"Petersburg of Peter" - Peter and Paul Fortress. Russian dress. Life of St. Petersburg. Shameless ignorance. Beard sign. New capital. Comparison criteria. Master. Petrovskoe Baroque. Work with plans and a map of the city. Order huts. Compare the fortresses. Peter's assemblies. Vedomosti. Sinkwine. Knowledge of architectural structures.
"The Board of Peter 1" - Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676). Inspired, impudent, handsome. Peter. Rus, who felt the burning need for something new, the need for transformation ... ”S.М. Soloviev. 2. The beginning of the reign of Peter I. Golitsyn was sent into exile. He defeated the Swedes at Poltava. Cover. Who was supposed to become king according to the existing order of succession to the throne?
"Lesson Peter 1" - Preobrazhenskoye village. Game "Guess who I am". Patrick Gordon. Petr Andreevich Tolstoy. V.I.Surikov "The Morning of the Strelets' Execution". Franz Lefort. The Great Embassy (1697-1698). Alexey Semenovich Shein. Companions of Peter I. Assess the significance of the presented characteristics about Peter I. Support your answer with a passage from this text.
"Amusing troops" - "Amusing" there were already two regiments: Semyonovsky was added to Preobrazhensky, located in the village of Semyonovskoye. The amusing regiment became known as Preobrazhensky. In the fall of 1690, the first maneuvers took place, organized according to all the rules of military art. Peter dressed and armed his "amusing" army, which consisted of peers in boyish games.
"The birth of an empire" - Domestic policy. Great embassy. The Azov fortress was hastily restored. Military actions. The birth of an empire. The main stages of the Northern War. Azov campaigns. Creation of the "Northern Union". Formation of the bureaucratic apparatus. Nystadt world. The table of ranks. Cossacks in Azov. Customs tariff. Tsar.
"The state under Peter" - Draw up the result and discuss it in the final lesson. He instilled in Russian culture the best aspects of Western culture. Peter's reforms were necessary for the state. Find out the role of Peter I in the development of Russia. And they brought much-needed transformations to the organization of the army, to the economic sphere. During the construction of the fleet, Peter relied on foreign specialists.
Born May 30, 1672 in Moscow. The only son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage with Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, a pupil of the enlightened boyar Artamon Matveyev. The fourteenth child in the family, Peter was educated at home under the supervision of "uncle" Nikita Zotov. He lamented that by the age of 11 the tsarevich did not have much time in literacy, history and geography, seized by the "exercises of the soldier's order" - military "fun" first in the village of Vorobiev, then in the village. Preobrazhensky. Specially created detachments of "amusing troops" (which later became the guard and the nucleus of the Russian regular army) took part in these exercises of the future tsar. Physically strong, agile, inquisitive, Peter mastered with the participation of palace craftsmen carpentry, arms, blacksmith, watchmaking, printing crafts. Foreigners (F.Y. Lefort, J.V. Bruce, P.I. Gordon) - first teachers in different fields, and later - his associates - had a great influence on the formation of his interests. The tsar knew German from childhood, later he studied Dutch, partly English and French.
Under the guise of studying shipbuilding and maritime affairs, he went to Europe as one of 30 volunteers at the Grand Embassy in 1697-1698. There, Peter Mikhailov, as the tsar called himself, completed a full course of artillery sciences in Konigsberg and Brandenburg, worked as a carpenter in the shipyards of Amsterdam for six months, studying ship architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England. By his order, books, devices, weapons were purchased in these countries, foreign masters and scientists were invited. At the same time, the Grand Embassy prepared the creation of the Northern Alliance against Sweden, which was finally formed two years later (1699). In the summer of 1697, he negotiated with the Austrian emperor, suggesting to also visit Venice, but having received news of the uprising of the archers in Moscow, to whom Princess Sophia had promised a salary increase in the event of Peter's overthrow, returned to Russia. Having met in Moscow only with his mistress Mons in the German Quarter, on August 26, 1698, he began a personal investigation into the Strelets case and did not spare any of the rebels (1182 people were treasury, Sophia and her sister Martha were tonsured a nun).
In February 1699 he ordered to dissolve the unreliable rifle regiments and begin the formation of regular ones - soldiers and dragoons, for "until now this state had no infantry." Soon he signed decrees that, under pain of fines and flogging, ordered men to "cut their beards" (previously considered a symbol of the Orthodox faith), wear European-style clothes, and women to reveal their hair (previously hidden under warming and kicks). Such measures prepared society for radical changes, undermined the traditionalism of the foundations of the way of life and habits. Since 1700, he introduced a new calendar with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the chronology from the "Nativity of Christ", which he also considered as a step in breaking the old mores.
European policy did not give grounds to expect that Russia would receive support in the fight against Turkey for access to the southern seas, so Peter ordered to continue the construction of the Azov fleet in Voronezh, begun during the Azov campaigns, personally checked the shipbuilders. And yet the Grand Embassy forced him to change his foreign policy course from the south to the west.
Having concluded the Peace of Constantinople in 1700 with Turkey, Peter switched all the country's efforts to the struggle with Sweden, ruled by 17-year-old Charles XII, who, despite his youth, gained a reputation as a talented commander. The Northern War of 1700-1721 for Russia's access to the Baltic began with the November battle near Narva. The 40,000 untrained and untrained Russian army lost to his army of Charles XII. Calling the Swedes "Russian teachers" for this, Peter ordered decisive reforms that could make the Russian army truly combat-ready.
Considering Russia defeated after Narva, Karl XII left to fight ("got stuck for a long time", according to Peter) in Poland, which gave Peter the necessary respite. He hoped to change the face of his country, making it similar to the Western one, but preserving autocracy and serfdom. “Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin), Peter did not regret and was ready to ignore his personal interests in the name of the prosperity of Russia with its innumerable natural resources. He did not separate himself from the state, believing that only he knows how to overcome Russian backwardness, ignorance and laziness: "our people are like children of ignoramuses, who will never take up science if they are not forced to be from a master."
Peter's reform activities proceeded in an acute struggle with the conservative opposition. Already the first, superficial attempts at reform, made at the end of the 17th century, provoked resistance from the boyars and the clergy (I. Tsikler's conspiracy, 1697). The tsar-reformer continued to experience secret opposition to his decrees over the course of many years of the 18th century (the conspiracy of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in 1718).
But eradicating at the root all kinds of sedition, Peter, with the rigidity of the son of his age (“kind as a man, was rude as a tsar,” according to V.O.Klyuchevsky) began a “major overhaul” of Russia. In need of like-minded people and companions, he ordered to send young nobles abroad to learn navigation, mechanics, artillery, mathematics and foreign languages. In 1701, the first Navigation School in the history of the country was founded. "Bondage drove laziness away, and forced to diligence and art day and night," he later wrote. A hasty recruitment of 100,000 soldiers to the army began in the country (after 1705, the term “recruits” appeared). They were "seen off as they were buried" (according to Peter's decree, the term of service was 25 years), while according to the established practice in Russia, the most obstinate and recalcitrant young people who violated the traditional norms of peasant behavior began to be sent to the soldiers. As a result, it turned out that mostly energetic, brave and outstanding people got into the new army. The officer corps was formed, according to the Tsar's plan, from nobles who were obliged to serve in the guards regiments to receive a rank.
The maintenance of recruits, whose number had quadrupled during the years of the Great Northern War, required twice as much money as previously consumed: 1,810,000 rubles instead of 982,000. (the town hall, created in 1699 and which laid the foundation for the creation of a system of local self-government, "burmister chambers") - Peter easily found state funds for the maintenance of the new cavalry (recruited in 1701). Next, new taxes were imposed (dragoon money, ship, recruit, household). The re-minting of a silver coin into a coin of inferior denomination at the same nominal price (damage to the coin) gave 946 thousand rubles each in the first 3 years (1701-1703), 313 thousand each - in the next 3 (from which foreign subsidies were paid). The forced creation of a Russian industrial base forced the tsar to sign orders for the construction of iron factories and manufactories, arms factories in Karelia and the Urals (in the Olonets Territory), in Lipetsk, mining of non-ferrous metals (copper, silver).
The measures conceived by the tsar brought success. After its radical transformation, Russian artillery played a decisive role in the capture of Dorpat in 1701 (now Tartu). In 1702, it was possible to conquer Noteburg (Oreshek, now Shlisselburg) from the Swedes at the mouth of the Neva, after which fortresses began to grow in its place, and ships began to be built at the shipyards. In 1703, near the fortress of Nyenskans seized from the Swedes, the tsar ordered to lay the city of his name, Petersburg, and make it the new capital. Dutch and English merchant ships appeared in the harbor near him. The "window to Europe" was cut open, and the breadth of the tsar's state thinking already extended to dreams of connecting the Baltic to the Caspian through a system of rivers and canals. Peter began to come to the old capital only for Christmastide; then the wild life he was accustomed to in the German settlement was resumed here, but at the same time the most urgent state affairs were discussed and decided.
The laying of the new capital coincided with changes in Peter's personal life: he met the washerwoman Marta Skavronskaya, who was given to Menshikov as a trophy of war; named her Catherine, the tsar baptized her according to the Orthodox rite. In 1704, she already became the common-law wife of Peter, and by the end of 1705 he became the father of Paul's son, born to Catherine. On this occasion, the tsar ordered to hold celebrations and to lay the church of Peter and Paul on Basmannaya Street in Moscow, and Peter himself sketched the drawing for the future church; it was built on it (1705-1715). But the tsar, always in a hurry, overwhelmed by state concerns, had no time for household chores: he was occupied with the successes of the Russian troops and their advance into Courland.
The continuation of the war with Charles XII (the anti-Swedish alliance disintegrated after the defeat of Saxony by the Swedes in 1706) and the deepening of reforms in the spirit of the Europeanization of the country expressed Peter's understanding of patriotism, and the old Russian traditions seemed not only symbols of inertia, but also danger, like the rifle riots in his youth. The construction of new manufactories, providing them, in fact, with free labor (state and yasak peasants were attributed to state and private factories by families and villages) continued. Most of the enterprises were created at the expense of the treasury. Peter personally delved into financial issues, followed the signing of state orders and the mass mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals.
The severity of the Northern War and the reforms laid a considerable burden on the peasantry, who constituted the majority of the country's population. The main form of peasant protest was flight from the owners, but sometimes discontent broke out in real popular uprisings. One of them was the Peasant the war led by K.A. Bulavin 1707-1708, preceded by the powerful Astrakhan uprising of 1705, as well as the unrest of the Bashkirs 1705-1711. But ruthless to himself, to his health, obsessed with the idea of serving the state, the tsar in Russia "introduced Europe as a barbarian" (AI Herzen), remaining intolerant of all manifestations of disagreement with his will. The uprisings were suppressed with Asian brutality and indifference, but at the same time they showed the need to reorganize not only the punitive apparatus, but the entire system of local government.
Immediately after the suppression of the Bulavin revolt, Peter ordered a regional reform of 1708-1710, which divided the country into 8 provinces headed by governors and governors-general. The autocrat transferred to them the highest military and civil functions, the fullness of the judiciary at the local level. Later (1719), the provinces were divided into provinces, provinces into districts: this greatly inflated the local bureaucracy, but at the same time made the territories remote from the center under control. However, Peter could not then pay due attention to the systematic reform of state institutions, since foreign policy occupied all his time, and the affairs of ensuring it required his presence in all parts of the state.
Nevertheless, the innovations turned out to be timely, since at the height of the Bulavin war, Swedish troops invaded the western borders of Russia, sent by Charles XII straight to the old capital (Moscow). A secret conspiracy with the Ukrainian hetman Mazepa forced Karl to change his plan and move south. The swift rush of the cavalry detachment, led personally by Peter, made it possible to prevent the union of Charles's army with the corps of General Levengaupt, who was marching to his aid: at the village of Lesnoy near Mogilev in 1708, the reinforcements that were going to Charles were defeated. The tsar called this battle "the mother of the Poltava battle" - the decisive battle on June 27, 1709 near the Poltava fortress, which ended in the complete defeat of the Swedish army. The famous words of the Tsar, who called on the army to fight "not for Peter, but for the Orthodox faith and the Church ... so that the Fatherland might live in bliss and glory" inspired the soldiers. Charles XII was wounded in the battle, but managed to escape to Turkey. In 1710, annexing new lands to Russia in the Baltic States (Riga, Revel, Vyborg), who personally went at that time on the Munker shnava (boat) as part of the squadron of Admiral Apraksin, Peter never tired of proving that the concept of winning a war in one general battle was outdated. At that time, she dominated among the military theorists of the West, but it turned out to be refuted by Peter's idea of mobilizing all the means and possibilities for waging a long-term war on land and at sea. The “three-time school” of the Northern War (21 years old) confirmed the validity of Peter's innovation in military strategy, which was far ahead of its time and frightened Western rulers and diplomats who were dissatisfied with the growth of Russian power and tried to prevent a change in the balance of power in northern Europe.
Peter was above their petty intrigues. He was more concerned with the southeastern direction of foreign policy, so successfully outlined in the mid-1690s. But 1711 turned out to be unsuccessful for the tsar-commander. Russian regiments surrounded in Moldova on the river. Prut was saved by the superior forces of the Turks, according to legend, the spouse of the autocrat, who had accompanied the tsar on all trips and campaigns since 1709, and just before the campaign was declared "the true and legitimate empress." Catherine made it possible to start negotiations for peace, giving the Turkish vizier the jewelry brought with him and persuading him to sign an agreement. But Turkey still had to return the Azov, destroying the newly created new base of the Azov fleet - Taganrog.
Simultaneously with attempts to advance to the southeast, Peter continued to reform the state apparatus, liquidate old institutions that were too clumsy and unadapted to change. The most important financial institution was the Near Chancellery, created in 1699, while the place of the Boyar Duma in 1711 was taken by the Senate, which was now in charge of legislation and management affairs. The members of the Senate were appointed by Peter himself, they made decisions collegially, and the decisions came into force only with general consent. The course of the meeting, all oral statements were recorded: "for by this every foolishness will be revealed," the autocrat believed. In addition, the tsar personally conducted congresses of generals who received fees for urgent military needs.
The decree on single inheritance of 1714 equalized estates and estates, introduced a maiorata (granting the right to inherit real estate to the eldest of the sons), which was designed to ensure a stable growth of noble land tenure. In the same year, the Russian fleet won a victory at Cape Gangut, and the Aland Islands became part of Russia. On September 9, 1714, the tsar, who personally participated in the Gangut battle, solemnly brought the ships captured from the Swedes to St. Petersburg, presented a report of victory in the presence of the Senate and assumed the title of vice admiral in connection with the victories.
The birth of daughters in these years, who received the same names Natalya - in 1713 from the official wife of E.F. Lopukhina (with whom Peter dissolved the marriage in 1712, but the daughter was born after that) and from Martha (Catherine) in 1714 did not bring Peter joy. The birth in 1715 of the grandson of Peter II Alekseevich from his unloved son Alexei, who later became king for 3 years (1727–1730), did not become long-awaited either. Domestic affairs not only did not occupy, but rather depressed the tsar-reformer. In addition, his son Alexei disagreed with his father's vision of good governance. Peter tried to influence him by persuasion, then threatened to imprison him in a monastery. Fleeing from such a fate, Alexei fled to Europe in 1716. Peter declared his son a traitor, achieved his return, imprisoned him in the fortress and in 1718 personally conducted his investigative business, seeking the abdication of Alexei from the throne and the issuance of the names of his accomplices. The "case of the tsarevich" ended with a death sentence for Alexei. After these events, suspicion, unpredictability and cruelty increased in the character of the king. Even Catherine and Petrov, Menshikov's favorite, went under the threat of execution.
Trying to distract himself from suspicions of impending treason, the tsar delved into all the little details of the administrative, military, tax and many other reforms. From 1716, the Military Regulations of 1716, in the drafting of which Peter took an active part, began to determine the organization, weapons and equipment, the rules of training and tactics, the rights and obligations of all ranks of the army and navy. In 1716, as a royal vice admiral, he arrived in the capital of Denmark, connected a squadron of Russian ships with British, Danish and Dutch, but he did not succeed in achieving more active Allied actions against the Swedes.
At this time, the Senate's attempts to organize control over the provinces also ended in failure. On the orders of the tsar, the government constantly violated the newly established order, demanded from the governors more and more "instruments" (increase in income), since the costs did not decrease (they were demanded by the needs of the Baltic fleet, the construction of a new capital, the defense of southern Russia). The task of increasing tax collection put Peter in front of the need for decrees on a new population census (1718), and the administrative reform required the urgent replacement of outdated orders with executive institutions of a new type - collegia (1718). Their control apparatus was represented by fiscal subordinates to prosecutors headed by the prosecutor general. Among the collegiums, the "first" (Military, Admiralty, Foreign), financial, economic, justice collegiums stood out, and the Preobrazhensky order, in charge of political investigation, acted as a collegium.
Disagreements with the allies over the fate of the German possessions of Sweden prompted Peter I in 1718 to begin negotiations with Charles XII (Aland Congress), but the unexpected death of the king during the siege of Fort Frederikshall (Norway) untied the hands of the Russian army, which twice devastated the coast of Sweden near Stockholm. The landing in Sweden itself prompted her to agree to a peace agreement. By this time, Peter, with the rank of vice admiral, had already commanded (since 1719) the entire Baltic Fleet, working on drawing up the Naval Regulations, sometimes sitting at work for fourteen hours a day. The result was enshrined in law in 1720 and coincided in time with the victories of the Russian fleet at Grengam. For two decades, the Petrine army finally surpassed the Swedish one both in organization and in armament. She had a rigid structure (brigades and divisions, strong regimental and battalion artillery, grenadier regiments, dragoon cavalry, light corps - corvolant - with horse artillery), was perfectly equipped with the latest rifles with shock-flint locks and bayonets, field and naval guns, by types and calibers. Children's hobbies "amusing regiments" showed an obvious leadership talent, which allowed Peter to remain in history not only as the creator of the Russian regular army and the navy, but also as the founder of a special military school, which later gave birth to A.V. Suvorov, F.F. Ushakov , M.I. Kutuzova.
In the same 1720, when the Naval Regulations were written by him, Peter, striving to consolidate the merchants, completed the reform of the city administration. The Chief Magistrate in the capital (as a collegium) and magistrates in the cities were created on the European model. All of them were intended to "multiply" trade and manufacture. In those years, a significant part of state-owned enterprises was transferred to private hands, entrepreneurs were encouraged with subsidies, especially those that participated in the construction of Vyshnevolotsky, Ladoga bypass and other canals. Peter himself more than once complained that of all state affairs for him "nothing is more difficult than commerce" and he (according to IG Fukerodt) allegedly "could never form a clear idea of this matter in all its connection." But at the same time he was a talented administrator: by the beginning of the 1720s, Russia had freed itself from the need to import textile products, since more than 100 manufactories operating in the country satisfied the demand. In a similar way, Peter's plan to meet the country's needs for metal was realized, and Russian iron was highly valued in Europe for its quality. Trade from Arkhangelsk was forcibly transferred to the new commercial port (Petersburg). The first artificial waterways were designed to connect the capital with central Russia and the East, for which the autocrat personally granted privileges to the organizers of new factories and ordered craftsmen from abroad.
In 1721, as a co-author of another "regulation", this time - Dukhovny, Peter spoke out against the preservation of the patriarchate, which was followed by its liquidation and the establishment of the Spiritual Collegium, or Synod, controlled by the government (1721).
At the conclusion of the peace after the long Northern War, the signing of which took place in Nystadt in 1721, the tsar proved himself to be a talented diplomat, deeply comprehending the tasks of Russian foreign policy, showing the ability to use circumstances and use compromises. Russia's victory over Sweden was unconditional and significant (“We are made from nothingness into existence,” the autocrat exclaimed, referring to the access to the sea and the favorable prerequisites he created for the development of economic and cultural ties). Under the agreement, Russia received land on the Neva, in Karelia and the Baltic States with the cities of Narva, Revel, Riga, Vyborg, etc. At the same time, Peter transferred Finland and 2 million rubles in silver to the losing side - Sweden - as compensation for the lost territories.
Following the signing of the peace, Russia was declared an empire. A year later (1722) was published Table of ranks of all military, state and court service ranks, according to which the tribal nobility could be obtained "for the immaculate service to the emperor and the state." Establishing the order of rank production in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merit, Peter hoped to consolidate like-minded people from among the "educated class" and at the same time expand its composition at the expense of those who are loyal to him and people from among the unnatural and ignorant.
Having forced the Western world to recognize Russia as one of the great European powers, the emperor set about solving urgent problems in the Caucasus. The Persian campaign of Peter 1722-1723 secured the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku for Russia. There, under Peter the Great, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates were established, and the importance of foreign trade increased.
Soon after the end of the military campaigns, the autocrat ordered to change the tax unit: the household taxation of the peasants was replaced by the poll tax (1724). Realizing the danger of imports for the development of Russian industry, Peter ordered the introduction in the same year of a protective tariff that protected new branches of domestic industry from foreign competition.
Over the course of more than 35 years of his reign, Peter managed to carry out many reforms in the field of culture and education. Their main result was the emergence of a secular school in Russia, the elimination of the monopoly of the clergy on education. School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), Medical and Surgical School (1707) - the future Military Medical Academy, which still exists today, the Naval Academy (1715), the Engineering and Artillery Schools (1719), schools of translators at the colleges - all this was laid down in the time of Peter the Great. In 1719, the first museum in Russian history began to operate - the Kunstkamera with a public library. Primer books, educational maps were published and, in general, a beginning was laid for the systematic study of the country's geography and mapping. The spread of literacy was facilitated by the reform of the alphabet (replacement of cursive writing by civilian type, 1708), the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper Vedomosti (from 1703). In the era of Peter I, many buildings were erected for state and cultural institutions, the architectural ensemble of Peterhof (Petrodvorets). Fortresses were built (Kronstadt, Peter and Paul Fortress, etc.), the planned development of the capital (Petersburg) began, which laid the foundation for urban planning and the construction of residential buildings according to standard designs. The emperor encouraged the activities of scientists, engineers, artists, seeing in it the way to strengthening the absolutist state, developing ties with Western European culture.
In 1725 the doors of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences with a gymnasium and a university opened, but the emperor was no longer destined to evaluate the results of its activities. In October 1724, he caught a bad cold when he met a boat that had run aground on the way and decided to help, standing up to his waist in water, remove the soldiers from it. Vain life went on as usual until the end of January 1725, when he decided to seek the help of doctors. Pneumonia turned out to be too neglected, and on January 28, 1725, Peter died in St. Petersburg, not having time to appoint an heir and thereby dispose of the fate of the state. Later he was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The bearer of the rationalistic idea of the monarch as the first official of the state, the emperor, like many smart, strong-willed, decisive people who spare no effort in the name of a cherished goal, was strict not only towards himself, but also towards others. He was at times cruel and ruthless, did not take into account the interests and lives of those who were weaker than him. In his state and military activities, Peter I relied on talented, devoted associates, who were later called "chicks of Peter's nest." Among them were both representatives of the high-born nobility (B.P. Sheremet, F.Yu. Romodanovsky, P.A. Tolstoy, F.M. Apraksin, F.A. Golovin) and persons of non-nobility origin (A.D. Menshikov , P.P. Shafirov. F. Makarov). Energetic, purposeful, greedy for new knowledge, Peter was not petty and, for all his contradictions, went down in history as “raising Russia on its hind legs”, who managed to radically change its appearance and the course of history for many centuries.
Many strong-willed Russian rulers (from Catherine II to Stalin) admired the "life and deeds" of Peter I. In the 18th and 20th centuries. numerous monuments were erected to him in St. fortress), Kronstadt (F. Jacques), Arkhangelsk, Taganrog, Petrodvorets (M.M. Antokolsky), Tula, Petrozavodsk (I.N.Shreder and I.A.Monighetti), Moscow (Z. Tsereteli). In the 20th century. memorial house-museums of Peter I were opened in Leningrad, Tallinn, Vologda, Liepaja, Pereslavl-Zalessky. Writers (A.S. Pushkin, A.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Platonov and others) turned to the image of the outstanding Russian ruler, artists (M.V. Lomonosov, V.I. Surikov, V.I. A. Serov, A. N. Benois, E. E. Lansere).
Compositions: Letters and Papers of Emperor Peter the Great... TT. 1-11. St. Petersburg, Moscow - Leningrad, 1887–1964; Voskresensky N.A. Legislative acts of Peter I... M. - L., 1945
Natalia Pushkareva
APPLICATION
ORDER ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT SENATE AND ON ITS PERSONNEL
The decree is to be announced as follows:
Designated to be absent from our Governing Senate to govern:
Mr. Count Musin Pushkin,
Mr. Streshnev,
Mr. Prince Peter Golitsyn,
Mr. K. Mikhaila Dolgorukoy,
Mr. Nephews,
Mr. K. Grigorey Volkonskaya,
Mr. Samarin,
Mr. Vasiley Apukhtin,
Mr. Melnitskaya,
Obor-Secretary of this Senate Anisim Shchukin.
1. Moscow province to rule and report to the Senate Vasily Ershov.
2. On Prince Petrov's place of Golitsyn Mr. Kurbatov.
3. Instead of the order of Rozryadnago, there should be a distribution table under the above-mentioned Senate.
4. Likewise, from all the provinces in the above-mentioned court for the demand and adoption of decrees there will be two commissars from the provinces.
FROM THE GENERAL REGULATIONS OR STATUTES,
FOR WHICH THE STATE COLLEGES, ALSO AND ALL OF THE STATE COLLEGES AND ALL THE OFFICES BELONGING TO THEM, OFFICES AND OFFICES, NOT ONLY IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INSTITUTIONS, BUT IN SENDING YOUR OWN QUOTE AND SUBMITTING
Ponezhe E.I.V., the most merciful Our Sovereign, according to the examples of other Christian regions, He most mercifully deigned to accept the intention, for the sake of the decent management of His State affairs, and the correct determination and calculation of his parishes and the correction of useful Justice and Police (that is, in the punishment of the court and citizenship), also for the sake of the possible protection of His loyal subjects, and the maintenance of His sea and land forces in good condition, as well as commerce, arts and manufactories, and the good establishment of His sea and land duties, and for the sake of multiplying the increment of mines and other state needs, the following to establish the necessary and proper State Collegia, namely: Foreign Affairs, Camor, Justice, Revision, Military, Admiralteyskaya, Kommerts, Shtats-Kontor, Berg and Manufactories of the Collegium.
And in these Presidents, Vice-Presidents and other members belonging to that and clerical and clerical servants, and more of his own subjects to determine, also necessary Chanceries and Offices to be established at the same time. For that, for the sake of E.I.V., he desperately deigned, to everyone in the above-described State Collegiums becoming a high and lower servant in general, and to each separately, with this General Regulations in the news, and instead of the General Instruction (order) to declare his all-merciful command in the chapters described below.
Chapter I. Of the sworn office
Members of the State Colleges, as well as other ranks of civil society, and each especially have, most of all, H.I. and as far as possible to seek and advance, to avert harm and danger, and in good time to declare what it is to honest people and subjects of H.I. all honest light can give an answer. What for each, high and lower minister, especially both in writing and verbally, has an oath to commit himself in a titular manner ... (The following is the text of the oath.)
Chapter II. ABOUT THE ADVANTAGE OF COLLEGES
Ponezh, all the State Collegia, only under E. I. V. special, as well as the Governing Senate, are acquired by decrees; If the Senate orders something about what matter, and the Collegium sees that it is disgusting to E.V.'s decrees, and high interest, then the State Collegium should not do so soon, but has a proper written proposal in the Senate about it. And if the Senate, in spite of it, with its previous definition remains, then the Senate is guilty of giving the answer, and the Collegium, by a written decree from the Senate, must execute and then E.I.V. all will be subject to that punishment, according to the power of harm. For this, E.I.V. allows all his decrees to be sent to the Senate and the Collegium, as well as from the Senate to the Collegium, to send in writing: for both in the Senate and in the Collegiums, verbal decrees should never be sent.
ABOUT ASSIGNED DAYS AND HOURS TO SEAT
The collegiums have their seat every week, except for Sundays, and Lord's holidays, and State Angels, on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, and on Thursday it is usual for Presidents to gather in the Senate Chamber, on the shortest days at 6 o'clock, and in the long at 8 o'clock and be 5 o'clock. And if important things happen, which do not have to be delayed, but are soon completed, then, according to the invention of affairs and circumstances, either the entire Collegium, or some members, by definition from the Colleges, despite the mentioned time and hours, should come together and send those cases. And the office clerks ... sit all days and move in an hour before the judges. For the orderly people, arrival and departure is determined by the President and other members, depending on the case [...] and for an hour of absence, a week of deduction of salary.
Chapter IV. ABOUT FULFILLMENT OF ORDERS
Every President must have all the decrees of the E.V. and the Senate, which must be written and signed, and not verbal, urgently executed, and they must have two notes, which are made and executed in action, they must be entered into the book; and those that are not accomplished or and are not accomplished, but are not executed by action, so keep the list on the table, so that it will always be in memory.
Interpretation. The deeds are understood, about which a written decree is required, those that are to be performed in the action, and not those that are necessary for the composition of the action. For example, it is necessary to collect money or provisions, then order it in words, so that they complain about it, how to fix it; but when they put it in, then Report whether it is so, and when it is tested, then not to put it into action without a written decree. And in order to fulfill these as soon as possible, namely: no more than a week of time, if it is impossible sooner. But if the State affairs will require inquiries with the Provinces and Provinces, give a period of up to Provinces and Provinces for travel in one way, one hundred versts for two days, and upon returning on the same train. And in the Provinces and Provinces in them to correct themselves, not postponing for anything a little time, as soon as possible; and not to continue for more than a month. But if it will be corrected in such a period of time, it will not be good ... and for the correction of it, another period of two weeks is given; and more than that, namely: for six weeks, it is by no means to continue, even after receiving those corrections, those deeds should be done on that week, under the punishment of mortals, or by exile to the galleys, and deprived of all property by the force of deed and guilt. And all sorts of petitions on adjustments should be done according to the re-register without any hassle as possible, and then for six months, as ordered by His Majesty's Named Decree on December 8, 1714, not to continue under punishment. If, after this due date, whoever drags along without a legitimate reason, then he will be punished for each day for 30 rubles, if the losses from the one who did not occur, and if the loss did occur, then it will be doubled the first and the next time, and the third , as the hearer of the decree, is punished to be.
Chapter V. ABOUT REPORTS TO THE COLLEGE
As soon as the Collegium meets at the aforementioned time and hours, although not all, but most of the members, then the Secretary informs and honors everything in the proper order, namely, in the following written manner: first public State affairs concerning E. I. V. interest , then private affairs. Under both such directorates, the position of the secretary's rank consists in signing numbers on all incoming letters and reports, and assigning numbers to them, when submitted, and on them, without any forgery or bias, to report them by numbers and numbers, unless such things will happen, by the way, that they cannot have stops, but soon they have to be sent, and in this case, the order should be set aside, and those who are more necessary to inform in advance should be reported. It is the same in petition cases, where the cases and the senior according to the re-register are written, and the plaintiff and the defendant will not arrive in due time, but in other cases, which are written in the register afterwards, the plaintiff and the defendant will arrive, after graduating from the Sovereign, immediately their cases according to the above-described order, report, and not a choice, so as not to drag them for a long time, but as soon as possible to send. If someone acts against this and neglects, he will be punished with a monetary fine: and if from whom any harm or loss occurs, then it will be corrected on them ... harm could have happened, although it was not.
When the proposal is made, then, according to the above-described order, from the Notary one by the other is recorded in the minutes, and then in the entire Collegium each case is discussed in detail, and finally, without falling into one speech to the other, they give their votes, and the greatest number of votes follows; and if the votes are equal, then follow them, with which the President agrees. Moreover, each member, by his oath and position, is obliged, while they are discussing what matter, freely and clearly declare their opinion, according to their right reason and conscience, regardless of the person, since in that, before E.V., God himself can give an answer, and for the sake of that, no one, with his opinion of intent, stubbornness, pride, or any other kind of any kind, has not stayed. But if from a different opinion, which has good reasons and reasons, he sees them to follow: in the same way, each member is given freedom if his vote is not accepted, and he will judge the interest of E. I. V. to be well-founded and useful, through a notary in the protocol tells me to write it down. And most of all it is necessary to look, if the cases are doubtful, and what kind of clarification is required, so as not to rush to the decision, but according to the invention of the case and circumstances in advance: either to report to the Senate, or to inquire from where it is necessary; and when all this is clarified, the votes have been given and collected, then the conclusion of that has been done, and this is clearly recorded from the word to the Notary in the minutes, and then they have to be given to be sent to the Chancellery and Offices (where each case should be, about which later in the proper place will be mentioned), however, it is necessary to collect all the votes from below, and administer the order of affairs, and strengthen the resolution to everyone; and according to these resolutions sent decrees only to those who have come to sign in the Collegium; for dishonest giving of votes, punished against the third chapter, for every wrongdoing. If someone, out of stubbornness or untruth, does not follow the truthful voices, and if there is no one to follow, and he does not order his right vote to be recorded in the minutes, then they will be guilty, if the search case is subject to such a fine, as if the guilty was subject to what; but if it is a State affair, the loss belongs only to money, then it will be doubly corrected; if the criminal, then the same will be criminally punished according to the importance of the case. [...]
Chapter VIII. ABOUT DIVISION OF LABOR
In the Collegium, the Presidents do not have special work, or supervision, but the general and supreme directorates (or management), and the affairs between the Counselors and Assessors will be so divided that each of the affairs taking place in the collegium has a certain part, as well as over the Chancellery and Offices, and over by the deeds and works of these, supervision is especially given, as it is possible to see at length in the particular instructions of the Colleges; moreover, the office of the President and the Vice-President is to look firmly so that the other Members of the Collegiate Deals and in the examination ordered by them with due diligence and diligence have the care; and if the President is aware that some of them are not intelligent enough, or because of the weakness of his rank, he cannot send his affairs, then the President must declare it in the Senate with appropriate circumstances, so that in his place the most skillful can be determined. And if the President will see that some of them of the Collegiate Members in his special supervision and affairs will show negligence, and the President should remember and punish him with polite words, so that he will continue to repair E.I.V.'s best care and diligence in service; If this is not corrected from those words, then it must be announced to the Senate about its failure; But it will be out of his negligence that a harmful stop will occur in business, and that he should be inflicted on the President against the 25th chapter. [...]
Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 1.Vol. 6., 1830
CHARTER OF THE HERITAGE OF THE THRONE
We are Peter the first emperor and autocrat of all Russia and so on and so forth and so on. We declare, before everyone knows there is, what Absalom's anger our son Alexei was, arrogant, and that not by repentance his intention, but by the grace of God to our whole fatherland, was cut short (which is enough from the manifesto about that matter, apparently); and this did not grow with him for anything else, only from the old custom that a big son was given an inheritance, besides, he was the only man of the sex of our surname then, and for this he did not want to look at any paternal punishment; this unkind custom, I don’t know why, was so consolidated, for not exactly in people, according to the reasoning of smart parents, there were canceled the blessing followed; We also see this in our ancestors, when the blessed and eternal memory of the Great Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, and truly great, not in word, but in deed; for this, scattered by the division of the children of the Vladimirovs, our fatherland gathered and approved, which he repaired not according to primacy, but at will, and twice canceled, seeing a worthy heir, whom he would not waste the packs collected and approved by our fatherland, first gave past the sons to his grandson , and then set aside the already married grandson, and gave his son his inheritance (which is clear from the Book of Degree it is possible to see), namely, in the summer of 7006 February on the 4th day, the great prince Ivan Vasilyevich made the heir to his grandson, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich , and was married in Moscow on the grand reign with a princely crown, Metropolitan Simon, and in the summer of April 7010, on the 11th day, the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich was angry with his grandson, Prince Dmitry, and did not order him to be remembered in churches as the Grand Duke, and put him on guard and that on the 14th day of April, he made his son Vasily Ivanovich heir apparent and was married by the same Metropolitan Simon; for which there are other similar examples, which, for the sake of brevity, are now not mentioned here, but henceforth they will be especially issued to the press. In the same reasoning, in the last 1714, we were merciful about our subjects, so that their particular houses would not come from unworthy heirs to ruin, although we made a statute that we should give real estate to one son, however, we gave it up to the parental will, to whom the son they will want to give, look for something worthy, albeit a smaller one, past the big ones, recognizing the convenient one, who would not squander the inheritance. Kolmi, however, should we have more concern for the integrity of our entire state, which, with the help of God, is now more widespread, as everyone seems to be; what for we have disposed of this statute, so that this would always be in the will of the ruling sovereign, to whom he wants it, he will determine the inheritance, and to a certain, seeing what indecency, he will cancel the packs so that children and descendants do not fall into such anger as it is written above, having this bridle on you. For the sake of this we command, so that all our faithful subjects and the worldly without exception, this our rule before God and his gospel will be approved on such a basis that anyone who is disgusted with this, or otherwise how to interpret, will be honored for a traitor, death penalty and ecclesiastical he will be subject to an oath.
Literature:
Soloviev S.M. Public readings about Peter the Great... M., 1872
Anisimov E.V. Time of Peter's reforms... L., 1989
Pavlenko N.I. Peter I and his time... M., 2004
CHARTER OF THE HERITAGE OF THE THRONE
At the beginning of 1722, during the celebrations of the Nystadt Peace, which took place in the ancient capital, Peter issued a charter on the inheritance of the throne: The fatherland was cut short, and this was not something else for him that grew up for, only from the old custom, that the bigger son was given an inheritance, besides, he was the only man of the sex of our surname at that time, and for this he did not want to look at any paternal punishment. This unkind custom, I do not know why, was so consolidated, for not exactly in people, according to the reasoning of smart parents, there were abolitions, but also in St. we see in the scriptures; we also see it in our ancestors (example of John III). In the same reasoning in the past, in 1714, we were merciful about our subjects that their particular houses did not come from unworthy heirs to ruin, although we made a statute that real estate should be given to one son, however, we gave it to the parental will, to whom the son they will want to give, looking for the worthy, albeit less than the big ones, recognizing the convenient, who would not squander the inheritance. Kolmi, however, should we have more concern for the integrity of our entire state, which, with the help of God, is now more widespread, as everyone apparently is; why did they choose to institute this statute, so that this would always be in the will of the ruling sovereign: to whom he wants, he will determine the inheritance, and to a certain, seeing what indecency, he will cancel the pack, so that children and descendants do not fall into such anger as it is written above, I have I will take this bridle upon myself. ”Not content with the promptings expressed in this manifesto, Peter instructed Feofan Prokopovich to write a detailed justification of the measure; Theophan's work was published under the title True will of the monarchs.
We are Peter the first emperor and autocrat of all Russia and so on and so forth and so on.
We declare, before everyone knows there is, what Absalom's anger our son Alexei was, arrogant, and that not by repentance his intention, but by the grace of God to our whole fatherland, was cut short (which is enough from the manifesto about that matter, apparently); and this did not grow with him for anything else, only from the old custom that a big son was given an inheritance, besides, he was the only man of the sex of our surname then, and for this he did not want to look at any paternal punishment; this unkind custom, I don’t know why, was so consolidated, for not exactly in people, according to the reasoning of smart parents, there were canceled the blessing followed; We also see this in our ancestors, when the blessed and eternal memory of the great prince, and truly great, not in word, but in deed; for this, scattered by the division of the children of the Vladimirovs, our fatherland gathered and approved, which he repaired not according to primacy, but at will, and twice canceled, seeing a worthy heir, whom he would not waste the packs collected and approved by our fatherland, first gave past the sons to his grandson , and then set aside the already married grandson, and gave his son his inheritance (which is clear from the Book of Degree it is possible to see), namely, in the summer of 7006 February on the 4th day, the great prince Ivan Vasilyevich made the heir to his grandson, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich , and was married in Moscow on the grand reign with a princely crown, Metropolitan Simon, and in the summer of April 7010, on the 11th day, the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich was angry with his grandson, Prince Dmitry, and did not order him to be remembered in churches as the Grand Duke, and put him on guard and that on the 14th day of April, he made his son Vasily Ivanovich heir apparent and was married by the same Metropolitan Simon; for which there are other similar examples, which, for the sake of brevity, are now not mentioned here, but henceforth they will be especially issued to the press. In the same reasoning, in the last 1714, we were merciful about our subjects, so that their particular houses would not come from unworthy heirs to ruin, although we made a statute that we should give real estate to one son, however, we gave it up to the parental will, to whom the son they will want to give, look for something worthy, albeit a smaller one, past the big ones, recognizing the convenient one, who would not squander the inheritance. Kolmi, however, should we have more concern for the integrity of our entire state, which, with the help of God, is now more widespread, as everyone seems to be; what for we have disposed of this statute, so that this would always be in the will of the ruling sovereign, to whom he wants it, he will determine the inheritance, and to a certain, seeing what indecency, he will cancel the packs so that children and descendants do not fall into such anger as it is written above, having this bridle on you.
For the sake of this we command, so that all our faithful subjects and the worldly without exception, this our rule before God and his gospel will be approved on such a basis that anyone who is disgusted with this, or otherwise how to interpret, will be honored for a traitor, death penalty and ecclesiastical he will be subject to an oath.
Charter on the inheritance of the throne on February 5, 1722 // Reader on the history of Russia from ancient times to the present day. Textbook / A.S. Orlov, V.A.Georgiev, N.G. Georgieva, T.A. Sivokhina. M., 1999.S. 171. http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/prestol1.htm
Malicious Law
This ill-fated law emerged from the fatal chain of dynastic misfortunes. According to the customary and natural order of succession, the throne after Peter passed to his son from his first marriage, Tsarevich Alexei, who threatened to destroy his father's business. Saving his business, the father sacrificed both his son and the natural order of succession in his name. The sons from the second marriage, Peter and Paul, died in infancy. There remained a young grandson, the son of the deceased prince, a natural avenger for his father. With the probable possibility of the death of the grandfather before the age of the grandson, guardianship, which means power, could have been received by either of the two grandmothers: one - a direct, embittered layout, a nun who uncut herself, Evdokia Fyodorovna, nee Lopukhina, a hater of all innovations; the other is a lateral, wedded, foreigner, a simple peasant of dark origin, a wife of dubious legality in the eyes of many, and if she gets power, she will probably give her will to the first favorite of the tsar and the first embezzler in the state, Prince Menshikov. One can imagine the state of mind of Peter when, having dumped the Swedish war from his shoulders, he began to look into the future of his empire at his leisure. Tired, sinking from day to day and from illness, and from the consciousness of his unprecedented glory and well-deserved greatness, Peter saw the desert around him, and his work in the air and did not find a reliable person for the throne, reliable support for reform, neither in the collaborators he knew the price, neither in the fundamental laws that did not exist, nor in the people themselves, from whom the age-old form of expressing their will, the Zemsky Sobor, and together the will itself, was taken away. Peter remained face to face with his unlimited power, and out of habit, he looked for a way out in her, leaving exclusively to her the appointment of a successor. Rarely did autocracy punish itself so cruelly as in the person of Peter with this law on February 5. One decree of Peter said that it is in vain to write laws if they are not followed. And the law of February 5 was written in vain, because it was not executed by the legislator himself. For whole years, Peter hesitated in choosing a successor and already on the eve of his death, having lost his language, he only managed to write "Give everything ..." Having deprived the supreme power of the lawful setting and throwing his institutions to the wind, Peter with this law extinguished his dynasty as an institution: there were still individuals of the royal blood without a definite dynastic position. So the throne was given to chance and became his plaything.
Friday, May 11, 2007 11:17 am + to the quote pad
Plays in the columns - Spiller & Bextor - Groove Jet
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire from 1649, Volume VI. No. 3.893, 1722, February 5th (*).
CHARTER OF THE HERITAGE OF THE THRONE
We are Peter the First Emperor and the Autocrat of the All-Russia and others and others and others.
We declare, before everything else, at home, what Absalom's anger was our Son Alexei, and that it was not by repentance of His this purpose, but by the mercy of God to all of Our fatherland it was suppressed (which is enough from the Manifesto about that); and this is not for any reason other than he has grown, only from the custom of an old man, that a great son was given an inheritance, besides, he was then a man of the sex of Our surname, and for that, he did not want to look at any paternal punishment; This unkind custom, I don’t know why, was consolidated for this, for it was not exactly in people that they were canceled out by the judgment of clever parents, but in the Holy Scripture we also see when Isakov’s wife to her old husband, to her younger son inherited the inheritance of God, and what is also surprising the blessing followed; We can still see this in Our ancestors, when the blessed and eternal memory of the Great Prince Ivan Vasilyevich, and truly Great, not in word, but in deed: for this, scattered by the division of the children of the Vladimirovs, Our Fatherland did not gather according to the primacy, but according to the primacy he repaired this will, and twice canceled, seeing as a worthy heir, whom he would not waste the collected and approved Our Fatherland, first gave past his sons to his grandson, and then set aside his already married grandson, and gave his son his inheritance (which is clear from the Stephennaya books can be seen) namely, in the summer of February 7006, on the 4th day, Prince Great Ivan Vasilyevich made his own grandson heir to his Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, and was married in Moscow to the Grand Duke with the Princely crown, Metropolitan Simon; and in the summer of 7010 April on the 11th day, the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich was angry with the grandson of his Prince Dmitry, and did not order him to be remembered in churches as the Grand Duke, and put him on guard and on the same April on the 14th day he made his son Vasily Ivanovich heir to the heir was the same Metropolitan Simon; for which there are other similar examples, which for the sake of brevity, for the sake of time, we do not mention here, but henceforth these will be especially issued in print. In the same reasoning, in the past 1714, We were merciful to Our subjects, so that their particular houses would not come from unworthy heirs to ruin, although We made a statute that we should give real estate to one son, however, we gave it up to the parental will, to whom the son they want to give, looking for the worthy, albeit smaller, past the big ones, recognizing the convenient, who would not squander the inheritance. Kolmi, however, more should We have concern for the integrity of our entire State, which, with the help of God, is now more widespread, as it seems to everyone; why, for good reason, We have discerned this statute, so that this would always be in the will of the Governing Sovereign, to whom She wants to determine the inheritance, and to the certain, seeing what indecency, cancel the packs so that children and descendants do not fall into such anger as it is written above , having this bridle on you. For this sake we command, so that all Our faithful subjects, spiritual and worldly, without exception, this Our charter before God and His Gospel should be approved on such a basis that everyone who is disgusted with this, or otherwise how to interpret: he is honored for a traitor, the death penalty and will be subject to the church oath.
This Charter was commanded by a decree from the Supreme Tainago Council of 1727 July 26 to take away from the Public places and from private people, but by the manifesto of 1731 December 17 days it was restored to its former force for which it is placed here.
Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire from 1649, Volume XXIV, pp. 587-589. No. 17.910, 1797, April 5. Published by the Senate on April 14.
AKT,
Highly approved on the day of the holy Coronation of His Imperial Majesty, and put on the throne of the Assumption Cathedral for safekeeping.
We, Pavel, the Hereditary, the Tsarevich and the Grand Duke, and We, His Wife, Mary, the Grand Duchess.
In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.
By our common voluntary and mutual consent, by reason of judgment and with a calm spirit, we decreed this Act of Our common, which, out of love for the Fatherland, we choose Heir, by natural right, after My death, Paul, Our great son, Alexander, and by him generation. By the suppression of this masculine generation, the inheritance passes into the lineage of My second Son, where I should follow what is said about the generation of My elder Son, and so far, if I had more Sons; which is the birthright. By the suppression of the last male generation of My Sons, the inheritance remains in the family, but in the female generation of the last reigning, as in the nearest Throne, in order to avoid the difficulty of crossing over to the person in whom it is in the family; however, here it must be adopted once and for all, that that woman's face never loses the right, from which the right came directly. By the suppression of this kind, the inheritance passes into the lineage of the eldest of My Son into the female generation, in which the close Relative of the last day reigning of the family of the aforementioned Son of mine will inherit, and in the lack of man, the face that is masculine or female preferred to female, as already mentioned above; which is the intercession. By the suppression of these generations, the inheritance passes into the feminine lineage of the other My Sons, following the same order, and then into the lineage of My eldest daughter into Her male generation, and by the suppression of the sons of My sons, in the order of Her women’s generation, observing ... By the suppression of the generation of the male and female elder My Daughter, the inheritance passes to the male generation, and then to the female generation of the second My Daughter, and so on. Here it should be the rule that the younger sister, even if she had Sons, will not take away the right from the older one, even if not more husbandly, for she could marry and give birth to children; the brother of the younger will inherit before the older ones of his sisters. Having laid down the rules of inheritance, I must explain the reasons for them. It is as follows: so that the State does not exist without the Heir. So that the Heir is always appointed by the law itself. So that there is not the slightest doubt about who to inherit. In order to preserve the right to clan in inheritance, without violating the rights of the natural, and to avoid difficulties in the transition from clan to clan. Having thus established an inheritance, this law must be supplemented with the following: when the inheritance reaches such a generation of women that reigns already on some other throne, then it is left to the inherited person to choose the lie and the throne, and abdicate the throne and the throne in this way, if connected with the law, so that the Russian Sovereigns are the Head of the Church; and if there is no denial of the lie, then inherit the person who is closer in order. In addition, we must commit ourselves to sacredly observe this law of inheritance when entering and anointing. If a woman's face is inherited, and such a person will marry, or leave, then the husband will not be honored as the Sovereign, but will nevertheless give honors on an equal footing with the Spouses of Sovereigns, and enjoy other advantages of such, except for the title. Marriage is not considered legal without the permission of the Sovereign for it. In the case of the minority of the inherited Person, the order and security of the State and the Sovereign require the establishment of the Government and guardianship until perfection. Perfection is given to Sovereigns of both sexes and Heirs six to ten years in order to shorten the time of the Government. If the last day the Reigning did not appoint a Ruler and Guardian, for He should make this choice for better security; the government of the State and the guardianship of the person of the Sovereign follow the father or mother, while the patron and the mother are excluded; and due to the lack of these close to the inheritance of the relatives of the perfect people of both sexes is not very young. The perfection of the rest of both sexes of individuals of the State surnames is supposed to be 20 years. Legal inability prevents one from being a Ruler and Guardian, namely: insanity, at least temporary, and the entry of widows into a second marriage during government and guardianship. The Governor is entitled to the Council of the Government, and both the Ruler without the Council and the Council cannot exist without the Ruler; I will advise you to take care of your guardianship. Therefore, it should consist of 6 individuals of the first two classes at the choice of the Ruler, to whom others should be appointed when changes occur. This Council of the government includes all matters without exception, which are subject to the decision of the Sovereign Himself, and everything that both to Him and to His Council enter; The ruler has a resounding voice. Masculine Persons of the State Family can go to the family Council at the choice of the Ruler, but not before their maturity and not in the number of 6 individuals that make up the Council. The appointment of this Council and the election of its Members are due to the lack of other orders and not to the number of six individuals that make up the Council. The appointment of this Council and the choice of its Members are based on the lack of another order of the deceased Sovereign, for He must be aware of the circumstances and people. Sim We had the calmness of the State, which is based on a firm law on inheritance, about which every good-minded person is confident. We wish this Act to serve as a proof of the strongest before all the Holy of Our love for the Fatherland, the love and consent of Our marriage, and love for Our Children and Descendants. In the sign and certificate of which our names were signed and the seals of Ours were attached.
Genuine Act signed by Their Own Imperial Majesties with taco hands
Pavel Marya
Saint Petersburg. January 4, 1788.
The original list is signed by His Imperial Majesty's own hand taco:
V ѣ rno. Pavel.
vault
BASIC STATE LAWS.
SECTION ONE.
Basic State Laws.
Art. 1. The Russian state is one and indivisible. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 1.
2. The Grand Duchy of Finland, constituting an inseparable part of the Russian State, in its internal affairs is governed by special regulations on the basis of special legislation. Ibid, Art. 2.
3. The Russian language is a national language and is obligatory in the army, in the navy and in all state and public institutions. The use of local languages and dialects in state and public institutions is determined by special laws. Ibid, Art. 3.
CHAPTER ONE.
On the essence of the Supreme Autocratic Power.
4. The All-Russian Emperor belongs to the Supreme Self-Sovereign Power. To obey His authority, not only for fear, but also for conscience, God Himself commands. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 4.
5. The person of the Sovereign Emperor is sacred and inviolable. Ibid, Art. 5.
6. The same Supreme Autocratic power belongs to the Sovereign Empress, when the inheritance of the Throne, in the manner established for this, reaches the female person; but Her husband is not revered by the Sovereign: he enjoys honors and advantages, on an equal basis with the spouses of Sovereigns, except for the title. Ibid, Art. 6.
7. The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in unity with the State Council and the State Du-my. Ibid, Art. 7.
8. The Sovereign Emperor has the initiative on all subjects of legislation. Only on His initiative, the Basic State Laws may be subject to revision in the State Council and the State Duma. Ibid, Art. eight.
9. The Sovereign Emperor approves laws and without His approval no law can have its fulfillment. Ibid, Art. nine.
10. The power of government in all its volume belongs to the Sovereign Emperor within the entire Russian State. In the administration of the supreme, His power acts directly; in the affairs of the administration of a subordinate, a certain degree of authority is entrusted from Him, according to the law, to the places and persons acting in His Name and by His commands. Ibid, Art. ten.
11. The Sovereign Emperor, in the order of supreme government, issues, in accordance with the laws, decrees for the organization and operation of various parts of the government, as well as the orders necessary for the execution of laws. Ibid, Art. eleven.
12. The Sovereign Emperor is the supreme leader of all external relations of the Russian State with foreign powers. He also determines the direction of the international policy of the Russian State. Ibid, Art. 12.
13. Sovereign Emperor declares war and concludes peace, as well as treaties with foreign states. Ibid, Art. 13.
14. The Sovereign Emperor is the Sovereign Leader of the Russian army and navy. He belongs to the supreme command over all the land and naval armed forces of the Russian State. It determines the structure of the army and navy and issues decrees and orders regarding: the deployment of troops, bringing them to martial law, training them, serving as ranks of the army and navy, and everything generally related to the organization of the armed forces and defense of the Russian State. The Sovereign Emperor, in the order of supreme government, also establishes restrictions on the right of residence and the acquisition of real estate in localities that make up fortified areas and strongholds for the army and navy. Ibid, Art. fourteen.
15. Sovereign Emperor declares areas of martial law or exceptional status. Ibid, Art. 15.
16. The Sovereign Emperor has the right to mint a coin and determine its appearance. Ibid, Art. 16.
17. The Sovereign Emperor appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ministers and Chief Executives of individual units, as well as other officials, unless a different procedure for appointment and dismissal is established for the latter. Ibid, Art. 17.
18. The Sovereign Emperor, in the order of supreme government, establishes restrictions in relation to employees, caused by the requirements of public service. Ibid, Art. eighteen.
19. The Sovereign Emperor bestows titles, orders and other state distinctions, as well as state rights. He also directly determines the conditions and procedure for awarding titles, orders and distinctions. Ibid, Art. 19.
20. The Sovereign Emperor issues directly decrees and orders both in relation to property, his personal property constituting, as well as in relation to property called the Sovereign, which, always belonging to the Reigning Emperor, cannot be bequeathed, enter into division and be subject to other types of alienation. Both those and other properties are not subject to the payment of taxes and fees. Ibid, Art. twenty.
21. The Sovereign Emperor, as the Head of the Imperial House, has, according to the Institution of the Imperial Family, dispositions for appanage property. He also determines the structure of institutions and institutions under the jurisdiction of the Minister of the Imperial Court, as well as the procedure for managing them. Ibid, Art. 21.
22. Judicial power is exercised on behalf of the Sovereign Emperor by courts established by law, whose decisions are enforced in the name of the Imperial Majesty. Ibid, Art. 22.
23. The Sovereign Emperor has pardon for convicts, mitigation of punishments and general forgiveness of those who have committed criminal acts with the termination of prosecution against them and their release from trial and punishment, as well as the addition, in the ways of Monarch's mercy, state penalties and, in general, the bestowal of favors in cases of special, not suitable for the operation of general laws, when this does not violate anyone's legally protected interests and civil rights. Ibid, Art. 23.
24. Decrees and orders of the Sovereign Emperor, in the order of the supreme government or directly issued by him, are confirmed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers or the subject Minister or the Chief Governor of a separate part and promulgated by the Governing Senate. Ibid, Art. 26.
CHAPTER TWO.
On the order of the throne's legacy.
25. The Imperial All-Russian Throne is hereditary in the now happily reigning Imperial House. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) introduction and §17, and Apr. the same 5 (17910); 1825 Dec. 12 (1) manif. and adj. III; 1826 Aug. 22 (537); 1855 Feb. 18 (29043); May 21 (29341); 1881 March. eleven); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
26. The essence of the Thrones is inseparable from the Imperial All-Russian Throne: the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland. 1803 March. 20 (22911); 1811 Dec. 11 (24907); Dec 31 (24934); 1815 May 6 (25842); 1825 Dec. 12 (1); 1826 Aug. 22 (537); 1832 Feb. 14 (5165) Art. 2; 1855 Feb. 18 (29043); May 21 (29341); 1881 March. eleven); 1894 Oct. 20 (11014); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
27. Both sexes are entitled to the legacy of the Throne; but predominantly this right belongs to the male sex in the order of primogeniture; after the suppression of the last male generation, the legacy of the Throne goes to the female generation by right of intercession. See the legalizations given to article 25.
28. Therefore, the legacy of the Throne belongs first of all to the eldest son of the reigning Emperor, and according to him to his entire male generation. In the same place.
29. Upon the suppression of this male generation, the inheritance passes to the family of the second son of the Emperor and to his male generation; after the suppression of the second male generation, the inheritance passes to the clan of the third son, and so on. In the same place.
30. When the last male generation of the Emperor's sons is cut off, the inheritance remains in the same family, but in the female generation of the last reigning, as in the one closest to the Throne, and in this it follows the same order, preferring a male face to a female one; but at the same time that woman's face never loses its right, from which the right came directly. In the same place.
31. Upon the suppression of this clan, the inheritance passes to the clan of the eldest son of the Emperor-Founder, to the female generation, in which the close relative of the last reigning clan of this son inherits, descending from him or his eldest son, or, in the absence of descending ones, along the lateral line , and in the lack of this relative, the face is masculine or feminine, which takes its place, with a preference, as above, of a male to a female. In the same place.
32. After the suppression of these births, the inheritance passes into the feminine family of the other sons of the Emperor-Founder, following the same order, and then into the family of the eldest daughter of the Emperor-Founder, into her male generation; after the suppression thereof, into the female generation, following the order established in the female generations of the sons of the Emperor. In the same place.
33. After the suppression of the generations of the male and female eldest daughter of the Emperor-Founder, the inheritance passes to the male generation, and then to the female second daughter of the Emperor-Founder, and so on. In the same place.
34. The younger sister, even if she had sons, will not take away the right from the older one, even if she is not married; the younger brother inherits first his older sisters. In the same place.
35. When the inheritance reaches such a female generation, which already reigns on another Throne, then the inheriting person is given to choose the faith and the Throne, and renounce, along with the Heir, the other faith and Throne, if such a Throne is associated with the law; when there is no denial of faith, then he inherits the person that is closer in order. In the same place.
36. Children derived from the marriage union of a person of the Imperial Family with a person who does not have the appropriate dignity, that is, does not belong to any reigning or ruling house, do not have the right to inherit the Throne. 1820 March. 20 (28208); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
37. Under the rules described above about the order of succession to the Throne, the person entitled to this right is given the freedom to renounce this right in such circumstances when there will be no difficulty in further inheritance from the Throne. 1825 Dec. 12 (1) adj. III; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
38. Such renunciation, when it is promulgated and turned into law, is then recognized as irrevocable. 1825 Dec. 12 (1); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
39. The Emperor or Empress who inherits the Throne, upon entering upon it and anointing, undertake to sacredly observe the above-stated laws on the succession of the Throne. 1797 Apr 5 (17910); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
CHAPTER THREE.
About the age of majority of the Sovereign Emperor, about government and guardianship.
40. The majority of the Sovereigns of both sexes and the Heir to the Imperial Throne are supposed to be at the age of sixteen. 1797 Apr 5 (17910); 1826 Aug. 22 (537); 1834 Apr. 22 (7019); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
41. Upon the accession to the throne of the Emperor before this age, until His majority, a government and guardianship are established. 1797 Apr 5 (17910); 1826 Aug. 22 (537); 1832 Feb. 14 (5165) Art. 4; 1855 May 21 (29341); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
42. Government and trusteeship are established either in one person collectively, or separately, so that one is entrusted with the government, and the other is entrusted with trusteeship. In the same place.
43. The appointment of the Ruler and Guardian, both in one person collectively and in two persons separately, depends on the will and discretion of the reigning Emperor, who, for better security, should make this choice in case of His death. In the same place.
44. When no such appointment was made during the life of the Emperor, then, after His death, the government of the state and guardianship over the face of the Emperor in his youth belong to the father or mother; the patron and the mahikha are excluded. In the same place.
45. When there is no father and mother, then the government and guardianship belong to the closest to the inheritance of the throne from the relatives of the juvenile Emperor of age of both sexes. In the same place.
46. The legitimate reasons for the inability to government and guardianship are: 1) insanity, even if it was temporary; 2) the entry of widows, during the government and guardianship, into a second marriage. In the same place.
47. The ruler of the state is entitled to the Council of the Government; and both the Ruler without the Council and the Council without the Ruler cannot exist. In the same place.
48. The Council consists of six persons of the first two classes, at the choice of the Ruler, who appoints others, in case of changes. In the same place.
49. The males of the Imperial Family may sit in this Council at the choice of the Ruler, but not before their majority and not among the six persons, this constituent. In the same place.
50. The Council of Government includes all matters, without exception, subject to the decision of the Emperor Himself, and all those who, both to Him and to His Council, enter; but the Council does not concern guardianship. In the same place.
52. The appointment of the Council and the selection of its members are based on the lack of another order of the deceased Sovereign, for he must be aware of the circumstances and people. In the same place.
CHAPTER FOUR.
1. About accession to the throne and the oath of allegiance.
53. Upon the death of the Emperor, His Heir enters the Throne by the power of the very law of inheritance, which confers upon Him this right. Accession to the Throne of the Emperor is considered from the day of the death of His predecessor. 1825 Dec. 12 (1); see also all previous accession manifestos; 1855 Feb. 18 (29043); 1881 March. eleven); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
54. In the manifesto on the accession to the Throne, the rightful Heir to the Throne is announced together, if the person to whom the inheritance belongs by law exists. The same manifestos; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
55. The allegiance of citizenship to the reigning Emperor and His rightful Heir, even if he was not named in the manifesto, is confirmed by a popular oath. 1801 March. 12 (19779); 1825 Dec. 12 (1) adj. VI; 1855 Feb. 18 (29043); 1856 Apr. 20, about the form of the oath; 1881 March. eleven); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
56. Each swears by his own faith and law. 1762 Jul. 3 (11591); 1785 Apr. 21 (16188) Art. 123 p. 17, note; 1826 Oct. 26 (635); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
Note 1. The ruling Senate, having printed the oath promise in the prescribed form (Appendix V), sends it in the required number of copies to all in general, both military and civilian authorities, informing the Holy Synod about this for an appropriate order on its part. zheniya (a). - Everyone is sworn in by their superiors in cathedrals, monasteries or parish churches, according to their convenience; those under guard, but not yet condemned to deprivation of rights, are sworn in by the authorities of the places where they are kept (b). - Gentiles, where there is no church of their confession, are sworn in in a public place, with its members (c). - Everyone who has sworn allegiance to citizenship, if he knows how to write, signs the printed sheet on which he swore the oath. These sheets are subsequently delivered from all authorities and departments to the Governing Senate (d).
(a) 1801 March. 12 (19779); 1825 Dec. 12 (1); 1855 Feb. 18 (29043). - (b) 1762 Jan. 11 (11403); Jul. 3 (11591). - (c) 1826 Oct. 26 (635). - (d) 1741 Nov. 25 (8474); 1762 Jul. 3 (11591); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
Note 2. All generally male subjects who have reached the age of twelve, of any rank and title, are sworn in. 1755 Feb. 17 (10361); 1762 Jan. 11 (11403); Jul. 3 (11591); 1881 March. 12); (1881 Apr. 23, High Approved Report of the Main Directorate of the II Department of Own EI Kants.); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
CHAPTER FIVE.
2. On the sacred crowning and chrismation.
57. Upon accession to the Throne, a sacred coronation and chrismation are performed according to the order of the Orthodox Greek-Russian Church. The time for this solemn ceremony is appointed according to the Highest discretion and is announced in advance in the national news. 1723 Nov 15 (4366); 1727 Oct. 10 (5179); 1730 March. 16 (5517); 1742 Jan. 1 (8495); 1762 Jul. 7 (11598); 1796 Dec. 18 (17659); 1801 May 20 (19877); 1826 Apr. 21 (274); 1841 Apr 24, Hi. Approved. Conclusion. Holy Synod; 1856 Apr. 17 (30401); 1883 Jan. 24 (1329); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
58. Together with the Emperor, by His will, His Most August Spouse also participates in this sacred rite. But if the crowning of the Emperor had followed before His marriage, then the coronation of His Spouse would take place subsequently only by His special permission (b).
(a) 1796 Dec. 18 (17659); 1801 May 20 (19877); 1826 Apr. 21 (274); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24 .-- (b) 1723 Nov. 15 (4366); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
Note 1. The sacred rite of coronation and confession takes place in the Moscow Dormition Cathedral, in the presence of the highest state governments and estates, who are called to this by the Highest appointment (a). - The crowning of the All-Russian Emperors, like the Polish Tsars, is concluded in the same sacred rite; deputies of the Kingdom of Poland are called to participate in this celebration together with deputies from other parts of the Empire (b).
(a) Ibid, and see manifestos, v. 57 designated; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24 .-- (b) 1832 Feb. 14 (5165) Art. 3; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
Note 2. The Emperor, before performing this sacred rite, according to the custom of the ancient Christian Sovereigns and the Divinely-crowned His ancestors, pronounces in the ear of His faithful subjects the Symbol of the Orthodox-Catholic faith and then, after being clothed in purple, upon laying on Himself a crown and upon the perception of the scepter and orb , calls on the Tsar of the Reigns in the prayer established for this, with kneeling: may he instruct Him, instruct and govern, in great service, as the Tsar and Judge of the Kingdom of All Russia, may the wisdom that sits on the Divine throne be with Him, and may it be His heart into the hand of God, in a hedgehog all to arrange for the benefit of the people entrusted to Him and for the glory of God, as even on the day of His judgment he will not be ashamed to reward Him with a word. The rite of the action of the sacred coronation; 1841 Apr 24, Hi. Approved. Conclusion. Holy Synod; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
CHAPTER SIX.
About the title of His Imperial Majesty and the State Emblem.
59. The full title of Imperial Majesty is as follows:
<Божиею поспешествующею милостию, Мы, NN, Им-ператор и Самодержец Всероссийский, Московский, Киевский, Владимирский, Новгородский; Царь Казанский, Царь Астраханский, Царь Польский, Царь Сибирский, Царь Херсониса Таврического, Царь Грузинский; Государь Пско-вский и Великий Князь Смоленский, Литовский, Волынский, Подольский и Финляндский; Князь Эстляндский, Лифляндский, Курляндский и Семигальский, Самогитский, Белостокский, Корельский, Тверский, Югорский, Перм-ский, Вятский, Болгарский и иных; Государь и Великий Князь Новогорода низовские земли, Черниговский; Рязан-ский, Полотский, Ростовский, Ярославский, Белозерский, Удорский, Обдорский, Кондийский, Витебский, Мстислав-ский, и всея северные страны Повелитель; и Государь Иверские, Карталинские и Кабардинские земли и области Арменские; Черкасских и Горских Князей и иных Насле-дный Государь и Обладатель; Государь Туркестанский; На-следник Норвежский, Герцог Шлезвиг-Голстинский, Стормарнский, Дитмарсенский и Ольденбургский, и прочая, и прочая, и прочая.>1721 Nov 11 (3850); 1815 Jun. 6 (25875); 1825 Dec. 23 (13) Art. I; 1828 March. 25 (1897); 1829 Sept 2 (3128); 1857 Apr. 11 (31720) §13; 1882 Nov. 3 (1159); (1883 Oct. 19, Highly approved by the report of the Main Directorate Code. Dept. Under the State. Sov.); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
60. In some cases determined by law, this title of the Imperial Majesty is depicted in abbreviated form:
<Божиею поспешествующею милостию, Мы, NN, Император и Самодержец Всероссийский, Московский, Киевский, Владимирский, Новгородский; Царь Казанский, Царь Астраханский, Царь Польский, Царь Сибирский, Царь Херсониса Таврического, Царь Грузинский, Великий Князь Финляндский и прочая, и прочая, и прочая.>
In other cases, also defined by law, the title of the Imperial Majesty is used in a short form, in the following form:
<Божиею милостию, Мы, NN, Император и Самодер-жец Всероссийский, Царь Польский, Великий Князь Фин-ляндский и прочая, и прочая, и прочая.>1825 Dec. 23 (13) Art. II; 1857 Apr. 11 (31720) §15 & 17; (1890 Dec. 19, Highly approved by the report of the Main Directorate Code. Dept. Under the State. Sov.); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
61. The Russian State Emblem in a gold shield is a black, double-headed eagle, crowned with two Imperial crowns, over which a third, similar, in a larger form, crown with two fluttering ends of the ribbon of the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. The state eagle holds a golden scepter and orb. On the eagle's chest is the Moscow coat of arms: in a scarlet shield, the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George, on horseback, striking the dragon with a golden spear.
V big The state seal, a shield with the above-described double-headed eagle, crowned with the helmet of the Holy Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky and surrounded by the chain of the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called; on the sides of his image of the Saints Archangel Michael and the Archangel Gabriel; over everything there is a golden canopy covered with double-headed eagles and enclosed with ermine with the inscription: God is with us; over the Senia the Imperial crown and the state banner. Around the shield are depicted His Imperial Majesty's patrimonial coat of arms, and the coats of arms of the Kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan, Polish, Siberian, Khersonis Tauride and Georgian, and the Great Principalities of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod and Finland; above the senia, united, on six shields, the coats of arms of all the other Principalities and Regions mentioned in the full Imperial title (Art. 59). This full Imperial Majesty title shall be placed at the edges of the seal.
V middle The state seal is placed the same as on the large one, except for only the state banner and the six upper shields above the canopy with the coats of arms of the Principalities and Regions connected. On the margins the Imperial title in abbreviated form (Art. 60, item 1).
Small The state seal is generally similar to the middle one, but it does not contain images of the Holy Archangels and the Family coat of arms of His Imperial Majesty, and the coats of arms of the Kingdoms and Grand Principalities surrounding the main shield are placed on the wings of an eagle. At the edges of the seal the Imperial title in a short form (art. 60, item 2).
Note. A detailed description of the State Emblem and the State Seal in all forms and the rules for their use are placed in a special appendix (Appendix I).
1667 Jul. 12 (421); 1799 Aug. 10 (19074); Aug 19 (19089); 1801 Apr. 26 (19850); 1832 Sep. 15 (5603); 1857 Apr. 11 (31720) §§ 1-8, 13, 15, 17; 1882 Nov. 3 (1159); (1883 Oct. 19, Highly approved by the report of the Main Directorate Code. Dept. Under the State. Sov.); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
CHAPTER SEVEN.
3. About faith.
62. The predominant and dominant faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Church of the Eastern Confession. 1797 March. 18 (17879); 1800 Feb 1 (19263); 1803 Jul. 4 (20837); 1841 Apr 24, Hi. approved conclusion. Holy Synod; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
63. The Emperor, possessing the All-Russian Throne, cannot profess any other faith than the Orthodox (Article 62). 1727 May 7 (5070); 1741 Nov. 28 (8476); 1797 Apr 5 (17910); 1841 Apr 24, Hi. approved conclusion. Holy Synod; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
64. The Emperor, like the Christian Sovereign, is the supreme protector and keeper of the tenets of the dominant faith, and the guardian of the orthodoxy and of every holy deanery in the Church. 1721 Jan. 25 (3718) Part I, Int. - In this sense, the Emperor, in the Act of the Throne Legacy 1797 Apr. 5 (17910) referred to as Head of the Church... - 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, art. 24.
65. In the administration of the Church, the Autocratic Power operates through the Holy Governing Synod, established by It. 1721 Jan. 25 (3718) int. and Part I, p. 3; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
66. All subjects of the Russian State who do not belong to the ruling Church, natural (a) and adopted into citizenship (b), as well as foreigners who are in the Russian service, or temporarily staying in Russia (c), enjoy everyone everywhere the free exercise of their faith and worship in rituals one.
(a) 1721 Apr. b. h. (3778) p. 8; 1769 Feb. 12 (13251); 1782 Jan. 17 (15326); Apr 8 (15379) Art. 62; 1785 Apr. 21 (16188) Art. 124; 1822 Jul. 22 (29126) § 286 .-- (b) 1763 Jul. 22 (11880); 1799 Jan. 4 (18811); Apr 15 (18935); Oct 28 (19166-19169); 1800 Apr 6 (19372); Sep 6 (19546); 1804 Feb. 20 (21163); 1806 Dec. 25 (22410) p. 2. - (c) 1719 March. 3 (3318) Art. 23 p. 10; 1735 Feb. 22 (6693); 1746 Aug. 5 (9311); 1785 Jul. 14 (16226); 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
67. Freedom of faith is assigned not only to Christians of foreign confessions, but also to Jews, Mohammedans and pagans (a): yes, all peoples who are in Russia, glorify God Almighty in different languages according to the law and confession of their forefathers, blessing the reign of the Russian Monarchs, and praying to the Creator of the universe for increasing prosperity and strengthening the strength of the Empire (b).
(a) Cf. legalizations given in the previous article. - (b) 1785 Apr. 21 (16188) Art. 124; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 24.
68. The affairs of church Christians of foreign confessions and non-believers in the Russian Empire are conducted by their spiritual authorities and special governments, the Supreme Power assigned to this. Wed 1906 Apr. 23, coll. ueak., 603, art. 24.
Note. The rules for the protection of religious tolerance and the limits of it are indicated in detail in the Statutes for belonging.
CHAPTER EIGHT.
4. On the rights and obligations of Russian citizens.
69. The conditions for acquiring the rights of Russian citizenship, as well as their loss, are determined by law. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 27.
70. The defense of the Throne and the Fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian citizen. The male population, regardless of state, is subject to military service in accordance with the provisions of the law. Ibid, Art. 28.
71. Russian citizens are obliged to pay taxes and duties established by law, as well as to serve their duties in accordance with the provisions of the law. Ibid, Art. 29.
72. No one can be prosecuted for a criminal act other than in the manner prescribed by law. Ibid, Art. thirty.
73. No one can be detained in custody except in cases determined by law. Ibid, Art. 31.
74. No one can be tried and punished otherwise than for the criminal acts provided for by the criminal laws in force at the time of the commission of these acts, if, moreover, the newly issued laws do not exclude the acts committed by the guilty ones from the number of criminal ones. Ibid, Art. 32.
75. Everyone's home is inviolable. Production in a dwelling, without the consent of its owner, search or seizure is allowed only in cases and in the manner prescribed by law. Ibid, Art. 33.
76. Every Russian citizen has the right to freely choose a place of residence and occupation, acquire and alienate property and freely travel outside the state. Restrictions on these rights are established by special laws. Ibid, Art. 34.
77. The property is inviolable. Compulsory alienation of immovable property, when this is necessary for any state or public benefit, is allowed only for a fair and decent remuneration. Ibid, Art. 35.
78. Russian citizens have the right to organize meetings for purposes not contrary to the laws, peacefully and without weapons. The law determines the conditions under which assemblies can take place, the procedure for their closing, as well as the limitation of places for assemblies. Ibid, Art. 36.
79. Everyone can, within the limits established by law, express their thoughts orally and in writing, as well as disseminate them through print or in other ways. Ibid, Art. 37.
80. Russian citizens have the right to form societies and unions for purposes not contrary to the laws. The conditions for the formation of societies and unions, the procedure for their actions, the conditions and procedure for communicating the rights of a legal entity to them, as well as the procedure for closing societies and unions, are determined by law. Ibid, Art. 38.
81. Russian citizens enjoy freedom of belief. The conditions for the use of this freedom are determined by law. Ibid, Art. 89.
82. Foreigners staying in Russia enjoy the rights of Russian citizens subject to the restrictions established by law. Ibid, Art. 40.
83. Exceptions from the validity of the regulations set out in this chapter in relation to areas declared under martial law or in an exceptional position are determined by special laws. Ibid, Art. 41.
CHAPTER NINE.
5. About laws.
84. The Russian Empire is governed on firm foundations of laws issued in the prescribed manner. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 42.
85. The force of the laws is equally obligatory for all, without the removal of Russian citizens, and for foreigners staying in the Russian State. Ibid, Art. 43.
86. No new law can follow without the approval of the State Council and the State Duma and take effect without the approval of the Sovereign Emperor. Ibid, Art. 44.
87. During the termination of the State Duma, if extraordinary circumstances necessitate such a measure that requires discussion in the legislative order, the Council of Ministers shall present it to the Sovereign Emperor directly. This measure, however, cannot amend either the Basic State Laws, or the institutions of the State Council or the State Duma, or the decisions on elections to the Council or the Duma. The effect of such a measure is terminated if the relevant Minister or the Chief Executive of a separate part does not submit to the State Duma within the first two months after the resumption of the Duma's activities a draft law corresponding to the adopted measure, or it is not adopted by the State Duma or the State Council. Ibid, Art. 45.
88. Laws, especially those issued for any locality or part of the population, are not canceled by the new general law, unless such cancellation is stipulated in it. Ibid, Art. 46.
89. Each law is valid only for the future, except for those cases when the law itself states that its power extends to the previous time, or that it is only a confirmation and explanation of the meaning of the previous law. Ibid, Art. 47.
90. The general custody of laws is vested in the Governing Senate. Therefore, all laws must be submitted in original or in certified lists to the Governing Senate. Ibid, Art. 48.
91. Laws are promulgated for general information by the Governing Senate in accordance with the established procedure and are not put into effect before promulgation. Ibid, Art. 49.
92. Legislative decisions are not subject to promulgation if the order of their issuance does not comply with the provisions of these Basic Laws. Ibid, Art. 50.
93. Upon promulgation, the law becomes binding from the time appointed for that in the law itself, if such a period is not set - from the day of receipt on the spot of the sheet of the Senate edition, in which the law was published. In the most promulgated law may indicate its appeal, before promulgation, for execution by telegraph or by courier. Ibid, Art. 51.
94. The law cannot be canceled otherwise than by the power of the law. Therefore, as long as the existing law is not positively canceled by the new law, it retains its full force. Ibid, Art. 52.
95. No one can be excused by ignorance of the law when it was promulgated by the established procedure. Ibid, Art. 53.
96. Resolutions on combat, technical and economic parts, as well as regulations and orders to institutions and officials of the military and naval departments, at the consideration of the Military and Admiralty Soviets, according to their affiliation, are directly submitted to the Emperor, if only these decisions, regulations and orders relate properly to one of the aforementioned departments, do not relate to the subjects of general laws and do not cause a new expense from the treasury, or the new expense caused by them is covered by the expected savings according to the financial estimate of the Military or Naval Ministry, according to affiliation. In the same case, when the new expense cannot be covered by the specified savings, the submission of the aforementioned decrees, regulations and orders for the Highest approval is allowed only upon request, in accordance with the established procedure, for the appropriation of the corresponding loan. Ibid, Art. 54.
97. Decisions on the military-judicial and naval judicial units are issued in accordance with the procedure established in the codes of military and naval orders. Ibid, Art. 55.
Chapter ten.
6. About the State Council and the State Duma and the way of their actions.
98. The State Council and the State Duma are convened annually by decrees of the Sovereign Emperor. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 56.
99. The duration of the annual classes of the State Council and the State Duma and the periods of interruption of their studies during the year are determined by decrees of the Sovereign Emperor. Ibid, Art. 57.
100. The Council of State is made up of Members by Highest Appointment and Members by Elections. The total number of Members of the Council called by the Supreme Authority to attend the Council from among the Members of the Highest appointment shall not exceed the total number of Members of the Council for election. Ibid, Art. 58.
101. The State Duma is formed of Members who are elected by the population of the Russian Empire for a five-year term on the grounds specified in the legal provisions on elections to the Duma. Ibid, Art. 59.
102. The Council of State verifies the electoral credentials of its Members. Likewise, the State Duma verifies the credentials of its Members. Ibid, Art. 60.
103. The same person cannot be a member of the State Council and a member of the State Duma at the same time. Ibid, Art. 61.
104. The composition of the Members of the State Council for elections may be replaced by a new composition before the expiration of the term of office of these Members by decree of the Sovereign Emperor, who shall also appoint new elections for the Members of the Council. Ibid, Art. 62.
105. The State Duma may be dissolved by a decree of the Sovereign Emperor before the expiration of the five-year term of office of its Members. The same decree sets new elections to the Duma and the time of its convocation. Ibid, Art. 63.
106. The State Council and the State Duma enjoy equal rights in legislative matters. Ibid, Art. 64.
107. The State Council and the State Duma, in the order determined by their institutions, are given to initiate suggestions for the abolition or amendment of existing laws and the issuance of new laws, with the exception of the Basic State Laws, the revision of which belongs solely to the Emperor. Ibid, Art. 65.
108. The State Council and the State Duma, in the manner determined by their institutions, is given to contact the Ministers and Chief Executives of individual units subordinate by law to the Governing Senate, with inquiries about such persons that followed on their part, or their subordinate persons and institutions, actions, which seem unlawful ... Ibid, Art. 66.
109. The jurisdiction of the State Council and the State Duma and their discussion in the order determined by their institutions shall be subject to those cases that are indicated in the institutions of the Council and the Duma. Ibid, Art. 67.
110. Legislative assumptions are considered in the State Duma and, upon approval by it, are submitted to the State Council. Legislative assumptions, foreseen on the initiative of the State Council, are considered by the Council, and, upon their approval, are sent to the Duma. Ibid, Art. 68.
111. Bills not adopted by the State Council or the State Duma shall be deemed rejected. Ibid, Article 69.
112. Bills, foreseen on the initiative of the State Council and the State Duma and not awarded the Highest approval, cannot be submitted for legislative consideration during the same session. Bills, foreseen on the initiative of the State Council or the State Duma and rejected by one of these regulations, may be submitted for consideration during the same session, if the Highest order follows. Ibid, Article 70.
113. Bills submitted to the State Duma and approved both by it and by the State Council, as well as bills drawn up on the initiative of the State Council and approved by both it and the State Duma, shall be submitted to the Sovereign Emperor by the Chairman of the State Council. Ibid, Article 71.
114. When discussing the state list, the designation for payments on public debts and other obligations assumed by the Russian State shall not be excluded or reduced. Ibid, Article 72.
115. Credits for the expenses of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, together with the institutions under its jurisdiction, in amounts not exceeding the appropriations for the state registration for 1906, are not subject to discussion by the State Council and the State Duma. Likewise, such changes in the aforementioned credits, which are determined by the decisions of the Institution on the Imperial Family, in accordance with the changes that have taken place in it, are not subject to their discussion. Ibid, Article 73.
116. If the state painting is not approved by the beginning of the estimated period, then the last, approved by the established order, painting remains in force, with only those changes that are conditioned by the execution of the legalizations that followed after its approval. Until the promulgation of the new list, according to the decisions of the Council of Ministers, at the disposal of the Ministries and Main Departments, loans are gradually opened in the amount of actual need, which, however, does not exceed, however, per month, in their entirety, one-twelfth of the total sum of expenses. Ibid, Article 74.
117. Emergency oversized credits for the needs of wartime and for special preparations preceding the war are opened in all departments, in the order of supreme control, on the grounds determined by law. Ibid, Article 75.
118. State loans to cover both estimated and oversized expenses are allowed by the procedure established for the approval of the state list of income and expenses. State loans to cover expenses in the cases and within the limits provided for in article 116, as well as loans to cover expenses assigned on the basis of article 117, are authorized by the Sovereign Emperor in the order of supreme administration. The time and conditions for making government loans are determined in the order of the supreme government. Ibid, Article 76.
119. If, according to the advance submission to the State Duma of assumptions about the number of people required to replenish the army and navy, the law on this subject is not issued by May 1 in the prescribed manner, then by decree of the Sovereign Emperor the required number of people is called up for military service, not more, however, assigned in the previous year. Ibid, Article 77.
Chapter eleven.
7.
About the Council of Ministers, Ministers and
Chief executives of individual units.
120. The direction and unification of the actions of Ministers and Chief Executives of separate parts on the subjects of both legislation and higher state administration is entrusted to the Council of Ministers on the grounds determined by law. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 78.
121. Ministers and Chief Executives of individual units have the right to vote in the State Council and the State Duma only if they are Members of these regulations. Ibid, Art. 79.
122. Obligatory decrees, instructions and orders issued by the Council of Ministers, Ministers and Chief Administrators of individual parts, as well as other statutory regulations authorized for that, must not contradict the laws. Ibid, Art. 80.
123. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ministers and Chief Governors of individual units are responsible to the Sovereign Emperor for the general course of state administration. Each of them is individually responsible for their actions and orders. Ibid, Art. 81.
124. For criminal offenses, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ministers, and General Administrators of separate units are subject to civil and criminal liability on the grounds specified by law. Ibid, Art. 82.
SECTION TWO.
Institution of the Imperial Family.
125. The Institution of the Imperial Family (Articles 126 - 223 and Appendices II - IV and VI), while maintaining the force of the Basic Laws, can be changed and supplemented only by the Sovereign Emperor personally in the manner prescribed by Him, if the changes and additions to this Establishment do not concern laws of general and do not cause new expenditure from the treasury. 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
CHAPTER ONE.
8. On the degrees of kinship in the Imperial House.
126. All persons descended from the Imperial Blood in a lawful marriage permitted by the reigning Emperor, with a person of the corresponding dignity in origin, are recognized as Members of the Imperial House. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) §§ 15, 21, 79; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 1; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
127. All Members of the Imperial House consider their degrees by kinship with the Emperor, from whom they descend in a straight line, without confusing it with the approaching kinship with subsequent emperors, who ascended to the Throne after the head of the Surname. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 15; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 2; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
128. The eldest son of the Emperor and all the elders, who came from the older generation, as long as the Imperial Family name exists, are respected and honored, in the mind of the Emperor, as the heirs of the Pre-table, and bear the name of the Sovereign's children. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) §§ 16, 18 paragraph 1; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 3; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
129. All the younger sons of the Emperor or the younger of His generations, that is, all except the firstborn, are considered, by birth, as the sons of the Sovereign. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 16; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 4; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
130. The second and all the younger sons of the older generations, like the sons of the designated for the intercession of the Throne, are considered equal to the sons of the Sovereign, with the rights granted to them. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) §§ 16, 18 paragraph 2; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 5; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
131. All those descended from the younger generations are considered and use advantages according to the degree of their kinship with the Emperor from whom they originate, even though a third person of the older generation owned the Throne, and for this very reason they cannot expect, seek and demand any other advantages , unless the inheritance of the Throne touches them, or when their brother inherits the Throne. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) §§ 16, 18 paragraph 3; 1885 Jan. 24 (2695) Names. uk. Sep .; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 6; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
132. The female sex, descended from the male generation, in degrees of kinship is considered on the same basis as the male, that is: born from an older person of an older generation is recognized as the daughter of the Emperor, born from a younger person of the same generation, a grandson, and so on. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 19; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 7; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
133. Those born of the female sex are completely different from those born of the male; and therefore accounts in kinship with the Emperor should not be kept in order to receive a title, a pension and a dowry, but they use all of them by right, belonging to their father, and they have nothing to demand from the state and from the Main Directorate of Districts 1797 Apr. 5 (17906) §§ 20, 34, 40; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. eight; 1892 Dec. 26 (9197) Names. uk .; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
134. Children born of a marriage for which there was no permission of the reigning Emperor, do not enjoy any privileges belonging to the Members of the Imperial House. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 79; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. nine; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
CHAPTER TWO.
9. About the birth and death of the Members of the Imperial House and about the genealogy of this book.
135. When a son or daughter is born in the Imperial House from a male or female generation, in the state or outside of it, the father and mother, or the closest of the relatives, have, without prolongation of time, notify the reigning Emperor about the birthday and about the name of the newborn or newborn ... 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 21; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. ten; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. ueak., 603, art. 25.
136. This notification must be in writing, and those absent from the state deliver it through the local Russian diplomatic agents. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 21; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. eleven; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
137. The Emperor, having received the notification, orders the name of the newborn or newborn to be entered into the genealogy book of the Russian Imperial House and to notify their surname that they are indeed numbered into the Imperial generation. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) §21; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 12; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
138. In the event of the death, inside or outside the state, of a Member of the Imperial Family, the Emperor is uniformly notified of this. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 21; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 13; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
139. All newborns and those who died in the Imperial House from the male generation, as well as the death of foreign Princesses, who are in a marriage alliance with the Grand Dukes and Princes of the Imperial Blood, are announced for general information through the Governing Senate; the birth and death of the Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses is announced in all-national news by manifestos. 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. fourteen; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
140. Notices of the birth and death of the Members of the Imperial House Are kept in the State Archives. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) §§ 21, 130; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 15; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
141. The death of the Persons of the Imperial House is signified in the same way as their birth in the genealogy book. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 21; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 16; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
142. The inclusion of a name in the genealogy book has to be proof of contact with the Imperial generation. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 21; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 17; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
143. The pedigree book serves as the basis for the order of pensions, destinies and monetary awards of the Members of the Imperial House. It is kept in the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 130 paragraph 4; 1843 Apr. 17, h. rescr. To the Minister of Imperials. Yard; 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. eighteen; 1897 Nov. 20 (14665) pol., Art. 4; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
CHAPTER THREE
10. About titles, emblems and other external advantages.
144. The titles held by the Members of the Imperial Family are:
1) Heir, Tsarevich, Grand Duke and Imperial Highness.
2) Grand Duke, Grand Duchess, Grand Duchess and Imperial Highnesses.
3) Prince, Princess, Princess of the Imperial Blood and Highness.
4) Prince, Princess, Princess of the Imperial Blood and Grace.
145. The title of Heir, Tsarevich, Grand Duke and Imperial Highness belongs to a single, nationally proclaimed Heir to the Throne. The wife of the Heir to the Throne is called the Cesarean and Grand Duchess with the title of Imperial Highness. 1797 Apr 5 (17906) § 31; 1841 Apr 16 (14462); 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. twenty; 1906; Apr 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
146. The title of Grand Duke, Grand Duchess and Imperial Highnesses belongs to sons, daughters, brothers, sisters, and, in the male generation, to all the grandchildren of the Emperors. 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 21; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
Note. By virtue of the decree of 1852, the children of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna and Duke Maximilian of Leuchtenberg bear the title of Imperial Highnesses granted to them, are revered, with descendants of their male generation, Princes and Princesses of the Imperial Blood and enjoy the rights and advantages of the head of the Institution and to the Princesses of the Imperial Blood appropriated. Of the offspring, their title of Imperial Highness belongs only to Prince Alexander Georgievich Romanovsky, Duke of Leuchtenberg personally. 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 21, note; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
147. The title of Highness, Prince and Princess of the Imperial Blood belongs to the great-grandchildren of the Emperor, who descended from the male generation, and in the family of each great-grandson, the title of Highness is assigned only to the eldest son and his elders, by right of primogeniture, descendants, males and generations. If the person who bore the title of Highness dies without leaving offspring, then the title passes into the lateral lines, in the order established for inheritance of reserved properties (Appendix VI). 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 22; 1906 Apr. 23, collection .. uzak., 603, art. 25.
Note. By virtue of the decree of 1899, the children of their Imperial Highnesses Prince George Maximilianovich and Princess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanovsky, Duke and Duchess of Leuchtenberg, were granted the title of Highness with the extension to their further offspring of the right to bear the titles of Highness and Lordship according to the rules specified in Articles 147 and 148 specified. 1899 Jun. 14 (17231) Names. uk.
148. The title of Lordship, Prince and Princess of the Imperial Blood is assigned from the youngest children of the great-grandson to all subsequent genera, in the male generation that have occurred from the Imperial blood. 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 23; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
149. In assemblies and in all other similar cases, the Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses, as well as the Princes and the Princess of the Imperial Blood, having first places after the Emperor and Empress, in the presidency among themselves observe the seniority of titles, and those holding equal titles - the seniority of clans, in childbirth - seniority of lines, in lines - seniority of persons. 1886 Jul. 2 (3851) uchr., Art. 24; 1906 Apr. 23, coll. Uzak., 603, Art. 25.
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5
1721, January 25. The regulations of the Spiritual Collegium
The church policy of Peter I was aimed at subordinating the church to the power of the state. After the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I appointed S. Yavorsky as locum tenens of the patriarchal throne. In 1701, the activity of the Monastic Order, a secular institution for the administration of church lands, was resumed. In the early 1720s, a Synod - the Spiritual Collegium - was established to govern the church. Its regulations were drawn up by a prominent figure of Peter's time, Archbishop Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736), Novgorod. The spiritual regulations reflected the victory of absolutism over the church, determined the rights and functions of the Synod, its place in the system of central government institutions.
* * *
Among many, God-given authorities owed to us, care for the correction of our people and other states subject to us, looking at the spiritual rank, and seeing in it a lot of disorder and its great poverty in deeds, we had fear that was not vain on our conscience, yes we will not appear ungrateful to the one above, if we have received a bit from him in the correction of both the military and civil rank, we neglect the correction and the spiritual rank<…>
We establish a spiritual collegium, that is, a spiritual conciliar government, which, according to the following regulations, has all kinds of spiritual affairs in the All-Russian Church to govern. And we command all our faithful subjects, of every rank, spiritual and worldly, to have this as an important and strong government, and it has extreme matters for spiritual administration, the decision and the decision to ask, and to be content with its definite judgment, and to listen to its decrees in everything, under great resistance and disobedience by punishment, against other collegia<…>
Part 1
What is the spiritual collegium and what are the important guilt of such a government.
The collegium government is nothing else, only a government meeting, when some affairs of their own are not for a single person, but for many, moreover, those that are pleasing and from the highest power established are subject to management<…>May anyone not think that this government does not want to exist, and it would be better for a single person to rule the spiritual affairs of the whole society, as in private countries or dioceses, affairs are governed by individual bishops. Here important faults are offered, which show that this reign is always a conciliar, and like the everlasting synod or the Sanhedrin, the most perfect is and better than the sole government, especially in the monarchical state, which is our Russian one.
1. Firstly, the truth is more known to be sought by the conciliar estate than by a single lyceum.<…>It happens that a simple person will perceive this in some difficulty, which a bookish and witty person will not see; how is it not necessary to have a conciliar government, in which the minds of many understand the proposed need, and what one does not comprehend, the other comprehends, and what this one does not see, he will see? And this is a meaningful thing and is better known and will sooner be explained, and which requires a definition, it will not seem difficult.
2. And as news is in knowledge, so there is a great deal of power in determining the matter, the conciliar verdict is more likely to be assured and obedient than a sole decree. The power of monarchs is autocratic, which God himself commands for conscience; both have their advisers, not only for the sake of a better truth of discipline, but so that the rebellious people do not slander, that behold, or it, by force and according to their whims, rather than by judgment and truth command the monarch: then it is even more in church government where the government is not monarchical is, and commanded by the ruler, so that the clergy do not rule. Where if there is only one that bothers, opponents with a single person may defame him by defamation of the power to establish his withdrawal of which they are not so able, where from the conciliar estate the determination takes place<…>
5. But it is most useful that in such a collegium there is no place for addiction, deceit, and covetous judgment. How can they form in the intercession of the wine, or in the condemnation of the innocent side, where will they also be biased or furious from them to the person being judged, both the other and the third and others be free from anger and addiction? How can one overcome a bribe, where not because of power, but for the right and important reasons, the matter is verified, and one other (if he does not show his blessed opinion of his guilt) will shy away, so that he will not be recognized in his bribe? Behold, most importantly, when the collegium is held in such persons for whom it is by no means possible for everyone to secretly eat, eat, even if there will be persons of different ranks and titles: bishops, archimandrites, abbots and from the authorities of the white priesthood. In truth, one cannot see here how such are to each other and open up some insidious intention, not only that they agree to wrongness.
6. And behold, it is similar that the collegium, the freest spirit in itself, has to justice: not so much, as the sole ruler of the wrath of the strong is afraid; there are still reasons to look for many, and even different persons, it is convenient to eat like that, as if for a single person.
7. It is also great that the fatherland does not fear rebellions and confusion from the conciliar government, yak come from a single spiritual ruler of their own. For the common people do not know how the spiritual power differs from the autocratic one; but astonished by the great highest shepherd with honor and glory, he thinks that there is such a ruler, then a second sovereign, equal to the autocrat, or greater than him, and that the spiritual rank is a different and better state, and this is how the people think about it. What, then, always will the trivial, power-hungry spiritual conversations be added, and the fire will be placed on dry admiration? Such simple hearts are corrupted by this opinion, which is not so at their autocrat, as if at the supreme shepherd, in any matter they look. And when some kind of strife is heard between them, everything to the spiritual more than to the worldly ruler, if they both blindly and superbly agree and dare to fight and rebel for him, and the accursed flatter themselves that they are fighting by the very Bose, and their hands do not desecrate, but sanctify , if only he rushed to bloodshed. The same opinion among the people of the Velma is welcomed and not simple, but insidious people; when they see a quarrel between the sovereign and the shepherd, they kidnap their malice for a good chance, and under the guise of church jealousy, they will not hesitate to raise their hands against Christ the Lord; and to that same lawlessness, as if to the work of God, the common people ascend. Well, when the shepherd himself is haughty with such an opinion of himself, he will not want to sleep? Rip up hard, from wherever there is disaster<…>
9. Finally, in such a government, the conciliar will be like a certain school of spiritual government. For from the communication of many and various considerations, and advice, and correct arguments, frequent deeds require that everyone from neighbors can conveniently learn spiritual politics, and with the daily art of getting used to how best to manage the house of God, and therefore the most pleasing of the number of colleagues, or neighbors, persons will appear worthy for the rank of bishopric. And so in Russia, with the help of God, soon the rudeness will disappear from the spiritual rank and hope for all the best ...
Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. VI. No. 3718.
6
1721, October 22. The act of presenting to Peter I the title of Emperor of All Russia
After the signing of the Nystadt Peace Treaty with Sweden on August 30, 1721, Peter I celebrated the end of the Northern War. On October 22, at the Trinity Cathedral, the oldest senator, Chancellor G. I. Golovkin, on behalf of all officials of the state, addressed the tsar with a speech with a request to accept the title of emperor. The presentation of the title of emperor meant recognition of the merits of Peter I in the victorious end of the Northern War, and also emphasized the increased power of Russia and its influence on the international arena.
* * *
On the 20th day of this October, on the advice of the Senate in common with the Spiritual Synod, the intention was accepted, His Majesty, as an indication of his due thanksgiving, for his high mercy and paternal care and diligence, which he is about the welfare of the state during all the time of his most glorious state and especially during the past Swedish wars, he deigned, and the All-Russian state in such a strong and good state, and the people of his subject to such glory among the whole world through a single leadership, led, as everyone is quite aware, in the name of the entire Russian people to ask, in order to deign to accept , following the example of others, from them the title: the father of the fatherland, the Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great ...
Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. VI. No. 3840.
7
1722, February 5. Decree on the succession to the throne
The decree on the inheritance of the throne in 1722 was the first attempt at legislative regulation of the issue of the succession of power in Russia. The appearance of the decree was preceded by tragic circumstances: in June 1718, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, the son of Peter I by Evdokia Lopukhina, was killed on charges of treason, and in April 1719, at the age of three, Peter Petrovich, the son of Peter I by Catherine, died.
* * *
We are Peter the First Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia and so on and so forth and so on.
We declare, before everyone knows there is, what Absalom's anger our son Alexei was haughty, and that his intention was not his repentance, but the grace of God to our entire fatherland (which is enough from the manifesto about that matter); and this did not grow with him for anything else, only from the old custom that a big son was given an inheritance, besides, he was the only man of the sex of our surname then, and for this he did not want to look at any paternal punishment; This unkind custom, I don’t know why, was so consolidated, for not exactly in people, according to the reasoning of clever parents, there were canceled the blessing followed; Our ancestors are still alive, we see this when the blessed and eternal memory of the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, and truly great, not in word, but in deed: for this, scattered by the division of the children of Vladimirov, our fatherland gathered and approved, which not according to primacy, but at will he repaired this, and twice canceled, seeing as a worthy heir, whom he would not have missed the packs collected and approved by our fatherland, first gave past his sons to his grandson, and then left his grandson, already married, and gave his son his inheritance (which is clear from the Book of the Degree it is possible to see), Namely, in the summer of 7006 February on the 4th day, the great prince Ivan Vasilyevich made the heir to his grandson, prince Dmitry Ivanovich, by himself, and was married in Moscow on the grand reign with a princely crown, Metropolitan Simon, and in the summer of April 7010, on the 11th day, the grand duke Ivan Vasilyevich was angry with his grandson, Prince Dmitry, and did not order him to be remembered in the churches as the Grand Duke, and put him on guard, and on the same April, on the 14th day, he made the heir lump of his son Vasily Ivanovich, and was married to the same Metropolitan Simon; for which there are other similar examples, which, for the sake of brevity, are now not mentioned here, but henceforth they will be especially issued to the press. In the same reasoning, in the last 1714, we were merciful about our subjects, so that their particular houses would not come from unworthy heirs to ruin, although we made a statute that we should give real estate to one son, however, we gave it up to the parental will, to whom the son they want to give, look for something worthy, albeit a smaller one, past the big ones, recognizing the convenient one, who would not squander the inheritance. Kolmi, however, we should have more concern for the integrity of our entire state, which with the help of God, is now more widespread, as it seems to everyone; what for we have disposed of this statute, so that this would always be in the will of the ruling sovereign, to whom he wants it, he will determine the inheritance, and to a certain, seeing what indecency, he will cancel the packs so that children and descendants do not fall into such anger as it is written above, having this bridle on you. For the sake of this, we command that all our subjects and the worldly without exception, this our rule before God and his gospel should be approved on such a basis that anyone who is disgusted with this, or otherwise will interpret, is honored for a traitor, the death penalty and the church oath will be subject.
Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. VI. No. 3893.
8
1726, February 18. Establishment of the Supreme Privy Council
After the death of Emperor Peter I, through the efforts of his favorite, Prince A. D. Menshikov and the noble guard, the widow of Peter, Empress Catherine I, was elevated to the throne. the highest government body of power was created - the Supreme Privy Council. The ruling Senate actually lost its significance, since the three most important collegia - Military, Admiralty and Foreign Affairs - were reassigned to the Supreme Privy Council. The published decree reflects the functions of the new government body and its personal composition.
* * *
Still blessed and highly Orthodox memories, the Sovereign Emperor, our dear sovereign husband, in the past 1711, for his then frequent military campaigns and absences, deigned to determine the government of the Senate in several persons, and there was that meeting at first, except for secret real advisers and secret advisers from other noble and confidant persons who, besides the management of state internal affairs, had no other business and were always inseparable in their business. And then secret real counselors were on campaigns for His Majesty, and in the current Senate meeting, honor all the secret real counselors. And although this was done according to His highly-Orthodox memory of the Sovereign Emperor by decree, however, he decided to sit with them in the Senate from other ranks, namely: two persons from major generals with a change of weather. And before we saw that the secret real advisers, and in addition to the Senate government, have a lot of work in the following matters: 1) that they often have, as the first ministers, secret councils on political and other important state affairs; 2) some of them sit as presidents in the first collegia, namely in two military, in the land and sea, and the third political, which is why in the first and very necessary case in the privy council they are often insane, and in the Senate in business they stop and continue from the fact that they, being busy, can not soon mend resolutions on state internal affairs. For the good, we judged and commanded from now on at our court, both for external and internal important state affairs, to establish a Supreme Privy Council, at which we ourselves will be present. One of the first senators will be with us in that Supreme Privy Council, and instead of them others will be elected to the Senate, who will always be under one Senate rule. The following persons will be with us in the Privy Supreme Council: Field Marshal General and Privy Councilor, His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov, Admiral General and Privy Councilor, Count Apraksin, State Chancellor and Privy Councilor, Count Golovkin, Privy Councilor, Count Tolstoy, Privy Councilor, Golitsyn , Vice-Chancellor and Privy Active Counselor Baron Osterman. And there will be special days for the hearing of cases each week.
And according to the above-described Her Imperial Majesty's decree of the Supreme Privy Council, the following were determined:
1) To the Senate and to all colleges and other places where it will be subject, to send decrees with the following image: in the title, the decree of Her Imperial Majesty, held in the Supreme Privy Council (and name, in which place, where). 2) And from the Senate and from all other colleges to write about what the most important thing will happen in this regard: a report to the Supreme Privy Council. 3) From the Senate to the Military, Land and Naval and Foreign and from these to the Senate to write promemories. 4) In the Supreme Privy Council, although in the presence of Her Imperial Majesty, although in her absence, to strengthen what will be determined, protocols, resolutions, to all appointed persons of the Supreme Privy Council. And from then on, where the proper decrees should be sent to the Supreme Privy Council of the newly acquired member of the Foreign Collegium, the actual state councilor Vasily Stepanov. 5) And this definition for the first time has to serve, and henceforth how to be, and what servants to have with this Supreme Privy Council, to compose a clear and detailed definition, and eventually convey Her to the Imperial Majesty.
Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. VII. No. 4830.
9
1730 year. Condition
After the death of Emperor Peter II in January 1730, the male line of the Romanov dynasty was cut short. The young monarch did not leave a will, so another dynastic crisis ensued. At a meeting of the Supreme Privy Council, at the suggestion of Prince D. M. Golitsyn, it was decided to invite the niece of Peter I, the dowager ruler of Courland, Anna Ioannovna, to the Russian throne. However, the members of the Supreme Privy Council tried to impose conditions on the new ruler, limiting her power - "Condition". Anna Ioannovna first signed these conditions, however, having arrived in Moscow and seeing the discontent of wide circles of the nobility with the "trick" of the supreme leaders, she publicly tore up the document.
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Ponezhe, by the will of the almighty God and by the common desire of the Russian people, We, upon the repose of the All-Most Blessed Sovereign Great Sovereign Peter the Second, the Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, our dear nephew of the sovereign, have perceived the Imperial All-Russian throne and, following the Divine Law, I intend and wish to conduct my government in this way. so that in the beginning, to the glorification of the Divine name and to the well-being of our entire state and all our faithful subjects could serve. For the sake of this, through this we most firmly promise that my most important care and diligence will not only be about the content, but also the extreme and all possible dissemination of our Orthodox faith of the Greek confession, likewise, after accepting the Russian crown, not to enter into marriage throughout my whole life with an heir, do not define anyone either by themselves or by themselves. We also promise that the integrity and well-being of every state consists of good advice, for the sake of this, for the sake of this, we will always maintain the Supreme Privy Council, which has already been established in eight persons, and without this Supreme Privy Council consent:
1) Do not start wars with anyone.
2) The world does not conclude.
3) Do not burden our faithful subjects with any new taxes.
4) In noble ranks, both in the state, and in the military, land and sea, do not favor the rank of colonel, do not appoint anyone lower for noble affairs, and the guards and other regiments should be under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Privy Council.
5) The nobility's belly, and property, and honor cannot be taken away without a trial.
6) Do not favor estates and villages.
7) Not to be promoted to court ranks, both Russians and foreigners, without the advice of the Supreme Privy Council.
8) State revenues should not be used for expenditure - and all their loyal subjects should be supported in their irrevocable mercy. And if I do not fulfill and hold on to, according to this promise, I will be deprived of the Russian crown.
Korsakov D.A. Accession of Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Kazan, 1880. S. 17-18.
10
1762, July. A.G. Orlov's letters to Catherine II of Ropsha about the circumstances of the death of Emperor Peter III
The letters of A.G. Orlov, one of the most active participants in the palace coup of 1762, report the actual circumstances of the death of the deposed Emperor Peter III. These documents were found among the papers of the deceased Empress Catherine II and handed over to Emperor Paul. After reviewing the letters, the emperor handed them over to Chancellor A. A. Bezborodko for safekeeping, but the next day he demanded the papers back and threw them into the fireplace. However, we owe the preservation of this valuable source to the beloved of Emperor Pavel FV Rostopchin, who managed to make a copy of the documents.
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A
Mother gracious Empress, we all wish you good health for countless years. We are now happy with the leave of this letter and with the whole team, only our freak was very sick, and he was seized by unintentional colic, and I am dangerous that he would not die tonight, but I am more afraid that he would not come to life. The first danger is that he says all this nonsense and it is a little fun for us, and the other danger is that he is really dangerous for all of us because he sometimes responds in this way, although in the same state of being.
By virtue of your personal command, I gave money to the soldiers for six months, and so did the non-commissioned officers, except for one Potemkin as a sergeant in order to serve without salary. And some of the soldiers, through tears, said about your mercy, that they still did not deserve this for you, to reward them so in a short time. With that, I am sending you a list of the entire team that is now here, but thousands of rubles, mother, were not enough, and I supplemented them with chervones, and here we had a lot of laughter at the gronoders about the chervonets, when they took from me, others asked for something that was not saw them and gave them away again, thinking that they were worthless. Chertkov, who was sent back to Your Majesty, has not yet been to us, and for that I was late to report you, and I am writing this on Tuesday at nine o'clock at half-past.
After death, your faithful slave Alexey Orlov.
B
Our mother, merciful Empress, I don’t know where to start now, I’m afraid of your Majesty’s anger, why didn’t you deign to think frantically about us, and we weren’t the cause of death of your villain and all of Russia, also our law, and now that Maslov, a footman assigned to him for a service, has fallen ill, and he himself is now so ill that I don’t think he will live until evening and is almost completely oblivious, about which the whole team here already knows and prays to God that he would rather from our hands I got away, and the same Maslov and the sent officer can tell Your Majesty what state he is in now, if you doubt me, if you please; Your faithful servant wrote this ( signature torn off).
V
Mother merciful Empress! How can I explain, describe what happened: you will not believe your faithful slave; but as before God I will tell the truth. Mother! Ready to go to death; but I myself do not know how this misfortune happened. We perished when You will not have mercy. Mother - he is not in the world. But no one thought of this, and how can we plan to raise our hands against the sovereign. But, Empress, trouble has happened. He argued at the table with Prince Fyodor (Boryatinsky); we did not have time to separate, and he was gone. We ourselves do not remember what we did; but every single one is guilty, worthy of execution. Have mercy on me, even for my brother. I have brought you a blame, and there is nothing to look for. Forgive me or order me to finish soon. The light is not nice; angered you and destroyed souls forever.
The coup of 1762. M., 1908.S. 136, 141, 142.
