One of the most interesting dead languages is Old Church Slavonic. The words that were part of his vocabulary, the rules of grammar, even some phonetic features and the alphabet became the basis of the modern Russian language. Let's take a look at what kind of language it is, when and how it arose, as well as whether it is used today and in what areas.
We will also talk about why it is studied at universities, and also mention the most famous and significant works on the Cyrillic alphabet and Old Church Slavonic grammar. Let us also remember about Cyril and Methodius, the brothers of Solun, known all over the world.
General information
Despite the fact that for more than one century scientists have been paying attention to this language, studying the Old Church Slavonic alphabet and the history of its development, there is not so much information about it. If the grammatical and phonetic structure of the language, the lexical composition is more or less studied, then everything that concerns its origin is still in question.
The reason for this is that the creators of writing themselves either did not keep records of their work, or these records were completely lost over time. A detailed study of the writing itself began only a few centuries later, when no one could say with certainty what kind of dialect became the basis of this writing.
It is believed that this language was artificially created on the basis of the dialects of the Bulgarian language in the 9th century and was used on the territory of Russia for several centuries.
It is also worth noting that in some sources you can find the synonymous name of the language - Church Slavonic. This is due to the fact that the origin of literature in Russia is directly related to the church. At first, literature was ecclesiastical: books, prayers, parables were translated, and original sacred writings were created. In addition, in the main, only people who served in the church spoke this language.
Later, with the development of language and culture, the Old Church Slavonic was replaced by the Old Russian language, which relied heavily on its predecessor. It happened around the XII century.
Nevertheless, the Old Church Slavonic initial letter has come down to us practically unchanged, and we use it to this day. We also use the grammatical system, which began to emerge even before the emergence of the Old Russian language.
Creation versions
It is believed that the Old Slavonic language owes its appearance to Cyril and Methodius. And it is this information that we find in all textbooks on the history of language and writing.
The brothers created a new writing system based on one of the Solun dialects of the Slavs. This was done primarily in order to translate biblical texts and church prayers into the Slavic language.
But there are other versions of the origin of the language. Thus, I. Yagich believed that one of the dialects of the Macedonian language became the basis of Old Church Slavonic.
There is also a theory according to which the Bulgarian language was the basis of the new writing system. It will be nominated by P. Shafarik. He also believed that this language should be called Old Bulgarian, and not Old Slavonic. Until now, some researchers are debating this issue.
By the way, until now the Bulgarian linguists believe that the language we are considering is exactly Old Bulgarian, and not Slavic.
We can even assume that there are other, less well-known theories of the origin of language, but they either were not considered in scientific circles, or their complete inconsistency was proved.
In any case, Old Church Slavonic words can be found not only in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, but also in Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian and other Slavic dialects. Therefore, discussions about which of the languages are closest to Old Church Slavonic are unlikely to ever be completed.
Thessalonian brothers
The creators of the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet - Cyril and Methodius - come from the city of Thessalonia, in Greece. The brothers were born into a fairly wealthy family, so they were able to get an excellent education.
The elder brother - Mikhail - was born around 815. When ordained a monk, he received the name Methodius.
Constantine was the youngest in the family and was born around the year 826. He knew foreign languages, was versed in exact sciences. Despite the fact that many predicted success and a great future for him, Constantine decided to follow in the footsteps of his older brother and also became a monk, receiving the name Cyril. He died in 869.
The brothers were actively involved in the spread of Christianity and the scriptures. They have been to different countries trying to convey the word of God to people. But nevertheless, it was the Old Slavonic alphabet that brought them world fame.
Both brothers were canonized. In some Slavic countries, May 24 is celebrated as the day of Slavic writing and culture (Russia and Bulgaria). In Macedonia, Cyril and Methodius are honored on this day. Two more Slavic countries - Czech Republic and Slovakia - have postponed this holiday until July 5th.
Two alphabets
It is believed that the Old Slavonic initial letter was created precisely by the Greek enlighteners. In addition, there were originally two alphabets - Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Let's take a quick look at them.
The first is Glagolitic. It is believed that Cyril and Methodius were its creators. It is believed that this alphabet has no basis and was created from scratch. In Ancient Rus it was used quite rarely, in some cases.
The second is Cyrillic. Its creation is also attributed to the Solun brothers. It is believed that the statutory Byzantine letter was taken as the basis for the alphabet. At the moment, the Eastern Slavs - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians - use the letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, or rather, the Cyrillic alphabet.
As for the question of which alphabet is older, there is also no single answer to it. In any case, if we proceed from the fact that both Cyrillic and Glagolitic were created by the Solun brothers, then the difference between the time of their creation hardly exceeded ten to fifteen years.
Was there a written language before the Cyrillic alphabet?
It is also interesting that some researchers of the history of the language believe that there was a written language in Russia even before Cyril and Methodius. Confirmation of this theory is considered "Veles's book", which was written by the ancient Russian sorcerers even before the adoption of Christianity. At the same time, it has not been proven in which century this literary monument was created.
In addition, scientists argue that in various records of ancient Greek travelers and scientists there are references to the presence of writing among the Slavs. It also mentions the treaties that the princes signed with the Byzantine merchants.
Unfortunately, it has not yet been precisely established whether this is true, and if so, what kind of writing was in Russia before the spread of Christianity.
Learning Old Church Slavonic
Regarding the study of the Old Church Slavonic language, it was of interest not only for scientists studying the history of the language, dialectology, but also for Slavic scholars.
Its study began in the 19th century with the formation of the comparative historical method. We will not dwell on this issue in detail, since, in fact, for a person who is not closely familiar with linguistics, the names and surnames of scientists will not be interesting and familiar. Let's just say that on the basis of research, more than one textbook has been compiled, many of them are used to study the history of language and dialectology.
In the course of the research, theories of the development of the Old Church Slavonic language were developed, dictionaries of the Old Church Slavonic vocabulary were compiled, grammar and phonetics were studied. But at the same time, there are still unsolved secrets and mysteries of the Old Church Slavonic dialect.
We will also allow ourselves to give a list of the most famous dictionaries and textbooks of the Old Church Slavonic language. Perhaps these books can interest you and help you delve into the history of our culture and writing.
The most famous textbooks were published by such scientists as Khabugrayev, Remneva, Elkina. All three textbooks are called "Old Church Slavonic".
A rather impressive scientific work was published by A. Selishchev. He prepared a textbook, consisting of two parts and covering the entire system of the Old Church Slavonic language, containing not only theoretical material, but also texts, a dictionary, as well as some articles on the morphology of the language.
The materials devoted to the Solun brothers and the history of the emergence of the alphabet are also interesting. So, in 1930, the work "Materials on the history of the origin of the ancient Slavic writing", written by P. Lavrov, was published.
No less valuable is the work of A. Shakhmatov, published in Berlin in 1908 - "The Legend of the Translation of Books into the Slovenian Language". In 1855 O. Bodyansky's monograph "On the time of origin of Slavic letters" was published.
Also, the "Old Slavonic Dictionary" was compiled, based on the manuscripts of the 10th - 11th centuries, which was published under the editorship of R. Zeitlin and R. Vecherka.
All of these books are widely known. On their basis, they not only write abstracts and reports on the history of the language, but also prepare more serious works.
Old Church Slavonic vocabulary
A fairly large layer of Old Church Slavonic vocabulary inherited the Russian language. Old Slavonic words have become quite firmly entrenched in our dialect, and today we will not even be able to distinguish them from the original Russian words.
Let's consider a few examples in order for you to understand how deeply Old Church Slavonicism penetrated into our language.
Such ecclesiastical terms as "priest", "sacrifice", "rod" came to us precisely from the Old Church Slavonic language; abstract concepts such as "power", "calamity", "harmony" also belong here.
Of course, there are many more Old Slavisms themselves. We will give you a few signs that indicate that the word is Old Slavicism.
1. Availability of prefixes - and through -. For example: refund, excessive.
2. Compound lexemes with the words god-, good-, sin-, evil- and others. For example: evil, the fall.
2. The presence of suffixes -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -usch-, -asch- -sch-. For example: burning, melting.
It would seem that we have listed just a few signs by which you can define Old Church Slavonicism, but you probably remembered more than one word that came to us from Old Church Slavonic.
If you want to find out the meaning of Old Church Slavonic words, we can advise you to look into any explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Almost all of them have retained their original meaning, despite the fact that more than one decade has passed.
Modern use
At the moment, the Old Church Slavonic language is studied at universities in separate faculties and specialties, and is also used in churches.
This is due to the fact that at this stage of development, this language is considered dead. Its use is possible only in the church, since many prayers are written in this language. In addition, it is worth noting the fact that the first sacred writings were translated into the Old Church Slavonic language and are still used by the church in the same form as centuries ago.
Regarding the world of science, we note the fact that Old Slavonic words and their separate forms are often found in dialects. This attracts the attention of dialectologists, allowing them to study the development of the language, its individual forms and dialects.
Researchers of culture and history also know this language, since their work is directly related to the study of ancient monuments.
Despite this, at this stage, this language is considered dead, since no one speaks in it, as well as in Latin, ancient Greek, for a long time, and only a few know it.
Church use
This language is most widely used in the church. So, Old Church Slavonic prayers can be heard in any Orthodox church. In addition, excerpts from church books and the Bible are also read on it.
At the same time, we also note that church officials, young seminary students also study this dialect, its features, phonetics and graphics. Today, the Old Church Slavonic language is rightfully considered the language of the Orthodox Church.
The most famous prayer, which is often read in this particular dialect, is "Our Father". But there are still many prayers in the Old Church Slavonic language that are less well known. You can find them in any old prayer book, or you can hear them by visiting the same church.
Studying at universities
The Old Church Slavonic language is widely studied in universities today. They pass it at the faculties of philology, history, law. In some universities, it is possible to study for students of philosophy.
The program includes the history of origin, the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, features of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar. Basics of syntax.
Students not only learn the rules, learn to inflect words, parse them as part of speech, but also read texts written in a given language, try to translate them and understand the meaning.
All this is done so that philologists can further apply their knowledge to study old literary memorials, the peculiarities of the development of the Russian language and its dialects.
It should be noted that it is quite difficult to learn the Old Church Slavonic language. The text written on it is difficult to read, since there are not only many archaisms in it, but the very rules of reading the letters "yat", "er" and "er" are memorized at first with difficulty.
Thanks to the knowledge gained, students-historians will be able to study ancient monuments of culture and writing, read historical documents and chronicles, and understand their essence.
The same applies to those who study at the faculties of philosophy, law.
Despite the fact that today Old Church Slavonic is a dead language, interest in it has not subsided to this day.
conclusions
It was Old Slavonic that became the basis of the Old Russian language, which, in turn, replaced the Russian language. Words of Old Slavonic origin are perceived by us as primordially Russian.
A significant layer of vocabulary, phonetic features, grammar of the East Slavic languages - all this was laid down during the development and use of the Old Slavonic language.
Old Church Slavonic is a formally dead language, in which only church ministers communicate at the moment. It was created back in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius and was originally used to translate and write church literature. In fact, Old Church Slavonic has always been a written language that was not spoken by the people.
Today we no longer use it, but at the same time it is widely studied in philological and historical faculties, as well as in theological seminaries. Today, Old Slavonic words and this old language can be heard by attending a service in a church, since all prayers in Orthodox churches are read in it.
Slavic dictionary of old Russian words. K - P
Quote post by Ryabinka Read it in its entirety into your quote book or community!Slavic dictionary. Part 2
KAZHENIK - eunuch
PUNISHMENT - admonition, admonition
INDICATOR - mentor
KALIGI - boots with low toes
KAL - impurities, dirt
KALNY - dirty
KALUGER - monk
KAMARA - vault, roof; tent, chamber
KAPA - hat
CAPITAL - get together
DRIP - together, together
KATUNA - wife
KENDAR - a measure of weight (about 3 pounds)
KERAST - snake; echidna
KEREMIDA - plate
KERSTA - coffin, grave
KLYUKA - cunning, deception
KLYUSYA - horse, foal
KEY - fit
KEY - steering wheel, helm
KMET - warrior
COB - sorcery, fortune-telling; happiness, luck
COUNTING - deceit
KOY (KUYU) - which, which
TIGHTS - quarrel, disorder
KOLO - cart, cart, wheel
KOMARA - vaults on the roof
COMON - war horse
KOMKATI - to commune
COMMUNICATION - communion
KOPRINA - silk
FEED - food; kind of tax, content; feast, treat
FEEDING - feed
KOROSTA - coffin
KOSNETI - procrastinate
KOSNO - slowly
KOTORA - quarrel, enmity
WHAT TO DO - scold, swear, quarrel
KOFAR - Hindu slave
KOSCHEY - slave, prisoner
KOSCHUNA - sacrilege; funny jokes
KRAMOLA - rebellion, riot; malicious intent, deceit; ambush, discord
KRASNA - yarn, weaving mill
CRIN - lily
EXCEPT in vain - looking to the side, in spite of this
KRYLOSHANE - clergy
KUDESA - miracles
KUNA - marten skin, banknote in Ancient Russia
KUPINA - bush, shrub
BUYING - market, trading
KUPNO - together
KUSCHA - tent
KIY (KIY) - which, which; some
KOMET - warrior, vigilante
LAGVITSA - bowl
LAGODITI - to indulge; do pleasant
LANITA - cheek
PASSION - gluttony
LASKOSERDIY - gluttonous; pampered
LEC - dice game
LEPOTA - beauty, splendor; decency
BABY is the best
FLAT - deception, cunning; heresy; conspiracy
SUMMERweed - plant shoots
FLY - you can
LYOKHA - ridge, heap
FEVER - interest
FAST - evil
FACE - number, count
LICHEN - insignificant, unhappy
ЛОВЪ - hunting
LOVITVA - hunting, fishing
LOVISHCHE - a place for animal and fish hunting
FALSE - womb, uterus
LOMOVOY - heavy
LONIS - last year
BOW - bend, gyrus
LUKAREVO - tortuous
LUKNO - basket
LUTOVYANIY - bast
LADY - bast shoes
ANY - good, anything, maybe even
LOVE - love, affection; addiction, addiction; agreement
FLAT - cunning, deceiving
LYADINA - thicket, bush; young forest
MAESTAT - throne, throne
MOM - a kind of monkey
MASTROTA - mastery
MEGISTANES - dignitaries, nobles
THROWING - bows
MECHNIK - a princely warrior in Ancient Russia; guardian, squire
CUTE - sheepskin; outerwear; mantle, cloak
MNITI - think, believe
MOV - bath
GRAVE - hill
MREZHA - network
MUDITI, WISE - to procrastinate, slowly
MUNGITS - Mongols
MUSIKISKY - musical
MUSIKIA - music
MUKHOYAR - Bukhara cotton fabric with wool or silk
MSHITSA - small insect, midge
MUKHORTY - nondescript, frail
MYTAR - tax collector, dashing
WASH - payment; file, trade duty; outpost, gathering place of myta
NABDETI - take care, help
NAV - death
POINT - to slander
NAZIRATI - to observe
APPOINT - indicate, present
NAIPACHE - especially
PUNISHER - mentor, teacher
NAKRY - tambourines, drums
INCIDENCE - get, find
NALYATSATI - strain
MAKE - assign
FLOORS - in half, in two
WRONG - suddenly, unexpectedly
NON-BABY - to invent
DRAW - call
SPECIFIED - definite, well-known; noble; great
ORDER - order, establishment of order
NASAD - ship
HERITAGE - descendant
PASS - convey, announce, report
TENDERING - inheritance of the princely throne
NEGLI - maybe, perhaps
NEDBALITY - negligence
INCLUSIVE - unworthy
LOVE - displeasure, annoyance; enmity
GERMAN - foreign, foreign
LITTLE - dumb
UNUSUAL - nasty
Inappropriate - pregnant
UNLIKELY - hostile, devilish
NEPSCHATI (NEPSCHAVATI) - to believe, to doubt; think
NETY - nephew
UNCLEANED - incorruptible
NIKOLIZHE (NIKOLI) - never
NOTHING VELIA - nothing special
NAIL - peas
ZERO - maybe; almost right then
NUDMA - by force
NEED - hard
NECESSARY - forced, bad
DIVING - wreck, lair, pit, gully
OBTAIN - to deceive, to win over
OUCH - however, but
WEAR - hang, hang
OBESTITI - notify, notify
OFFENSE - bypass
PROSE - to exalt, glorify
OFFENSE - to retreat from something
OBLO, OBLY - round
OBON FLOOR - on the other half, on the other side
SWIMMER - seducer, sorcerer
IMAGE - view, image; icon; example, symbol, sign
REVOKE - to levy a quitrent
OBSIT - hang, hang
OVO - whether, then ... then, or ... or
OVOGDA - sometimes
OVY - one, one, this, that; such, some
ONE - on the right
SINGLE-ROW - single-breasted outerwear
ODRINA - building, hut, stable
Auger - what if
OKAYATI - to call it unhappy, pitiful; deem unworthy
FEED - manage
OKREST - around, around
OKSAMIT - silk fabric with a pile of gold or silver threads
ENCHANCED - to try, try to do something
OLAFA - reward, gift
OLE - however, but
OMZHENNY - closed
ONCE - recently
ONOMO - so
ONSITSA - someone, some
ONUDU - since then, from there
OPANITSA - bowl, dishes
DANGER - tail
OPEN - wash
LOWER - change, lose weight
AGAIN - back, back
ORATAI - plowman
ORAT - to plow
ORB - horse
ORTMA - cover; blanket
OFFENSE - to grieve
OSLOP - pole, club
OSN - tip
OSTROG - palisade, fence made of stakes or logs
OBSTI - surround, besiege
OTAI - secretly, hidden
SUCKED UP - get rid of, get out
OUTSTANDING - paternal
HEAT - warmth
OBSERVER - renegade
I WILL HAVE - from where, from there, why, because, due to that
RENEWAL - condemnation, prohibition
CHILD - teenager, youth; vigilante from the personal protection of the prince
REPORT - to deny
BRING OFF - damage, spoil
HUNT - hide; leave; lag behind; to abstain
OCET - vinegar
OECH - if
OCHINA - fatherland, inheritance passed by father to son
OSHUYUYU - left
PAVOLOKS - silk fabrics
PAKI - again, again, again
PARDUS - cheetah, leopard
PAROBK - boy, servant, servant
PAHATI - to blow, flutter
PACE - more, higher, higher, better
PELON - wormwood
Penny - money coin
SWITCH - outwit
GETTING - scared
CRASH - interpret, translate from another language
PEREECZ - abrasion
PERSY - breasts
FINGER - a handful of earth, earth, ashes
PESTUN - educator
SADNESS - care, concern, trouble
OVEN - take care
ПЬШЬЦЬ - pedestrian
PSCHITSI - infantry
PIRA - suma
PLATE - noise, scream; confusion, excitement
FLESH - body
SEAL - corporal
PLUS - foot
POVOSMO - bunch, skein
TALK - news, message, story
TURNED - silk
DAMAGE - overthrow
INCREASE - tell, say, show
POGAN - pagan
FATHED - pagan
SIMILARITY - comparison, use
HANDLING - to subdue
GUIDANT - subordinate
LIFT - flattery, slyness
SHAME is a sight to behold; mockery
SHAME - watch
NAP - bent, twisted
LOW - passing
FIELD - judicial duel
POLMA - half
STRIP - scare
PLAIN - felt
AFTERNOON - South
MIDNIGHT - North
FULL - open
POMAVATI - give a sign
REMINDERS - gifts
PONE - although at least
PONT - sea
GET - grab, grab
POPRISCHE - a track measure with a length of 1000 steps; day crossing
TAKE - to promote
PREKLO - nickname
VICTIMS - battering tools
POWDER - dust
PORT is a piece of cloth. clothes
PORTNO - canvas
PARUB - dungeon, prison, cellar
POSKEPATI - split, split; to harm
PROVERSE - a verbal agreement, consent; proverb
AFTERNOON is a witness
SALON - in the sun
SHOT - plague, epidemic
CONSUME - exterminate
DEFEND - try
Pull - contrive, try
GET - hit, kill
POHATI - sniff
SMOOTHING - mockery
SING - take
RIGHT - real, correct
CONVERT - convert, persuade
PRELAGATAY - scout, spy; messenger
LOVELY - deceitful, deceitful
CHARACTER - deception, delusion; seduction; devilish intrigues
DISCUSSION (PRYA) - dispute, litigation; objection; court case
PREPARATION - the middle of anything
PRESIDENT - famous, illustrious
DONATE - threaten
STOP - tear
STUMP - stumble, stumble; to be wrong, to sin
SNAP - dry out
INTERRUPTION is a threat
PRIVATE - to invite, invite; attract
PRIVOLOKA - short outerwear
APPLICATION - example
IMPROVE - to resist
VISIT - visit, visit; send down mercy; consider
SHOULD - always
PRISNY - dear, close
PRYAPATI - equip
PRITOCHNIK - the writer of parables
CLICK ON - to prove
PROK - remainder
INDUSTRIAL PROTECTOR
LOOK - to become famous
AGAIN - stretch, stretch; proceed; spread, put
PAN - imprint, list; duty
PROTOZANCHIK - guardian
UNDERSTAND - to predetermine
OTHER - the future, in the future
YARN - dry, fry (immersed in oil), bake
PYH - pride, arrogance
PIRE - finger
It seemed amusing to give examples of old Russian swear words to expand the lexicon of a copywriter.
Once upon a time, when we were students, there was a fellow student in our group who was absolutely masterly swearing with similar or similar expressions. All conflicts ended with smiles or laughter of the participants and spectators. The atmosphere was discharged at once.
Read it, maybe you also want to replace the banal mate, with something from the list of expressions below.
What a sin to conceal, the most educated of us, it is a rare day that they do not express themselves firmly and indecently, removing anger or irritation from our hearts. Someone more often, someone less often. Some individuals, in general, only talk to them.
If we consider that such an expression of feelings in public places is now punishable by administrative fines, then the way to "let off steam" and defuse the situation, using funny and, still understandable to the Russian-speaking population, swear words, the very thing.
Vivid figurative old Russian curses:
Please be patient and read this long list of old Russian swear words.
Perhaps you will like something so much that you will want to include these pearls in everyday life and replace strong expressions with old Russian curses.
The copywriter will be able to use these expressions to enhance the uniqueness of the texts. Give your articles imagery and brightness.
Nobody argues that it is impossible to surpass Russian swearing in terms of emotionality, but since its use in society is not encouraged, you can “let off steam” no less emotionally and figuratively, using “strong” ancient Russian counterparts.
Maybe you know some funny swear words, not necessarily from the Old Russian ones. The main thing is that they fly off the tongue easily and can replace indecent abuse?
The meanings of obsolete Russian wordsMonetary units:
Altyn
From Tatarsk. Alty - six - an old Russian monetary unit.
Altyn - from the 17th century. - a coin consisting of six Moscow money.
Altyn - 3 kopecks (6 money).
Pyatialtynnik - 15 kopecks (30 money).
Dime
- Russian ten-kopeck coin, issued since 1701.
Two-corner - 20 kopecks
Penny
- a small copper coin in denomination of 2 kopecks, minted in Russia in the 17th century.
4 kopecks - two pennies.
Money (denga)
- a small copper coin of 1/2 kopeck, minted in Russia from 1849 to 1867.
Gold ruble
- the monetary unit of Russia from 1897 to 1914. The gold content of the ruble was 0.774 g of pure gold.
Kopeck money
Penny
- Russian monetary unit, from the 16th century. minted from silver, gold, copper. The name "kopeck" comes from the image on the back of the coin of a horseman with a spear.
Penny
- since 1704 Russian copper bargaining chip, 1/100 share of the ruble.
Poltina
Half a ruble
- Russian coin, 1/2 share of a ruble (50 kopecks). Since 1654, fifty kopecks have been minted from copper, since 1701 - from silver.
Polushka - 1/4 penny
Half polushka - 1/8 kopeck.
Half polushka (half polushka) was minted only in 1700.
Ruble
- the monetary unit of Russia. The regular minting of the silver ruble began in 1704. Copper and gold rubles were also minted. Since 1843, the ruble began to be issued in the form of a paper treasury bill.
"Old Russian Measures".
Monetary units:
Ruble = 2 fifty
half a dollar = 50 kopecks
five dollars = 15 kopecks
dime = 10 kopecks
altyn = 3 kopecks
penny = 2 kopecks
2 money = 1/2 penny
half a half = 1/4 penny
In Ancient Russia, foreign silver coins and silver bars - hryvnia - were used.
If the goods cost less than the hryvnia, it was cut in half - these halves were called TIN or Ruble.
Over time, the words TIN were not used, the word Ruble was used, but half of the ruble was called half-ooze, a quarter - half-half-ooze.
On the silver coins of 50 kopecks, the COIN PAUL TINA was written.
ANCIENT NAME OF RUBLES - TIN.
Auxiliary measures of weight:
Pounds = 40 lbs = 16.3804815 kg.
Bezmen is an old Russian unit of mass measurement that was part of the Russian system of measures and was used in the north of the Russian Empire and in Siberia. 1 steelyard = 1/16 pood or 1.022 kg.
Pound = 32 lots = 96 spools = 0.45359237 kg.
(1kg = 2.2046lb.)
Lot = 3 spools = 12.797 grams.
Spool = 96 lobes = 4.26575417 g.
Fraction is the smallest Old Russian mass unit
= 44.43 mg. = 0.04443 grams.
The auxiliary measures are long:
Mile - 7 miles or 7.4676 km.
Verst - 500 fathoms or 1,066,781 meters
Fathom = 1/500 versts = 3 arshins = 12 spans = 48 vershoks
Top = 1/48 fathoms = 1/16 yard = 1/4 inch = 1.75 inches = 4.445 cm = 44.45 mm. (Originally equal to the length of the main phalanx of the index finger).
Arshin = 1/3 fathoms = 4 spans = 16 vershoks = 28 inches = 0.7112 m. On June 4, 1899, by the "Regulations on Weights and Measures", the arshin was legalized in Russia as the main measure of length.
A span = 1/12 fathoms = 1/4 arshin = 4 vershoks = 7 inches = exactly 17.78 cm. (From the Old Russian word for “pastern” - palm, hand).
The elbow is a unit of measure for length that does not have a specific meaning and roughly corresponds to the distance from the elbow joint to the end of the extended middle finger of the hand.
Inch - in Russian and English systems of measures 1 inch = 10 lines ("big line"). The word inch was introduced into Russian by Peter I at the very beginning of the 18th century. Today, an inch is most often understood as an English inch equal to 2.54 cm.
Feet - 12 inches = 304.8 mm.
Stable expressions
Heard a mile away.
A mad dog is not a hook for seven miles.
To my dear friend, seven miles is not a outskirts.
Versta Kolomenskaya.
Slanting fathom in the shoulders.
Measure everyone at your own yardstick.
Swallow an arshin.
Two inches from the pot.
One hundred poods.
Seven spans in the forehead.
Small spool but precious.
Go by leaps and bounds.
Find out how much a pound is dashing.
Not an inch of land (not to surrender).
A scrupulous person.
Eat a pound of salt (with someone else).
Standard SI prefixes
(SI - "System International" - the international system of metric units of measurement)
Multiple SI prefixes
101 m decameter dam
102 m hectometer hm
103 m kilometer km
106 m megameter mm
109 m gigameter hm
1012 m terameter Tm
1015 m petameter PM
1018 m exameter Em
1021 m zettameter Zm
1024 m yottameter im
Longitudinal prefixes SI
value name designation
10-1 g decigrams dg
10-2 g centigram cg
10-3 g milligrams mg
10-6 g micrograms mcg
10-9 g nanograms ng
10-12 g picograms pg
10-15 g femtograms fg
10-18 g attogram ag
10-21 g zeptograms zg
10-24 g yoktogram ig
Archaisms
Archaisms are outdated names of objects and phenomena that have different, modern names
Armyak - type of clothing
vigilance - vigilance
timelessness is a hard time
voiceless - timid
benevolence - benevolence
prosper - prosper
perishable - transitory
eloquent - pompous
outrage - mutiny
in vain - in vain
strong - big
coming - coming
beef - livestock
messenger - sent
verb - word
herd - a herd of cattle.
threshing floor - a fenced-in plot of land in a peasant farm, intended for storage, threshing and other processing of grain grains
so that
down - down, down
drogi (yeast) - light four-wheeled open spring crew for 1-2 people
if - if
belly - life
to imprison - to conclude
mirror - mirror
zipun (semi-caftan) - in the old days - the outerwear of the peasants. It is a collarless caftan made of rough homemade cloth in bright colors with seams trimmed with contrasting cords.
since ancient times - for a long time
eminent - tall
which - which, which
katsaveika - Russian women's folk clothing in the form of a short swinging jacket, padded or trimmed with fur.
horse tram - a type of urban transport
sedition - treason
kuna - monetary unit
Lanita - cheeks
covetousness - bribery
kiss - kiss
hunter - hunter
Lyudin is a man
honey flowing - flattering
reward - reward, payment
libel - denunciation
to name - to name
abode - monastery
bed - bed
barn (ovn - oven) - an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing.
this is the one above
revenge is revenge
finger - finger
pyroscaf - steamer
pishchal - a type of firearm
doom is doom
doom - doom
obstacle - obstacle
open - open
military - combat
this - this
pull off - shoot
poet - poet
smerd - peasant
battering ram - an ancient weapon for destroying fortress walls
thief is a thief
dungeon - prison
bargaining - market, bazaar
cook - cook
hope - hope
mouth - lips
child - child
to expect - to expect
food - food
yahont - ruby
yarilo - sun
yara - spring
bright - a young sheep born in the spring
spring bread - spring bread is sown in spring
Archaisms as part of proverbs and sayings:
Beat the thumbs
To beat the thumbs - initially cut the log lengthwise into several pieces - the chopping block, round them on the outside and hollow them out from the inside. Spoons and other wooden utensils were made from such blocks - baklush -. Procurement of baklush, in contrast to the manufacture of products from them, was considered an easy, simple matter that did not require special skills.
Hence the meaning - to do nothing, to sit back, to spend time idly.
Here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day!
The expression came from the time of medieval Russia, when the peasants had the right, having settled with the previous landowner, to move on to a new one.
According to the law issued by Ivan the Terrible, such a transition could take place only after the end of agricultural work, and specifically a week before St. George's Day (November 25, according to the old style, when the day of the Great Martyr George - the patron saint of farmers was celebrated) or a week later.
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, such a transition was prohibited and the peasants were consolidated to the land.
Then the expression "Here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day" was born as an expression of grief because of the changed circumstances, about unexpectedly unfulfilled hopes, sudden changes for the worse.
Saint George was popularly called Egoriy, therefore at the same time the word "to cheat" arose, that is, to deceive, to cheat.
Upside down
1) somersault, over the head, upside down;
2) upside down, in complete disarray.
The word tormashki can go back to the verb to shake, that is, "pull, turn over". It is also assumed that tormashki comes from the dialectal torma - "legs".
According to another hypothesis, the word tormashki is associated with the word brake (old tormas). Tormas used to be called iron strips under the sled runner, which were used to make the sled roll less.
The expression upside down could refer to a sled overturned on ice or in the snow.
There is no truth at the feet - an invitation to sit down.
There are several options for the origin of this saying:
1) according to the first version, the combination is due to the fact that in the XV-XVIII centuries. in Russia, debtors were severely punished, beaten with iron rods on their bare feet, seeking to repay the debt, that is, "truth", but such a punishment could not force those who did not have money to repay the debt;
2) according to the second version, the combination arose due to the fact that the landowner, having discovered the loss of something, gathered the peasants and made them stand until the guilty party was named;
3) the third version reveals a connection between expression and law (severe punishment for non-payment of debts). If the debtor fled from the law by flight, they said that there was no truth at the feet, that is, it was impossible to knock out the debt; with the abolition of the rule, the meaning of the saying changed.
The reins (harness) fell under the tail - about who is in an unbalanced state, shows erratic, incomprehensible perseverance.
The reins are belts for driving a harnessed horse. Under the tail of the horse, part of the croup is not covered with hair. If the reins get there, the horse, fearing tickling, may suffer, break the cart, etc.
A man is compared with such behavior of a horse.
Wolf Ticket (Wolf Passport)
In the 19th century, the name of a document that blocks access to public service, an educational institution, etc. Today, phraseological units are used in the meaning of a sharply negative characterization of someone's work.
The origin of this circulation is usually explained by the fact that the person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and he had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means "abnormal, inhuman, bestial", which strengthens the opposition between the owner of a wolf ticket and other "normal" people.
Lies like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments horse siv, gelding siv are very typical, the adjective gray "light gray, gray" indicates the old age of the animal. In the past, the verb to lie had a different meaning - "to speak nonsense, to gossip; to talk." The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding - stallion, gray - old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people of their own strength, as if they were still preserved, like among the young.
3. Turnover is associated with the attitude to the gray horse as a stupid creature. The Russian peasants avoided, for example, paving the first furrow on the gray gelding, since he "lied" - he was mistaken, paving it incorrectly.
Give oak - die
The turnover is associated with the verb zadubat - "cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard." The oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor to the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins - as a luxury item.
Alive, smoking room!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying "Alive, alive, Smoking room, not dead, legs are thin, soul is short ...". The one who lost the torch was extinguished, began to smoke, smoke. Later, this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly, so as not to go out".
Nick down
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To account for the bread handed over to the landowner, the work done, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to fathoms (2 meters) long, on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the notches were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression "hack to death", which means: remember well, take into account the future.
Play spill
In the old days in Russia the game of "spillikins" was widespread. It consisted in using a small hook to pull out, without touching the rest, one of the other heaps of all the spillots - all kinds of little toy things: hatchets, wine glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent their time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression "playing with spillikins" began to mean an empty pastime.
Sip cabbage soup
Bast shoes - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcrustal layer of lindens), covering only the soles of the feet - in Russia were the only available footwear for poor peasants, and cabbage soup, a kind of cabbage soup, was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the family's wealth and the season, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour cabbage, with meat, or lean cabbage without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in case of extreme poverty.
About a man who could not earn money for boots and more refined food, they said that he "slurps soup with bast shoes", that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
Fawn
The word "fawning" comes from the German phrase "Iсh liebe sie" (ich lebe zi - I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this "lebe zi", the Russian people ingeniously formed from these German words the Russian word "fawning" - that means to curry favor, to flatter someone, by flattery to seek someone's favor, favor.
Fishing in troubled waters
It has long been one of the prohibited ways of fishing, especially during spawning, to stun fish. There is a famous fable of the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around the nets, driving a blinded fish there. Then the expression went beyond fishing and took on a broader meaning - to benefit from an unclear environment.
There is also a well-known proverb: "Before you catch fish, [you need] to muddy the water", that is, "deliberately create confusion for profit."
Small fry
The expression came from peasant use. In the Russian northern lands, the plow is a peasant community from 3 to 60 households. And a very poor community was called a small fry, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials who occupy a low position in the state structure began to be called a small fry.
The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old anecdote about how a thief was found in the market.
After vain attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: "Look! The thief's hat is on fire!" And suddenly everyone saw a man grab his hat. So the thief was discovered and caught.
Lather your head
In the old days, the tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or to complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year term of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give up his serfs as soldiers for offense. Since the recruits (recruits) were shaved off their hair and said about them: “shaved,” “shaved their foreheads,” “soaped their heads,” the expression “soaped my head” became synonymous with threats in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative meaning, “to lather your head” means: to make a severe reprimand, to scold strongly.
Neither fish nor fowl
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new trend appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. "To protest, to object"). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels, monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their ceremonies were simple and inexpensive. A bitter struggle was going on between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest - meat, others preferred lean - fish. If a person did not adhere to any movement, then he was contemptuously called "neither fish nor meat." Over time, they began to talk about a person who did not have a clearly expressed position in life, who was not capable of active, independent actions.
There is no place to try - disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded to check the product with a jeweler and put a sample. When the product was in many hands, there was no longer any place for a sample.
Not washing, so rolling
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast-iron iron was heated on a fire and, until it cooled down, linen was ironed with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often "rolled". To do this, the washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood like the one that is currently being rolled out to the dough. Then, with the help of a ruber - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin was rolled along with the linen wrapped around it over a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled laundry had a fresher look, even if the wash was not very successful.
This is how the expression "not by washing, by rolling," appeared, that is, to achieve results not in one way, but in another way.
Not a feather, not a feather - a wish of good luck in anything.
The expression was originally used as a "spell" designed to deceive the evil spirits (this expression was admonished to go hunting; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could "jinx" the prey).
The answer is "To hell!" should have made the hunter even more secure. To hell - this is not a curse like "Go to hell!" Then the unclean person will do the opposite, and it will be what is needed: the hunter will return “with down and feather,” that is, with the prey.
Let's beat swords into plowshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, which says that "the time will come when the nations will hammer plowshares and spears into sickles: the people will not raise a sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight."
In the Old Church Slavonic language, "shouted" is a tool for cultivating the land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, which depicts a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
Goof
Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with which wool was combed. To fall into a hole meant to be crippled, to lose an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, in an awkward position.
Knock off the pantalyk
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalyk is a distorted Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes, in which it was easy to get lost.
Straw widow
A bundle of straw among Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples served as a symbol of the concluded agreement: marriage or sale and purchase. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to disperse. There was also a custom to make the bed for newlyweds on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. The wreath (from the Sanskrit word "vene" - "bunch", meaning a bunch of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, then they said that the woman was left with only straw, so the expression "straw widow" appeared.
Dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the Russian writer of the 19th century V.A. Sleptsova "A Good Man". The protagonist of the novel "non-serving nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after long wanderings in Europe. He recalls how he was taught to dance as a child. Serezha started all his movements from the stove, and if he was wrong, the teacher told him: "Well, go to the stove, start over." Terebenev realized that his life circle was closed: he began with the village, then Moscow, Europe and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
Grated roll
In Russia, kalach is wheat bread in the form of a lock with a bow. Grated roll was baked from a steep roll dough, which was kneaded and rubbed for a long time. Hence, the proverb "Do not rub, do not mint, there will be no rolls" appeared, which in a figurative sense means: "the troubles of a person are taught." And the words "grated kalach" became winged - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who "rubbed between people" a lot.
Pull the gimp
Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making a gimp consists in pulling it out. This manual work is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression "pull the gimp" (or "breed gimmick") in a figurative sense began to mean: do something monotonous, boring, causing an annoying waste of time.
At the devil's place
In ancient times, glades in dense forests were called kuligami. The pagans considered them enchanted. Later people settled deep into the forest, looked for bands, settled there with the whole family. This is where the expression came from: the devil is on the kulichi, that is, very far away.
Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is an ancestor, ancestor, the god of the hearth - a brownie.
Originally "chur" meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: "chur", meaning the prohibition to touch anything, go beyond any line, beyond any limit (in spells against "evil spirits", in games, etc.), the requirement to comply with some condition , agreement.
From the word “chur” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go over “chur”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
Sherochka with little little girl
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. Daughters of nobles from 6 to 18 years old studied there. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dance, music, various types of home economics, as well as subjects of "secular treatment". The usual address of school girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words, the Russian words "sherchka" and "masherochka" appeared, which are now used to name a couple consisting of two women.
Trump
In ancient Russia, boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls on the collar of a ceremonial caftan, which was called a trump card. The trump card stuck up impressively, imparting a proud bearing to the boyars. To be a trump card is important to walk, and to be a trump card is to show off something.
In one Russian folk song it is sung:
He brought three pockets:
The first pocket is with pies
The second pocket is with nuts ...
It would seem that this nonsense: what does it mean to "bring a pocket"?
In old dictionaries it is indicated that once in Russia the word " pocket"A sack or sack was designated, which was attached to the outside of the garment.
Such pockets were sometimes hung on horse saddles, if necessary, they were not closed, but “ kept(uncovered) wider».
Speaking these days "hold your pocket wider" we want to scoff at someone's exaggerated demands.
Case tobacco
In the expression case tobacco both words are clear, but why does their combination mean "very bad", "hopeless"? You can understand this by looking into history. Let's do it together.
It turns out that the expression case tobacco went from the Volga barge haulers. Wading shallow bays or small tributaries of the Volga, the barge haulers tied their tobacco pouches to their necks so that they would not get wet. When the water was so high that it approached the neck and the tobacco got wet, the barge haulers considered the transition impossible, and their position in these cases was very bad, hopeless.
Smoke yoke
Smoke yoke - how is it? Could smoke be associated with the rocker on which the buckets of water are carried? What does this expression mean?
Many years ago, the poor built so-called chimney huts without pipes in Russia. The smoke from the mouth of the furnace poured directly into the hut and came out either through the "drag" window, or through the open doors into the entrance. They say: "to love warmly - and endure the smoke", "and a kurna hut, and a heat oven." Over time, the smoke began to be removed through the pipes above the roof. Depending on the weather, the smoke goes either in a "column" - straight up, or in a "drag" - spreads downward, or in a "yoke" - it knocks down in clubs and rolls over in an arc. By the way the smoke goes, they guess on the bucket or bad weather, on rain or wind. They say: smoke post, yoke - about every human commotion, a crowded quarrel with a dump and bustle, where you can’t make out anything, where “such a soda that the dust is like a column, smoke like a yoke, - either from a task, or from a dance”.
The soul is gone
When a person is very scared, they can develop an unusually high running speed. The ancient Greeks were the first to notice this feature.
Describing in his "Iliad" how the enemies were frightened of the hero Hector, who suddenly appeared on the battlefield, Homer uses the following phrase: "Everyone wavered, and everyone lost their courage ..."
Since then, the expression "My soul is gone" we use it when we talk about a person who is frightened, very frightened of something.
Let's start with the fact that there is no word little kulichi in Russian, no. Easter cakes come from the Easter cake, from the sandpiper - Easter cakes. In fact, it is not necessary to send to kulizh, but to kulizhi. Then justice will prevail, and we can begin to explain this truly Russian turn.
Kuligi and kulizhki were very famous and very common words in the North of Russia. When the coniferous forest “weakens”, glades and glades appear there. Grass, flowers and berries instantly begin to grow on them. These forest islands were called bands. Since pagan times, sacrifices have been made on the bands: the priests slaughtered deer, sheep, heifers, stallions, everyone ate their fill, drank drunk.
When Christianity came to Russia and it began to crowd out paganism, a peasant came to the swarm, set up a hut, began to sow rye, barley, whole village artels appeared. When life became closer, children and nephews left the old people, and sometimes so far that they stopped reaching the message, they lived like in the middle of nowhere
.
Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the following order existed: requests, complaints or petitions addressed to the tsar were lowered into a special box nailed to a post near the palace in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow.
In those days, all documents were written on paper rolled up in the form of a scroll. These scrolls were long, therefore the box was long, or, as they said then, long.
The petitioners who dropped their petition into the box had to wait a long time for an answer, bow at the feet of the boyars and clerks, bring them gifts and bribes in order to receive an answer to their complaint. The associated red tape and bribes were commonplace. That is why such bad fame has survived for many years. long box. This expression means: it is shameless to drag out the case.
First of all, let us recall that this is what they say about buying cheap, but at the same time quite worthwhile, necessary, good. It turns out that the word angrily can be used in a "good" sense? Having rummaged in dictionaries, we find out: earlier this word really meant “dear”, “good”. What, then, is the pun that turns out: "Cheap, but ... expensive"? But after all, it can be expensive not only for the price (especially if you remember that the word angry shares a root with the word heart).
Some linguists argue that this expression arose as an opposition to the proverb: expensive, but cute - cheap, but rotten. It happens that and cheap and angry.
Many sarcastic expressions have come into our speech from the pre-revolutionary courts. Using them, we do not even think about how they happened.
You can often hear the expression “ case burned out", That is, someone has achieved their goal. Behind these words is the former blatant disgrace that was happening in the judicial system. Previously, the process could stop due to the fact that documents collected by the investigation disappeared. In this case, the guilty could not be punished, and the innocent could not be justified.
A similar situation is described in the story of Gogol, where two friends quarreled.
A pig that belonged to Ivan Ivanovich rushes into the courtroom and eats a complaint filed by a former friend of its owner, Ivan Nikiforovich. Of course, this is just a funny fiction. But in reality, papers were often burned, and not always by accident. Then the defendant, who wanted to stop or drag out the process, remained very pleased and said to himself: "Well, my case has burned out!"
So -" case burned out»Bears in itself a reminder of those times when justice was administered not by judges, but by bribes.
In the bag
Several centuries ago, when mail in its present form did not exist, all messages were delivered by messengers on horseback. At that time, many robbers roamed the roadways, and a bag with a package could attract the attention of robbers. Therefore, important papers, or, as they used to be called, Affairs sewn under the lining of a hat or cap. Hence the expression arose - “ trick"And means that everything is good, everything is in order. About the successful completion, the outcome of something.
Grief onion
When a person cries, it means that something has happened to him. That's just the reason why tears come to my eyes is not in all cases associated with some kind of misfortune. When you peel or cut onions, tears flow in a stream. And the reason for that is “ grief onion».
This adage is also known in other countries, only there it is slightly modified. The Germans, for example, have the phrase "onion tears". People shed these tears over trifles.
Expression "Grief onion" also means minor troubles, because of which you should not be very sad.
Deaf grouse
An experienced hunter carefully approaches a black grouse sitting on a branch. The bird, not suspecting anything, is busy with its intricate singing: gurgling, clicking, and thrashing fills everything around. The grouse will never hear the hunter creep up to an acceptable distance and discharge his double-barreled shotgun.
It has long been noticed that the leaking blackcock temporarily loses its hearing. Hence the name of one of the black grouse breeds - capercaillie.
Expression "Deaf grouse" refers to gaping, sleepy, people who do not notice anything around... Although, by nature, these birds are very sensitive and attentive.
Agree that sometimes we happen to see situations when the person responsible for some event can run back and forth with the words: - there is no highlight of the program! In this case, everyone understands that even he is a little to blame for this. Returning home from a concert, we can say that the highlight of the program is a folk singer or another outstanding person who was on stage.
In a word, highlight of the program Is a unique number or performance that can arouse genuine interest in the public. It is known that this phraseological unit has been interpreted in many languages, but it has come down to our time unchanged.
This adage arose as a mockery and mockery of numerous tourists who, in the 19th century, traveled in huge crowds to so-called foreign places, and they did it so quickly that they could not even enjoy the natural beauty and color. But later on they praised everything "they saw" so much that everyone was amazed.
Also in 1928, the great writer Maxim Gorky also used this expression in one of his speeches, which further consolidated it among the common people. Well, today it is often used in the bohemian society, which also boasts of its knowledge of the world and numerous travels around the world.
From another source:
Ironic. Without going into details, hastily, superficially (do something).
Compare: hastily; on a living thread; on a living hand; with the opposite meaning: along and across.
“For travel sketches, the editors are going to send another person to the track, this must be done thoroughly, and not like that, with a cavalry swoop, gallop across Europe. "
Yu. Trifonov. "Thirst quencher"
Lies like a gray gelding
Lies like a gray gelding- this saying, which can often be heard among the people, is quite difficult to interpret. Agree, it is difficult to explain why the gelding, which is a representative of the animal world, was awarded this title. And if we take into account the fact that the suit is being concretized - gray gelding, then there are even more questions. Many who are studying this phenomenon say that everything is connected with a mistake that occurred in the memory of our people. After all, this is simply not explained by any other facts.
The well-known linguist Dahl said that for many years the word “ lying "
used today may have come from the word "Rushing" as a result of incorrect pronunciation of one of the speakers. Initially, the gray gelding boasts enormous strength and endurance.
But at the same time, do not forget that the gray gelding is not significantly different from bay or gray horses, which also boast endurance and quick wits. It follows from this that the masses could hardly have simply excluded them from the phraseological unit and single out precisely the gray gelding.
Today, you can find another rather interesting interpretation. It is believed that for the first time this phraseological unit was born with the memories of a man named Sivens-Mehring, who had the glory of an arrogant liar. There were bad rumors about him, so many said - lying like Sivens-Mehring
... Maybe after many years of using this option, exactly the one that we often use today was established.
There are other opinions that completely refute the previous versions. It is said that there are other interpretations of it, such as "lazy like a gray gelding" and others. Take, for example, the well-known Gogol hero Khlestakov, who often uses the expression “ stupid as a gray gelding". This also includes the concept of "bullshit", which means nonsense and complete nonsense. In a word, phraseology still has not been able to give a clear interpretation of the expression “ lying like gray gelding”, But this does not prevent us from using it in daily communication.
Get roped
hand glitch
Now rope, twine, ropes are made in factories, and not so long ago it was a handicraft. Whole villages were busy with it.
In the streets there were poles with hooks, from which the ropes stretched to the wooden wheels. They were rotated, running in a circle, by horses. All these devices were called handicraftsmen.
It was necessary to watch carefully so as not to catch on the tourniquet that was tightly coiling in a sack. If the tip of a jacket or shirt gets into the weaving - goodbye to clothes! A glitch cuts it up, tears it apart, and sometimes mutilates the person himself.
V. I. Dal explains: “Prosak is the space from the spinning wheel to the sleigh, where the string twists and turns ...; if you get there with the end of your clothes, with your hair, it will twist it, and you will not get out; hence the proverb. "
That's where the dog is buried!
As the story goes, the experienced Austrian warrior Sigismund Altenstein had a favorite dog that accompanied him on all military campaigns. It so happened that fate threw Sigismund to the Dutch lands, where he found himself in a very dangerous situation. But a devoted four-legged friend quickly came to the rescue and saved the owner, sacrificing his life. To pay tribute to the dog, Altenstein arranged a solemn funeral, and decorated the grave with a monument perpetuating the heroic deed of the dog.
But after a couple of centuries it became very difficult to find the monument, only a few local residents could help tourists find it.
Then the expression “ That's where the dog is buried!", Meaning" to find out the truth "," to find what you are looking for. "
There is another version of the origin of this phrase. Before the final naval battle between the Persian and Greek fleets, the Greeks loaded all the children, old men and women into transport ships and sent them away from the battlefield.
The faithful dog of Xanthippus, the son of Arifron, swam overtook the ship and, having met with the owner, died of exhaustion. Xantippus, amazed by the dog's act, erected a monument to his pet, which became the personification of devotion and courage.
Some linguists believe that the saying was invented by treasure hunters who are afraid of evil spirits who guard the treasures. To hide their true goals, they said "black dog" and a dog, which meant, respectively, evil spirits and treasure. Based on this assumption, under the phrase “ That's where the dog is buried"Meant" This is where the treasure is buried. "
Free will
Perhaps, to someone, this expression seems complete nonsense: like “ butter oil". But do not rush to conclusions, but rather listen.
Many years ago, the ancient Russian appanage princes wrote in their agreements with each other: free will…»
The free will was, therefore, a right, a privilege, meant freedom of action and deed, allowed to live on earth, while living, and go wherever he pleases. Only free people enjoyed this freedom, as in those days sons were considered with their fathers, brothers with brothers, nephews with uncles, and so on.
And there were also slaves and slaves who belonged to masters forever. They could be pledged as a thing, sold and even killed without trial or investigation.
Simoni: will to the wave, walking the way;
Dahl: the free will - the saved paradise, the mad field, the devil's swamp.
To be born in a shirt
In one of the poems of the Russian poet Koltsov there are lines:
Oh, on a miserable day
In a mediocre hour
Without a shirt, I
Born into the world ...
To uninitiated people, the last two lines may seem very strange. You might think that the lyric hero regrets that in the womb he did not have time to pull on a shirt, or, in all clear language, a shirt.
Once upon a time, a shirt was called not only an element of clothing, but also various films. The thin membrane under the eggshell could also bear this name.
Sometimes it happens that the head of a child, when he is born, may be covered with a film, which will soon subside. According to old beliefs, a child born with such a film will be happy in life. And the French even came up with a special name for it - “ hat of happiness».
Nowadays, the thought that a little film on the head of a newborn will make him lucky makes him smile. However, in a figurative sense, we often use this expression when we talk about people who are lucky in something. Now the phrase is used only as a proverb, and the folk omen has long since sunk into oblivion.
By the way, not only in the Russian language there is such a proverb. Europeans also use similar expressions, for example, “ be born in a cap". The English have another phrase that has the same meaning: "to be born with a silver spoon in your mouth." But it came from a different custom. The fact is that in Foggy Albion, it is customary for newborns to give spoons made of silver for good luck.
They don't go to someone else's monastery with their own charter
Once upon a time, the routine of the entire monastic life was determined monastic statutes. One monastery was guided by one charter, the other by another. Moreover: in the old days, some monasteries had their own judicial statutes and had the right to independently judge their people in all their sins and sins.
Expression: " They don't go to someone else's monastery with their own charter»It is used in a figurative sense in the sense that one should obey the established rules, customs in society, at home, and not establish one's own.
Balbeshka stoerosovaya
So they say about a stupid, stupid person.
“Excuse me, why did I say such a stupid, absurd thing to you?
Artist of the burned-out theater
About a person whose real abilities or capabilities do not correspond to their intended level.
“Death is the same for everyone, it is the same for everyone, and no one can be free from it. And while she, death, lies in wait for you in an unknown place, with inevitable torment, and there is fear from her in you, you are not a hero or a god, just an artist from a burnt-out theater, amusing himself and half-hearted listeners. "
(V. Astafiev).
This idiom (stable phrase) is intended for the assessment of non-professionals. A couple of centuries ago, the profession of a theater actor was, to put it mildly, not prestigious.
Hence the disdain that comes through in the phrase: firstly, the actor, and secondly, without the theater. In other words, the circus left, but the clowns stayed.
Because the burned-out theater is not the theater that was destroyed by the fire, but the one that went bankrupt due to the inept play of the actors.
Appetite comes with eating
About the growth of someone's needs as they are satisfied.
The expression came into use after it was used by the French writer F. Rabelais (1494-1553) in his novel Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532).
Guardian angel
According to religious beliefs, a being who is the patron saint of man.
“He prayed every time until he felt on his forehead, as it were, someone's fresh touch; this, he thought then, is a guardian angel accepting me ”(I. Turgenev).
About a person who shows constant attention and care to someone.
To beat with a forehead
Ancient antiquity emanates from this primordially Russian expression. And it came from the Moscow palace customs. It happened that the boyars closest to the tsar gathered in the "front" of the Kremlin palace early in the morning and in the afternoon on Vespers. Seeing the king, they began to bow, touching the floor with their foreheads. Others did it with such zeal that even tapping was heard: appreciate, they say, sir, our love and diligence.
The tradition is fresh, but hard to believe.
As he was famous, whose neck often bent;
As not in war, but in peace they took with their foreheads -
They knocked on the floor without regret!
A. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit"
Thus, bang means primarily “ bow”, But its second meaning is“ to ask for something ”,“ to complain ”,“ to thank ”.
"Eastern splendor reigned at the Court of our kings, who, following the Asiatic custom, forced the ambassadors to speak no other way than to kneel and be thrown to the ground before the throne, from which came the then common expression: I hit my forehead."
The evidence given for the existence of bowing to the ground dates back no earlier than to the 16th century, since only Ivan the Terrible in 1547 was the first to receive the permanent title of "tsar" in Moscow. It turns out that the history of the phrase "hitting the forehead" began twice. At first they "beat them with their foreheads" in the literal sense, admitting their guilt, and with the introduction of Christianity - worshiping the Lord God. Then they "beat with their foreheads" in words, complaining, thanking and saluting, and, finally, they introduced the custom of bowing to the ground to the sovereign at court, which was also called "hitting with the forehead."
Then, in the first case, the expression did not mean "bowing to the ground," but "bowing in the bow," in the form when, when asking for forgiveness in local disputes, the guilty one standing on the lower step of the porch bowed to his sovereign in the belt. The strong one stood on the top step. The bow in the bow was thus accompanied by a petition, the banging of the forehead on the steps.
To rake in the heat with someone else's hands
This means: to use the results of someone else's labor.
And what kind of heat are we talking about?
Heat is burning coals. And, by the way, to rake them out of the oven was not an easy task for the hostess: it would have been easier and easier for her to do it “by someone else's hands”.
In the common people, there is also a rougher version:
"To ride someone else's dick to heaven."
Beat the thumbs
To beat the thumbs up is to mess around.
What is thumbs up ? After all, the word must have its own meaning?
Oh sure. When in Russia they sipped cabbage soup and ate porridge with wooden spoons, tens of thousands of handicraftsmen beat their thumbs , that is, they pricked chunks of a linden tree into blanks for a master spoon-maker. This work was considered trivial, it was usually performed by an apprentice. Therefore, she became a model not of deed, but of idleness.
Of course, everything is cognized in comparison, and this work seemed easy only against the background of hard peasant labor.
And not everyone will succeed right now. beat thumbs .
Know by teeth
What is the meaning of these words - children know as well as adults. Know by heart - means, for example, to perfectly learn the poem, to solidify the role and in general to be excellent in something to understand.
And there was a time when know by heart , check by heart was understood almost literally. This proverb arose from the custom of checking the authenticity of gold coins, rings and other noble metal items for a tooth. You bite a coin with your teeth, and if there are no dents on it, then it is genuine, not fake. Otherwise, a fake one could have been caught: hollow inside or filled with cheap metal.
The same custom gave rise to another vivid figurative expression: bite a person , that is, to thoroughly learn its advantages, disadvantages, intentions.
Wash dirty linen in public
Usually this expression is used with negation: " Do not wash dirty linen in public!».
Its figurative meaning, I hope, is known to everyone: one should not divulge quarrels, squabbles between loved ones, or the secrets of a narrow circle of people.
And here is the true meaning of this phraseological unit let's try to explain now, even though it will not be easy. This expression is associated with evil spirits and, by the way, there are a lot of them in the Russian language. According to ancient beliefs, dirty linen from the hut must certainly be burned in a furnace so that evil people do not get it. Previously, the so-called sorcerer's "bends" or "retractions" were very widespread. For example, a knot thrown at a crossroads for a “guardian” against illness could serve as a diversion. Coal or furnace ash was usually wrapped in such a bundle - stove .
She was especially popular with healers, because it was in the oven that litter was burned from the hut, in which hair and other items necessary for witchcraft were found. It is no coincidence, therefore, that the prohibition to wash dirty linen in public came into use in the Russian language.
It is written with a pitchfork on the water
The expression "Pitchfork is written on the water" comes from Slavic mythology.
Today it means an unlikely, doubtful and hardly possible event. In Slavic mythology, pitchforks were mythical creatures living in reservoirs. According to legend, they could predict fate by writing it down on the water. Until now, "pitchfork" in some Russian dialects means "circles".
During fortune-telling by water, pebbles were thrown into the river and, according to the shape of the circles formed on the surface, their intersections and sizes, they predicted the future. And since these predictions are not accurate and rarely come true, they began to speak of an unlikely event with a pitchfork on the water.
Not so long ago, gypsies with bears walked around the villages and staged various performances. They drove the bears on a leash tied to a ring threaded through the nose. Such a ring made it possible to keep the bears in subjection and to perform the necessary tricks. During the performances, the gypsies performed various tricks, deftly deceiving the audience.
Over time, the expression began to be used in a broader sense - "to mislead someone."
Goal like a falcon
In the old days, for the capture of besieged cities, battering guns were used, which were called "sokOl". It was a log bound with iron or a cast-iron bar, fastened with chains. Swinging it, they hit the walls and destroyed them.
The figurative expression "bare as sokOl" means "poor to the last extreme, nowhere to take money, even bang your head against the wall."
Avoid me
The expression "Chur me" came to us from ancient times.
From the earliest times to this day, we say "Chur me", "Chur mine", "Chur in half". Chur is the most ancient name for the keeper of the house, the hearth (Chur - Shchur - Ancestor).
It is fire, mental and physical, that gives people warmth, light, comfort and goodness in every sense, is the main guardian of the family property, family happiness.
Bead is a project dedicated to beads and beadwork. Our users are novice beadworkers who need tips and support, and experienced craftsmen who cannot imagine their life without creativity. The community will be useful to everyone who has an irresistible desire in a bead shop to spend the entire salary on bags of coveted beads, rhinestones, beautiful stones and Swarovski components.
We will teach you how to weave very simple jewelry, and help you understand the intricacies of creating real masterpieces. Here you will find schemes, master classes, video tutorials, and you can also directly ask for advice from famous bead masters.
Do you know how to create beautiful things from beads, beads and stones, and you have a solid school of students? Yesterday you bought your first bag of beads and now you want to make a bauble? Or maybe you are the head of a reputable print publication dedicated to beads? We need you all!
Write, tell about yourself and your work, comment on records, express your opinion, share techniques and tricks when creating another masterpiece, exchange your impressions. Together we will find answers to any questions related to beads and beadwork.
