Well-established factories are essential to the success of any light manufacturing company and even to the well-being of the economy as a whole. Companies can monopolize an entire market by skillfully identifying a product in demand and building a factory that specializes in mass production.
While a factory is a huge investment of money with equally extensive maintenance costs, these factories are used for mass production and sale, which keeps the end costs to a minimum. These companies not only save money on price, their factories also allow them to create jobs, albeit not with the highest wages, especially if they are built near cities.
Walmart is the most famous and largest discount store in the United States. The company has a large number of huge distribution centers serving 11,088 stores in their network. Walmart's rival, the famous Target chain, has four import distribution centers that supply the entire chain with the required amount of imported goods. Hyundai and Volkswagen have the world's largest car factories, through which they maintain their competitiveness in the market by constantly expanding and increasing their production.
These institutions and companies, which have the largest factories in the world, tend to be also the owners of the most famous and influential brands in the world. Below are the fifteen largest factories in the world and the brands behind them.
15. NASA Vehicle Assembly Building
The vertical assembly building, located between Miami and Jacksonville, is the largest single story building in the world.
It was built in 1966 to properly assemble the Saturn V rocket that was used for the Apollo program. The building covers an area of 32,374 square meters, and its impressive volume is 3.66 million cubic meters. The height of the building is 160 meters, and the area it occupies is 3.25 hectares. This assembly building also has some of the most impressive features in the world, setting it apart from other similar buildings. The building has four doors 139 meters high, which are gigantic by any standard, plus 71 cranes and more than 98,000 tons of steel.
14. Shipyard "Meyer Werft Dockhalle 2"
Meyer Werft is one of the largest shipyards in Germany.
This company was founded in 1795 and on its territory is located one of the largest shipyards in the world - "Dockhalle 2". This shipyard covers an impressive 63,000 square meters and is mainly used for the construction of cruise ships. This covered dry dock is 504 meters long, 125 meters wide and 75 meters high. Among the ships built at this plant are the following: Norwegian Star, Norwegian Dawn, Radiance of the Seas, Brilliance of the Seas ), AIDAbella and Norwegian Jewel.
13. Aerium
Aerium is a rebuilt factory that was originally supposed to be a boathouse. The Nazis built this huge building in the early years of World War II to develop their military base.
They occupied the building until 1945, when the Red Army captured it. The Soviet army increased the runway from 1,000 to 25,000 meters. This made the building an excellent storage space for fighters. In 1994, following the unification of Germany, a group of Soviet troops in Germany returned the base to the German government. Two years later, a company called CargoLifter acquired the building to build airships.
Unfortunately, the company went bankrupt after six years. The building was sold to a Malaysian company, which used it to build a tropical theme park.
12. Constellation Bristol
Constellation Bristol is the dream of any wine connoisseur, as this building is the largest storage facility for beer and wine in the world. The storage area is a whopping 78,967 square meters. The "Constellation Bristol" holds an astonishing amount of alcohol, namely 35961 cubic meters. This is comparable in size to 14 Olympic swimming pools.
The store contains 57 million bottles of wine, which is approximately 15 percent of the entire UK wine market. It took three years and £ 100 million to build the building. The storage facility produces approximately 800 bottles per minute, which is 6,000,000 bottles daily.
11. Tesco Ireland Distribution Center
This distribution center is the largest building in Ireland. It opened in 2007. The area of the center, which stores food and electrical goods, is 80,194 square meters. This building is huge. Its length is almost 805 meters, which takes the average person about 12 minutes to walk from one end to the other.
The Tesco Center is also equipped with hundreds of loading ramps and cost 70 million euros to build.
10. Lauma Fabrics
The company "Lauma Fabriks" specializes in the production of lace and materials for lingerie. She also makes elastic bands and fabrics. As one of the largest companies in the industry, Lauma Fabrics has one of the largest factories in the world.
The length of the plant is as much as 225 meters, width is 505 meters, and the area occupied by it is equal to 115 645 square meters. The construction of the plant began in 1965 in the city of Liepāja in Latvia, at a time when the unemployment rate in the country was quite high. Initially, the plant was named "Factory for the production of ladies' toiletries", but later, in 1965, the name of the plant was changed to "Lauma Fabriks".
9. Jean-Luc Lagardère Plant
The Jean-Luc Lagardere plant is primarily used as a final assembly line in the production of the $ 428 million 800-seat Airbus A380. The plant is located in Toulouse-Blagnac. The final assembly line is 470 meters long and covers an area of 122,500 square meters.
Parts of the Airbus A380 are manufactured in various locations including Spain, Britain, Germany and France. These parts are then brought to the Jean-Luc Lagardera plant for final assembly. The assembled airbus is being tested at the same plant. With a total area of 200 hectares, the plant also includes the company's restaurants, a full-scale airbus fuel plant, and 20 hectares of runways.
8. Warehouse for imported goods of the "Target" network 
Target is the second largest discount retail chain in the United States, so the company needs a huge warehouse for its imported goods. Of all the warehouses in the chain, Targets Import Warehouse is the largest with a total area of 185,800 square meters.
The company built this warehouse to distribute imported goods to its internal distribution centers. It is understandable why the company needed such a large building for this purpose: Target has 1,934 stores located throughout North America. Stores are constantly in need of new supplies to keep their customers happy. In addition to this warehouse, the company has three more, although they are not as huge as this one.
7. Belvidere Assembly Plant
Assembly plant in Belvidir, located in Illinois, USA. It is owned by Chrysler, which manufactures car brands such as the Jeep Compass, Jeep Patriot and Dodge Dart. The plant also assembled cars that are no longer in production, such as the Dodge Caliber, Chrysler Imperial, Dodge Dynasty, Chrysler New Yorker and Plymouth Neon.
The plant covers an area of 330,000 square meters. Its length is 700 meters and its width is 300 meters. It is located on an area of 114 hectares. The workforce consists mainly of robots, of which there are over 780 in the body shop alone.
6. Mitsubishi Motors North America building
Founded in 1981, Mitsubishi Motors North America manages the production, sales and development of Mitsubishi vehicles in the United States, Mexico, the West Indies and Canada through a well-established network of over 700 car dealerships.
To keep up with demand, the company has built this huge 220,000 square meter plant, which mainly produces Mitsubishi Outlander vehicles. It also manufactures other car brands such as Mitsubishi Galant, Eclipse, Eclipse Spyder, Endeavor and Chrysler Sebring. This huge factory is located in Normal, Illinois.
5. Boeing Factory in Everett
The city of Everett, Washington, is home to the world's largest Boeing plant. The Boeing plant in Everett covers an astonishing 398,000 square meters. The territory belonging to the plant is 39.7 hectares. It is here that the Boeings 747, 767 and 777 are made. This is also where the assembly of the recently launched 787 Dreamliner takes place.
Construction of the plant began in 1966 after Pan American World Airways placed an order for 25 Boeing 747s, valued at $ 525 million. The plant also houses Tully's cafeterias, a theater and a Boeing store. The company also conducts tours of the Future of Flight Aviation Center as well as Boeing tours.
4. Tesla Factory
Elon Musk's Tesla Company has been on everyone's lips lately. Tesla Motors specializes exclusively in the production of electric vehicles and components for electric road trains. Located in Fremont, California, this expansive automobile manufacturing plant covers an area of 510,000 square meters.
The company did not build this plant from scratch. Instead, it acquired a factory previously owned by General Motors and Toyota, known as New United Motor Manufacturing. Tesla Motors is rumored to have paid $ 42 million for it and took over in 2010. This plant produces electric vehicles such as the Tesla Model S, Model 3, Model X and Roadster.
3. Aalsmeer Flower Auction Building
The flower auction building in Aalsmeer is not, in fact, an industrial plant, however, it is the largest building in the world in terms of its space. It covers a huge area of 518,000 square meters. The building hosts the world's largest flower auction. The building is 740 meters long and 700 meters wide.
In this building, 25 million flowers are sold and bought daily from countries such as Kenya, Colombia, Ethiopia and Ecuador. The building sits on a 98-hectare site and is supposedly the most fragrant building in the world. All flowers are checked for defects before being sold. During the holidays, sales increase dramatically. The peak falls on International Women's Day and Valentine's Day.
2. Plant of the company "Hyundai Motor" in the city of Ulsan (Hyundai Motor Company’s Ulsan)
Hyundai Motor's Ulsan plant covers an area of 5,050,000 square meters. This South Korean plant covers a total of 496 hectares. This area is home to five separate factories that collectively produce one car every 12 seconds. This is equivalent to 1.53 million vehicles per year.
This building is so huge that it has its own hospital, fire department, road network and even a sewage treatment plant. Hyundai Motor's Ulsan plant also boasts more than 500,000 trees and its own marina, which can accommodate three cargo ships with a capacity of 50,000 tons at the same time.
1. Volkswagen's Wolfsburg Plant
Over the years, the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg has produced over 40 million. It is the largest automobile plant in the world, covering an area of 6,500,000 square meters. This impressive factory is so huge that workers are allowed to ride their bicycles to move around. Another interesting fact about this plant is that workers can simultaneously work on assembling five vehicles without any decrease in efficiency or quality of work.
The plant also boasts the largest paint shop in Europe, equipped with the latest technology. This is the first paint shop to use environmentally friendly water-based paint.
Ahead of all Russia is its capital Moscow! In the city there are many enterprises for the production of metalworking machines, metallurgical plants, electrical engineering plants, electrical engineering, electromechanical. There are bearing factories, ZIL, a tire plant, textile enterprises, a cotton mill, a tobacco factory, and a sugar refinery. Aircraft factories, a space industry plant, house-building factories, several thermal power plants, CHP and MOGES. There are many food industry enterprises in the city: bakeries, creameries, confectionery factories, a champagne factory. Moscow enterprises regularly pay very high wages. In addition to large enterprises, there are many private firms where "office plankton" does not live in poverty.
Capital cities - suburbs: Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Khimki, Odintsovo are not far behind the capital in terms of salaries. Wealthy Kolomna, Reutov, Zhukovsky, Balashikha, Voskresensk, Yegoryevsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Dmitrov, Klin, Serpukhov and Podolsk.
As the news of Kazan reports, in many villages and cities of the Moscow region, private houses are being built, where you can also make good money.
The Tyumen region can give odds to the metropolitan region itself. Salaries in many oil and gas production cities will be higher than those in the capital. The work, it is true, is hard labor in places and the living conditions are very difficult, but if there is a desire to get rich, this is the place for you. Nizhnevartovsk, Noyabrsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Tarko-Sale, Berezovo, Nadym, Korotchaevo, Novy Urengoy, Urai, Langepas, Labytnangi, Salekhard - this is an incomplete list of cities where they pay very generously. In Tyumen itself, salaries are also not much lower than northern salaries, and there is more oxygen in the air, the climate is more pleasant, and the winters are not so harsh.
St. Petersburg is poorer than the First Throne, but richer than most cities in Russia at times! There is a lot of money and high salaries in the city, because many large and small companies are registered and pay taxes in St. Petersburg. The city has the largest port in the Russian Federation!
Nizhny Novgorod is not far from Moscow, but it is inappropriate to compare it with the capital. Nevertheless, there are enterprises of the automobile industry, shipbuilding, car parts, and many commercial firms in the city. In the satellite towns of Bor and Kstovo, life is not boring either. There is work - money too. Whoever lacks anything - they go to the capital!
Volga region
As in Nizhny Novgorod, life in the Volga cities is also well fed. In the past, the expression remained: "the starving Volga region." Samara, Togliatti, Kazan, Saratov, Engels, Volgograd are rich multifunctional cities.
The Urals have always been famous for their industry. In Yekaterinburg, many factories pay decent money; many immigrants from depressed regions of Russia work in commercial enterprises. In addition to Yekaterinburg, factories operate in Magnitogorsk, Ufa, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Miass, and Nizhny Tagil. True, the cities there are not for everybody, too industrial with problematic ecology and grayish houses.
Other regions of mining of mineral raw materials
Magadan, Irkutsk regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory are regions with a developed gold mining industry. Oil production enterprises operate on Sakhalin. Many Japanese companies have invested money in oil production and do not spare money on the salaries of Russians. In Yakutia, in the city of Mirny, diamonds are mined, salaries are high there, but jobs are limited.
Poor Areas
Ingushetia, Buryatia, Tyva, Altai, Pskov, Ivanovsk, Kurgan regions - these are the regions where salaries are not high and there is no need to go there to earn money.
Before you go somewhere, think over everything, be sure to have a return ticket with an open return date. It is advisable to have photocopies of all identity documents, as well as personal belongings that will be needed for the first time.
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Industry in Russia has always occupied a special place, and hundreds of Russian cities have grown up near factories. 10 of them, in Russia and Ukraine, even made it to the regional centers: Petrozavodsk, Izhevsk, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Ivanovo, Donetsk, Lugansk and Nikolaev.
Do you know where the main street of St. Petersburg leads? Right, to the Admiralty. The very word "Admiralty" evokes associations with military maps and directions, along which figures of ships, planning a campaign, gray-haired admirals move ... But the Admiralty was not engaged in the application, but in the construction of military fleets, and therefore, the St. Petersburg "trident" converges at the checkpoint of the shipyard. There were once slipways between the wings of the Admiralty, and until 1844 the gilded spire in the Nevsky prospect was complemented by the masts; over 140 years, a total of about 300 ships were built. With the advent of modern metal ships, the shipyard was brought to the islands at the mouth of the Neva, but it is still called the Admiralteyskaya. And if even the center of St. Petersburg is a factory, not a temple, not a palace or a fortress, what can we say about other cities?
Petrozavodsk
Founded: 1703, Peter I
Industry: metallurgy (copper, iron), mechanical engineering (guns, shells, tractors)
City since 1782, now 272 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Republic of Karelia
It would be very risky to cut a window to Europe, which was then by no means preoccupied with the rights of minorities, but with the seizure of colonies, preferably in Russia, without the latest industry and army - and Peter I, of course, understood this. The power of the army in those days determined the power of metallurgy, the ability to cast enough cannons, cannonballs and bullets, and the metallurgical leader in those years was Sweden, through whose possessions the "window to Europe" was supposed to be cut. And the goods could go for months, and Peter found an original way out: to create an industrial area near the theater of military operations. Of the several factories based on Karelian rapids rivers, a special place was given to Shuisky, which was renamed Petrovsky in 1704 - here the final products, iron products and cannons were made, which were immediately sent to the Baltic shores "to threaten the Swede." With the end of the war, the plant was no longer needed, and most of its capacities were transferred to the Urals, and its furnaces were finally extinguished in 1736. But - not for good: in 1752 copper was smelted here, and in 1774 the Scottish engineer Carl Gascoigne came to Onego to build a new Alexander plant, the main purpose of which was the production of artillery and shells. They built it to glory: the office and the houses of the authorities (now Round Square) looked to the authorities of the young Olonets province so much that the factory settlement became a provincial town. There was also the first horse-drawn railway in Russia - its fragments are now at the factory museum. Since 1956, the Onega plant has been producing tractors for logging, but from the old site in the center of the city, production was taken to the outskirts. However, the impressive checkpoints of the 1880s, the Gascoigne house with old appliances in the courtyard, Round Square, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in the factory settlement ... higher than Leningrad itself.
Ekaterinburg
Founded: 1723, Vasily Tatishchev and Willim Gennin
Industry: metallurgy (iron)
City since 1781, now 1412 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Sverdlovsk region
In the Urals, every city is a former factory, and the ambitious one and a half million Yekaterinburg is no exception. It was here in 1723 that technicians and engineers from Petrozavodsk moved, and under the leadership of the Kalmyk Tatishchev and the Dutchman de Gennin, who replaced each other, the largest metallurgical plant in the world was built. The name itself, in honor of not only the patroness of metallurgists St. Catherine, but also the wife of Peter I, the future Catherine I, spoke of the significance of this place: “the city of Peter” and “the city of Catherine” became the flagships of the main imperial projects - “Windows to Europe” and the Gornozavodsky Urals. In 1725, on the way here, a wagon train with a salary for workers got stuck, and in order to avoid a riot, they decided to strike the salary on the spot - this is how the Yekaterinburg Mint appeared, which until 1876 minted 4/5 of the entire coin in Russia. Since the 1740s, the Mountain Chancellery was located here, which was in charge of factories from the Volga to Altai. There are a lot of monuments of the mining and smelting past in Yekaterinburg, first of all - the Plotinka, through which water has been pouring for almost three centuries. Below the Plotinka is the Historical Square with old workshops (partly occupied by the museum) and blocks of rocks from the Urals, ending with a picturesque bridge of the 1840s. Nearby is the factory hospital (1824), and the Philharmonic Hall on Lenin Avenue occupies the former Mountain Chancellery. In total, there were three factories of that era on the territory of Yekaterinburg - Uktussky below along the Iset and Verkh-Isetsky above, now only the last of them works, but giants of the Soviet industry appeared, first of all "Uralmash" - a "plant of factories" that made mines hulls or rolling mills. A lot of buildings, churches, museums are directly or indirectly connected with the industry, and all this is in the setting of a rich merchant city, then a Soviet industrial giant, then a post-Soviet megalopolis in the most important of the federal districts.
Permian
Founded: 1723, Vasily Tatishchev
Industry: metallurgy (copper, iron)
City since 1781, now 1036 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Perm Territory
Although modern Perm is quite industrial, practically nothing remained of the "original" Yegoshikha plant, except that the Peter and Paul Church (1757) on a hill: the workshops at the mouth of the Yegoshikha belong to railway workshops, and the copper smelter founded by Tatishchev was closed in 1788, when on the site of his settlement a new provincial town was under construction. However, across the hill from Yegoshikhinsky, since 1736, a second plant has been operating - Motovilikhinsky, where the village became part of Perm only in 1727, and therefore perfectly preserved the harsh historical appearance of the Ural factory village with smoked huts, over which chimneys, hills and bell towers dominate. In the 19th century, the Motovilikhinsky plant turned into one of the largest artillery manufacturers in Russia, and its workshops from different eras, including picturesque pre-revolutionary ones, stretch along the Kama for ten kilometers, and in the courtyard of the plant museum you can see its "products" from the local Tsar Cannon to ballistic missiles and MLRS complexes.
Barnaul
Founded: 1739, Akinfiy Demidov
Industry: metallurgy (silver)
City since 1771, now 636 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Altai Territory
Although the Demidovs' surname is associated with the Urals, where they owned up to 40 factories headed by Nizhniy Tagil, Rudny Altai, the Ural "branch" in Siberia, is also associated with them. The cunning Akinfiy Demidov, a notable counterfeiter, was looking for silver here and founded several factories, which were named Kolyvansky in honor of the first-born plant. However, the "golden age" of Rudny Altai began in 1747, when the factories became the property of the emperor and began to supply the treasury with silver. Barnaul bore the status of a "mountain city", that is, it was subordinate not to the provincial authorities in Tomsk, but to the mining department in St. Petersburg, and was the intellectual center of Siberia with the first theater (1776), the second museum (1823) and the first technical library in the empire (1766). Very strong engineers were in charge here - for example, Ivan Polzunov, who in 1762 equipped the Barnaul plant with a real steam engine (and it was “invented” long before Watt more than once, starting from ancient Rome), or Frolov's father and son, who had previously created a unique mine in Zmeinogorsk ... But like the Urals, Rudny Altai began to commission at the end of the 19th century, and irrevocably - in the 1890s the factories were closed, and the present Altai Territory is known more as the Siberian granary. However, the center of the mountain town of Barnaul - Polzunov Street and the “corner of Petersburg” Demidovskaya Square - have been perfectly preserved. Mining office, laboratory, warehouse, pharmacy, hospital, school and church at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries make up the heart of a large and noisy, utterly Siberian city. The museum, which has been living in the building of a mining laboratory since 1913, has an amazing collection of industrial rarities, whether it be 200-year-old rails from Zmeinogorsk or models of factories and mines made back in the 1820s. The factory itself, which has not been operating for a long time with classic buildings, has also survived, but you can only get there with a guided tour.
Ivanovo
Founded: 1746, peasant Butrimov (the village itself has been known since 1328)
Branch: textile industry
City since 1871, now 409 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Ivanovo region
Most of the cities in this collection were spawned by heavy industry - metallurgy, mechanical engineering. Ivanovo stands out among them - “the city of brides” or “Russian Manchester”, whose region is also called the Textile Region. Although the Textile Territory is much wider and includes, for example, the entire Moscow region, and the appearance of its red-brick towns with a huge factory above the quarters of multi-storey workers' barracks cannot be confused with anything. They all began the same way: some peasant, perhaps an Old Believer, set up looms at his place and began to sew something for sale; then he introduced the whole village to this business, and he himself was already engaged in trade; then he built a factory near the village, and he himself was already a bourgeois, a philanthropist, a collector of paintings ... At the beginning of the twentieth century, strikes were obligatory, in Soviet times - the construction of buildings in the style of constructivism and all sorts of monuments to the liberated proletariat; in the post-Soviet period - a decline in production and, at best, the settlement of factories with offices. Ivanovo went all this way, only it was much larger than any other textile city, but even now it sometimes leaves the impression of a hypertrophied village, even with high-rise buildings, trolleybuses, universities and restaurants. One of the most memorable features is polycentrism: several old districts have grown up near their factories. Red-brick industrial zones, intricate houses of manufacturers, masterpieces of constructivism worthy of Moscow, and next to them the corners of a district town, or even a village - this is the look of "Russian Manchester".
Izhevsk
Founded: 1760, Count Pyotr Shuvalov
Industry: metallurgy (iron), mechanical engineering (artillery, small arms)
City since 1918, now 637 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Udmurt Republic
The capital of Udmurtia is a typical, in general, Ural city-plant, only very large and lively. But everything is available - squat workshops near the dam, a spacious pond, a classicist Alexander Nevsky temple on a hill, as if blessing the industrial zone below, and the remains of a local "Petersburg corner". Izhevsk decided on the specialization quickly and forever - the production of small arms, already at the beginning of the 19th century, the plant riveted tens of thousands of barrels every year, and the multi-storey main building with a triumphal column instead of a spire was built as a monument to the victory over Napoleon, or rather, the plant's contribution to this victory. Under the Soviets, the city of gunsmiths (although it did not have the status of a city before the revolution, but of course it was) became the capital of peaceful Udmurtia, and after the war the life of the legendary Mikhail Kalashnikov was connected with it, whose legacy is devoted to a very interesting museum. And in general, Izhevsk is a city as distinctive and picturesque as it can be applied to an industrial giant.
Nikolaev
Founded: 1789, Grigory Potemkin
Industry: shipbuilding
City since 1790, now 495 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Mykolaiv region, Ukraine
The city at the mouth of the Southern Bug was both a trading port, and the main base of the Black Sea Fleet, replacing the destroyed Sevastopol in 1855, and a scientific center with one of the first observatory in the Russian Empire (which, by the way, was well preserved), and a provincial city, and entering in the Kherson province, was noticeably superior to Kherson itself. But nevertheless, from the first years of its history, Nikolaev grew as a city of shipbuilders, the most modern warships of the Russian Empire and the USSR were built at its shipyards, right up to the failed series of Soviet aircraft carriers - their 200-meter slipway cranes are still visible from almost anywhere in the city. Now the Nikolaev shipyards are in deep decline, and one of its symbols is the unfinished and quietly decaying cruiser "Ukraine" standing near the central embankment. Although, of course, Nikolaev cannot be called a ghost town - there are a lot of people and cars, all sorts of cafes and shops, newfangled installations, well-groomed old houses, in general life here goes on.
Luhansk
Founded: 1795, Karl Gayskoyne
Industry: metallurgy (iron), mechanical engineering (guns, ammunition),
City since 1882, now 423 thousand inhabitants (before the war)
Center of the region: Luhansk People's Republic
The easternmost and poorest regional center of Ukraine, now engulfed in war, was founded by the already familiar Karl Gascoigne as the first metallurgical plant in the South of Russia, and for the first time in the domestic industry, coke was used here for smelting, and therefore coal was mined. Lugansk became the starting point of the grandiose Donetsk-Pridneprovsky industrial complex. The old plant eventually switched to the production of cartridges, and the more famous "Luganskteplovoz" was founded in 1892 by the German Gustav Hartmann. In Luhansk, there is a small historical center on a slope, a couple of houses from the beginning of the 19th century, in one of which Dal lived; an amazing hotel "Moscow" of the 1950s, the style of which is closer to Bazhenov's "false Gothic" and two whole British tanks of the First World War out of 7 preserved in the world ... It is scary to guess which of this will survive the war.
Donetsk
Founded: 1869 by John Hughes
Industry: metallurgy (steel)
City since 1917, nowadays 951 thousand inhabitants (before the war)
Center of the region: Donetsk people's republic
One of the descendants of Lugansk was originally called Yuzovka, as it was founded by the Welsh manufacturer John Hughes. A typical story in general for the Donbass at the end of the 19th century, where factories in large numbers were founded by foreigners, attracted by the cheap labor of Russian men. The Yuzovsky plant turned out to be extremely successful, producing rails for the rapidly expanding railway network of the Russian Empire, and by the beginning of the twentieth century, its village had grown into a rather large city. It was a showcase of Soviet industrialization, was repeatedly recognized in the middle of the twentieth century as the most comfortable industrial city in the world, and in the post-Soviet era it became one of the poles of political life in Ukraine, for which it has now paid the price of a war. But in general, a beautiful city: with the front street of Artyom, built up with pompous Soviet houses, over which several skyscrapers have grown, with a gloomy area of the former Yuzovka behind the railway, near the factory, where the golden dome of the temple is adjacent to rusty blast furnaces, with a memorable symbol - the iron palm tree, which was once forged by the worker Mertsalov from a single piece of rail. Donetsk has clean streets and heavy air, and mine waste heaps and pile drivers hang over cozy promenades. At least that is how it was until recent events.
Kemerovo
Founded: 1912, JSC "Kopikuz"
Industry: coal mining
City since 1918, now 546 thousand inhabitants
Center of the region: Kemerovo region
Kuzbass, unlike Donbass, is mainly the brainchild of Soviet industrialization - and yet it began under the tsar, when the joint-stock company Kopikuz (that is, Kopi Kuzbass) arose, and Krasnaya Gorka became its center - the high bank of the Tom between the villages of Kemerovo and Shcheglovka (closer to the second, so the city formed in 1918 was initially called Shcheglovsk). And in the 1920s, enthusiasts from Holland came there, led by engineer Sebald Rutgers and architect Johan van Loghem, who created a unique look of the working village. The current center of Kemerovo is behind Tomya, there is also a grandiose coke plant. At the bridge to Krasnaya Gorka, a terrible monument to the dead miners by Ernst Neizvestny meets. And the central estate "Kopikuza", exactly opposite the koksokhim over the slow and majestic Siberian river, is now occupied by the museum.
During the Soviet period industrial cities emerged, as a rule, on the basis of a systematically developing industry. So, at one time, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Norilsk, Lipetsk developed rapidly on the basis of metallurgy, Kharkov, Chelyabinsk, Minsk on the basis of tractor construction, Berezniki, Solikamsk on the basis of chemistry. Many new cities arose, including on the basis of the development of the chemical industry (Nizhnekamsk, Navoi, Tobolsk), the automotive industry (Togliatti, Zhodino, Naberezhnye Chelny), metallurgy (Novolipetsk, Kostomuksha, Stary Oskol), the oil industry (Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk) , hydropower, aluminum, timber and woodworking industries (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk). On the basis of nuclear power, new cities arose near Kostroma, Smolensk, on the Southern Bug, etc. Large enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, energy, mechanical engineering, timber industry complexes, etc. became the main city-forming objects.
Industrial cities often arise on the basis of:
- one enterprise or production;
- industrial complex of enterprises of one leading industry, where the leading enterprise is complemented by accompanying ones;
- several production complexes of various industries that are not directly related to each other.
When designing a city, they always provide for the possibility of its development, since the emerging city itself serves as a place of attraction for other industries. It has become a common occurrence when in a city with an enterprise where male labor (metallurgy, chemistry) predominates, the production of light and food industries, instrument making, etc., is located, in which women mainly work.
Also in the Soviet period, cities arose - scientific centers with research institutes, higher educational institutions and experimental and experimental production. Among such cities, the Novosibirsk Academic Town, the Moscow Region cities of Pushchino, Krasnaya Pakhra, Dubna, Chernogolovka, and others became famous.
In industrial cities, up to 80% of workers are employed in the city-forming industries.
In many cities, along with the enterprises of the I and II classes according to the sanitary characteristics, there is also a relatively harmless industry that requires a large number of qualified personnel. These include machine-building and instrument-making factories, watch factories and enterprises of machine-tool, textile and light industries, etc.
With the emergence of a city-forming industry and the growth on this basis of the city itself, an accompanying or, as it is commonly called, service industry is created. It includes enterprises of the light, food and meat and dairy industries, refrigerators, food and manufactured goods warehouses, trade establishments, communal and consumer services, urban transport, etc. Such enterprises are closely connected with the residential part of the city. Examples of the location of industrial enterprises are shown in rice. 2.
Fig 2. Examples of the location of industrial enterprises in the city: a - the industrial zone is located along the main railway passing through the city center, b - the enterprises are located along the main railway passing along the outskirts of the city, and occupy a central position in it: c - the enterprises are located along the river and the main railway; d - enterprises are concentrated in two large industrial zones of the city; e - enterprises are dispersed throughout the city; f - enterprises are concentrated in three large zones along the main railway lines; g - enterprises are located in the central part of the city and form several industrial centers; and - enterprises are concentrated in one industrial junction on the outskirts of the city along the main railway
When placing enterprises, their urban planning differentiation is necessary. Only on this basis is it possible to achieve a harmonious inclusion of industry in the organism of the city. According to this principle, the General Plan of Moscow was implemented in the Soviet Union, which, in particular, laid down the principle of creating eight planning zones for the city. According to this plan, residential areas and places of employment of the capital's population are evenly distributed, which contributes to bringing housing closer to places of employment.
However, in modern urban planning there are many complex and difficult to solve functional, technical, social, economic, transport, architectural, aesthetic and other problems. Almost all of them are closely related to the development of industry.
A characteristic feature of modern urban planning, which is developing in conditions of scientific and technological progress, is the intensity of the implementation of the outlined plans. For example, in a number of newly created cities, the initial population was planned to be 80-100 thousand inhabitants. However, many of these cities, already in the process of building the first industrial enterprises, grew on the basis of the expansion of the industrial base of related or new industries faster than was determined by the planned indicators.
