Lukov belong. Onions - from seven ailments. The appearance of onions in European countries

Nature "s Bounty, Inc. NUTRA SOURCE INC. SLOVAKOFARMA Solgar Vitamin and Herb Zentiva a.s. Kvadrat-S, LetoFarm LLC, Minskintercaps LLC, Mirrolla Unitary Enterprise, Noventis s.r.o. Renewal of PFC CJSC RealCaps, JSC Sagmel Inc. Saneka Pharmaceuticals A.S. Slovakopharm SA Pharma AD PharmVilar NPO Pharmgroup LLC, LLC FP Meligen, CJSC

Country of origin

Bulgaria Republic of Belarus Russia Slovakia Slovenia UNITED STATES USA Czech Republic

Product group

Vitamin preparations

BAA (biologically active additive) to food

Release forms

• 10 capsules in a blister pack 10 capsules in a strip pack 10,30,60 capsules of 200 mg. 100 capsules in a bottle 20 capsules in a pack 30 capsules in a carton pack 30 capsules in a pack 30 capsules of 0.2 g in a pack 30 capsules of 200 mg 30 tabs in a pack 40 capsules in a pack 90 capsules in a jar jar of 50 capsules 300mg capsules - 10 pcs in a blister pack 300mg capsules - 20 pcs per pack capsules weighing 330 mg - 20 pcs per pack. oval-shaped capsules of 400 mg, 30 capsules in a jar, in a cardboard box. capsules 400mg - 30 pcs per pack. spherical capsules of 250 mg, 10 capsules per blister, 2 blisters in a cardboard box. spherical capsules of 250 mg, 10 per blister. pack 30 capsules Pack contains: 59.20 ml bottle 50 ml

Description of the dosage form

• gelatin capsules capsules soft gelatin capsules round yellow color with oily liquid inside. red gelatin capsules red spherical capsules, 0.2 g capsules weighing 0.35 g capsules weighing 190 mg. capsules weighing 560 mg soft gelatin capsules, oval, transparent, from light yellow to dark yellow. soft gelatin capsules with a light yellow seam. soft gelatin capsules, spherical, transparent, from light yellow to dark yellow. soft gelatin capsules, spherical, transparent, from light yellow to dark yellow. capsules of 0.2 g red spherical capsules Red, oval capsules filled with transparent light yellow oil. oil oil solution Soft gelatin capsules of yellow color, with a taste and smell characteristic of this product. Sediment is allowed. Coated tablets weighing 500 mg. Daily dose 1 tablet. The degree of satisfaction in vitamin E from the daily requirement is 1000% (100 mg), which does not exceed the upper allowable intake level of 150 mg. Nutritional and energy value of 100 g: fats - 1 g, carbohydrates - 20 g, calorie content 90 kcal (370 kJ).

pharmachologic effect

Vitamin E Renewal (Reneval) Vitamin E is represented by a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols, which have antioxidant properties. The antioxidant properties of vitamin E are due to its ability to form hydrophobic (water-soluble) complexes with unsaturated membrane lipids, which are easily excreted from the body, as well as the ability of tocopherol to directly interact with oxygen free radicals, free radicals of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid peroxides. The formation of hydrophobic complexes with lipids determines the anti-atherosclerotic effect of tocopherols. In addition, vitamin E activates enzymatic antioxidant defense by promoting the formation of glutathione peroxidase? an enzyme that neutralizes lipid hydroperoxides. Tocopherol is not only an antioxidant, but also an actihypoxant - a tool that improves the utilization of oxygen circulating in the body and increases resistance to hypoxia (oxygen deficiency), which explains its ability to stabilize the mitochondrial membrane and optimize oxygen consumption by cells. Tocopherol is widely used in the elimination of hypoxia of various etiologies (ischemia, heart attacks, strokes, etc.) Under the influence of tocopherol, the following proteins are synthesized: collagen in the subcutaneous tissue and bones, contractile proteins in the skeletal, smooth muscles and myocardium, proteins of the mucous membranes and placenta , liver enzymes, creatine phosphokinase, vasopressinase and gonadotropic hormones. Tocotrienols exhibit strong neuroprotective, antioxidant properties and reduce the risk of cancer. Micromolar amounts of tocotrienols reduce the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, which is responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol, thus reducing its level in the body. Vitamin E is an effective immunomodulator that helps strengthen the body's immune defenses. The presence of linseed oil in the composition of the product contributes to better absorption of vitamin E due to the polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in the oil (omega-3, omega-6). Regular intake of vitamin E: suspends the biological processes of aging, prolonging youth; maintains the beauty of the skin, keeping the skin in good shape; returns a radiant shine to the hair and restores the strength of the hairline, preventing hair loss; stimulates the body's defenses; helps to reduce the risk of malignant neoplasms; contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases; contributes to the normalization of the function of the reproductive system and reproductive function.

Pharmacokinetics

Approximately 50% of the administered dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the maximum level in the blood is created after 4 hours. Absorption requires the presence of bile acids, fats, normal pancreatic function. In the process of absorption, it forms a complex with lipoproteins, which are intracellular carriers of vitamin E. It enters mainly into the lymph, then into the general circulation, where it binds mainly to alpha1 and beta-lipoproteins, partly to serum albumin. If protein metabolism is disturbed, transport is hindered. It is deposited in all organs and tissues, especially in adipose tissue. It undergoes metabolism in the liver to derivatives having a quinone structure (some of them have vitamin activity). Excreted in bile (over 90%) and urine (about 6%) unchanged and as metabolites. Penetrates through the placenta in insufficient quantities: 20-30% of the concentration in the mother's blood penetrates into the blood of the fetus. Penetrates into breast milk.

Special conditions

According to the approved norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation from 2008, the need for vitamin E for children: up to 6 months - 3 mg, from 6 months to 3 years - 4 mg, from 3 to 7 years - 7 mg, from 7 to 11 years old - 10 mg, from 11 to 14 years old - 12 mg, from 14 to 18 years old - 15 mg. Adults - 15 mg / kg, pregnant women - 17 mg / day, nursing mothers - 19 mg / day. The maximum daily intake is 300 mg / day. Tocopherols are found in the green parts of plants, especially in young cereal sprouts; large amounts of tocopherols are found in vegetable oils (sunflower, cottonseed, corn, peanut, soybean, sea buckthorn). Some of them are found in meat, fat, eggs, milk. It should be borne in mind that in newborns with low body weight, hypovitaminosis E may occur due to low placental permeability (the blood of the fetus contains only 20-30% of vitamin E from its concentration in the mother's blood). A diet with a high content of selenium and sulfur-containing amino acids reduces the need for vitamin E. With the routine appointment of vitamin E to newborns, the benefits should be weighed against the potential risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Currently, the effectiveness of vitamin E is considered unreasonable in the treatment and prevention of the following diseases: beta-thalassemia, cancer, fibrocystic breast dysplasia, inflammatory skin diseases, hair loss, recurrent miscarriage, heart disease, "intermittent" claudication, postmenopausal syndrome , infertility, peptic ulcer, sickle cell anemia, burns, porphyria, neuromuscular conduction disorders, thrombophlebitis, impotence, bee stings, senile lentigo, bursitis, diaper dermatitis, pulmonary intoxication due to air pollution, atherosclerosis, aging. The use of vitamin E to increase sexual activity is considered unproven.

Compound

• vitamin E (tocopherol acetate) 100 mg Excipients: sunflower oil, gelatin, glycerol 75%, methyl paraben, crimson dye Rubor ponceau 4R (E 124), purified water. Solgar Natural Liquid Vitamin E is free of corn, yeast and milk. The drug is made without the use of preservatives, flavorings and dyes. 1 capsule contains: active substance: alpha-tocopheryl acetate - 200 mg, excipients: sufficient amount of sunflower oil to obtain a capsule weighing 300 mg. The composition of the shell: gelatin - 113.44 mg, glycerol - 54.94 mg, purified water - 14.4 mg, sodium benzoate E 211 - 0.22 mg. 1 capsule contains: active substance: alpha-tocopherol acetate - 400 mg, excipients: sufficient amount of sunflower oil to obtain a capsule weighing 600 mg. The composition of the shell: gelatin - 119.74 mg, glycerol - 54.83 mg, purified water - 15.2 mg, sodium benzoate E 211 - 0.23 mg. alpha-tocopherol acetate, sunflower oil capsule shell: gelatin (E422), glycerin, water in one capsule vegetable oil, vitamin E 120 mg; shell composition (glycerin, gelatin, citric acid, carmine extract) vitamin E from a natural source in the form of a, d - tocopherol acetate with a high content of 1360 IU / g Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate) 100 mg, auxiliary: vegetable oil (sunflower, corn, soy or olive) gelatin shell (gelatin, glycerol, preservative, dye) Vitamin E oil solution - 98%, unrefined olive oil. vitamin E, sunflower oil, gelatin shell vitamin E, sunflower oil, gelatin shell. unrefined olive oil, vit E, gelatin, glycerin. The daily dosage (1 capsule) contains 10 mg of vit E) safflower oil (filler)*: gelatin*: D-alpha tocopherol, D-beta tocopherol; D-gamma tocopherol, glycerin (thickener)*: D-delta tocopherol. *- auxiliary components. tocopherol. tocopherol acetate - 100 mg; soybean oil, glycerin, gelatin, purified water Tocopherol acetate, olive oil; Auxiliary in-va: gelatin, glycerol, purified water, crimson dye Content of vitamin E in one capsule 100 mg tocopherol acetate 200 mg Excipients: sunflower oil, gelatin, glycerol 75%, methyl paraben, crimson dye 4R Rubor ponceau (E124), purified water tocopherol acetate400 mg Excipients: sunflower oil, gelatin, glycerol 75%, methylparaben, crimson dye 4R Rubor ponceau (E124), purified water

Vitamin E indications for use

• For the treatment of vitamin E hypovitaminosis; states of convalescence after past illnesses; asthenic conditions (including in old age). In the complex therapy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, degenerative and proliferative changes in the joints and ligaments (including the spine), muscular dystrophy, dysfunction of the gonads in men, in women - in the hormonal treatment of menstrual irregularities, with deterioration of intrauterine development fetus, with peripheral vascular disease (endarteritis, Raynaud's disease), with necrotizing myopathy, abetalipoproteinemia, gastrectomy, chronic cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, biliary atresia, obstructive jaundice, celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn's disease, malabsorption, menopause, nicotine addiction, drug addiction . Vitamin E is prescribed for atrophic skin changes (scleroderma, etc.), trophic ulcers of the leg, dermatomyositis, and other collagenoses, during lactation, when prescribing a diet with a high content of polyurethane

Vitamin E contraindications

• - acute myocardial infarction; - childhood; - hypersensitivity to the components of the drug Use with caution in patients with severe cardiosclerosis, myocardial infarction, with an increased risk of thromboembolism; hypoprothrombinemia caused by vitamin K deficiency may worsen with the use of vitamin E in a dose of more than 400 IU.

Vitamin E dosage

• 0.2 g 100 mg 200 mg 250 mg 330 mg 400 mg

Vitamin E side effects

• Possibly: allergic reactions. From the digestive system: diarrhea, nausea, gastralgia. Rarely, predisposed patients develop creatinuria, increased creatine kinase activity, increased serum cholesterol, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, thrombosis.

drug interaction

Increases the effectiveness of anticonvulsants in patients with epilepsy who have an increased content of lipid peroxidation products in the blood. Enhances the effect of steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants. Increases the effectiveness and reduces the toxicity of cardiac glycosides, as well as vitamins A and D. The appointment of vitamin E in high doses can cause a deficiency of vitamin A in the body. The simultaneous use of vitamin E at a dose of more than 400 mg / day with anticoagulants (coumarin and indandione derivatives) increases the risk of developing hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding. Colestyramine, colestipol, mineral oils reduce the absorption of alpha-tocopheryl acetate. High doses of iron enhance oxidative processes in the body, which increases the need for vitamin E. With the simultaneous use of alpha-tocopheryl acetate with cyclosporine, the absorption of the latter increases.

Overdose

High doses of vitamin E (400-800 mg per day for a long time) can cause visual disturbances, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, nausea, severe fatigue, fainting, white hair growth in areas of alopecia with blistering epidermolysis. Very high doses (exceeding 800 mg for a long time) may cause bleeding in patients with vitamin K deficiency; they can impair thyroid hormone metabolism and increase the risk of thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism in susceptible patients. Treatment: symptomatic, drug withdrawal.

Storage conditions

• store in a dry place
• store at room temperature 15-25 degrees
• keep away from children
• store in a place protected from light

Information provided by the State Register of Medicines.

Synonyms

• Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, Alpha Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamin E), Barthel Drugs Vitamin E, Biovital Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Vitamin E 100-Slovakofarm, Vitamin E 400-Slovakofarm, Vitamin E Cream, Vitamin E Loushn, Vitamin E natural " Vitamin E 100ME, Vitamin E Slovakopharm, Vitamin E-acetate, Vitrum vitamin E, Doppelgerz Vitamin E forte, Euzovit, Alpha-Tocopherol acetate solution in oil 50% in capsules (Vitamin E), Sant-e-gal, Tocopher, Tocopher- 200, Tocopher-400, Tocopherol acetate, Forvitale, Evion, Evitol

Capsules are soft gelatin spherical shape of light yellow color.

Indications for use

Vitamin E is used for hypovitaminosis, convalescence after diseases that occur with a febrile syndrome, asthenic and neurasthenic syndrome, degenerative and proliferative changes in the joints, diseases of the ligamentous apparatus and muscles; dysfunction of the gonads in men; in women - with various violations of the menstrual cycle, with a deterioration in the conditions of intrauterine development of the fetus.

The drug is indicated for newborns, premature or low birth weight, young children with insufficient intake of vitamin E from food. Newborns with low body weight: to prevent the development of hemolytic anemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, complications of retrolental fibroplasia.

Vitamin E is used for lesions of peripheral vessels (endarteritis, Raynaud's disease), spasms of peripheral vessels.

Vitamin E is also prescribed for seborrhea, atrophic skin changes (scleroderma, etc.), trophic ulcers of the lower leg, photodermatosis, psoriasis, dermatomyositis, and other collagenoses.

Alpha-tocopheryl acetate is also indicated for necrotizing myopathy, abetalipoproteinemia, gastrectomy, chronic cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, biliary atresia, obstructive jaundice, celiac disease, tropical sprue, Crohn's disease, malabsorption, parenteral nutrition, pregnancy (especially multiples), menopause, nicotine addiction, drug addiction, during lactation, when taking cholestyramine, colestipol, mineral oils and iron-containing products, when prescribing a diet with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Contraindications

Contraindications for use are:
. hypersensitivity;
cardiosclerosis;
myocardial infarction.

Dosage and administration

In case of violation of spermatogenesis, men are prescribed 100-300 mg (100-300 IU) of alpha-tocopheryl acetate per day (in combination with hormone therapy) for a month; in case of deterioration of the conditions of intrauterine development of the fetus - 100-200 mg (100-200 IU) during the first 2-3 months of pregnancy daily or every other day. With muscular dystrophies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dermatomyositis and other collagenoses, vitamin E is used at 100 mg (100 IU) per day for 1-2 months; repeated courses are prescribed in 2-3 months; for peripheral vascular diseases - 100 mg (100 IU) per day (in combination with vitamin A) for 20-40 days, after 3-6 months the course of treatment can be repeated.

For skin diseases, the drug is prescribed at a dose of 100 mg (100 IU) per day for 20-40 days.

The duration of treatment for hypovitaminosis E is individual and depends on the severity of the condition. If necessary, the dose can be increased to 1 g (1000 IU) per day.

Side effect

Allergic reactions. When taking large doses - diarrhea, epigastric pain, creatinuria. If side effects occur, the dose of the drug should be reduced or discontinued.

Overdose

Symptoms: when taken for a long period in doses

400 - 800 IU / day - blurred vision, dizziness, headache, nausea, extreme fatigue, diarrhea, gastralgia, asthenia; when taking more than 800 IU / day for a long period - an increase in the risk of bleeding in patients with hypovitaminosis K, impaired metabolism of thyroid hormones, sexual dysfunction, thrombophlebitis, thromboembolism, necrotizing colitis, sepsis, hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, renal failure, hemorrhage in the retina of the eye, hemorrhagic stroke, ascites, hemolysis.

Treatment: drug withdrawal; prescribe glucocorticoids that accelerate the metabolism of vitamin E in the liver; Vikasol is prescribed to reduce the risk of hemorrhages.

Interaction with other drugs

Increases the effectiveness of anticonvulsants in patients with epilepsy who have an increased content of lipid peroxidation products in the blood.

Enhances the effect of steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidants. Increases the effectiveness and reduces the toxicity of cardiac glycosides, as well as vitamins A and D. The appointment of vitamin E in high doses can cause a deficiency of vitamin A in the body.

The simultaneous use of vitamin E at a dose of more than 400 IU / day with anticoagulants (coumarin and indandione derivatives) increases the risk of hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding.

Colestyramine, colestipol, mineral oils reduce the absorption of alpha-tocopheryl acetate.

High doses of iron increase oxidative processes in the body, which increases the need for vitamin E.

With the simultaneous use of alpha - tocopheryl acetate with cyclosporine, the absorption of the latter increases.

One capsule contains

active substance - alpha-tocopherol acetate - 200 mg, 400 mg,

Excipients: vegetable oil, gelatin, 85% glycerin, methyl parahydroxybenzoate, Ponceau 4R dye, purified water.

Description

Soft gelatin capsules, oval, red. The contents of the capsules are a clear light yellow oil.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Vitamins. Other vitamins. Other vitamins in their pure form. Vitamin E.

ATX code A11HA03

Pharmacological properties

Pharmacokinetics

When taken orally, Vitamin E is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, absorption is 50%.

Vitamin E enters the bloodstream mainly through the lymph, the maximum concentration in the blood serum is reached 4-8 hours after ingestion, and after 24 hours the initial level is restored. Vitamin E binds to alpha1 and beta proteins, and in part to serum albumin. Vitamin E is distributed to all tissues of the body, mainly to fatty ones. The distribution of tocopherols in various tissues was determined after oral administration. α -tocopherol acetate labeled with 14C carbon atoms. The greatest activity was observed in the adrenal glands, high - in the spleen, lungs, testicles and stomach, and low - in the brain. An important factor influencing the function and level of tocopherols in the blood is the content of lipids. Lipoproteins play an important role in the physiological functioning of tocopherols, acting as a transport system.

The concentration of tocopherol in the blood serum of a healthy person ranges from 6 to 14 µg/l.

Plasma concentrations are independent of current diet, but a reduced plasma lipid level below 5 µg/l persisting for several months can lead to symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. Plasma concentrations increase after high doses of vitamin E within 1-2 days.

Alpha-tocopherol acetate is metabolized in the liver to derivatives having a quinone structure (some of them have vitamin activity). Excreted in bile (over 90%) and urine (about 6%) unchanged and as metabolites.

Penetrates through the placenta in insufficient quantities: 20-30% of the concentration in the mother's blood penetrates into the blood of the fetus. Penetrates into breast milk.

Pharmacodynamics

Vitamin E has an antioxidant effect, participates in the biosynthesis of heme and proteins, cell proliferation, tissue respiration, and other important processes of tissue metabolism, reduces the increased permeability and fragility of capillaries.

Necessary for the development and functioning of connective tissue, smooth and skeletal muscles, as well as for strengthening the walls of blood vessels. Takes part in the metabolism of nucleic acids and prostaglandins, the cellular respiratory cycle, in the synthesis of arachidonic acid. Stimulates the synthesis of proteins and collagen; normalizes reproductive function.

Vitamin E, being a natural antioxidant, inhibits lipid peroxidation by free radicals. Activates phagocytosis and prevents hemolysis of erythrocytes. In high doses, it prevents platelet aggregation.

The drug inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and selenium (a component of the microsomal electron transport system), inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol, thereby preventing the development of atherosclerosis, degenerative-dystrophic changes in the heart muscle and skeletal muscles.

Indications for use

Prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis E

In complex therapy for the following conditions:

As maintenance therapy in hormonal treatment of menstrual disorders

Degenerative and proliferative changes in the spine and large joints

Primary and secondary muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Atrophic processes of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and / or gastrointestinal tract

Eating disorders, malabsorption syndrome, alimentary anemia; as adjuvant therapy in chronic hepatitis

Hypofunction of the gonads in men (with male infertility in combination with vitamin A)

Fibroplastic induration of the penis

Balanitis

Kraurosis vulva

Conditions of convalescence after past illnesses

Dosage and administration

Taken orally, the capsule is swallowed without chewing, drinking plenty of water.

With hypovitaminosis, vitamin E is prescribed for 1 month:

- capsules 200 mg: adults 1-2 capsules per day.

- 400 mg capsules: adults 1 capsule per day.

The maximum daily dose is 800-1000 mg.

For violations of the menstrual cycle (as an adjunct to hormonal therapy), 300-400 mg are prescribed every other day, sequentially, starting from the 17th day of the cycle for 5 cycles.

In case of menstrual irregularities in young girls, 100 mg 1-2 times a day for 2-3 months is prescribed before the start of hormone therapy.

With muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - 2 capsules (400 mg each) 2 times a day, a course of treatment for 2-3 months.

With malabsorption syndrome, alimentary anemia, 300 mg per day is prescribed for 10 days.

With fibroplastic induration of the penis, 300-400 mg per day for 4 weeks is indicated, then 50 mg per day for 4 months.

With hypofunction of the gonads in men - 400 mg daily for 2-3 weeks.

Children from 12 years of age and older Vitamin E Zentiva® is prescribed 100-200 mg per day.

The duration of the course of treatment is determined by the attending physician.

Side effects

Often

Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation

Headache, fatigue, weakness

Possible

Allergic reactions, bronchospasm

Rarely

- creatinuria, increased creatine kinase activity, increased

serum cholesterol

Thrombophlebitis, pulmonary thromboembolism, venous thrombosis

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug

Children's age up to 12 years

Acute myocardial infarction

Hypotrombinemia

Drug Interactions

Iron preparations increase the daily requirement for vitamin E. Vitamin E in daily doses above 400 IU may enhance the effect of anticoagulants.

Simultaneous intake of large doses of Vitamin E with iron preparations, vitamin K and / or anticoagulants increases the time of blood clotting.

Vitamin E, when taken together, enhances the effect of glucocorticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cardiac glycosides. Increases the effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy, who have elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products in the blood.

Vitamin A stores in the body can be depleted when high doses of vitamin E are used.

special instructions

Vitamin K deficiency induced by hypothrombinemia may be exacerbated by high doses of vitamin E.

In rare cases, creatinuria, increased creatine kinase activity and serum cholesterol levels, thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, thrombosis are possible in patients predisposed to blood clotting disorders.

With epidermolysis bullosa, the growth of white hair in areas affected by alopecia.

Very high doses (more than 800 mg per day for long-term use) may predispose to bleeding in patients with vitamin K deficiency, may interfere with the metabolism of thyroid hormones and increase the risk of thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism in patients prone to thrombosis.

Pediatric use

This dosage form is not used in children under 6 years of age.

Without a daily intake of vitamins, it makes no sense to count on excellent health and even just good health. From these substances, as if from bricks, our body is built, and if one of the bricks is missing, the wall can collapse. So is human health - with a deficiency of at least one vitamin, serious diseases can develop. Let's talk about vitamin E (another name is tocopherol) and its role in the human body.

Essential vitamins for human health

Medicine has identified several essential components, without which it is impossible to have good health. These are vitamin A, group B, C, E and D.

Periods of a person's life that require an increased content of vitamins and minerals in the diet:

• Puberty - both boys and girls need increased dosages of vitamins A, C, D, E. If they are deficient in the diet, skeletal growth slows down and the necessary sex hormones are not produced.
• The period of pregnancy and lactation in women requires an increased content of vitamin E, since it is he who affects the production of progesterone, estradiol and other hormones responsible for the course of pregnancy and the woman's ability to bear a fetus.
• Periods of increased incidence of colds - saturation with vitamins will increase the body's defenses and strengthen the immune system well. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is especially valuable in this case.
• Responsible work that requires constant concentration on the result requires the appearance of fortified food in the diet. As an option - buy a complex of vitamins in a pharmacy, which will become a source of substances vital for the body.

Vitamins A, C, E in tablets: drugstore names

"Aekol", "Aevit" - these drugs contain high doses of vitamins A and E. "Retinol" contains only vitamin A.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is sold in any pharmacy under the trade names "Ascorbin", "Terafot".

B vitamins are very important for the nervous system, preparations with them are not dietary supplements, but full-fledged medicines. These are Milgamma, Neuromultivit, Kombilipen, Pentovit, Pyridoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamine Forte.

Preparations with a composition are sold under the trade names Enat 400, VitAE, Euzovit, Doppelgerz Vitamin E Forte.

Vitamins A and E for children (name - "Aevit") are needed on a daily basis. Be sure to check with your pediatrician if you can give this dietary supplement to your child.

Now you know the names of vitamins A, E, C in tablets.

What happens with a retinol deficiency?

Insufficient content of vitamin A in the diet and the lack of its intake separately in tablets leads to serious deviations:

• atrophy of the sweat glands;
• progression of myopia and eye diseases;
• disorders in the thyroid gland;
• dry mucous membranes;
• slowing down of bone growth;
• development of hyperkeratosis (excessive rate of cell division of the stratum corneum);
• peeling of the integumentary epithelium;
• possible baldness - severe hair loss (alopecia of various origins).

Recent studies have shown that retinol deficiency is associated with abnormal blood sugar levels. In the long term, this leads to the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

What is the danger of a lack of B vitamins

First of all, the deficiency hits the nervous system. Irritability, tearfulness, chronic depression, bad mood, emotional swings - all these symptoms are characteristic of vitamin B deficiency. The duration and frequency of courses should be adjusted with the doctor.

You can drink them in a course separately or use the preparations "Milgamma", "Neuromultivit", "Combilipen", "Pentovit", which contain all the necessary complex of group B.

Foods rich in vitamin E

List of foods high in vitamin E (its Latin name is tokoferol):

• Sunflower seeds - well-known and beloved by all of us, are extremely rich in this vitamin. For 100 g of seeds without husks, there are 31 mg of vitamin E, which is equal to 250% of the daily norm recommended by doctors.
• Hazelnuts and almonds are also extremely rich in tocopherol. For 100 g of these delicious nuts, there are 20 mg of vitamin E in hazelnuts and 21 mg in almonds.
• Mackerel is a very useful fish. 100 g of meat contains 9.3 mg of tocopherol. Doctors recommend having a fish day once a week so that mackerel dishes are always present in the diet.
• Dried apricots can become a substitute for sweets. Its pulp contains 5 mg of vitamin E. Of course, this dried fruit lags behind the nutritional value of nuts and seeds, but it is quite good primarily because of its taste properties.
• Sesame, squid meat, egg yolk are similar in terms of the amount of vitamin E in their composition. 100 g contains 2 mg of tocopherol - this is quite enough for the daily norm, so you should include these products in your daily diet.

Instructions for use for preparations containing vitamin E

Tocopherol is a vital fat-soluble vitamin that cannot be destroyed by liquid exposure, unlike its water-soluble counterparts of group B.

Does not break down when exposed to caustic acids. Retains its properties when heated to two hundred degrees Celsius. The destructive effect on tocopherol (the Latin name for the vitamin E preparation) is capable of exerting ultraviolet light and oxygen. This is the reason for the packaging of tocopherol-containing drugs in red or yellow capsules. Vitamin in liquid form is stored in dark glass bottles. Otherwise, oxygen and ultraviolet light will begin to have a destructive effect on tocopherol molecules.

Vitamins of group E in tablets (the names of the drugs are Enat 400, VitAE, Euzovit, Doppelgerz Vitamin E Forte and others) are recommended for the complex therapy of the following conditions:

• eczema, acne, skin diseases, lichen of various etiologies, psoriasis, ulcers, herpes during an exacerbation;
• vitamin E in some cases increases the effectiveness of anticonvulsants;
• paralysis of various origins;
• problems with the menstrual cycle in women;
• infertility and inability to bear a fetus;
• myopathy of various origins;
• painful menstruation in women;
• degenerative diseases of the joints;
• chronic fatigue and overwork.

Tocopherol deficiency and its consequences

Instructions for use warns of the serious consequences of both a lack of vitamin E (the name in the instructions is tocopherol) and its overdose.

Tocopherol deficiency:

• leads to a decrease in the concentration of magnesium in the cells of the body;
• is an obstacle to the absorption of vitamin D, and as a result - problems with the metabolism of phosphorus salts;
• leads to inhibition of the state of lipids in the composition of plasma membranes.

Diseases caused by vitamin E deficiency

Degradation of the hormonal system in women due to tocopherol deficiency leads to problems with conception, infertility and the following problems:

• Muscular dystrophy, thinness and anorexic appearance are the earliest signs of vitamin E deficiency. Muscle tissue breaks down, and calcium compounds begin to actively form in its place.
• Infertility occurs due to a long-term deficiency of vitamin E. The balance of sex hormones is disturbed, and long-term and serious treatment is required. Tocopherol has long been successfully used in veterinary medicine to increase the number of offspring.
• The liver reacts to beriberi with a chronic decrease in glycogen levels, expansion of sinusoidal capillaries. Subsequently, fatty degeneration of the liver may develop. In some cases, it can come to necrotic processes in the organ.
• Due to the deformation and partial destruction of red blood cells with a deficiency of tocopherol, anemia and anemia develop.

Additional intake of vitamin E in capsules (named Enat 400, VitAE, Euzovit, Doppelherz Vitamin E Forte) is a simple way to prevent such conditions.

Vitamin E for women's health

Tocopherol (the pharmaceutical name of vitamin E) has a truly miraculous effect on the female body. Doctors call it "beauty No. 1".

It is effective for delays in menstruation, infertility and problems with conception. But vitamin E is useful not only in gynecology. It is important for the normal course of the following processes:

• Ensuring the normal production of red cells in blood cells.
• Increase skin elasticity, improve the condition of nails and hair.
• Protection of cells from the effects of free radicals, and as a result - rapid aging.
• Prevention of the formation of fatty deposits in the circulatory system.
• Normalization of the reproductive system. It has been proven that regular intake of tocopherol increases the likelihood of conception.
• Acceleration of metabolism and help in the process of losing weight.
• Elimination of free radicals that destroy entire cells and harm the body.
• Normalization of female cycles. Vitamin E during menstruation normalizes the functioning of internal organs and eliminates pain.
• Relief of breathing in asthma and pulmonary pathologies.
• Support for cardiovascular work and prevention of cardiomyopathies of various etiologies.

Vitamin E and the human nervous system

Neurologists often prescribe vitamin-mineral complexes with a high content of tocopherol for the following mental problems:

• obsessive-compulsive mental disorders;
• chronic depression;
• increased unmotivated irritability, outbreaks of aggression;
• premenstrual syndrome in women;
• mental disorders in menopause.

Together with the B vitamins, tocopherol can work real miracles with the nervous system: a person becomes calmer, happier, the manifestations of depression go away and smooth out.

Tocopherol overdose

Excess vitamin E in the body will not bring benefits. Regular intake of large doses leads to irritation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, which can cause gastritis.

There is a theory about the relationship between an overdose of tocopherol on an ongoing basis and the formation of gallstones. To date, studies are underway that could confirm the reliability of this phenomenon.

Pharmaceutical preparations and dietary supplements with tocopherol

Vitamins of group E in tablets, the names of vitamin-mineral complexes:

• "Alphabet Classic", "Alphabet Mom's Health", "Alphabet Teenager".
• Vitrum Beauty, Vitrus Classic.
• "Supradin", "Supradin kids".
• "Doppelhertz Classic", "Doppelhertz Vitamin E Forte".
• "Zentiva", "Aevit", "Aekol".

The combination of tocopherol preparations with the use of alcoholic beverages is devoid of any meaning: ethanol does not allow even a small fraction of vitamin E to be absorbed. If the patient wants to experience the full range of healing effects, then alcohol will have to be completely excluded for some time.

Vitamin D is an antagonist of tocopherol and may reduce its absorption. Doctors recommend taking these substances separately from each other. Ammonium chloride, atropine, barbiturates and antihistamines, emotional disorders are also vitamin E antagonists.

Pharmacy trade names for vitamin E may vary depending on the manufacturer. For example, an oil solution of this substance is produced by one company under the name "Tocopherol", and by another - "Tocopherol Forte". Do not be alarmed about this, because the main active ingredient in both cases will be the same component, the difference in price and dosage.

Content

One of the most important elements for the human body, Vitamin E performs many functions and, above all, protects the cell wall from chemical and mechanical destruction. In order to prevent a deficiency of a useful vitamin in the body, you should drink it additionally, following the instructions. Before giving preparations containing this element, it is necessary to consult a doctor in order to understand why vitamin E is needed.

What is vitamin E

Tocopherol is a fat-soluble organic substance from the class of vitamins. The term "tocopherol" is of Greek origin, meaning "to bring life." It is a combination of four esters - tocopherols and four tocotrienols. This compound includes 7 vitamins, which differ from each other by the activity of the biological effect on animal cells. Among them, the most active form is.

Vitamin E is a stable compound that maintains its integrity at high temperatures of food processing, dehydration, and preservation with salt. At the same time, it has a high sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, so products containing this substance should be stored in a dark container made of thick glass or in a dark place.

Discovery history

Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert Evans and Katherine Scott Bishop. The experiments they conducted showed that rats fed exclusively on animal products lost their ability to reproduce after a while. Restoration of the reproductive system occurred after the introduction of lettuce leaves and vegetable oil into the diet. From this, scientists concluded that a certain “X” factor contained in plant foods is a very important component of food.

Biological role

Vitamin E is a unique protective element against oxidative damage. It occupies a certain position in the cell membrane, thereby preventing the contact of oxygen with unsaturated fatty acids, and forms hydrophobic complexes that protect cell membranes from destruction. In addition, it has strong antioxidant properties due to the presence of free radicals in its composition.

daily requirement

Since Vitamin E is a vital compound, there is a certain set daily requirement, which is determined based on the person's gender, age, and overall health. The daily dose of vitamin E is as follows:

• women: 20-30mg;
• men: 25-35mg;
• infants under 6 months: 1 mg to 3 mg;
• children from 6 months to 3 years: 5-8 mg;
• for children aged 3 to 12 years: 8-10 mg;
• children 12 to 18 years old: 10-17 mg.

Vitamin E is found in large quantities in foods of plant origin. The content of vitamin in products depends, first of all, on the climate in which a particular plant is grown. The largest amount of tocopherol is found in wheat germ oil (400 mg) and nuts. Approximate content of tocopherol in some foods:

Products
Wheat germ oil
Soybean oil
cottonseed oil
Margarine
Walnuts

What is absorbed

Vitamins of group E belong to the group of fat-soluble substances. This means that tocopherol molecules can be incorporated into the membrane of animal cells only in combination with lipids of animal or plant origin. For normal absorption with products containing tocopherol, it is necessary to eat fatty foods. Vegetable fats reduce the need for the concentration of synthetic analogues, active additives for supplementation with tocopherol deficiency and fat-soluble antioxidants.

Symptoms of deficiency and lack of vitamin E in the body

The first sign of vitamin deficiency and insufficiency is muscle weakness, dizziness, and drowsiness. Children who suffer from tocopherol deficiency from infancy lag behind in physical and mental development. In addition, in children under one year of age, a lack of tocopherol can cause rickets, dermatitis, psoriasis, and muscle tissue dystrophy. Premature babies suffer from retinopathy.

With insufficient use of this substance, hemolysis of erythrocytes (destruction of red blood cells) occurs, and stable hemolytic anemia develops. Hypovitaminosis of tocopherol contributes to the destruction of the fibers of the peripheral nervous system, which leads to impaired motor function and a decrease in pain sensitivity of the skin. Lack of use in women can cause menstrual irregularities, increasing the risk of miscarriage in the early stages.

Vitamin E helps the absorption of retinol by the intestines and, in case of its deficiency, leads to a deficiency (hypovitaminosis) of vitamin A, which is manifested by dry skin, decreased visual acuity, hair loss, and a decrease in the resistance of the immune system. Lack of absorption of fats can also lead to hypovitaminosis of vitamins A and E. In old age, daily hypovitaminosis of tocopherol provokes the development and accelerates the aging of the body. The lack of tocopherol is due to the progression of atherosclerosis.

What is vitamin E good for

During clinical studies and experiments, it turned out that Vitamin E plays an important role in the functioning of the human body. Main useful properties:

• is an active antioxidant;
• universal protector of cell membranes from oxidative damage;
• improves cell nutrition;
• strengthens the walls of blood vessels;
• contributes to the preservation of sexual functions;
• improves the condition of hair and skin, nails;
• slows down the spread of cancer;
• doctors prescribe for the treatment of diabetes;
• promotes the absorption of retinol and other fat-soluble vitamins;
• reduces blood pressure in heart disease.

For women

Vitamin E for women is of particular importance. It reduces the rate of development of pigmentation on the skin, allows the female body to maintain youth. Vitamin E capsules are prescribed in the treatment of infertility and during menopause. With severe stress, decreased immunity, ovarian dysfunction, Vitamin E helps restore the normal menstrual cycle. Many cosmetic companies add derivatives of this element to their creams to better nourish and moisturize dry skin.

During pregnancy

Women during pregnancy should not take Vitamin E without a doctor's prescription. Vitamin E in oil can provoke placental abruption in the second trimester and umbilical cord thrombosis in the later stages. There are cases when the use of large doses caused severe bleeding in girls. Doctors attribute this effect to the presence of a specific protein in women during pregnancy.

For newborns

Vitamin E for children is used for the normal development of the muscular and skeletal systems, the ligamentous apparatus. The connection contributes to mental development, the preservation of reflexes. In newborns with insufficiently developed body functions, the vitamin accelerates tissue differentiation, promotes rapid fat gain, and promotes the maturation of the respiratory system, especially lung tissues.

For men

With a deficiency of tocopherol, toxins accumulate in the cells, which have a negative effect on the quality of the seed material (spermatozoa). The shortage is due to the development of secondary male infertility, early impotence. With Vitamin E deficiency in the diet, toxic substances and dead cells reduce the absorption of other trace elements in the intestines.

Vitamin E preparations

Name	Brief description of the drug	Cost in a pharmacy, rubles
	capsules in a jelly shell, contains retinol and tocopherol in equal proportions. Inside 1-2 r / day before meals	120 (for 30 capsules)
	oral capsules containing dissolved vitamin E	from 132 (for 30 capsules of 100 mg)
	oval-shaped multivitamin tablets or yellow capsules, prescribed for the prevention of varicose veins	460 (for 30 tablets)
Doppelgerz Active Vitamin E Forte	solution, used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, administered orally 1 capsule / day before meals	238 (for 30 capsules)

Indications for the use of vitamin E

Vitamin E is used for hypovitaminosis, rehabilitation therapy after diseases, asthenic syndrome, neurasthenia, degenerative changes in joint tissues, inflammatory diseases of the ligaments and muscles, malabsorption of retinol. Tocopherol is indicated for the appointment of premature newborns with low body weight, with protein diets to restore muscle mass. Such pharmacological agents are prescribed for disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, in addition, they contribute to the absorption of magnesium.

Instructions for use of vitamin E

In case of insufficient consumption with food or with a small amount of plant foods, preparations containing natural tocopherol or a vitamin synthesized artificially are prescribed. How to take vitamin E, the attending physician will tell you in detail. The use of synthetic medicines without a doctor's prescription can provoke symptoms of hypervitaminosis. When taking drugs, you must follow the dosage.

Vitamin oil

Among the natural products containing Vitamin E, oils are distinguished. They are added to the general diet, as salad dressings, cereal additives or other dishes. It is not recommended to heat-treat oils enriched with vitamins (bake or fry) - this leads to the destruction of bonds between molecules and a decrease in the beneficial properties of the product. Oils increase the need for carbohydrates and proteins.

In capsules

Vitamin E capsules are widely used to treat not only beriberi, but also when there is a shortage of other fat-soluble drugs. Pharmacological preparations made in the form of capsules, as a rule, contain several groups of fat-soluble vitamins at a time for intensive support of the body during exacerbations of chronic diseases and beriberi.

In drops

Medicines in drops are used to treat beriberi in children. Drops containing tocopherol contain a smaller amount of the active ingredient, which helps to avoid an overdose of the vitamin. For adults, doctors prescribe drops when the insufficient content is not acute and the drug is taken prophylactically.

Intramuscular

The use of injections for the administration of preparations containing tocopherol is carried out, as a rule, only with inpatient treatment. This is due to the increased concentration of the vitamin in medicines that are used for acute vitamin deficiency, for example, in newborns or premature babies, vitamin deficiency due to severe depletion. It is not recommended for self-administration due to the high risk of soft tissue infection during injection.

In addition, individual intolerance to tocopherol and allergic reactions of the primary and secondary type may be a contraindication for use. Allergy can occur both after the first application, and some time after the substance enters the body. It can be expressed by anaphylactic shock, rash, itching, chronic conjunctivitis. Caution should be taken by people suffering from alcohol and drug addiction.

Side effects of vitamin E

Among the side effects of long-term use of tocopherol, when an excess of the vitamin accumulates in the body, there are two types: those that are directly related to the intake of the vitamin and those that are caused by additional compounds contained in preparations that include tocopherol (retinol, vegetable oil, molecules gland).

With hypervitaminosis of tocopherol: itching, rash, dizziness, weakness. The side effects of the second group include: nausea, vomiting, bleeding gums, impaired reproductive function (fertility) in women, jaundice of non-viral etiology.

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Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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