After troubles from the 20s to the 50s. In the 17th century, Russia was rebuilding a ruined economy. The active development of lands that produced marketable grain begins - the Volga region, Siberia, the Black Earth region.
The socio-economic development of Russia was based on the policy of further strengthening the feudal-serf system. Cathedral Code of 1649 were canceled "regular summer", established an indefinite search for fugitive peasants and townspeople. This became the fact of the final enslavement of the peasants. The basis of the economy of agrarian Russia in the 17th century. becomes corvee: the work of the peasant as his own implements in the economy of the feudal lord. The peasants were obliged to pay a quitrent or work in a corvee, that is, they were in personal dependence on the feudal lord.
At this time, there are changes in government policy:
1682 - abolition of parochialism, blurring the lines between class groups and eventually uniting the nobility;
1649 - recognition of the right of hereditary transfer of a noble estate, provided that the heirs continue to serve in the state. Thus, two forms of ownership were combined - the patrimony and the estate.
There is an increase in handicraft production, which is facilitated by a significant improvement in technology and the emergence of new industries: foundry, weapons, copper. A new form of production appeared - manufactory.
The law was amended to stimulate trade. The Trade Regulations of 1653 established a single trade duty and abolished internal levies from merchants. For the same purpose, the Novgorod charter was adopted in 1667, which provided additional benefits in domestic trade.
The conditions for the formation of an all-Russian market are beginning to take shape. Commodity production and trade become the reason for the emergence and growth of new Russian cities. By the end of the 17th century. Russia has achieved high levels of production and improvement of living standards.
The economy of Russia took shape in the contradictory conditions of the struggle between the feudal-serf foundations and the nascent bourgeoisie.
In political life, there is a transition to absolutism (concentration of power). In 1649, the code of laws of the Russian state was adopted - the Cathedral Code. Its two chapters are devoted to the protection of the rights and prestige of the royal power and the royal court. There is a gradual process of transferring power into the hands of the autocracy. The prestige and role of Zemsky Sobors, which resolved issues of foreign policy, finance and taxes, are falling.
With the onset of economic and political stability, there was no need to support the autocracy by various strata of society. The boyars ceased to represent the tsarist power and, together with the nobility, went over to the civil service.
One of the characteristic features of growing absolutism is the emergence of a centralized administrative apparatus. In the 17th century. in Russia there was a system of orders - institutions in which there were no uniform principles for creating decrees and distributing functions between them. In 1654, the Order of Secret Affairs was created, which was responsible for control over state institutions and employees.
In local self-government there is a concentration of power in the hands of the voivods, who replaced the representatives of the elected bodies - clerks, elders. The district government is under tight control.
In the middle of the 17th century. the reform of the church was carried out, the need for which was caused by the desire to centralize the Russian Orthodox Church.
Reunification with Ukraine, strengthening ties with the South Slavic peoples demanded the unification of rituals and church books. The transformations of Patriarch Nikon caused discontent among the faithful, and attempts to create a church independent of the state led to a break with the king. In the church happened split, which has acquired the character of oppositional confrontation. In 1666 Nikon was deposed.
LEARNING AND TRAINING TESTS
Module 1
History of Russia from antiquity to the beginning of the 17th century.
Eastern Slavs of the 6th - 8th centuries
Old Russian state XI - XII centuries.
Part 1.
A1. According to legend, Svyatoslav, starting a military campaign, said ...
1) "Whoever comes to us with a sword will perish by the sword."
2) "If you don't crush the bees, you don't eat honey."
3) "If I stay alive, then with them, if I die, then with the squad"
4) "I'm going to you"
A2. The earliest document containing information about the ancient history of the Slavs:
1) the work of the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea. (mid-6th century)
2) a description of Scythia by Herodotus - V century. BC.
3) the works of Strabo - 64 - 24 BC.
4) the works of Tacitus - 1st century. n. NS.
A3. Choose the correct answer. The resettlement of the Slavs was as follows:
1) Dregovichi - north of Pripyat to the Western Dvina.
2) northerners - along the left bank of the Dnieper and along the Desna.
3) glade - along the upper course of the Dnieper and the Western Dvina.
4) Vyatichi - near Kiev on the right bank of the Dnieper.
A4. What date is considered the starting point in the history of the ancient Russian state with its center in Kiev?
1) 862 2) 879 3) 882 4) 811
A5. In Kievan Rus there was the following system:
1) boyar republic. 3) estate-representative monarchy.
2) constitutional monarchy. 4) early feudal monarchy.
A6. Which of these princes strengthened the international position of Russia with the help of dynastic marriages:
1) Vladimir Svyatoslavovich 3) Igor Stary
2) Yaroslav the Wise 4) Svyatoslav Igorevich
A7. The main deity of the pagan pantheon of the Eastern Slavs was not
1) Dazhdbog 2) Perun 3) Viy 4) Veles
A8. In ancient Russia, people who entered into contracts for the performance of a certain work were called:
1) ryadovichi 2) purchases 3) slaves 4) firemen
A9. The end of polyudye and the beginning of an organized taxation system are associated with reforms
1) Princess Olga 2) Svyatoslav Igorevich 3) Oleg 4) Igor Stary
A10. The first Russian chronicle was called:
1) "The Tale of Bygone Years" 3) "The Word about Igor's Campaign"
2) "Word about the death of the Russian land" 4) "Zadonshchina"
Part 2.
IN 1. Set the correspondence between events and dates:
1) The calling of the Varangians A) 907
2) Baptism of Rus B) 862
3) Oleg's 1st campaign to Constantinople B) 882
4) Formation of the state of Kievan Rus D) 988
IN 2. Establish a correspondence between the above passages from the annals and the names of the events about which they say:
1) “Our earth is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come to reign and rule over us ”;
2) “We have nowhere to go. So let us not shame the Russian land, but lie down on the bones, for the dead have no shame ”;
3) “Then the prince sent all over the city to say:“ If someone does not come to the river tomorrow - be it a rich, or a poor, or a beggar, or a slave - he will be my enemy ”;
4) That year the squad said to Igor: “Sveneld's youths were made up of weapons and clothes, and we are naked. Come, prince, with us for a tribute, and you will get yourself for us. And Igor listened to them - he went for a tribute and added a new tribute to the old one ”;
A) the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav B) the uprising of the Drevlyans
B) the vocation of the Varangians D) Baptism of Rus
Answer:
Part 3.
C1. Name the main stages and key events of the formation and development of the Old Russian state.
Russian lands and principalities in the XII - the middle of the XV centuries.
Part 1.
A1. The reason for the victory of Alexander Nevsky in the battle on the ice of Lake Peipsi
1) overwhelming numerical superiority 2) surprise attack
3) tactically correct formation of troops
4) use of throwing weapons
A2. Indicate the prince under whom Moscow became the capital of an independent
principalities
1) Yuri Dolgoruky 3) Ivan Kalita
2) Daniil Alexandrovich 4) Andrey Bogolyubsky
A3. The establishment of the dependence of Russia on the Golden Horde led to the fact that
1) the Basque system was installed in the Russian lands
2) the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality were transferred to the Golden Horde
3) the lands of Veliky Novgorod were transferred to the Golden Horde
4) all raids and punitive campaigns of the Mongol-Tatars to Russia have stopped
A4. The main reason for the defeat of the Russian principalities during the Mongol invasion can be considered:
1) the surprise of the Mongols attack on Russia
2) their numerical and tactical superiority
3) the feudal fragmentation of Russia
4) the need to distribute forces to repel the onslaught of Western European feudal lords
A5. One of the reasons for the advancement of Moscow as a gathering center for Russian lands in the XIV century. consisted in
1) the advantages of its geographical location
2) the absence of strong rivals in the struggle for the championship
3) the conclusion of an alliance between Moscow and Tver
4) the support of Moscow by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia
A6. Read an excerpt from D.S. Likhachev and indicate which prince the described events belong to.
"In 1366. (according to other sources in 1367) the construction of a new stone Moscow Kremlin on the site of wooden fortifications began ... The stone Kremlin was much larger than the old oak one. It has been expanded almost to the limits of the current ...
The construction of the stone Moscow Kremlin immediately affected the prince's foreign policy ... Moscow becomes impregnable for enemies. Olgerd's invasions of Moscow and in 1368. and in 1370. were unsuccessful. "
1) Yuri Dolgoruky 3) Ivan the Terrible
2) Dmitry Donskoy 4) Ivan Kalita
A7. Contemporaries were
1) Princess Olga and Alexander Nevsky
2) Dmitry Donskoy and Sergiy Radonezhsky
3) Khan Batu and Ivan the Terrible
4) Ivan I Kalita and Yuri Dolgoruky
A8. The Moscow princes received the right to collect Horde tribute from all over Russia at ...
1) Daniile Alexandrovich 3) Ivane Kalita
2) Yuri Danilovich 4) Simeone Gord
A9. The son of Dmitry Donskoy, who received rule from his father without applying for a label to the Horde:
1) Vasily I 2) Vasily II 3) Ivan I 4) Alexander Nevsky
A10. A literary monument of the 12th century, containing a call for an end to princely strife is
1) "The Word about Igor's Regiment" 3) "Domostroy"
2) "Prayer of Daniel the Zatochnik" 4) "Zadonshchina"
Part 2.
IN 1. Which three of the following events relate to the struggle of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke?
1) Battle on the ice 3) invasion of Tokhtamysh 5) Battle on the Sheloni River
2) Battle of Kulikovo 4) Battle of Grunwald 6) Battle of the Vozha River
Answer:
IN 2. Read an excerpt from the "Life of Sergius of Radonezh" and indicate which battle in question
“It became known that by God's allowance for our sins, the Horde prince Mamai gathered great strength ... And he goes to the Russian land; and all the people were seized with great fear. The great prince ... was then the glorified and invincible great Dmitry. He came to Saint Sergius, because he had great faith in the elder, and asked him if the Saint would command him against the godless ... But the Saint, when he heard about this from the Grand Duke, blessed him, armed him with prayer ..
The battle began, and many fell, but God helped the great victorious Dmitry, and the Tatars were defeated, and they were completely destroyed ...
Grand Duke Dmitry, having won a glorious victory, went to Sergius, bringing gratitude for the good advice, glorified God and made a great contribution to the monastery. "
1) the battle on the r. Kalke 3) "standing on the Ugra"
2) the siege of Moscow by the Horde army 4) the Battle of Kulikovo
Part 3.
C1. In 1327, the Horde Baskak Chol-Khan with a large detachment arrived in Tver. The oppression and violence committed by them caused the revolt of the townspeople. The Horde were killed. In response, Khan Uzbek organized a punitive expedition against Tver, in which the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita took part.
Indicate at least three reasons that can explain the performance of Ivan Kalita on the side of the Horde.
What were the consequences of the uprising in Tver for the Moscow princes and for all of Russia? List at least three consequences.
The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th centuries.
Topic 4. The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th century.Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. After the death of Basil II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. During the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505), the Moscow principality developed successfully: practically without resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state. Chernigov-Seversk possessions passed from Lithuania.
The Novgorod boyar republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. In 1471 Ivan III took decisive measures to subjugate Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on the Sheloni River, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, defeated the Novgorodians. In 1478 the republic in Novgorod was finally liquidated. A veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.
In 1480 the Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the clash between the Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the Ugra River. At the head of the Horde troops was Khan Akhmat. Having stood on Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as "standing on the Ugra". Russia, several years before Akhmat's campaign, stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.
In 1497, a set of laws was introduced - Ivan III's Code of Laws, which strengthened the power of the sovereign and introduced uniform legal norms throughout the state. One of the articles of the "Sudebnik" regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. According to the "Code of Law", peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and a week after St. George's autumn day (November 26), having paid the elderly. The nationwide governing bodies of the country began to form - orders. There was localism - the procedure for obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the family. Local administration was carried out on the basis of a feeding system: collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds for themselves. The sovereign's authority was strengthened by the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaeologus.
The father's business was completed by Vasily III (1505-1533), annexing Ryazan and Pskov, and conquering Smolensk from Lithuania. All Russian lands were united into a single Russian state. During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. The moat near the Moscow Kremlin was laid out with stone. Wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and Zaraisk were replaced with stone ones. And in Novgorod, which the Grand Duke of Moscow liked to visit, in addition to the walls, streets, squares and rows were rebuilt.
Russia under Ivan IV. Reforms of the mid-16th century The policy of the oprichnina. After the death of Vasily III, the throne passed to the three-year-old Ivan IV (1533-1584), later nicknamed the Terrible. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. She entrusted all state affairs to the Boyar Duma. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya in the war with Lithuania, small territories in the west were annexed, and the raids of the Tatar cavalry on the Moscow lands were also repelled. A monetary reform was carried out: coins of various principalities were replaced by coins of a single sample - kopecks. In 1538 Elena died unexpectedly (there is an assumption that she was poisoned). After her death, the struggle for power between the boyar groups intensified.
Upon reaching the age of 17 in 1547, Ivan Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, becoming the first tsar in Russia. The ceremony of accepting the royal title took place in the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral. From the hands of the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan IV received the cap of Monomakh and other signs of tsarist power.
Under the young tsar, a circle of friends was formed - the Chosen Rada. It included the nobleman Alexei Adashev, Archpriest Sylvester (confessor of the young tsar), Prince Andrei Kurbsky, Metropolitan Macarius. The task of these people was to help the tsar in running the state and to develop reforms.
In 1549, the first Zemsky Sobor in the country's history was convened, which included elected representatives from each estate. In the 1550s, the folding of the order system was completed, until 1568 it was called the "order hut". The creation of orders was caused by the complication of state administration due to the growth of subordinate territories. There were Ambassadors, Pomestny, Razryadny, Rogue orders, and the Chelobitnaya hut - the supreme control body of the state. The order was headed by a boyar or a clerk - a major government official.
In 1550, a new "Code of Law" was adopted, which confirmed the rule of St. George's Day.
In 1555-1556. the reform of local government was completed, the feeding system was canceled, a streltsy army was created, lip and zemstvo reforms were carried out. In 1551 "Stoglav" was adopted - the decision of the church council, which regulated the affairs of the church.
In 1565-1572. Ivan IV established the oprichnina regime, which led to numerous casualties and the ruin of the country. The territory of the state was divided into two parts: oprichnina and zemstvo. The tsar included the most important lands in the oprichnina. They were settled by the nobles who were part of the oprichnina army. The guardsmen in a short time brought these lands to the most miserable situation, the peasants fled from there to the outskirts of the state. The population of the Zemshchyna was supposed to support this army. The guardsmen wore black clothes. Dog heads and brooms were attached to their saddles, symbolizing the canine loyalty of the guardsmen to the king and their readiness to sweep treason out of the country. At the head of the guardsmen, Ivan Vasilyevich made a punitive campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. The cities on the way to Novgorod, Novgorod itself and its environs were subjected to terrible devastation. Pskov managed to pay off with very big money. In 1581, "reserved summer" was introduced - the prohibition of the passage of peasants on St. George's Day.
Expansion of the territory of Russia in the 16th century. Livonian War. In foreign policy, Ivan IV strove to expand the territory of the state: in 1552 Kazan was taken, in 1556 - Astrakhan, in 1582 the conquest of the Siberian Khanate began.
In 1558-1583. the Livonian War took place for Russia to gain access to the Baltic Sea. But this war ended in failure for Russia: according to the Yam-Zapolsky peace (1582) Livonia retreated to Poland, according to the Plus peace (1583) Sweden secured the Gulf of Finland, part of Karelia, the fortresses of Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Karela.
During the Livonian War and the oprichnina in the spring of 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey moved to Moscow. The oprichnina army could not resist the external enemy. Moscow was burnt by the khan. The fire killed up to 80 thousand people.
In 1582, facing the threat of a new invasion of the Tatars, Ivan IV was forced to abandon the division of the army. As a result, the united army under the leadership of the voivode Prince MI Vorotynsky defeated the Tatars near the village of Molody. The oprichnina was canceled.
Troubles. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the Zemsky Sobor, composed of service people, recognized the son of Ivan IV Fyodor as tsar. In 1589, the patriarchate was introduced, which meant the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church from Constantinople. In 1597, the "regular summer" was introduced - a five-year period for detecting fugitive peasants. In 1598, with the death of Fyodor Ivanovich and the suppression of the Rurik dynasty, the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris Godunov to the throne by a majority of votes.
The beginning of the 17th century - the period of the Time of Troubles. The causes of the Troubles were the aggravation of social, estate, dynastic and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and under his successors.
1) In the 1570-1580s. the most economically developed center (Moscow) and the north-west (Novgorod and Pskov) of the country fell into desolation. As a result of the oprichnina and the Livonian War, part of the population fled, while others perished. The central government, in order to prevent the flight of the peasants to the outskirts, took the path of attaching the peasants to the land of the feudal landowners. In fact, a system of serfdom was established on a national scale. The introduction of serfdom led to an exacerbation of social contradictions in the country and created conditions for mass popular demonstrations.
2) After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, there were no heirs able to continue his policy. During the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598), soft in character, the de facto ruler of the country was his guardian Boris Godunov. In 1591 in Uglich, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, died. Popular rumor attributed the organization of the murder to Boris Godunov. These events triggered a dynastic crisis.
3) At the end of the XVI century. there is a strengthening of the neighbors of Moscow Russia - the Commonwealth, Sweden, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire. The aggravation of international contradictions will become another reason for the events that erupted during the Time of Troubles.
During the Time of Troubles, the country was actually in a state of civil war, accompanied by Polish and Swedish interventions. Rumors were widespread that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, "miraculously escaped" in Uglich. In 1602, a man appeared in Lithuania posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. According to the official version of the Moscow government of Boris Godunov, the man posing as Dmitry was the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev. He went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I.
In June 1605, a protege of the Polish gentry, False Dmitry I, entered Moscow. However, his policy aroused the discontent of both the common people and the boyars. As a result of the conspiracy of the boyars and the uprising of Muscovites in May 1606, False Dmitry was killed. Boyars proclaim Vasily Shuisky as tsar (1606-1610).
In 1606-1607. there is a popular performance under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. In the summer of 1606 Bolotnikov from Krom moved to Moscow. On the way, a small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, townspeople and even detachments of nobles led by Procopius Lyapunov. The Bolotnikovites laid siege to Moscow for two months, but as a result of treason, some of the nobles were defeated by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. In March 1607 Shuisky published the Code on the Peasants, which introduced a 15-year term for the search for fugitive peasants. Bolotnikov was driven back to Kaluga and besieged by the tsarist troops, but he escaped the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After V. Shuisky's promise to save the life of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula. Breaking his word, the king cruelly dealt with the rebels. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol.
At the time when Shuisky was besieging Bolotnikov in Tula, a new impostor appeared in the Bryansk region. Relying on the support of the Polish gentry and the Vatican, in 1608 False Dmitry II set out from Poland to Russia. However, attempts to take Moscow ended in vain. False Dmitry II stopped 17 km from the Kremlin in the village of Tushino, for which he received the nickname "Tushinsky thief".
To fight the Tushins, Shuisky in February 1609 concluded an agreement with Sweden. The Swedes provided troops to fight the "Tushinsky thief", and Russia renounced its claims to the Baltic coast.
The Polish king Sigismund III ordered the gentry to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. The Tushino camp fell apart. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was soon killed. The Tushino boyars invited the son of the Polish king, Tsarevich Vladislav, to the Moscow throne.
In the summer of 1610, a coup took place in Moscow. Shuisky was overthrown, power was seized by the boyars headed by F.I.Mstislavsky. This government was named "seven-boyars". Despite the protests of Patriarch Hermogenes, the "seven-boyars" concluded an agreement on calling Tsarevich Vladislav to the Russian throne and let the Polish invaders into the Kremlin.
The catastrophic situation stirred up the patriotic feelings of the Russian people. At the beginning of 1611, the First People's Militia was formed, led by P. Lyapunov, who besieged Moscow, but because of internal disagreements between the participants, it disintegrated, and Procopius Lyapunov was killed.
Swedish troops, freed from treaty obligations after the overthrow of Shuisky, captured a significant part of northern Russia, including Novgorod, laid siege to Pskov, the Poles, after almost two years of siege, captured Smolensk. The Polish king Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian tsar, and Russia would enter the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In the fall of 1611, the Second People's Militia was formed on the initiative of the Nizhny Novgorod mayor Kuzma Minin and led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In 1612 Moscow was liberated from the Poles.
In February 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.
Culture. Literature. One of the most striking works of the second half of the 15th century. was "Walking the Three Seas" by Afanasy Nikitin. The Tver merchant traveled to India in 1466-1472. The work of Afanasy Nikitin is the first description of India in European literature. The creation of a unified state contributed to the emergence of an extensive journalistic literature, the main theme of which was the ways of the country's development. Publicism is represented by the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky, the works of M. Bashkin, F. Kosoy, I. Peresvetov. In 1564 Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets laid the foundation for book printing in Russia. The first dated Russian book "Apostle" (1564), then "Book of Hours" (1565), the first Russian primer (1574).
Painting. At the end of the 15th century. the famous master of icon painting was Dionysius, who continued the traditions of A. Rublev. His creations are characterized by delicate patterns, soft colors and a festive mood. Dionysius created the famous paintings of the Ferapontov Monastery.
Architecture. At the end of the 15th century. Moscow became the capital of the Russian state, which should have been consolidated in the appearance of the city. During the reign of Ivan III, a modern Kremlin wall with towers was built under the guidance of Italian craftsmen. For that time, it was an outstanding fortification, designed for a long siege. Ivan III attracted Italian craftsmen to build new cathedrals inside the Kremlin. The main temple of Russia - the Assumption Cathedral - the architect Aristotle Fioravanti created on the model of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. The Faceted Chamber was built by Pietro Solari and Mark Fryazin. The Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Cathedral of the Archangel were erected in the Moscow Kremlin. Another Italian architect, Aleviz New, took part in the creation of the latter. In the first half of the XVI century. in Russian architecture, a national hipped roof style arose. An outstanding monument of this style is the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. In 1554-1560. In honor of the capture of Kazan, by order of Ivan IV, the Intercession Cathedral was built on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) (Russian architects Barma and Postnik), which became a symbol of Russia for many centuries. In the XVI century. stone walls were erected around many cities. The most famous creator of the fortifications was Fedor Kon. He built the walls of the White City in Moscow (on the site of the present Garden Ring), the walls of the Smolensk Kremlin.
The Russian state in the second half of the 15th - early 17th centuries. After the death of Basil II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. During the reign of Ivan III (years), the Moscow principality developed successfully: with practically no resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state.
The Novgorod boyar republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. In 1471 Ivan III took decisive measures to subjugate Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on the river. Sheloni, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, defeated the Novgorodians. In 1478 the republic in Novgorod was finally liquidated. A veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.
In 1480 the Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after the collision of the Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on the river. Eel. At the head of the Horde troops was Khan Akhmat. After standing on Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as “standing on the river. Eel ". Russia, several years before Akhmat's campaign, stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.
In 1497, a set of laws was introduced - "Code of Laws" by Ivan III, which strengthened the power of the sovereign and introduced uniform legal norms throughout the state. One of the articles of the "Sudebnik" regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. 1. According to the "Code of Law" peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and after St. George's day of autumn (November 26), having paid the elderly. 2. The nationwide governing bodies of the country - orders - began to form.
3. There was localism - the procedure for obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the family. Local administration was carried out on the basis of a feeding system: collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds for themselves. The sovereign's authority was strengthened by the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaeologus. The father's business was completed by Vasily III (1505 - 1533), annexing Ryazan and Pskov, and conquering Smolensk from Lithuania. All Russian lands were united into a single Russian state.
During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. Wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna were replaced with stone ones.
Russia under Ivan IV. After the death of Vasily III, the throne passed to the three-year-old Ivan VI (), who was later nicknamed the Terrible. In fact, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. She entrusted all state affairs to the Boyar Duma. During the reign of Elena Glinskaya in the war with Lithuania, small territories in the west were annexed. A monetary reform was carried out: coins of various principalities were replaced by coins of a single sample - kopecks. In 1538 Elena died unexpectedly.
After her death, the struggle for power between the boyar groups intensified. Upon reaching the age of 17 in 1547, Ivan Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, becoming the first tsar in Russia. The ceremony of accepting the royal title took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. From the hands of the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan VI received the cap of Monomakh and other signs of tsarist power.
Under the young tsar, a circle of friends was formed - the Chosen Rada. It included the nobleman Alexei Adashev, Archpriest Sylvester (confessor of the young tsar), Prince Andrei Kurbsky, Metropolitan Macarius. The task of these people was to help the tsar in running the state and to develop reforms. In 1549, the first Zemsky Sobor in the country's history was convened, which included elected representatives from each estate.
In the 1550s. the folding of the order system was completed. The creation of orders was caused by the complication of state administration due to the growth of subordinate territories. The petty hut is the supreme control body of the state. The order was headed by a boyar or a clerk. In 1550, a new "Code of Laws" was adopted, confirming the rule of St. George's Day.
In 1555 - 1556 the reform of local self-government was completed, the feeding system was canceled, a streltsy army was created, lip and zemstvo reforms were carried out. In 1551 "Stoglav" was adopted - the decision of the church council, which regulated the affairs of the church. In 1565 - 1572 Ivan IV established the oprichnina regime, which led to numerous casualties and the ruin of the country.
The territory of the state was divided into 2 parts: oprichnina and zemstvo. The tsar included the most important lands in the oprichnina. They were settled by the nobles who were part of the oprichnina army. The guardsmen in a short time brought these lands to the most miserable situation, the peasants fled from there to the outskirts of the state. The population of the Zemshchyna was supposed to support this army. The guardsmen wore black clothes. Dog heads and brooms were attached to their saddles, symbolizing the canine loyalty of the guardsmen to the king and their readiness to sweep treason out of the country.
At the head of the guardsmen, Ivan Vasilyevich made a punitive campaign against Novgorod and Pskov. The cities that were on the way to Novgorod, Novgorod itself and its environs were subjected to terrible devastation. Pskov managed to buy off a lot of money. In 1581, the "reserved summer" was introduced - a ban on the passage of peasants on St. George's Day.
Expansion of the territory of Russia in the 16th century. Livonian War. Ivan IV strove to expand his state: Kazan was taken; city - Astrakhan; - the conquest of the Siberian Khanate began. - The Livonian War for Russia to gain access to the Baltic Sea.
During the Livonian War and the oprichnina in the spring of 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey moved to Moscow. The oprichnina army could not resist an external enemy. Moscow was burnt by the khan. The fire killed 80 thousand people. In 1572, facing the threat of a new invasion of the Tatars, Ivan IV was forced to abandon the division of the army. As a result, the united army under the leadership of the voivode Prince MI Vorotynsky defeated the Tatars near the village of Molody. The oprichnina was canceled.
2) After the death of Vasily III, Ivan IV appeared on the throne, who ruled a) d b) d c) d d) d.
3) In 1549 a) a streltsy army was created b) localism was abolished c) the first Zemsky Sobor was convened d) feeding was liquidated 4) What event happened before the others a) The hundred-glavny cathedral b) the capture of Kazan c) the beginning of the oprichnina d) the introduction of reserved years
AT 4. read an excerpt from the essay of the historian S.M. Solovyov and write the name of the meetings in question. “In addition to the usual seats of the great state with the boyars, there were also extraordinary conferences, to which the higher clergy and elected from other estates were invited. These extraordinary ones usually happened on the question: to start or not to start a dangerous, difficult war, and it will take a long and hard service of military men, on the other hand, monetary donations from heavy people will be required; you need to call on elected or council people from both, from all ranks, so that they say their thoughts, and if they say that it is necessary to start a war, then so that later they do not complain, they themselves impose a burden on themselves. Elected or councilor people came from Moscow and the regions, from different ranks, two people each; from the nobility and children of the boyar big cities, two people, from the smaller ones, from the guests, three people, from the living room and the cloth, two hundred from the living room and the cloth, from the black hundreds and the settlements and from the cities, from the townships by one person. There were no elected peasants. "
A3. What was the result of the event, which went down in history as "standing on the Ugra River" 1) The ruin of Veliky Novgorod by the Horde army 2) The end of Rus' dependence on the Horde 3) The ruin of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality by the Horde army 4) The establishment of the Basque system in the Russian lands
Troubles. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. The Time of Troubles is traditionally understood as events from 1604 (the invasion of the detachment of False Dmitry I into Russia) to 1613 (the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom). Troubles - a civil war that was accompanied by Polish and Swedish intervention. 1) dynastic crisis; 2) serfdom; 3) Strengthening the neighbors: the Commonwealth, Sweden, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire.
In 1601-1603. a monstrous crop failure and famine broke out in Russia. The situation sharply escalated, in 1603 an uprising of peasants and military slaves broke out under the leadership of a certain Khlopok, suppressed with great difficulty. The people began to doubt the legality of the chosen Tsar Boris Godunov. The boyars also intrigued against him. Rumors spread that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, and soon he did indeed appear in the Commonwealth.
According to the almost generally accepted version, it was the fugitive monk of the Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev. He was supported by some Polish magnates, and in the fall of 1604 a small detachment of this False Dmitry I crossed the Russian border. In the midst of the confrontation with him, Boris Godunov died. His young son Fyodor was betrayed and killed by the conspiratorial boyars who relied on the impostor. In June 1605, False Dmitry I entered Moscow and became tsar
In the spring of 1606 False Dmitry I was killed by the conspiratorial boyars. The king was the head of the conspiracy, boyar Vasily Shuisky, who agreed to some restriction of his power. In the south, a powerful movement arose against him under the leadership of the military servant Ivan Bolotnikov, which was previously called the first peasant war in Russia. Bolotnikov's army approached Moscow, but was repulsed, and the uprising was suppressed.
In 1608, a new impostor appeared in the south, who went down in history under the name of False Dmitry II. With the help of the Poles, he approached Moscow and became a camp in Tushino (hence the nickname "Tushinsky thief"). Many boyars began to run from Vasily Shuisky to the Tushino camp and back, everywhere bargaining for privileges and land ("Tushino flights").
To fight the Tushins and Poles, Vasily Shuisky concluded an agreement with the Swedes (enemies of the Poles). In exchange for military aid, he gave the Korelian volost to the Swedes. In 1609, the Russian-Swedish army under the leadership of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky inflicted a number of defeats on the Tushins, after which they fled (False Dmitry II was soon killed).
However, the appearance of the Swedes gave the Poles a pretext for direct intervention: the army of the Polish king Sigismund III invaded Russia and laid siege to Smolensk. In early 1610 Skopinsky-Shuisky's army entered Moscow, but he himself soon died under mysterious circumstances. The Russian-Swedish army, left without a talented military leader, was defeated by the Poles near the village of Klushino.
In Moscow, a group of boyars forced Vasily Shuisky to abdicate, power passed into the hands of the so-called. "Seven-boyars". She decided to invite the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne on certain conditions (conversion to Orthodoxy, observance of Russian customs, etc.).
In 1611, the First Militia was created in the Ryazan region to liberate Moscow from the Poles. It was made up of Ryazan nobles (leader - P. Lyapunov) and Cossacks (D. Trubetskoy, I. Zarutsky). The militia laid siege to Moscow, but feuds broke out between the nobles and the Cossacks, which led to its disintegration: Lyapunov was killed by the Cossacks, the nobles left, and the Cossacks remained to plunder near Moscow. Then Smolensk fell. The Swedes captured Novgorod. Russia was on the verge of complete ruin.
In the fall of 1611, a second militia was created in Nizhny Novgorod, which consisted of townspeople (K. Minin) and nobles (Prince D. Pozharsky). In 1612, this militia approached Moscow, where it was joined by the remnants of the First Militia. After stubborn battles and siege, the Poles surrendered.
Literature pp. XIX. Romanticism developed, glorifying a lofty ideal. He was reflected in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky, K. N. Batyushkov, K. F. Ryleev. From romanticism, there was a transition to realism - A. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, A. S. Griboyedov, N. V. Gogol. There was the Sovremennik magazine.
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Domestic policy of Alexander II. Reforms of the 20th century Emperor Nicholas I died at the height of the Crimean War. On February 19, 1855, his son, Alexander II (), ascended the throne. The defeat in the war showed the deepening crisis of the empire and forced A II. to start carrying out reforms, called "Great Reforms" - peasant, zemstvo, judicial, urban and military.
The main act was the abolition of serfdom. In 1856 AII. declared that it is better to give freedom to the peasants from above than to wait until it happens from below. Noble committees were created, in which a struggle unfolded between conservatives and liberals on ways to provide freedom. A prominent role was played by Ya.I. Rostovtsev, N.A. Milyutin.
After the approval of the project by the State Council, on February 19, 1861, AII signed the Manifesto and the "Statute on the peasants who came out of serfdom." The peasants received: -personal freedom, could freely take a job, go to the city or engage in trades. - the peasants were given land not gratuitously, but for duties and then ransom. Those. first, the peasants were transferred to the position of "temporarily liable", then the peasant paid 20% for the ransom, the state - 80%. And for 49 years to pay this amount to the state - redemption payments
The landowners tried to establish such sizes of allotments for the peasants so that they could cut off in their favor - segments. The peasant community and mutual responsibility in the village were preserved to make it easier for the state to receive redemption payments. After the abolition of serfdom, Russia embarked on the path of capitalism, but feudal vestiges remained !!!
The Zemsky Reform of 1864 introduced local self-government in the provinces and counties: the Zemsky assemblies and their executive bodies - the Zemsky Boards. Zemstvos did not have political rights, they were engaged in solving local problems (fighting epidemics, opening first-aid posts, schools, hospitals).
City reform of 1870 Created city self-government: city council and council, which solved communal issues (fire fighting, sanitary control, problems of schools, orphanages). As a rule, the most prosperous townspeople were elected to the Duma; the city head stood at the head of the Duma and the Council.
Education reform. Since 1863, a university charter was introduced, which approved a certain autonomy and democracy of these educational institutions. In 1870, women's gymnasiums began to open. "Great Reforms" x years. contributed to the transformation of Russia into a bourgeois monarchy, but were half-hearted and consolidated the remnants of feudalism.
In 2016, the oral part of the OGE (GIA) in English will include three tasks:
Exercise 1- reading aloud a short text of a popular science character. Preparation time is 1.5 minutes.
Assignment 2- conditional dialogue-inquiry. You need to answer the six questions you heard in the audio recording.
Assignment 3- a monologue statement on a specific topic based on a plan. The plan is the questions in the assignment. Preparation time is 1.5 minutes.
The total response time of one OGE participant, including the preparation time, is 15 minutes. Unlike the GIA format of previous years, when students communicated directly with the teacher-examiner, starting in 2016, students have been performing this part on a computer as well. Tasks appear on the screen as the previous one is completed. So, first you will be shown the text from task 1, the preparation time will be counted, after which the recording will immediately turn on. When your answer is complete, the next task begins (automatically).
I will stay on assignments in more detail.Task number 1 - reading aloud a small text
You will have 1.5 minutes to prepare and you should have time to read the text in 2 minutes. The maximum number of points for this task is only 2, and you will receive them if your speech is easily perceived by experts, there will be no unreasonable pauses, and you make no more than 5 phonetic errors, two of which may even distort the meaning of the text.
To practice this skill, the advice is simple - long live good old reading aloud!
Task number 2 - conditional dialogue-inquiry
This task presents 6 questions logically related to a common theme in the form of a public opinion poll.
For example, the 2016 demo contains the following questions about sports:
How old are you?
How many times a week do you do sports?
What sport is the most popular with teenagers in your region?
What sports facilities are available in the place where you live?
Why do you think it is importanat to keep fit?
What would you advise a person who wants to keep fit?
Interestingly, here each question is worth 1 point. And you will not receive it if the answer to the question is not given at all, if the answer does not correspond to the question, if the answer is given in the form of a word or phrase (attention of lovers of monosyllabic answers!), If the answer contains errors that impede its understanding.
So, 6 questions for which you can get the maximum 6 points. The time limit for each answer is 60 seconds.
Task number 3 - monologue based on the text of the task
Here you have only 1.5 minutes to prepare, and your monologue should last at least 2 minutes.
In general, it was this task of the speaking / speaking section of the GIA in English that underwent the smallest changes in 2016.
You still need to communicate coherently on all three criteria presented in the assignment.
Here's what, for example, we are asked to talk about in the demo version of the assignment:
Remeber to say:
why people like taking pictures
why taking photos is more popular today than it was in the past
what the best photo you have ever taken is
This subsection of the oral part is assessed according to three criteria: the solution of a communicative task (here it is extremely important to talk in detail about all three aspects mentioned in the assignment and not ignore the questions why? / Why?), The organization of the statement (the statement should be logically built and combined into a single whole with the help of ligaments, introductory and final phrases must be present) and language design (it is required to demonstrate a varied vocabulary and various grammatical structures corresponding to the A2 language level (pre-intermediate) for GIA.
As before, at zero for solving a communicative task, 0 points out of 7 are awarded for this task of the oral part. And it is not at all difficult to earn this zero, it is enough, for example, to ignore two keys in the support task, that is, to answer only one question out of the three proposed.
It is interesting that in the new format (the format of the oral part of the 2015-2016 academic year), those taking the exam will talk with a computer and, naturally, audio and video recording of this part of the exam will be kept for subsequent evaluation by experts.
However, it takes practice, experience and confidence to successfully pass the GIA's oral English exam!
