Participle is an impersonal form of a verb, combining the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb. Communion in English language corresponds to participle and gerund in Russian.
There are three types of participles in English: present participle, past participle And perfect participle.
Present participle in English
The present participle is formed by adding the ending -ing to the base form of the verb (i.e. Form I), so this participle is also known as "-ing" form. This form is used:
In a long (continuous) tense, for example: I am speaking- I I'm talking;
As an adjective, for example: the film is interesting- movie interesting;
As a gerund, for example: he is afraid of flying- he is afraid fly.
Please note the changes in the letter when creating this form:
| Change | Example |
| If the word ends with one " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends in a double “ e" (that is -ee), then it does not go down. | com e– com ing But: agr ee-agr eeing |
| If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled. | si t-si tt ing |
| If the word ends with " l", preceded by a vowel, then " l" is always doubled (note that in American English this rule not complied with). | travel l– travel ll ing ( BrE) travel l– travel l ing ( AmE) |
| If the word ends in "ie", That " ie"is replaced by" y". | l ie-l y ing |
The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs: come, go, sit, in this case it is placed immediately after these verbs, for example:
The girl sat crying on the sofa.
The girl sat on the sofa and cried.
The present participle can also be used after verbs of perception (, etc.), if there is no need to emphasize that the action was completed, but if it is necessary to show that the action was completed completely, the infinitive is used.
For example:
I saw him leaving.
I saw him leaving. ( That is, part of the process, not completely.)
I saw him leave.
I saw that he left. ( The action was completely completed.)
In addition, the present participle denotes an action simultaneous with the action of the verb and is used to shorten or combine sentences into active voice with the same subject, for example:
She left the house and whistled. = She left the house whistling.
She left the house whistling.
Past participle in English
The past participle is formed by adding the ending -ed to the base form of the verb (Form I), if it is a regular verb. For Not regular verbs see the third column in the list of irregular verbs.
This form is used:
In the completed (perfect) tense, for example: I have spoken- I talked;
In the passive voice, for example: the letter was written- there was a letter written;
As an adjective, for example: I was bored to death - I felt terrible boring.
Please note the change in the letter when creating this form:
The past participle is also used to shorten or combine sentences in the passive voice with the same subject, for example:
The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. = Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
The boy was given an apple and he stopped crying.
Perfect participle in English
The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
The perfect active participle is formed as follows:
having + past participle
For example:
Having cooked, he set the table.
Having finished cooking, he set the table.
The perfect participle of the passive voice is formed as follows:
having been + past participle
For example:
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was cooked it looked very tasty.
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or join sentences with the same subject if:
One action (the action where the perfect participle is used) ends before the next action occurs, for example:
She bought a bike and cycled home. = Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having bought a bicycle, she rode it home.
One action has already been going on for some period of time when another action begins, for example:
He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. = Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for so long, he did not want to move to another city.
Use of participial phrases in English
If some part of a sentence is shortened using a participle, then this construction is called participial phrase, For example:
Watching TV, she forgot everything around her.
She forgot about everything while watching TV. ( In this sentence watching TV- participial.)
In English, participial phrases are used mainly in writing to introduce more information in one sentence.
When using participial phrases, keep in mind the following rules:
In a sentence, the participial phrase and the subordinate clauses related to it must have the same subject.
The participial phrase contains the less important part of the sentence. Important information should be contained in the main sentence.
Always make sure the correct participle is used.
Unions like as, because, since and such relative pronouns, How who And which, are lowered.
Unions before And when are not omitted and are always used in the participial phrase.
Unions after And while may be used or omitted.
Using participial phrases with different subjects
Sometimes participial phrases can be used even if the combined sentences have different subjects. This happens if, for example, the main clause contains one of the following verbs in combination with an object: feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch.
For example:
I heard him playing the guitar.
I heard him playing the guitar. ( Here the participial phrase must immediately follow the complement to which it refers.)
Also, a participial phrase can be used if both subjects are mentioned (in such cases, a conjunction is often placed in front of the subject in the participial phrase with). However, this is a very formal form and is used very rarely.
For example:
Mrs. Jones went to New York. Mr. Smith took up her position. = (With) Mrs. Jones going to New York, Mr. Smith took up her position.
Since Mrs. Jones went to New York, Mr. Smith took over her position.
, participle in English has the properties of a verb and or.
Forms of participles in English
The most important forms of participles are:
- Present Participle– present participle (in active voice).
- Past Participle- past participle.
Usually the study of participles comes down to the study of only these two forms, as the most important. In this article we will look at them first and then move on to other forms.
Basic forms of participles: Present Participle and Past Participle
In other sources you may come across the names Participle I and Participle II - this is the same as Present Participle and Past Participle.
Present Participle - present participle
Despite its name, the present participle can refer to more than just the present tense - it denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the predicate. That is, if the predicate is in the present tense, then the participle refers to the present, if in the past, then to the past, etc.
The present participle is formed with -ing at the end of a word: waiting, living, thinking.
Present Participle used in the following cases:
1. For the formation of long-lastingtimes
That is, of all times Continuous verb and Perfect Continuous
I am waiting for you. - I'm waiting for you.
I have been waiting for you. -I was waiting for you.
2. Before a noun as an adjective
The participle defines a noun, shows a characteristic, like an adjective.
It was an amazing film. – It was an amazing film.
He was trapped inside the burning house. “He was trapped inside a burning house.
3. To indicate simultaneous actions
When two actions occur simultaneously and are performed by the same person or thing, one of the actions can be expressed by a participle.
Whistling to himself, he walked down the steer. – Whistling, he walked down the street.
He sat on the bench reading a newspaper.–He was sitting on a bench, reading a newspaper.
You can also use a participle to express the first action if the second, performed by the same person or thing, occurred immediately after the first.
Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. “Throwing away the pistol, she raised her hands up.
Putting on his coat, he left the house. – Putting on his coat, he left the house.
If you need to emphasize that one action happened before another, the Perfect Participle form is used (see below)
4. To express the circumstances of the reason
A participle can be used instead of a reason beginning with conjunctions as, since, because. In this case, the participial phrase explains the reason for the action.
Being poor, he didn’t spend much on clothes. Because he was poor, he did not spend much money on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat. “Knowing that his mother would come, he cleaned the apartment.
5. In circulationComplex Objectwith verbs of perception
Past Participle - past participle
The past participle is formed:
- For regular verbs: use -ed at the end of the word: danced, liked, lived, invited.
- For irregular verbs: in a special way, see.
The past participle is used:
1. For the formation of timesPerfect
That is, the tenses of the verbs Perfect and Perfect Continuous
I have read the book. - I read the book.
We have decided to leave. - We decided to leave.
2. To form forms of passive voice
I am given a mission. - I was given a task.
I have been trusted with a great secret. “They entrusted me with a great secret.”
3. As a nominal part of a compound predicate
In this case, the predicate consists of the verb to be + Past Participle
My heart is broken. - My heart is broken.
The problem is taken care of. - The problem has been taken care of.
4. As a definition of a noun
Before a noun, the participle is used like an adjective:
A purchased item can be returned. – Purchased goods can be returned.
They fixed the broken cup. - They fixed the broken cup.
After a noun, the participle replaces the adjective clause with a verb in passive voice:
This is the letter received this morning (which was received this morning) – This is a letter received this morning.
A man betrayed by his friend (who is betrayed by his friends) - A person who was betrayed by friends.
5. To express the circumstance of time or reason
In this case, the participial phrase replaces the adverbial clause with a verb in the passive voice.
Frightened by the cat, my puppy ran away. – Frightened by the cat, my puppy ran away.
Asked for help, Jim called the police. – When he was asked for help, Jim called the police.
These sentences can be replaced with similar ones with subordinate clauses:
As my puppy was frightened by the cat, he ran away. – Because my puppy was scared by the cat, he ran away.
When he was asked for help, Jim called the police. – When he was asked for help, Jim called the police.
Other forms of present participle
The present participle can have four forms:
| Active | Passive | |
| Present Participle | Writing | Being written |
| Perfect Participle | Having written | Having been written |
We have already considered the main, most important form - it is crossed out in the table. Let's look at why the rest are needed.
Present Participle Passive
This form is formed according to the following scheme: being + Past Participle; being held, being taken, being crushed etc.
It is used:
1. As a definition
As a definition, this form of participle is used in participial phrases, corresponding to subordinate clauses with a verb in the passive voice.
The car being towed(which is being towed) is mine. – The car that is being towed is mine.
The house being demolished(which is being demolished) is haunted. – The house that is being demolished is haunted.
2. To express cause and time
This form is used as a circumstance in participial phrases, where it expresses cause and time. These phrases are equivalent to subordinate clauses of reason and time with a verb in the passive voice.
Being left alone, the puppy felt lonely. – Being left alone, the puppy felt lonely.
Being asked for explanation, he didn’t refuse to answer. “When he was asked to explain, he did not refuse to answer.
Perfect Participle Active\Passive
Communion in form Perfect Participle in the active or passive voice expresses an action that occurred earlier than the action in the predicate.
Education scheme:
- Active voice: having + Past Participle
- Passive voice: having been + Past Participle
This form is used
1. To express the circumstances of the reason.
Having worked in the company for ten years, he had good connections. “Having worked in the company for ten years, he had good connections.
Having been wounded, he asked someone to call the ambulance. “Being wounded, he asked someone to call an ambulance.
2. To express the circumstance of time
Having finished the painting, he opened a bottle of wine. – Having finished the picture, he opened a bottle of wine.
Having been packed, my books were sent to the library. – After they were packed, my books were sent to the library.
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Past tense).
Formation of the present participle
The table below provides examples. To form a present participle from a verb, you need to add the ending -ing to it.
| Verb | Verb translation | Present participle / gerund | ||
| Run | Run | Running | Running, running, running, running | running |
| Read | Read | Reading | Reading, reading, reading, reading | Reading |
| Sing | Sing | Singing | Singing, singing, singing, singing | Humming |
| Jump | Jump | Jumping | Jumping, jumping, jumping, jumping | Jumping |
| Swim | Swim | Swimming | Floating, floating, floating, floating | floating |
| Walk | Walk | Walking | Walking, walking, walking, walking | Walking |
| Listen | Listen | Listening | Listener, listening, listening, listening | Listening |
| Open | Open | Opening | Opening, opening, opening, opening | Opening |
| Wait | Wait | Waiting | Waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting | Waiting |
As the above examples show, this simple grammatical construction in English can replace several in Russian at once.
Participial phrase with present participle
How can you translate a participial phrase into English using the Present Participle? Below are some examples.
with present participle
Another very useful feature Present Participle - education participial phrases in English. Examples of such turns are as follows.
| Example | Translation |
| He was telling this story laughing and joking | He told this story, laughing and joking |
| When walking down the street they observed a crowd of weird people dressed up in emerald-green cloaks | While walking down the street, they noticed a crowd strange people dressed in emerald green cloaks |
| Having dinner with my father, don"t forget not to mention your job, or he will never let me see you again | When having dinner with my father, remember: don't mention your work, otherwise he'll never let us see each other again. |
| Asking him for help, remember to be polite | When asking him for help, do not forget to be polite |
| He couldn't tell about his weekend without swearing | He couldn't talk about how he spent the weekend without swearing |
Formation of the past participle
The past participle in English for regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed. Below are examples.
| Verb | Translation | Past participle | Translation (as a participle) | Translation (as a gerund) |
| Enter | Enter | Entered | entered, entered, entered, entered | Logging in |
| Decide | Decide | Decided | Decided, decided, decided, decided | Having decided |
| Create | Create | Created | Created, created, created, created | Having created |
| Invent | Invent | Invented | invented, invented, invented, invented | Inventing |
| Prepare | Prepare | Prepared | Cooked, cooked, cooked, cooked | Having cooked |
The Past Participle form for irregular verbs can be found in the third column in the list of these verbs. It is impossible to deduce it, but to memorize it is quite possible. Here are some examples.
| Verb | Translation | Past participle | Translation (as a participle) | Translation (as a gerund) |
| Bring | Bring | Brought | Brought, brought, brought, brought | Bringing |
| Buy | Buy | Bought | Bought, bought, bought, bought | Having purchased |
| Begin | Begin | Begun | started, started, started, started | Having started |
| Put | Put | Put | Put, put, put, put | Putting |
| Pay | Pay | Paid | Paid, paid, paid, paid | Having paid |
Guided by this algorithm, you can special effort choose your own examples of past participles in English.
Participle phrase with past participle
What are some examples? This design looks like this:
Participial phrase with past participle
Such an adverbial phrase in English can be formulated by analogy with any of the following examples.
There is a rule: in English there are no commas. Although the intonation requires a pause, English punctuation Here it is significantly different from Russian.
Finally
Participial and adverbial phrases in English are formed in two ways, quite similar friend on a friend. This is not a difficult algorithm, and it is easy to master if you analyze and identify the pattern between the corresponding visual examples.
Hello there! Today's article is dedicated to fantastic creatures (not creatures) that you have probably heard about, but did not want to know - participles in English. We will tell you what types there are, what they mean, how they differ from gerunds, what functions they perform, and, most importantly, how to “tame” them and use them in speech.
Participle in English- this is an impersonal form of an English verb, which can have the properties of a verb , both adverbs and adjectives.
Good news: sometimes the English participle corresponds to the Russian one.
Bad news: it can be translated as a Russian gerund.
Scary news: English can easily be confused with a gerund.
Understand and come to terms: has several forms.
Present Participle (Participle I) - present participle
This participle form denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the predicate verb. To make Present Participle, you need to add the ending “-” to the verb. ing».
I looked at her realizing that was the first time I saw her after a long time.
I looked at her realizing that this was the first time I saw her after a long time.
A few spelling rules:
- If the word ends with " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends with "- ee", then it does not go down.
com e- com ing
s ee-s eeing
- If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled.
- If the word ends in " ie", That " ie" change to " y».
Functions of Present Participle in a sentence
- Definition(will come before or after a noun).
It was a very smiling boy.
It was very smiling boy.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
- Circumstance(at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, translated into Russian by a gerund with the ending “-aya”).
Reading an English book he wrote out many new words.
Reading English book, he wrote out many new words.
Traveling abroad, he attended few courses.
Traveling abroad, he attended several courses.
- Part of the predicate(together with forms of the verb “to be” forms the tenses of the Continuous group).
They will be working at that time tomorrow.
They they will work tomorrow at this time.
They are swimming together.
They swim together.
- After verbs of perception(hear, listen, feel, find, notice, watch, smell, see).
I see him looking at me.
I see him looking at me. (I see him, the beholder on me)
She notices us studying.
She noticed that we were studying. (She noticed us students)
Past Participle (Participle II) - past participle
Such participles are formed using the ending “- ed"(if the verb is correct) or 3rd form(if incorrect).
The museum was just opened last year
The museum was only open last year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers are grown in almost any part of the world.
Rules for adding the ending “-ed”:
- If the word ends with " -e", then only the ending "- d».
- If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, or if the word ends with “- l", preceded by a vowel, the final consonant is doubled .
adm i t - admitt ed
travel l- travell ed
- If the word ends in "- y", then "y" changes to " ie».
Functions of Past Participle in a sentence
- Definition(before or after the word being defined).
An opened book was on the table.
Open the book was on the table.
The methods used in this research were quite effective.
Methods, used in this study were quite effective.
- circumstance of time or reasons(answers the question: “When?”, “Why?”, “For what reason?”).
When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn't know.
When asked what he intended to do, he said he did not know.
Squeezed by the ice, the steamer couldn't continue the way.
Since the ship was compressed by ice ( squeezed ice), he could not continue his journey.
- Complex addition(with a noun or pronoun).
She heard her name mentioned.
She heard her name mentioned (she heard her name mentioned).
I want the work done immediately.
I want the job done immediately (I want the job done immediately).
- Part of the predicate(together with the verb to have forms a predicate in the tenses of the Perfect group).
He had translated the text before I came.
He translated text before I came.
- Predicative(after the verbs be, feel, look, get, become)
My pencil is broken.
My pencil broken.
She looked scared.
She looked scared.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt depressed.
IMPORTANT! Russian past participles ( what did he do- arrived, arrived) are translated into English using subordinate clauses without the participation of participles.
The delegation that arrived yesterday is staying at the hotel.
Delegation, arrived yesterday, I stayed at a hotel (the verb “arrive” has a second form, Past Simple).
The policeman who came up to him asked him to show his driver's license. Policeman, approached to him and asked to see his driver's license.
Passive participle
If an object or person did not perform an action independently, but the action was performed on it, you need Passive Voice .
It also happens at communion. For this we need "be" + "-ing" + "V3"(being done, being built).
The food being served at the party was very tasty.
Food, filed at the party it was very tasty (being served is a passive participle, because the food did not serve itself, someone did).
What is the difference between a gerund and a participle?
It will be impossible to confuse you if you remember 2 details:
- A gerund in Russian can always be replaced with a verbal noun (even if it comes out clumsily).
Walking is so pleasant...
Walking is so nice.
I don't like being offended by you.
I don’t like that you offend me (I don’t like “offending”).
- The participle is always attached to the noun, but the gerund walks on its own.
That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.
That screaming on the policeman Human seems familiar to me. (“shouting” refers to the noun “man” – participle)
Shouting will not do any good.
Screams will not help matters (“shouting” is a gerund).
Perfect participle
This participle is formed from the verb “ have" in Present Participle (that is, with the ending "- ing") And semantic verb Past Participle.
This formula " having» + « V3"looks like this: having done (having done), having translated (translating), having visited (having visited).
The perfect participle shows that the action being expressed happened earlier than the main action in a sentence. In the latter, it performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and corresponds to the Russian perfect participle.
We use the perfect participle to combine sentences and make speech more fluent and coherent.
Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having purchased bike, she rode it home.
Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house.
Lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.
Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn’t want to move to another city.
If it’s difficult to understand, then just use “ after» + gerund(will be the same in meaning):
After Grows from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduation University, he decided to go to the Far East.
Perfect participle passive voice is formed as follows: “ having been» + « V3».
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was prepared ( being cooked), it looked very tasty.
Formation of participles in English
Conclusion
So, English participles are not an easy topic. Let's simplify and summarize their use:
1) Present Participle (doing, translating) answers the questions: “ Doing what?», « Which?»,« What do you do?».
2) Past Participle (done, translated): “ Which?», « What did he do?».
3) Perfect Participle (having done): “ What did you do?».
We hope this article will help you understand English like never before!
Big and friendly EnglishDom family
There are two forms of participle in English. On the one hand, they seem to be similar, on the other, they have completely different semantic and grammatical functions.
Participle 1 and Participle 2 help make a sentence informative and logical by highlighting the predicate verb, characterizing the subject, and allowing two actions to be reflected.
Education Participle 1
Participle 1 or Present Participle reflects the duration of the process, emphasizing the simultaneity of the action with the predicate. The present participle is formed from verb + ending - ing:
write – writing (writing)
Writing features:
- short vowel: run – running;
- ends with “e”, and is preceded by a consonant: take – taking, but: see – seeing; - to die, to lie, to tie (die, lie, tie) change “ie” to “y”: die – dying, lie – lying, tie – tying.
- ends with l: travelling
Temporary forms:
Present Participle 1 Active: working - simultaneous actions in the present
Present Participle 1 Passive: being working - simultaneous actions in the present + indicates the impact on the subject
Perfect Participle 1 Active: having worked – precedes the action of the predicate
Perfect Participle 1 Passive: having been worked - precedes the action of the predicate and indicates that the subject has been affected
Participle 1 functions
In a sentence, the present participle can do the following: functions:
1. How the definition is used before or after a noun.
The dancing girls are our students. – The dancing girls are our students.
2. If used in a function circumstances, then translated into Russian with the ending “a”, “ya” or “v” (asking, arriving, holding). Can express circumstances of time, cause, manner of action and comparison.
Arriving at the station he bought a newspaper. - Arriving at the station, he bought a newspaper (time).
He was silent for a while, as if pausing for a reply. – He was silent for a while, as if pausing for an answer (comparison).
He was standing on the top of the mountauns admiring the beautiful view. — He stood on the top of the mountain, enjoying beautiful view(mode of action).
Having worked a little at this factory I understood everything. – Since I worked a little at this factory before, I understood everything (the reasons).
3. As part of the predicate.
The answer of the student is disappointing. – The student’s answer is disappointing.
Education Participle 2
Participle 2 corresponds to the Russian form passive participle: broken, written, read. This part speech has only one form and is used to describe a completed action. In other words, we can say that this is a result expressed by a sign or state.
Broken leg - broken leg;
Locked door – closed door.
Past Participle is formed from infinitive without to + suffix – ed. Or, if the verb is irregular, its 3rd form is used - the Past Participle table (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs).
Open – opened (open);
Teach – taught;
Dress – dressed (dressed).
Use in a sentence
Like any member of a sentence, in English the participle fulfills certain functions. So Participle 2 can be a circumstance, a definition, or part of a predicate.
1. How to define used before a noun. It is translated into Russian by the past participle and describes an action performed on an object. Or this part of speech can come after the noun and be accompanied by explanatory words:
It was a untidily written letter. “It was a sloppily written letter.”
A parcel sent from Paris will be in London in some days. – The parcel sent today from Paris will be in London in a few days.
Note: The preposition by helps to designate the person or thing that performed the action expressed by Participle 2.
A parcel sent from Paris by my brother will be in London in some days. — The parcel sent by my brother today from Paris will be in London in a few days.
2. As a circumstance can characterize the time, conditions of expression of an action, concession or comparison of actions. When and while are often used to express time, conditions are until, if, concessions are though, although. Conjunctions are not used in all sentences, so to determine the function, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase.
When called she refused to come. – When she was called, she refused to come (time).
He will speak for hours until interrupted. - He will talk forever until he is interrupted (condition).
“I have to go home”, he repeated as if hypnotized. - “I have to go home,” he repeated, as if hypnotized (comparison).
3. As a nominal part of a predicate:
She looked worried. “She looked worried.
Though crushed, she wasn’t broken. – She didn’t show it, although she was depressed. (concessions)
Participle 1 and Participle 2 are used in participial phrases, which have their own characteristics.
This impersonal verb form combines the properties of an adjective, an adverb, and a verb. It’s such a multifaceted participle in English!
