
Under the heading "Far - Near" - the continuation of the publication of fragments from the diaries of the literary critic, publicist and culturologist Alexander Vasilyevich Dedkov (1934-1994). "Desalinated Time" is a rather boring story about the life of a writer in Soviet times.
In the section "Publications and Messages" - the next chapters of Vitaly Shentalinsky's book "Slaves of Freedom". In particular, "Fragments of the Silver Age" is devoted to a conscientious analysis of the relationship between the philosopher Berdyaev and the Soviet regime.
Fans of literary criticism, let them enjoy the research of M. Butov and D. Buck, or at least familiarize themselves with their reflections on two modern examples of "super narrative", which are the "Alexandria Quartet" by Englishman Lawrence Darrell and the camp saga of our compatriot Yevgeny Fedorov.
In my favorite for some time now, the heading "Reviews and Reviews" published:
Dmitry Bavilsky's review of Oleg Ermakov's novel "Trans-Siberian Pastoral";
Olga Ivanova's review of a good book of poems "The Sky in Subtitles" by the poetess Yulia Skorodumova.
Vitaly Kalpidi will soon read a review of his poetry collection "Eyelashes", written by his fellow countryman Vladimir Abashev. Will that console him? After all, the Apollo Grigoriev prize ended up in the hands of his fellow worker ...
The issue ends with a list of laureates of awards in literary magazines for 1997. And below, in a frame, - "From the chronicle of the" New World ": 70 years ago, in # 5, 1928, the publication of the second part of" The Life of Klim Samgin "by Maxim Gorky began.
"Our contemporary"
On the cover of the magazine there is his emblem, the image of the main symbol of civil indolence - a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. Let me remind you that the editor-in-chief of the magazine is Stanislav Kunyaev. The circulation of the publication is 14,000 copies, which is quite a lot.
The May issue opens with poems by the war veteran Viktor Kochetkov and continues with the second book of Mikhail Alekseev's novel "My Stalingrad". The author just turned eighty years old.
Alexander Kuznetsov also wrote about the war. But about the recent war, Chechen, in which he participated. In the photo - a man in a black robe.
We were betrayed again, guys! / Again we abandoned our own. / Throwing machine guns over the shoulders, / let's remember for three!
The war is over. It was forgotten, / As my whole country forgets. / Who became a general, who was killed, / Who drank all the orders on an empty stomach. /
A selection of poems by Gleb Gorbovsky. The sequel to Ernst Safonov's novel "Leave the Circle" begins with the phrase: "Avdonin returned home from the district executive committee at eleven o'clock, and although the time was late, his father-in-law immediately followed with a large bag in his hands." Ending in the next issue.
Poet Yuri Belichenko is a reserve colonel. Member of the Writers' Union of Russia. A selection of three poems called Farewell Snow.
The next author of the column is Stanislav Kunyaev, editor-in-chief of Our Contemporary. Solo entitled "Treason. Cowardice. Deception": "Today, summing up the results of perestroika, we understand that the leading stratum of the Soviet Union was unable to withstand the catastrophe, because it always consisted of two secretly warring camps - Russian national and pro-Western Russophobic."
"From our mail" is the favorite section of the magazine. Several quotes from readers' letters under the general heading "You must believe in victory!"
"... Is" theirs "television having a detrimental effect? Unfortunately, yes."
"... I could not watch, endure until the end of A. Konchalovsky's film" Ryaba Chicken ". A vile parody of peasant life ... Thank you very much for your work."
"... But my wife and I threw the TV out of the house after 93rd - and our seven children, thank God, still read in their free time, and not stare at the screen."
"... The molesters are in a hurry, they are getting into the soul more and more impudently. Svanidze, Pozner, Taratuta, Guzman ... Their name is legion."
"... I am the editor of the large-circulation newspaper" Ogneupor "of a large refractory plant. I publish press reviews in almost every issue (very often based on materials from" Our Contemporary ") to make it clearer for readers where the country is going ..."
"Friendship of Peoples".
The editor-in-chief of the magazine is Alexander Ebanoidze. Circulation - 6 400 copies. Founded in March 1939.
Olga Sedakova: "In Memory of a Poet" opens the May notebook "Friendship of Peoples".
"As the reader immediately hears, Akhmatov's" The Way of All the Earth "became a model of verse for this thing; he will hear Tsvetaev's turns of phrase. I wanted these two Russian Muses to participate in Brodsky's poems dedicated to the memory of Brodsky ..."
Oblivion poppy, / remembrance honey, / who will be the first to leave, / let him take with him
where, like sisters, / meets the surf, / where is the sky, where is the island, / where: Sleep, dear!
Maxim Gureev's prose "The Seer" tells the story of the hospital martyr Theophania. Interior - hospital, church, autumn.
A selection of poems by Dmitry Tonkonogov "Winter, Spring and Refraction".
Anatoly Pristavkin. Drunken Heart Syndrome. Meetings on the Wine Road.
Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970) - one of the founders of the Italian poetic school of hermeticism. Publication of his early poems translated by Andrey Grafov.
From the diaries and workbooks of Yuri Trifonov, which he began to keep in 1934, when he was nine years old. Entry dated September 3, 1937: "The forest is being cut, the chips are flying ..."
Rakhimjan Karimov, "Migrants".
Very informative material called "Russian Duel". Posted by Vladislav Petrov. This man has done a wonderful job. In his research, the history of fights in Russia since 941 is considered in more or less detail. We can learn, for example, that a duel in the form of a Western European duel came to Russia in the second half of the 17th century, when the German settlement appeared in Moscow, whose inhabitants were people from almost all of Europe ... By the way, one of the last duels took place in 1996 year on the Black River - at the very place where Pushkin and Dantes fought. And it was not some new Russians from the "Kalashnikovs" who fired at each other, but quite intelligent people who were deciding the question of honor - from antediluvian pistols ...
Vladimir Pozner in his remark asks the question: "Are we not slaves?" He himself answers.
Miroslav Popovich from Kiev called his material like this: "Mythology and Reality of the Ukrainian Renaissance." Everything is correct.
Natalya Ivanova, head of the "Annual Rings" column, continues her conversation about the magazine and newspaper editions of the past decade.
On the pages of the periodicals, the discussion of the person of the St. Petersburg writer Alexander Melikhov, who gave the world "Romance with Prostatitis" and himself, was delayed.
In "Book Breakdown" Vladimir Leonovich dissects the poetry of Alexander Mezhirov, Valery Lipnevich - Yan Goltsman and his work, Alexander Zorin - the novel-chronicle of Vladimir Erokhin "The Desired Fatherland".
Svetlana Aleksievich, after the publication of her book about Chernobyl, invites readers to search for the eternal man.
The memoirs of Lev Anninsky are dedicated to the events of half a century ago - about the underground work at school, the creation of the CPM (Communist Party of Youth) and the repressions that followed.
"Young guard"
Founded in 1922. Circulation 6,000 copies. Chief editor Alexander Krotov. Instead of "Workers of all countries, unite!" now the title page is crowned with another classic saying: "Russia, Russia! Keep yourself, keep!" Nearby is a portrait of Dostoevsky. On the back of the title, in the lower right corner, there is a new logo of the edition: "Russian magazine Molodaya Gvardiya".
Let's go straight to the letters of readers, where they become writers and write about the essence of communism: "... this is not at all the embodiment of the desire for justice. This is one of the variants of the ancient Jewish idea of the Earthly Paradise (in their language - Gaolam gaba)."
In their language ...
So, after all, the communists invented their own language.
We will learn more from another letter. Once again, the damned imperialists raise their heads. There is a lot of information about new types of weapons of mass destruction. For example, "non-lethal weapons" - blinding, stunning, intoxicating, draining, as well as flooding and earthquake.
Let's get it over with the letters. Let's better answer the question posed by the poet Yuri Nikonychev:
What are you thinking, comrade, / Sometimes at night at the table? / The fires of nomadic conflagrations / Roaring in the vastness of the world.
Let another poet, Evgeny Yushin, answer him:
The cart is under the snow, / The man is at the table. / - Let's go? / - Let's go! / And the path is not familiar.
We leaf through the novel "Unknown Russia", looking at the end: "His car flew into the oncoming lane and exploded ..."
The geopolitical problems described in Viktor Ilyukhin's article make eyes stick together. Let the story of Yuri Vorobyevsky about the pagans, the Templars and Count Cagliostro lift their eyelids.
"Thick" magazines ("Znamya", "New World", "Inostranka", etc.) - a special, traditionally necessary part of our culture for more than two centuries. In Soviet times, thick literary magazines, etc. first of all - "New World", were the basis of the literary process, a kind of center around which the whole literary life revolved.
Today, the main task of these publications is the same as two hundred years ago: so that the writer does not remain without a platform for expression, and the reader - without literature.
Tolstoy magazine is not a unique Russian phenomenon, but nowhere, except Russia, did it have so many additional functions. In tsarist Russia, in the absence of other public tribunes, the literary magazine became the proto-parliament, the spokesman for political and social ideas, and formed the environment. In the post-Stalin years in the USSR, magazines were a channel "for the release of steam" - in the form of a "permissible opposition", magazines could write about things that were not talked about on TV and did not write in Pravda. The magazines were catalysts for changes in society: let us recall, for example, Zhdanov's resolution "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad "" of 1946, which began the persecution of writers and composers, or the release of "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" in "Novy Mir", which became a symbol thaw.
Circulations of all literary magazines are now very low - there are 7200 copies in Novy Mir, less than 5000 in Oktyabr and Znamya, and 3000 in Druzhba Narodov. Compared to what was before, this is very small. Today, most editorial offices remember with envy the millions of copies in the 1980s. However, the current seclusion has its advantages. The editor-in-chief of Oktyabr Irina Barmetova says: "We are not needed, they don't notice us? Well, we don't need to. But we are honest with the reader and with ourselves, we are not subjected to either ideological censorship or market censorship - this is already a lot." This thesis can be developed: millions of readers have left? - But the most devoted, real ones remained. Few people read? - But the authors should not make humiliating compromises: simplify, flirt with the reader, "write clearly and concisely."
On the site "Magazine Hall", which contains all the Internet versions of magazines, they are read by 8 thousand people a day, 240 thousand a month, this is not so little.
Typically, thick magazines have three main sources of income. The main one is subscription, and not only in Russia. The largest libraries, philological faculties and faculties of Slavic studies all over the world are subscribed to them. The second is government subsidies, which typically account for 20 percent of a journal's budget. In recent years, the Ministry of Communications has been giving money not for the magazine in general, but for the support of "socially significant topics." In the provinces, a thick magazine is often entirely funded by the state - for example, the Ural magazine is financed from the budget of the Sverdlovsk region.
The third source is own funds and private funds. Contrary to popular belief, thick magazines do not have sponsors or benefactors. With rare exceptions: "Inostranka" is assisted by the Yeltsin Foundation, "Friendship of Peoples" - by the "Interstate Fund" Humanitarian Cooperation "". The magazines earn the rest of the money themselves. The practice of special numbers is widespread: for example, Inostranka publishes issues entirely devoted to the literature of a particular country, and it also buys out part of the circulation. The special issues of "Friendship of Peoples", dedicated to the literature of Georgia, the Baltic States and Ukraine, were bought by the diasporas and cultural centers at the embassies. The Moscow magazine practices special numbers dedicated to the provincial writers' organizations, which pay for them.
The main paradox of the thick magazines today is that, despite their "invisible" underground existence, they still have a major impact on literature and society in Russia. Often - by the very fact of its almost mythical existence. This is a unique experience of being uncensored, a kind of alternative to the market culture. They proved their loyalty to literature - by sacrificing fame and comfort in order to do what they love. In a broad sense, they abandoned the temptations of modernity - once again proving that literature in Russia is more valuable than money. A rare, almost impossible case in our time. It is still very prestigious even for a circulation author to be published in "thick": it is a kind of blessing of the caste of professionals, a pass to great literature. Today everyone can print a book, but not everyone can get published in Novy Mir or Znamya, or at least be reviewed.
Now a thick literary magazine is perhaps the most optimal means of delivering the latest Russian literature to a reader living far from Moscow. Especially if we talk about an elderly reader who does not use the Internet. Only from thick magazines he learns what is really happening now in prose, poetry, literary criticism.
If you imagine that literary magazines have disappeared, this will turn out to be a real cultural disaster. Of course, at the first moment society will not feel this, but for literature it will be a complete collapse, because the genres that are absolutely necessary for it will disappear. Well, imagine that there will be only novels ... but what about essays, stories, essays?
The Central City Library subscribes to the magazines Novy Mir, Oktyabr, Znamya, Roman-Gazeta.
Alexander Ebonaidze, editor-in-chief of Druzhba Narodov, said about literary magazines: "Just as the human body needs a grain of silver, without which it could not exist, so thick magazines are needed by society - even if society does not notice them - as a guarantee against degradation."
