• 1. What are the features of the modern information society? What is human capital, what is its role in the knowledge economy?
• 2. What foreign and domestic scientists have made a significant contribution to the formation and development of the theory of human capital?
• 3. Explain the relationship between the categories "human capital", "labor force", "labor resources", "human resources", "labor potential", "human potential", "human assets", "intellectual capital".
• 4. What elements make up the human capital of an individual, an organization? Name the types of human capital known to you.
• 5. What is investment in human capital? What expenses do they include and how do they differ from other types of investments?
• 6. What economic actors can invest in human capital? What benefits do they get at the same time, what goals do they pursue?

Literature

• 1. Armstrong M. Practice of human resource management / M. Amstrong; per. from English, half ed. S. K. Mordovin. 10th ed. - SPb. : Peter, 2012 .-- 848 p.
• 2. Becker G. Human capital (chapters from the book). Impact on earnings of investment in human capital // USA: economics, politics, ideology. - 1993. - No. 11. -S. 109-119.
• 3. Brooking E. Intellectual capital / E. Brooking; per. from English, under. ed. L. N. Kovalik. - SPb .: Peter, 2001 .-- 288 p.
• 4. Genkin BM Economics and sociology of labor: textbook, for universities / BM Genkin. - M .: NORMA: IFRA-M, 2000 .-- 356 p.
• 5. Davydova OA Investments in human capital: dynamics, assessment, efficiency: dis .... cand. ekoy. sciences. - M.: ProSoft, 2002 .-- 142 p.
• 6. Dobrynin A. I. Human capital in a transitional economy: formation, assessment, efficiency of use / A. I. Dobrynin, S. A. Dyatlov, E. D. Tsyrsnova. - SPb .: Nauka, 1999.-309 p.
• 7. Doktorovich AB Socially oriented development of society and human potential: modern theories, methods of systems research: dis. ... Dr. econ. sciences. - M .: ProSoft-M, 2005 .-- 360 p.
• 8. Dolan EJ Market: microeconomic model / EJ Dolan, DE Lindsay. - SPb .: Pec. yard, 1992 .-- 416 p.
• 9. Ilyinsky I. V. Investments in the future: education in investment reproduction / I. V. Ilyinsky. - SPb .: S'PbUEF, 1996 .-- 164 p.
• 10. Castells M. Information age: economy, society, culture per. from English / M. Castells; ed. O. I. Shkaratana. M., 2000 .-- 382 p.
• 11. Kendrick J. Aggregate capital of the USA and its formation / J. Kendrick. - M .: Progress, 1978. - 118 p.
• 12. Korotkov EM Management of the quality of education: textbook, manual for universities / EM Korotkov. - M.: Academic Project: Mir, 2006 .-- 320 p.
• 13. Cretan M. M. Human capital / M. M. Cretan. - L.: Publishing house Leningrad. un-ta, 1991 .-- 194 p.
• 14. McConnell KR Economics: principles, problems and politics: in 2 volumes: trans. from English / K. R. McConnell, S. L. Bru. - M .: Respublika, 1992 .-- T. 2 - 400 p.
• 15. Martsinkevich V. I. Human Economy: textbook, manual for universities / V. I. Martsinkevich, I. V. Sobolev. - M .: Aspect Press, 1995 .-- 286 p.
• 16. Stepanova T. E. Laws of the economy based on knowledge / T. E. Stepanova. - Samara: Izl-in Samar, state. econom. acad., 2005 .-- 336 p.
• 17. Sudova T. L. Investments in human capital and their role in the formation of the information society: dis .... Dr. Econ. sciences. - M.: ProSoft-M. 2003 .-- 308 p.
• 18. Fisher S. Economics: per. from English / S. Fisher. R. Dornbusch, R. Schmalenzi. - M.: Delo LTD, 1993.-864 p.
• 19. Labor Economics / ed. M. A. Vinokurova, N. A. Gorelova. - SPb. : Peter, 2004 .-- 656 p.
• 20. Bontis N. The knowledge toolbox: a review of the tools available to measure and manage intangible resources / N. Bontis, N. C. Dragonetti, K. Jaconsen and G. Roos // Europian Management Journal. - 17 (4). - P. 391 -402.
• 21. H. R. Bowen. Investment in Learning. H. R. Bowen. - San Francisco etc: Jossey-Bass, 1978.
• 22. Schultz T. Investment in Human Capital / T. Schultz // Economic Growth - an American Problem. - Englew "ood Cliffs. - 1964.
• 23. Stcw "art T. A. Intellectual Capital. New" Wealth of Organizations / T. A. Stewart. - N.Y.,
• 1997.
• 24. Thurow L. Investment in Human Capital / L. Thurow. - Belmont. 1970.
• 25. Toffler A. The Third Wave / A. Toffler. - N.Y., 1980.

See also other dictionaries:

In microeconomics (English asymmetric (al) information; also imperfect information, incomplete information) is the uneven distribution of information about a product between the parties to the transaction. Usually the seller knows more about the product than the buyer ... Wikipedia

Econometrics is a science that studies specific quantitative and qualitative relationships of economic objects and processes using mathematical and statistical methods and models. The definition of the subject of econometrics was given in the charter ... ... Wikipedia

Highway Majority shareholder Majority interest Majority control ... Economics and Mathematics Dictionary

Privatization- (Privatization) The concept of privatization, methods and forms of privatization The concept of privatization, methods and forms of privatization, methods of privatization Contents Contents 1. Concept and denationalization Section 1. Concept 2. Methods and forms of privatization ... ... Investor encyclopedia

Neoclassical Macroeconomic Equilibrium Theory- proceeds from the fact that migration in its essence is caused by geographical differences in the supply and demand for labor. An analogue of the macroeconomic theory is the microeconomic theory of individual choice, according to which individuals make ... ... Migration: Glossary of Key Terms

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9.1 Main literature:

1. Dolan E., Lindsay D. Market: microeconomic model / Per. with V. Lukashevich and others; Under total. ed. B. Lisovik and V. Lukashevich. 2004

2. Kulekeyev Zh.A., Sultanbekova G.K. Microeconomics: Textbook for Universities, 2nd edition. - Almaty RSE "Kazstatinform" 2001.

3. Nureyev R. M. Course of microeconomics: textbook for universities - M: NORMA) - INFRA, 2000.

4. Pindike R., Rubenfeld D., Microeconomics.- M., 2008

5. Hayman D.N. Modern microeconomics: analysis and application. In 2 volumes - M., Finance and Statistics, 2008.

6. Course of economic theory: General foundations of economic theory.
Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. Fundamentals of the National Economy: Textbook / Ed. Doctor of Economics, prof. A.V. Sidorovich; Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov - M., Ed. "Business and Service", 2001

9.2 Further reading:

1. Marshall A. Principles of Political Economy.- M ..: Progress, 1976.

2. Maksimova B.F. Microeconomics - M .: SOMINTE, 2004.

3. Micro-, macroeconomics. Workshop / Under total. ed. Yu.A. Ogibina -S-Pb, 1994

4. Ovchinnikov G.P. Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. - S-Pb. Ed. Mikhailova V.A., 1997.

5. Paul Heine. The economic way of thinking.- Moscow: 1992.

6. Robinson J. Economic theory of imperfect competition: Translated from English-M .: Progress, 1986.

7 Hal R. Varian Microeconomics. Intermediate level. Modern approach. - M., UNITY 1997.

8. K. Hexever, B. Render, R. Russell, R. Merdick. Management and organization in the service sector: theory and practice .. - SPb: Peter. 2002.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakh Humanitarian Law University

« APPROVED "

Vice-rector-director of the Higher School

economics, business and social sciences

Candidate of Historical Sciences ___________ Mukataeva L.K.

________________________________

"_____" ________________ 2012

The name of the discipline "Microeconomics of the social sphere and tourism"

A ST A N A - 2012

1. Information about the teacher of the course: Master of Economics., Senior Lecturer of the Department of Economics and Management Smagulova Aizhan Kenesovna, office number 417.

Scientific interests of the teacher:

Enterprise economics, Macroeconomic policy of the state, Efficiency of investment projects.

Language proficiency: Kazakh - native, Russian - perfectly.

Department data: Department of Economics and Management, main building of KazGUU

Course prerequisites: a student studying the discipline "Microeconomics of the Social Sphere and Tourism" must:

Know basic economic concepts, categories, laws;

Be able to take notes on lecture material;

Be able to work with educational, scientific literature, periodicals;

Have the skills of independent research work.

Course post-requisites: studying the discipline "Microeconomics of the social sphere and tourism" will allow students to more successfully master such disciplines as "Economics of Tourism", "International Tourism", etc.

Discipline description:

Title: Entrepreneurship and Business Planning in the Social Sphere "

Number of credits: 2

Venue: main building

The purpose of the discipline: to study the mechanism of decision-making by economic actors and individual choice in the social sphere, causal relationships between microeconomic variables in the social sphere and tourism, as well as factors affecting the behavior of market actors.

Objectives of the discipline: studying the discipline:

Formation of students' fundamental knowledge of the theory of microeconomics;

To develop students' ability to understand the methodological principles of the analysis of microeconomic models;

To develop students' ability to use theoretical knowledge in practice.

A student who has completed the study of the discipline "Microeconomics of the social sphere and tourism" must have knowledge that allows him to analyze any microeconomic models of behavior, individual economic entities. The student must be able to reasonably substantiate the causal relationships and relationships between microeconomic variables. The student must have a methodological and methodological apparatus of microeconomics and be able to use for the interpretation and analysis of microeconomic situations, make rational decisions in the course of their professional activities.

1590.52kb.

Lecture notes for students in the specialty i-25 01 08 “Accounting, analysis, 2183.7kb.

Methodical recommendations for pre-diploma practice, writing and defending a thesis, 650.41kb.

The program of industrial (organizational and economic) practice for students of the specialty, 258.99kb.

A course of lectures for students of specialties: "Accounting, analysis and audit", 1563.86kb.

A lecture for students of the specialty 1-25 01 08 accounting, analysis and audit,, 485.18kb.

, 482.25kb.

ZN Kulko accounting registers, accounting forms, 484.1kb.

Ministry of agriculture and food of the republic of belarus, 538.35kb.

Ministry of agriculture and food of the republic of belarus, 564.22kb.

5. Dolan e.j., Lindsay D. Market: a microeconomic model / under total. Ed. B. Lisovik and V. Lukashevich. - SPb., 1992.

Question 1. The composition and characteristics of the capital market

Capital - these tangible and intangible factors of production that are acquired at capital market. The capital market includes:

Market p physical or physical factors- these are durable factors (buildings, structures, machines);

Loan capital market, i.e. borrowed funds. Stocks and bods market

License market, know-how (from the English. know-how, literally - "I know how"), scientific developments, etc .;

Entrepreneurial ability is a person's knowledge and skills, his ability to efficiently use resources, make competent management decisions.

The demand for capital is formed under the influence of the same factors as the demand for any commodity. The price is formed as a result of the interaction of supply and demand. Peculiarities:

• demand is derived from the demand for goods that are produced by this resource;
• supply does not always respond to price increases due to limited resources;
• the change of ownership does not always take place;
• characterized by monopsony and oligopsony, monopoly and oligopoly

Question 2: Loan capital market

People can own a variety of things (factories and plants, equipment, shops, airplanes), incl. and money. In a market economy, there are always many entities that have free funds. Money capital, like any other, brings profit to the owner: money is provided as a loan to others who are in need of it at the moment. The loan must be repaid after a certain period of time, and with a surcharge. This is the economic meaning of the loan. Loan capital is a self-growing capital. In this case, the amount of capital increment depends on the amount originally lent and on the amount of interest on the loan.

The relationship between borrowers and lenders is carried out through banks and represents a market for loan capital.

The demand for loan capital is directly proportional to the value of its marginal product and inversely proportional to the loan interest. The demand for loan capital is expressed in the amount of money that the borrower currently needs.

The offer of loan capital is the amount of money that can be lent at the moment. Payment for the use of money is made at the expense of the profit of the entrepreneur who uses the loan capital. In this case, the borrower's profit falls into two parts:

1. % to the owner of the capital (rate of interest),
2. the entrepreneurial profit of the capital borrower.

Percentage rate is calculated as the ratio of the annual increment in income from the loaned capital to the amount of the loaned capital. The rate of interest determines how much of the profit the borrower must give to the owner for the right to use the capital. The percentage rate depends on:

Average profitability of the national economy;

State of supply and demand in the loan capital market;

Loan amounts;

The term of the loan (for long-term assets, the rates are higher, since they are associated with a high risk of non-repayment);

The movement of money capital occurs a) in the stock market, in which borrowers sell and lenders buy stock or bonds; or b) through financial intermediaries - banks that attract creditors' funds in the form of deposits and issue loans to borrowers. The share of the stock market in external financing of enterprises is small (less than a third in the United States, about 10% in Germany, and about 15% in Japan). The leading place belongs to the banking system.

Question 3. Sources of loan capital

Sources of temporarily free funds are:

1. Interruptions in the movement of fixed and working capital. Capital in the form of fixed assets is reimbursed as depreciation and amortization, accumulates in the accounts of enterprises and is temporarily free, since it is spent after complete physical wear and tear.

The company conducts settlements with suppliers of raw materials in accordance with the concluded agreement, which gives it the right to use the attracted funds for some time.

But the law of the market says that “money must make money,” so free funds cannot lie idle, they must be put into business and make a profit. This money is used for loan capital.

1. The payroll, which is used twice a month, and the rest of the time this money is free.
2. Profit of the firm.
3. Bank income: formed by the difference that arises between the amount of money that the bank takes for a loan provided and the amount paid on deposits.
4. Personal savings of citizens stored in banks.

Question 4. Nominal and real interest rates

Nominal is the interest rate set by the lender. If the economy is developing steadily and there is no inflation, the nominal and real interest rates are equal to each other. In case of inflation, the real rate is reduced by the amount of inflation.

Real the interest rate is the inflation-adjusted nominal interest rate. RPS = NPS - I

For example, a loan is given at the rate of 10% per annum and the annual inflation rate is also 10%, it turns out that the real rate in this case will be zero (10% - 10% = 0). At the same time, the nominal interest rate is 10%.

The real interest rate takes into account the effect of inflation and is determined by the formula:

RPS = ((1 + NPS) / (1+ I) - 1) × 100,

where NPR is the real interest rate (in percent per annum);

iNPS- nominal interest rate (in percent per annum);

AND- annual inflation rate (in percent).

The financial market can only exist if the lending interest (real) is greater than zero.

Question 5. Discounting and the concept of net present value

The demand for investments depends on the profit that can be obtained from their implementation. But since its receipt refers to different periods of time, the problem arises of comparing monetary values ​​related to different periods of time. Discounting- an operation to bring values ​​of different times into a comparable form. Discounting is based on the fact that a monetary unit is not worth as much today as it is tomorrow. D –e measures cash flows over time. For example, $ 1 thousand. placed in a bank at 10% per annum for three years. The future value of money depends on the conditions for placing money on the loan capital market.

Calculation of BS on the terms of simple interest: BS = PS (1 + to n)

Calculation of BS on terms of compound interest: BS = PS (1 + k) n,

where BS is the future value of money;

PS - the initial cost of money;

k - interest rate;

n is the number of years.

The net present value method determines the expected benefit through annual discounting of the proceeds.

NPV = [DB 1 / (1 + k) + DB 2 / (1 + k) 2 + DB 3 / (1 + k) 3 +… + DB n / (1 + k) n] - PS,

where DB is the future income in the corresponding number of years.

A project will be profitable if its net present value (i.e. the discounted sum of costs and benefits) is greater than zero.

Question 6. Securities market

The securities market (stock market) is a system of relations between those who issue securities and those who buy them.

There is a primary market - the issue of securities and their placement among the primary owners. Subsequently, the securities are resold, forming a secondary market (stock) market. The Central Bank is a form of capital existence.

Stocks and bonds are the main types of securities. Unlike loans, stocks and bonds are more long-term. Bonds can serve as a means of lending for decades, and stocks can also be an unlimited source of funding.

A share is a security that testifies to the participation of its owner in the funds of the founder and gives the right to participate in the management of affairs and receive income in the form of a dividend. Shareholders are co-owners of enterprises. The shares have par and market value. nominal value- this is the money price indicated on the share. Market price(share price) is the amount of money at which the share is sold on the market when it is sold for the second time.

Dividend = par share value * dividend rate

The dividend rate is compared with the interest rate: which is more profitable - to put money in the bank and receive interest on deposits, or to purchase shares and be able to receive a dividend.

There are preferred, common and gold shares. Simple the share gives the owner of the share the right to vote at the meeting of shareholders and the opportunity to receive dividends. NS privileged the share gives the owner a fixed dividend (reduces financial risk), but is “voiceless”. Gold the share gives a special right to vote, allows you to veto the decision of the general meeting of shareholders. It is an instrument of state control over a joint stock company. Controlling stake- this is such a volume that allows its owner to make strategic decisions. When an enterprise is liquidated, its debts on preferred shares are paid off first.

Bonds- these are securities that indicate the contribution of funds to a particular company. Upon expiration of the specified period, the owner of the bond is returned the amount of money indicated on it and a fixed interest on it. O brings the owner a fixed income ( annuity). The owners do not participate in the management of enterprises, they are only creditors, but not co-owners of state and corporate enterprises. When an enterprise is liquidated, its debts on bonds are paid off first. Bonds are more cash safe than stocks.

Other types of securities include: Certificate of Deposit- a security, indicating that a certain person deposits funds for safekeeping in a bank on certain conditions. On certificates of deposit, interest is paid, which can be higher or lower, depending on the storage period of the money. Option- a security that gives a person the right to buy or sell a share at a fixed price within a specified time frame. Futures- this is the same security as an option, but differing in the lowercase binding of the parties, in accordance with which the parties do not have the right to refuse to buy or sell a share without paying a forfeit.

Question 7: entrepreneurial ability and economic profit

Entrepreneurial ability is the ability of a person (his knowledge and skills, moral qualities) to effectively use resources, to make competent management decisions. Thanks to this, labor, capital, land interact.

As any factor of production, entrepreneurial ability has its own specific payment - entrepreneurial income. This is the payment that the entrepreneur receives for his organizational skills, for the risk of losses from their use, for economic initiatives (innovations) and monopoly market power. Entrepreneurial income is divided into two parts: normal profit and economic profit. Normal profit can be thought of as an entrepreneur's wages for running an enterprise. Economic profit is a payment for risk, maintenance of monopoly power, payment for ensuring excess profit. Economic profit is compensation for the fact that in conditions of uncertainty (and the future is always uncertain), an entrepreneur took a risk and this risk was justified. Economic profit stimulates him to develop and new ideas. The size of entrepreneurial income fluctuates due to economic profit.

In a competitive market, economic profit tends to be zero. This trend does not mean that the entrepreneur is performing ineffectively, but that the industry itself is competitive. An entrepreneur who receives zero economic profit may not go out of business, since zero economic profit means receiving a normal profit. Industries with positive economic returns attract entrepreneurs from less profitable industries. Because of this, economic profit is redistributed to newly arrived entities and stabilizes at the level of zero economic profit. Economic gains are temporary unless we are talking about artificially sustained non-competitive markets.

Topic 9. Land market

Objectives of studying the topic:

Understand the features of the land market;

Determine the economic nature of the rent;

Consider the specifics of the market for non-renewable natural resources;

Consider the main directions of state policy in the field of natural resources use.

Plan

1 land as a factor of production

2. Demand and supply in the land market

3.Land rent

4.Differential annuity 1

5.Differential rent II

6 the price of land

7. Land relations in the Republic of Belarus

Question 1. Land as a factor of production

Land as a factor of production is: 1.Area suitable for agricultural production; 2. Water resources; 3. Geographic location of the enterprise; 4. Source of minerals.

Land differs from other factors of production - capital and labor - in that

1. 
   land is not a product of labor and therefore has no value;
2. in the process of distribution and redistribution of the created product, Z turns into an object of sale and purchase, acquires a price, becomes an object of property relations;
3. the earth is and means and object of labor. Land is a special means of production since it is eternal, irreplaceable and.
4. other means of labor wear out in proportion to production consumption; the land not only does not lose, but with its rational cultivation it improves its quality properties;
5. the amount of land is limited;
6. The land is characterized by a qualitative heterogeneity of individual sites, a definite and permanent location, physical immobility

Question 2. Supply and demand in the land market

Demand for land is derived from many factors.

1. The demand for agricultural products is low elastic: an increase in prices will only slightly reduce the demand for food and, as a result, for land.
2. The expected income from economic activities on the land, which depends on the production costs on the land, the location of the site, its fertility.
3. The amount of rent - the lower the rent, the greater the demand;
4. Land price. Because the supply of land is relatively constant, it is the demand that determines the price of land.

The land demand is subdivided into

Agricultural (for the production of agricultural products);

Non-agricultural (for housing construction, mining, etc.). As a rule, non-agricultural demand for land is more elastic, since with a slight drop in prices for this kind of land (especially near large cities), the demand for it for the development of buildings and structures increases.

Land offers Is a fixed value, therefore it is completely inelastic in price. In real life, the rise in prices is still capable of increasing the supply: previously empty premises are leased; land plots are put into circulation.

Over time, land plots may be drained, irrigation works carried out, which will increase the supply. However, in each period of time, the amount of land of each type remains limited.

Question 3. Land rent

Like other factors of production, land requires costs and generates income for its owner. For the use of land, the owner collects a special type of payment - rent. Land rent - payment for the right to use a land plot. The quantitative limitation of land, its qualitative heterogeneity and immobility in space affect the amount of rent. Land rent is of two types - absolute and differential. This is due to the existence of two types of land monopoly.

a) monopoly on land as an object of property belongs to the owner of the land. It generates absolute rent, which is appropriated by the landlord. The rent is paid by the tenant who leased the land.

b) by leasing the land, the tenant receives monopoly on land as an economic object: no one else has the right to attach capital to the leased land. This monopoly is valid for the duration of the lease. The tenants of the best and medium-sized plots receive additional profit - differential rent, the source of which is not the land, but more productive labor on it.

Absolute rent is determined by the size of the plot, differential rent - by the qualitative heterogeneity of different land plots.

Question 4. Differential annuity 1

The results of land management depend on the fertility of the land and on the location of the plots. Therefore, there are types of differential rent:

Differential rent I on natural fertility is the difference between income from production in the worst conditions and income from production on the best and average plots of land.

The market price of agricultural products is determined by the cost of production on the worst lands. Businessperson running a household on a more fertile plot, will receive more income, all other things being equal.

Surplus profit turns into differential rent and is appropriated by the owners of the middle and best plots of land.

Differential rent I by location- the difference between income from the production of similar products on lands of the same fertility, but closer to the sales markets. As a result, manufacturers incur different costs of delivering products to consumers.

The number of sites located close to the sales market is limited. The production of this land alone is insufficient to meet the entire demand for food. Therefore, remote areas are involved in the economic turnover, which will be processed only when the price of products will cover all costs (including transport costs) and provide an average industry profit. The price of agricultural products is regulated by production costs in distant areas.

This rent is also appropriated by the landlord.

Question 5. Differential rent II

The application of fertilizers, the use of the latest technology for the cultivation of agricultural crops, the implementation of a complex of agrotechnical measures creates the economic fertility of the soil - its ability to provide increased productivity. Natural soil fertility is created by nature, based on the use of the beneficial properties of the top layer of the earth - soil. Economic fertility depends on the conditions of farming, the level of development of science and technology, and is created by people.

Before the expiration of the lease agreement, D II is assigned by the lessee, after this period the owner of the land includes it in a new lease agreement. Therefore, land owners always strive to shorten the lease period, and entrepreneurs - to lengthen it.

D II is the result of investment in land resources that generate additional income.

Question 6. Price of land

The price of land depends on the influence of several factors.

1. 
   Rent. The land acquires a price only because it brings in rent.
2. Lending interest rate. Both land rent and interest on loans are factor income. The buyer of the land always makes a choice: which is better: to buy a land plot and receive rent, or invest money in a bank and have a loan interest.

The price of the land is equal to that amount of money, which, when lent, will annually yield an income equal to the rent from this land.

C = Received rent / rate of lending interest.

For example, a land owner receives rent in the amount of $ 10,000, and the loan interest rate is 5%, then the price of land (Tsz) will be equal to:

The landowner will sell his land plot precisely for a price not lower than $ 200, because the bank at a rate of 5% per annum will allow him to receive an income equal to $ 10,000.

Lending rates are relatively stable, and the demand for land and the price of land are increasing, so money owners prefer to invest in land plots.

The higher the rent, the higher the price of the land. The higher the loan interest, the lower the price of the land.

Rent is the amount of rent and other payments for the use of buildings, plantings, roads, etc. located on a given site.