Which people are the most
ancient on earth?
Bushmen. Conditional
"forefather
Adam "(haplogroup A00)
lived in South Africa
about 138,000 years
back and was a bushman.
Below are grouped by
"antiquity" and
genetic relationship in
percentage of carriers
dominant in
current gene populations
European peoples and their
genetic
"relatives".
Probably difficult right away
accept the fact that
Norwegians and Abkhazians, as well as
Basques with Bashkirs
relatives "by blood", and
"Aryan" gene of oriental
rather Altai Slavs,
but genetics is an exact science, and
facts are stubborn things.
* What do the numbers below mean?
In short, they show that 77% of Scots, for example, and 36% of Turkmens have one common ancestor, a male, who lived about 16,500 years ago in southern Siberia.
★
European haplogroups
(Y-DNA) by time
("antiquity") and place
occurrence (names
conditional):
"E": "Hamites", ~ 55,000 years
back, East Africa
"G": "Circassians", ~ 30.000,
Near East
"I": "dinarians", ~ 25.000,
Europe or Asia Minor
"J": "Semites", ~ 25.000,
Near East
"L": "harappa", ~ 25.000,
Hindustan
"N": "eels", ~ 20.000,
Yunnan (China)
"R1a": "arias", ~ 18.500,
Southern Siberia or Russian
Plain
"R1b": "Celts", ~ 16.500,
West Asia or South
Siberia
Language families:
ALT - Altai
AFR - Afrasian
ALS - Basque (isolate)
BUR - burushaski (isolate)
IE - Indo-European
KAR - Kartvelian
SK - Sino-Caucasian
URA - Ural
★ "E" - "hamites"
83.1 AFR Somalis
79.5 AFR Oromo (Ethiopia)
57.1 AFR Arabs (Algeria)
52.2 AFR Arabs (Tunisia)
45.8 AFR Amhara (Ethiopia)
45.6 IE Albanians (Kosovo)
39.5 AFR Arabs (Egypt)
31.6 IE Greeks
29.8 IE Macedonian
gypsies
27.9 AFR Arabs (Morocco)
20.7 IE Bulgarians
So much for you "българы
Slovene is ... "
★ "G" - "Circassians"
29.0 SK Kabardians
★ "I" - "dinarians"
63.8 IE Herzegovinians
58.0 SC Dargins
(Dagestan)
42.3 IE Sardinians (Italy)
42.0 IE Bosnians
40.3 IE Norwegians
40.0 IE Swedes
38.2 IE Slovenes
38.1 IE Croats
35.2 IE Moldovans (Sofia)
33.3 SK Abkhaz
31.3 ALT Gagauz (Kongaz)
29.2 IE Serbs
29.1 IE Macedonians
22.8 URA Hungarians
22.2 IE Romanians
... and Hungarians Finno-Ugric
only by language. And the dinars
(Vinca culture) seems to be
the oldest in Europe.
★ "J" - "Semites"
82.3 AFR Arab (Yemen)
71.4 SK Avars (Dagestan)
70.4 SC Chamalins
(Dagestan)
66.7 AFR Arabs (Qatar)
65.6 Arab Bedouin AFR
58.1 SK Lezgins (Dagestan)
55.2 AFR Arabs (Palestine)
55.1 SK Andians (Dagestan)
51.2 SC Tabasarans
(Dagestan)
47.9 AFR Arabs (Oman)
46.1 ALT Kumyks (Dagestan)
45.2 AFR Arabs (Lebanon)
45.0 AFR Arabs (Syria)
43.0 IE Ashkenazi Jews
40.0 IE Muslim Kurds
38.9 IE Greeks (Crete)
37.4 IE Yezidi Kurds
36.5 CAR Georgians
35.0 IE Iranians (southern)
33.5 ALT Turks
32.0 SK Ingush
27.5 IE Albanians
25.0 ALT Balkars
Dagestanis and Cretans,
Georgians and Arabs in one
family. Wonderful are your deeds,
Genome.
★ "L" - "proto-Indians"
25.0 IE Kalash (Pakistan)
★ "N" - "Finno-Ugric"
85.1 URA Udmurts
80.0 ALT Yakuts
63.2 URA Finns
50.0 URA Mari
47.2 URA Sami
43.0 IE Lithuanians
42.1 IE Latvians
40.6 URA Estonians
35.1 URA Komi
It turns out that Estonians are smaller
Finno-Ugrians than the former
"classic"
Indo-Europeans Lithuanians.
★★★ "R1a"
This is generally the end of all statements about the special "racial purity of the Aryans."
The biggest Aryans -
Kyrgyz.
63.5 ALT Kyrgyz
56.4 IE Poles
53.1 ALT Altai
47.0 IE Russians
44.8 IE Pashtuns
(Afghanistan)
45.6 IE Belarusians
41.5 IE Ukrainians
39.1 URA Mordva-Erzya
36.0 ALT Karachais
34.7 IE Moldovans-
karagasans
34.1 ALT Tatars
31.6 ALT Chuvash
27.8 BUR Burushaski
(Pakistan)
26.8 ALT Gagauz (Etulia)
26.5 URA Mordva-Moksha
25.1 ALT Uzbeks
★ "R1b" - "Celts"
89.0 IE Welsh (Wales)
88.1 BAS basques
81.5 IE Irish
79.2 IE Catalans
77.1 IE Scots
68.8 IE Bretons
67.9 SK Baghvalins
(Dagestan)
70.4 IE Dutch
68.0 IE Spanish
66.0 IE Orcneans
(Scotland)
65.5 IE Andalusians
(Spain)
63.0 IE Belgians
62.0 IE Italians
62.0 IE Portuguese
56.0 IE friezes (Holland)
52.2 IE French
50.0 IE Bavarians
47.9 IE Germans
47.5 ALT Bashkirs
42.6 IE Ossetians
41.7 IE Danes
41.4 IE Icelanders
36.7 ALT Turkmen
35.6 IE Czechs and Slovaks
32.4 IE Armenians
32.4 IE Calabrians
(Italy)
32.3 IE Yagnobis
(Tajikistan)
32.0 IE Austrians
29.5 IE Sephardi Jews
Unknown tribes
There are many assumptions about which ancient people really appeared before everyone else. The Chinese, Jews, Sumerians and Egyptians, long gone into oblivion, claim the right to be the oldest.
Archeology cannot give an exact answer to this question. Considering the age of the surviving cultural monuments and written sources, the Jewish people can be called the most ancient. However, the written sources mentioning the first Jew also say that at that time more than 70 peoples lived on Earth. Consequently, not Jews, but unknown tribes that did not leave behind architectural monuments, should be considered the most ancient.
Khoisan peoples
The recent discovery, probably, made it possible to identify such a people, one of the oldest on the planet. In the south of the African continent, the Khoisan peoples live, which, according to existing studies, appeared more than 100,000 years
back. This is a group of small tribes that use a special, clicking language in conversation. In particular, among these tribes there are Bushmen-hunters and pastoralists-Hottentots, who have survived on the territory of such African states as, for example, South Africa.
By the way, the origin of the Khoisan peoples is a special scientific mystery. Until now, it is not known where the peculiar clicking language used by the tribes came from. No other culture has found such speech. Moreover, even the neighboring tribes living in the immediate vicinity of the Khoisan peoples speak completely different languages.
Recently, a group of scientists led by Carolina Schlebusch from Sweden offered the world scientific community proof of the primacy of the Khoisan tribes. After decoding their genome and comparing them with the genomes of other representatives of the African continent, Carolina Shebush came to the conclusion that the Khoisans are the most ancient people.
100,000 years ago
The genomes of 220 volunteers recruited from 11 Hottentots and Bushmen tribes were examined. Their blood samples have been thoroughly analyzed. To calculate the kinship of tribes with other peoples, 2,200,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms were isolated, the differences between which were only one "letter".
It turned out that the Khoisan people separated from a single tree more than 100,000 years back, before the migration of mankind from Africa to other continents began. The division of the people into northern and southern groups occurred approximately 43,000 years
back. At the same time, a small part of the population retained its roots, and other representatives, like the Khe tribe, lost their ethnic characteristics, interbreeding with the newcomer Bantu.
It is curious that the Khoisan genome has characteristic differences. Special genes, which are still carried by the Bushmen, provide endurance and muscle strength. In addition, representatives of these tribes are highly vulnerable to the ultraviolet spectrum of radiation.
Khoisan genome
This discovery has brought confusion to the ranks of archaeologists. It turns out that humanity did not come from a single group, as previously assumed, but from several. This significantly complicates the search for the homeland of the first people who theoretically arose in Africa. Of course, not all scientists were delighted with this discovery, since it casts doubt on their merits.
Soon, Carolina Schlebush plans to open access to information about the Khoisan genome. This will help make the research of anthropologists and paleogeneticists interested in this topic more effective. Perhaps the common work will allow us to get closer to solving the riddle of how over 100,000 years
the genome of individual branches of humanity was changing.
The question of the most ancient people is still open. Any theory can be challenged by new facts. It is not known what other surprises science will present to humanity in the future.
It has been fashionable to "lengthen" its history at all times. Therefore, each nation strives to demonstrate its ancestry, starting from the ancient world, and even better, from the Stone Age. But there are peoples whose antiquity is beyond doubt.
Armenians (II millennium BC)
Among the most ancient peoples of the world, the Armenians are perhaps the youngest. However, there are many blank spots in their ethnogenesis. For a long time, until the end of the 19th century, the canonical version of the origin of the Armenian people was their origin from the legendary king Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC to the territory of Van. He was the first to outline the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat and became the founder of the Armenian Kingdom. It is believed that it is from his name that the self-designation of the Armenians "hai" originates.
This version was replicated by the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. For early Armenian settlements, he took the ruins of the state of Urartra in the area of Lake Van. The current official version says that the proto-Armenian tribes - the Mushki and Urumeians - came to these territories in the second quarter of the 12th century. BC e., even before the formation of the Urartian state, after the destruction of the Hittite state by them. Here they mixed with the local tribes of the Hurrians, Urarts and Luwians.
According to the historian Boris Piotrovsky, the rudiments of the Armenian statehood should be sought during the existence of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubriya, known since the 1200s BC.
Jews (II-I millennium BC)
There are even more mysteries with the history of the Jewish people than with the history of Armenia. For a long time it was believed that the concept of "Jews" is more cultural than ethnic. That is, that the “Jews” were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. In science, fierce discussions are still underway about what the Jews were originally - a people, a social stratum, a religious denomination. According to the main source on the ancient history of the Jewish people - the Old Testament,
Jews trace their origins back to Abraham (XXI-XX centuries BC), who himself came from the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia.
Together with his father, he moved to Canaan, where later his descendants seized the lands of local peoples (according to legend, the descendants of Noah's son Ham) and called Canaan "the land of Israel." According to another version, the Jewish people were formed during the "Exodus from Egypt".
If we take the linguistic version of the origin of the Jews, then they separated from the Western Semitic-speaking group in the II millennium BC. NS. Their closest "brothers in language" are the Amorites and Phoenicians. Recently, a "genetic version" of the origin of the Jewish people has also appeared. According to her, the three main groups of Jews - Ashkenazi (America - Europe), Mizrahim (countries of the Middle East and North Africa) and Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) have similar genetics, which confirms their common roots. According to Abraham's Children in the Genome Era, the ancestors of all three groups originated in Mesopotamia. 2500 years ago (approximately during the reign of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar) they split into two groups, one of which went to Europe and North Africa, the other settled in the Middle East.
Ethiopians (III millennium BC)
Ethiopia belongs to the East African, the most ancient area of origin of mankind. Its mythological history begins with the legendary country of Punt ("Land of the Gods"), which the ancient Egyptians considered their ancestral home. It is mentioned in Egyptian sources of the 3rd millennium BC. n. NS. However, if the location, as well as the existence of this legendary country, is a controversial issue, then the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the Nile Delta was a very real neighbor of Ancient Egypt, which more than once called the existence of the latter into question. Despite the fact that the heyday of the Kushite kingdom fell on 300 BC. - 300 AD, civilization originated here much earlier, back in the 2400s BC. together with the first Nubian kingdom of Kerma.
For some time Ethiopia was a colony of the ancient Sabaean kingdom (Sheba), the ruler of which was the legendary Queen of Sheba. Hence the legend of the "Solomon dynasty", which claims that the Ethiopian kings are direct descendants of Solomon and the Ethiopian Makeda (the Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba).
Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)
If the Jews came from the western group of Semitic tribes, then the Assyrians belonged to the northern. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they achieved predominance in the territory of Northern Mesopotamia, but, according to the historian Sadaev, their isolation could have occurred even earlier - in the 4th millennium BC. The Assyrian Empire, which existed from the 8th - 6th centuries BC, is considered the first empire in the history of mankind.
Modern Assyrians consider themselves to be the direct descendants of the population of Northern Mesopotamia, although this is a controversial fact in the scientific community. Some researchers support this point of view, some call the current Assyrians the descendants of the Arameans.
Chinese (4500-2500 BC)
The Chinese people, or Han, make up 19% of the world's population today. It originated on the basis of the Neolithic cultures that developed in the V-III millennia BC. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, in one of the centers of world civilizations. This is confirmed by both archeology and linguistics. The latter distinguishes them into the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, which emerged in the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Subsequently, in the further formation of the Han, numerous tribes of the Mongoloid race took part, speaking Tibetan, Indonesian, Thai, Altai and other languages, very different in culture. The history of the Han people is closely related to the history of China, and to this day, they constitute the bulk of the country's population.
Basques (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)
A long time ago, in the 4th millennium BC, the migration of Indo-Europeans began, who settled most of Eurasia. Today, the languages of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all peoples of modern Europe. All, except for the euskadi, are more familiar to us by the name "Basques". Their age, origin and language are some of the main mysteries of modern history. Someone believes that the ancestors of the Basques were the first population of Europe, someone says that they had a common homeland with the Caucasian peoples. But be that as it may,
The Basque language - Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-Popean language that does not belong to any language family that exists today. In terms of genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguish them from other peoples around them. According to scientists, this speaks in favor of the opinion that the Proto-Basques stood out as a separate culture 16 thousand years ago, during the Paleolithic.
Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)
A recent discovery by scientists has given the first place in the list of ancient peoples to the Khoisan, a group of peoples of South Africa who speak the so-called "clicking tongues". These include, including hunters - Bushmen and Gogenttots herders.
A group of geneticists from Sweden found that they separated from the common tree of mankind 100 thousand years ago, that is, even before the start of the exodus from Africa and the dispersal of people around the world.
Approximately 43 thousand years ago, the Khoisans were divided into a southern and northern group. According to the researchers, part of the Khoisan population retained its ancient roots, some, like the Khwe tribe, interbred with the new Bantu peoples for a long time and lost their genetic identity.
Khoisan DNA differs from the genes of the rest of the world. In it were found "relic" genes responsible for increased strength and endurance of muscles, as well as for high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.
Among the most ancient peoples of the world, the Armenians are perhaps the youngest. However, there are many blank spots in their ethnogenesis. For a long time, until the end of the 19th century, the canonical version of the origin of the Armenian people was their origin from the legendary King Hayk, who came from Mesopotamia in 2492 BC to the territory of Van. He was the first to outline the borders of the new state around Mount Ararat and became the founder of the Armenian Kingdom. It is believed that it is from his name that the self-designation of the Armenians "hai" originates.
This version was replicated by the early medieval Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi. For early Armenian settlements, he took the ruins of the state of Urartra in the area of Lake Van. The current official version says that the proto-Armenian tribes - the Mushki and Urumeians - came to these territories in the second quarter of the 12th century. BC e., even before the formation of the Urartian state, after the destruction of the Hittite state by them. Here they mixed with the local tribes of the Hurrians, Urarts and Luwians.
According to the historian Boris Piotrovsky, the rudiments of the Armenian statehood should be sought during the existence of the Hurrian kingdom of Arme-Shubriya, known since the 1200s BC.
Jews (II-I millennium BC)
There are even more mysteries with the history of the Jewish people than with the history of Armenia. For a long time it was believed that the concept of "Jews" is more cultural than ethnic. That is, that the "Jews" were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. In science, fierce discussions are still underway about what the Jews were originally - a people, a social stratum, a religious denomination. According to the main source on the ancient history of the Jewish people - the Old Testament,
Jews trace their origins back to Abraham (XXI-XX centuries BC), who himself came from the Sumerian city of Ur in Ancient Mesopotamia.
Together with his father, he moved to Canaan, where later his descendants seized the lands of local peoples (according to legend, the descendants of Noah's son Ham) and called Canaan "the land of Israel." According to another version, the Jewish people were formed during the "Exodus from Egypt".
If we take the linguistic version of the origin of the Jews, then they separated from the Western Semitic-speaking group in the II millennium BC. NS. Their closest "brothers in language" are the Amorites and Phoenicians. Recently, a "genetic version" of the origin of the Jewish people has also appeared. According to her, the three main groups of Jews - Ashkenazi (America - Europe), Mizrahim (countries of the Middle East and North Africa) and Sephardim (Iberian Peninsula) have similar genetics, which confirms their common roots. According to Abraham's Children in the Genome Era, the ancestors of all three groups originated in Mesopotamia. 2500 years ago (approximately during the reign of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar) they split into two groups, one of which went to Europe and North Africa, the other settled in the Middle East.
Ethiopians (III millennium BC)
Ethiopia belongs to the East African, the most ancient area of origin of mankind. Its mythological history begins with the legendary country of Punt ("Land of the Gods"), which the ancient Egyptians considered their ancestral home. It is mentioned in Egyptian sources of the 3rd millennium BC. n. NS. However, if the location, as well as the existence of this legendary country, is a controversial issue, then the Nubian kingdom of Kush in the Nile Delta was a very real neighbor of Ancient Egypt, which more than once called the existence of the latter into question. Despite the fact that the heyday of the Kushite kingdom fell on 300 BC. - 300 AD, civilization originated here much earlier, back in the 2400s BC. together with the first Nubian kingdom of Kerma.
For some time Ethiopia was a colony of the ancient Sabaean kingdom (Sheba), the ruler of which was the legendary Queen of Sheba. Hence the legend of the "Solomon dynasty", which claims that the Ethiopian kings are direct descendants of Solomon and the Ethiopian Makeda (the Ethiopian name for the Queen of Sheba).
Assyrians (IV-III millennium BC)
If the Jews came from the western group of Semitic tribes, then the Assyrians belonged to the northern. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they achieved predominance in the territory of Northern Mesopotamia, but, according to the historian Sadaev, their isolation could have occurred even earlier - in the 4th millennium BC. The Assyrian Empire, which existed from the 8th - 6th centuries BC, is considered the first empire in the history of mankind.
Modern Assyrians consider themselves to be the direct descendants of the population of Northern Mesopotamia, although this is a controversial fact in the scientific community. Some researchers support this point of view, some call the current Assyrians the descendants of the Arameans.
Chinese (4500-2500 BC)
The Chinese people, or Han, make up 19% of the world's population today. It originated on the basis of the Neolithic cultures that developed in the V-III millennia BC. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, in one of the centers of world civilizations. This is confirmed by both archeology and linguistics. The latter distinguishes them into the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, which emerged in the middle of the 5th millennium BC. Subsequently, in the further formation of the Han, numerous tribes of the Mongoloid race took part, speaking Tibetan, Indonesian, Thai, Altai and other languages, very different in culture. The history of the Han people is closely related to the history of China, and to this day, they constitute the bulk of the country's population.
Basques (possibly XIV-X millennium BC)
A long time ago, in the 4th millennium BC, the migration of Indo-Europeans began, who settled most of Eurasia. Today, the languages of the Indo-European family are spoken by almost all peoples of modern Europe. All, except for the euskadi, are more familiar to us by the name "Basques". Their age, origin and language are some of the main mysteries of modern history. Someone believes that the ancestors of the Basques were the first population of Europe, someone says that they had a common homeland with the Caucasian peoples. But be that as it may,
The Basque language - Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-Popean language that does not belong to any language family that exists today. In terms of genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguish them from other peoples around them. According to scientists, this speaks in favor of the opinion that the Proto-Basques stood out as a separate culture 16 thousand years ago, during the Paleolithic.
Khoisan peoples (100 thousand years ago)
A recent discovery by scientists has placed the Khoisans, a group of peoples in South Africa who speak the so-called "clicking tongues", at the top of the list of ancient peoples. These include, including hunters - Bushmen and Gogenttots herders.
A group of geneticists from Sweden found that they separated from the common tree of mankind 100 thousand years ago, that is, even before the start of the exodus from Africa and the dispersal of people around the world.
Approximately 43 thousand years ago, the Khoisans were divided into a southern and northern group. According to the researchers, part of the Khoisan population retained its ancient roots, some, like the Khwe tribe, interbred with the new Bantu peoples for a long time and lost their genetic identity.
Khoisan DNA differs from the genes of the rest of the world. In it were found "relic" genes responsible for increased strength and endurance of muscles, as well as for high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation.
Original taken from servicefree
in post Oleg Timofeevich Vinogradov, an outstanding Russian surgeon and writer, served in the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union for over 30 years, was awarded 15 medals and one order. Since 80, he began to professionally study the ancient history of the Slavs.
Monograph by Vinogradov "Ancient Vedic Russia is the basis of existence" was published in 2008 and sold out instantly. To declare the book extremist, in 2011 the author was accused of the standard "Russian set" under Article 282
Drawing from a book
... in the best quality:
http://lib.rus.ec/i/47/229447/doc2fb_image_02000001.jpg
Book "Ancient Vedic Russia - the basis of existence"(download) :
http://narod.ru/disk/36694522001/vinogradov_drevn.zip.html
The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the sphere of defense research, and even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around them is unprecedented. The atomic project at its initial stage is not even comparable: then something still leaked into the press, and in this case, nothing at all.
What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.
Agnation.
Why information is being hidden - more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists.
There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, half he inherits from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y-chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides, which is passed from generation to generation without any changes for millennia. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has exactly the same haplogroup in his DNA as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, etc., for many generations.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same in all people of the same biological origin, that is, in men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, which is different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic tag. In the biblical system of concepts, it is possible to represent the matter in such a way that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different nations, each of them marked with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y-chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings.)
Of course, there is nothing absolutely unchanged in nature, for motion is a form of the existence of matter. Haplogroups also change (in biology, such changes are called mutations), but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. So, American scientists have found that one such mutation occurred 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain. A boy was born with a haplogroup slightly different from that of his father, to which they assigned a genetic classification R1a1... Paternal R1a mutated, and a new R1a1.
The mutation turned out to be very viable. The genus R1a1, which this very boy began, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and bred over a vast area. Currently, the owners of the R1a1 haplogroup make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnos. This set of nucleotides is "Russianness" from the point of view of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in their genetically modern form were born on the European part of present-day Russia about 4500 years ago. The boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men living on earth today, in whose DNA this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they said before, blood descendants and among themselves - blood relatives, in the aggregate they constitute a single people - Russian.
Biology is an exact science.
She does not allow ambiguous interpretations, and genetic conclusions on the establishment of kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, a genetic-statistical analysis of the structure of the population, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, allows tracing the historical paths of peoples much more reliably than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She is either one or the other. And if a statistically significant number of indigenous inhabitants of any territory has a certain haplogroup, it can be argued with absolute certainty that these people come from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.
Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in questions of origin, began to wander the world, take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and those of others. What they have done is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many long-standing myths.
So, having emerged 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain (the place of maximum concentration of R1a1 is the ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. Then they looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the "civilization of cities" from the bone remains: a typical Russian beauty has turned out, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.
Haplogroup R1a1 in the ancient world.
3500 years ago, haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the arrival of Russians in India is better known than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is also other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic ones.
It is known that the ancient Rus were called at that time Aryans (as they are recorded in Indian texts). It is also known that it was not the local Indians who gave them this name, but that this is a self-name. In hydronymics and toponymy, convincing evidence of this has been preserved - the Ariyka river, the villages of Upper Ary and Lower Ary in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.
It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 3500 years ago (the time of birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists at the site of the first excavations called Harappan. Before their disappearance, this people, who had cities in the Indus and Ganges valleys populous at that time, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications, apparently, did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan one.
The first monument of the Indian epic, which speaks of the appearance of the Aryans, was completed in writing 400 years later, in the 11th century. BC e., and in the III century. BC NS. in its already completed form, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit was formed, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language.
Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the higher castes there are almost half of them - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the higher castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidians).
Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the Iranian population is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in its opinion about the Aryan (i.e., Russian) roots of the ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings liked to emphasize their Aryan origin, which is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by their popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.
Our ancestors migrated not only to the east and south (to India and Iran), but also to the west - to where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, the owners of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England - the least (3%).
Unfortunately, there is still no ethnogenetic information on the European tribal aristocracy, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed across all social strata of the population, or, as in India and, presumably, in Iran, the Aryans were nobles in the lands where they came ... The only reliable evidence in favor of the latter version was a side result of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y chromosomes of the tsar and the heir to Alexei were identical to those taken from their relatives from the English royal family. This means that at least one royal house of Europe, namely the house of the Germanic Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.
However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) are in any case our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13,000 years ago.
The resettlement of the Russian Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further to the north; and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India, they lived near the Arctic Circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special linguistic group - the so-called. "Indo-European" (Correct: Slavic-Aryan)... These are almost all European languages, some languages of modern Iran and India and, of course, Russian and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for an obvious reason: in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they stand next to the original source - Aryan proto-language, from which all other "Indo-European" languages grew.
Note - in more detail about European languages, as remakes - "How the" national "languages-remakes were created in the XVIII-XIX centuries"- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/71015.html
"It's impossible to argue. You need to shut up."
The above is irrefutable natural science facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Challenging them is like disagreeing with the results of a blood test at a polyclinic. They are not disputed. They are simply hushed up. They are silent amicably and stubbornly, they are silent, one might say, totally. And there are reasons for that.
The first such reason is quite trivial and boils down to scientific pseudo-solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.
For example, you will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. In the blood of the male part of the Russian population, traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained. But they are not! Solid R1a1 - and nothing else, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Russia was not at all what it is customary to think of it: if the Mongols were present there, then in a statistically insignificant number, and who was called "Tatars" is generally incomprehensible. Well, who of the scientists will refute the scientific foundations, backed up by mountains of literature and great authorities ?!
see the myth of the Tatar-Mongol yoke- http://ladstas.livejournal.com/16811.html
No one wants to spoil relations with colleagues and be branded as an extremist, destroying long-standing myths. In the academic environment, this happens all the time: if the facts do not correspond to the theory, so much the worse for the facts.
The second reason, incomparably more significant, relates to the field of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.
Throughout new history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of the Russians as barbarians, who had recently come down from the trees, by nature backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that Russians - these are the very arias, which had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and in Europe itself! That it is precisely the Russians that the Europeans owe a lot in their prosperous life, starting with the languages they speak. It is no coincidence that in modern history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It was no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. Etc.
Great historical tradition
It is no coincidence that behind all this there is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remains in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifests itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. It manifests itself with an iron inevitability due to the fact that it has grown on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for four and a half millennia.
Western politicians and ideologists have something to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they don't want to think and change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan theme.
The actual Russian situation
The main thing lies in the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and current liberals is precisely the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilev in his theory of ethnogenesis: "From a mixture of Alans, Ugrians, Slavs and Turks, the Great Russian nationality developed." The "national leader" repeats the conventional wisdom "scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar." Etc.
Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such does not exist, but there is some kind of amorphous "mixture", then anyone can manage this "mixture": even the Germans, even the African pygmies, even the Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is an ideological justification for the domination of the non-Russian "elite" in Russia (formerly Soviet, now liberal).
But then the Americans intervene with their genetics, and it turns out that there is no "mixture", that the Russian people have existed unchanged for 4500 years, that the Alans with the Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate distinctive peoples, etc. And the question immediately arises: why, then, Russia has not been ruled by Russians for nearly a century? It is illogical and wrong, the Russians should be ruled by the Russians.
Czech Jan Hus
Similarly, 600 years ago, the Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, reasoned:
"The Czechs in the Czech kingdom, by law and by the demand of nature, must be the first in office, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands."
This statement was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.
Now morals have softened, professors are not burned, but so that people would not be tempted to succumb to the Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply "abolished" the Russian people: "a mixture," they say. And all would be fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes - and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them with, all that remains is to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and worn-out Russophobic propaganda record.
The collapse of the myth of the Russian people
The collapse of the myth of the Russian people as an ethnic mixture automatically destroys another myth - the myth of Russia's multinationality.
Until now, they tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette made from the Russian "you can't understand what" and many indigenous peoples and newcomer diasporas. With such a structure, all of its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is supposedly "multinational."
But genetic research gives a very different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there are no reasons not to believe them: they are authoritative scientists, they value their reputation, and they have no reason to lie - in such and such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the total male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the data of the penultimate census, 80% of the respondents consider themselves to be Russians, that is, 10% more - they are Russianized representatives of other peoples (it is in these 10%, if you "scratch", you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living in the territory of the Russian Federation. Total: Russia is a mono-national, albeit multi-ethnic, country with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. This is where the logic of Jan Hus begins to work.
Backwardness
Further - about backwardness. The Judeo-Christian clergy had a solid hand in this myth: they say, before the baptism of Russia, people lived in it in complete savagery. Wow "wildness"! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the aborigines their language, and all this long before the so-called. "Nativity of Christ" ... Does not fit, does not fit the real story with its Judeo-Christian church version. There is in the Russian people something primordial, natural, not reducible to their religious life.
Of course, one cannot put an equal sign between biology and the social sphere. There are undoubtedly points of contact between them, but how one passes into another, how the material becomes ideal, is unknown to science. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions, different peoples have a different nature of life. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to the Russians, many peoples lived and now live, but none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of the Russian-Aryans in antiquity. The natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore, the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something in common for all of them: they are great on a historical scale of values and far exceed the achievements of their neighbors.
"Everything flows, everything changes", "... except for the human soul."
The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the dictum "Everything flows, everything changes." Less well known is the continuation of his phrase: "... except for the human soul." While a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to her in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. The soul of the people is unchanged as long as the body of the people is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature with a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as people with haplogroup R1a1 in the Y chromosome exist on earth, their people retain their souls unchanged.
Language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, and the Russian soul remains the same as for all 4500 years of the people's existence in its current genetic form. And in the aggregate, the body with the soul, constituting a single biosocial entity under the name "Russian people", have a natural ability to great achievements of a civilizational scale. The Russian people have demonstrated this many times in the past, this potential is preserved in the present, and will always exist as long as the people live.
It is very important to know this and through the prism of knowledge to evaluate current events, words and actions of people, to determine their own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the "Russian nation". Knowledge of the history of the people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the worst thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. Therefore, they are trying to hide this knowledge. And we are trying to make it publicly available.
Spirin Vladimir Georgievich
