Ingermanlandia on the modern map. The meaning of the word Ingermanlandia. An attempt at national self-determination

Scientists are still arguing about the substance into which the diamond passes when melted. Since the 16th century, when the mineral was discovered, it has been actively studied. But, many secrets have not yet been solved. Over the course of more than 500 years, many experiments have been carried out in an effort by scientists to unravel this mystery. But most of the properties of the stone still remain unexplored. Each discovery takes many years. In our article, we will slightly open for you one of the curtains behind which a lot of interesting things are hidden.

About basic properties

The temperature at which the diamond melts determines the possibility of its application both in the jewelry industry and in industry. But the characteristic has not yet been fully studied, since the stone has unique properties. It is difficult to compare it with anything from the known world.

One of the explanations for such unusual characteristics of the mineral is its extraterrestrial origin. There is a theory that the diamond came to the planet from space along with meteorites and settled in the bowels of the earth. Other scientists explain the strange behavior of the stone by the structure of its crystal lattice.

The carbon atoms in it have an ultra-strong bond, which determines the already known properties of diamond:

• abnormal hardness;
• resistance to aggressive chemical environment (alkali and acid);
• fragility.

The paradox of diamond is that, on the one hand, it is the most durable mineral on the planet. But on the other hand, it is very fragile and can be easily damaged by a strong blow. The last property is used by jewelers when cutting.

Interesting properties studied during experiments

Diamond is the most amazing stone. Its nature and properties force the smartest people on the planet to solve the most difficult problems. Its beauty is admired by millions. It is one of the best dielectrics and insulators. It contains only carbon atoms.

Curiously, carbon itself is an extremely flammable substance. In nature, it is more commonly found in the form of graphite. This pushed scientists to the idea of ​​converting one substance into another. They were interested in whether, in the process of melting, diamond would transform into graphite and vice versa. The results were mixed.

It turned out that it is possible to create graphite from diamond by heating the crystal to 2000 degrees and blocking the access of oxygen. But it was not possible to carry out the reverse reaction without making a seed. You can read about this in the article If the stone is not heated in a vacuum, it will simply turn into carbon.

Transition from one state to another

By the temperature and environment in the melting furnace, it is possible to predict what state the diamond will go to. If oxygen is present in the flask, the stone will completely burn out at a temperature of 850-1000 degrees Celsius. A pale blue flame will be emitted during the reaction. At the end of the experiment, CO2 - oxygen and carbon - will remain in the capsule.

It was possible to prove this back in 1694 by Italian scientists, Targioni and Averani. They tried to fuse two small diamonds into one, but only burned the stones.

Their experiment failed because it is incredibly difficult to achieve a smooth melting of diamonds: a capsule without oxygen is needed, with the ability to regulate the pressure inside it.

The substance into which diamonds, heated to 2000-3000 degrees, pass, depends on the environment. If you turn off oxygen and create a temperature of 1800-2000 degrees, you can get graphite. Raising the heat level to 3700-4000 degrees in the same conditions, you can get molten carbon. But it is extremely difficult to achieve such capacities from laboratory instruments.

The course of the experiment and its results

To determine at what temperature a diamond melts, a big experiment was carried out in 2010. A 1/10 carat stone was placed in a special capsule, where nanosecond wave pulses were generated. The furnace reached a pressure of 10 million atmospheres and a temperature of 40,000 Kelvin (39726.85 Celsius), after which the crystal passed into a liquid state.

The experiment did not end there. Scientists have continued to raise temperatures and pressures. When the heat reached 50,000 Kelvin (49,726.85 Celsius), the diamond began to solidify. Moreover, he did it literally in pieces - solid crystals formed on the surface of the molten mass.

The design resembled an iceberg. Curiously, the molten mass did not boil or change as the scientists continued to raise the temperature. But with a decrease in degrees and while maintaining pressure, the crystals became larger and coalesced into one.

Phenomena and scientific facts

It was not only the melting of diamond that interested scientists. In the course of one of the experiments on converting stone into carbon dioxide, an interesting discovery occurred. When the crystal is exposed to powerful ultraviolet rays, a cavity is formed in the mineral.

It was possible to find out that ultraviolet light harms the diamond. But for diamond jewelry owners, this should not be a concern. It will take tens of thousands of years before the sun's rays can harm your jewelry.

Scientists have not been able to solve many of the riddles of the diamond. For example, in jewelry workshops, the stone is easily heated, processed and soldered. However, if cracks are present in the diamond, it will scatter into small fragments.

Lava and carbon crystals

Due to the fact that diamond deposits are located in kimberlite pipes - the place where volcanic rock exits to the surface, there are natural concerns. Can lava melt a diamond? The answer is unequivocal - no.

The fact is that the melting point of a diamond is over 3500 degrees. And the pressure is not a joke, more than 11 hPa. The heat of the lava is only 500-1200 degrees. By simple comparison, we come to the conclusion that lava flows can only burn the mineral if they reach 1000 degrees.

Good day, dear friends. Diamond is incredibly resistant to all kinds of influences from the outside world. But even so, there is still a diamond melting point, which can only be achieved if certain factors are observed.

In fact, measuring the melting point of diamonds is not easy. The thing is that high pressure also exerts an effect. Otherwise, there is a risk of turning the stone back into graphite.

Experiments with the melting point of diamonds

In this story, the National Livermore Laboratory. Lawrence. After all, scientists at the University of California conducted an unusual experiment, as a result of which it turned out that the diamond melts at a temperature of 3700-4000 degrees Celsius and at a pressure of 11 GPa. The experiment was carried out back in 2010.

Unlike many common solids, diamond cannot be liquefied by the normal increase in ambient temperature.

Eggart John, one of the process leaders, shared these observations during the experiment. He also said that for such a state, the diamond must be additionally kept under very high pressure. As you might guess, it is very difficult to measure the temperature of a diamond.

But pressure is indispensable: in air, diamond burning is carried out at a temperature close to 1000 degrees Celsius, and in a vacuum at 2000 degrees it turns into graphite (while it is impossible to reverse the process, at best you will get a synthetic diamond that is inferior to its own brothers). There is no intermediate state in both cases.

Moreover, an experiment on the study of the mineral was carried out at the end of the 17th century by Italian scientists, who decided by all means to fuse several specimens into a single whole. As a result, it was possible to find out only the melting point of the stone.

Also, at one time it was possible to find out that melting with ultraviolet rays also cannot be achieved. Indeed, in this case, the mineral simply begins to turn into carbon dioxide. For this reason, it was not possible to create ultraviolet lasers using stone - they simply fall into disrepair. But for ordinary diamonds, everything is not so scary. Indeed, for the complete disappearance of one microgram of a mineral, it will take a long 10 billion years.

Main experiment progress

And here is the course of the experiment itself, conducted in 2010:

1. Scientists took a very small diamond (1/10 carat).
2. Shock waves were generated using nanosecond laser pulses, creating tremendous pressure.
3. When the pressure reached 40 times the atmospheric pressure at sea level, the diamond reached a liquid state.

But it didn't end there. Scientists began to lower the pressure and lower the temperature. As a result, it turned out that the diamond begins to return to a solid form (albeit in pieces) at a pressure of 11 million atmospheres and 50,000 Kelvin. At the same time, these pieces floated in the remaining "broth" like ice floes in the sea. Scientists decided to further lower the pressure, but not change the temperature. And the diamond began to behave like ordinary water - even more "icebergs" began to appear in it, the formations themselves became larger.

Unusual hypotheses

Based on such experiments, conclusions were drawn about the possibility of the existence of similar conditions on Uranus and Neptune. The fact is that both of these planets consist of carbon for a significant 10%.

There is a version that the oceans of molten diamond could be the basis for an unusual magnetic field for Neptune and Uranus, because their poles are spaced apart (!). That is, the magnetic pole does not coincide with the geographic pole.

But for now, hypotheses remain just hypotheses. After all, sending satellites to both planets or trying to simulate their atmospheres on Earth is difficult and expensive. But one day we will know for sure what is really going on there.

By the way, if you are interested in the topic of space and these unusual planets, then we suggest you watch a training video about them.

The secrets of the universe of precious stones have not yet been fully revealed. Check back often and learn a lot about these amazing minerals. See you later!

Team LubiStones

Original taken from nord_ursus to the Shelter of the poor Chukhonts: the history of the Finnish population in the vicinity of St. Petersburg

The second largest city in the country, St. Petersburg, is located at the north-western borders, directly adjacent to the borders with Finland and Estonia. The history of this region, which is called the Izhora Land, Ingermanlandia, the Nevsky Territory, or simply the Leningrad Region, contains a valuable layer of cultural and historical heritage left by the Finno-Ugric peoples who lived here. And now, leaving St. Petersburg, every now and then you come across the names of villages and villages with seemingly Russian endings, but still not quite familiar to the Russian ear roots - Vaskelovo, Pargolovo, Kuyvozi, Agalatovo, Yukki and so on. Here, among the dense forests and swamps, the "Chukhonts" have long lived - this is how the Russians called the Finno-Ugric peoples - Izhoru, Vod, Finns, Vepsians. This word, in turn, comes from the ethnonym Chud - the common name of the Baltic-Finnish peoples. Now there are not many Chukhonts left near St. Petersburg - some have left in recent years, some have simply become Russified and assimilated, someone simply hides their belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples. In this article I will try to shed some light on the fate of these small peoples in the vicinity of the Northern Capital.

Ingermanlandia map. 1727 year

Finno-Ugric tribes - such as Izhora, Vod, All, Korela - since ancient times inhabited the territories along the shores of the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River and Lake Ladoga. For these tribes, slash-and-burn agriculture was characteristic; in the more northern area, hunting and cattle breeding were of greater importance, as well as fishing along the shores of the sea. According to the results of archaeological research available today, the settlement of these lands by the Slavs begins in the 6th century, when the Krivichi tribes moved here, and continues in the 8th century, when the Ilmen Slovenes settled in the territories. The prerequisites for the emergence of the state are taking shape. According to traditional Russian historiography, the date of foundation of Veliky Novgorod is considered to be 859, and 862 - the date of the beginning of the reign of Rurik - is considered the date of the emergence of the Russian state. Novgorod was one of the most powerful centers of Ancient Rus. The possessions of Novgorod during the period of its greatest prosperity occupied an area larger than the modern Northwestern Federal District - then under its rule were the White Sea, and the Kola Peninsula, and Pomorie and even the Polar Urals.

Thus, the Baltic-Finnish peoples who lived near the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga also found themselves under the rule of a powerful northern state, through which the trade route "From the Vikings to the Greeks" passed. The "Tale of Bygone Years" mentions that the Kiev prince Oleg, during his campaign against Constantinople in 907, took with him, among other tribes, the "Chud", that is, the Finno-Ugric tribes that lived near the Baltic:

“In the year 6415, Oleg went against the Greeks, leaving Igor in Kiev; He took with him a multitude of Varangians, and Slovenians, and Chudi, and Krivichi, and Meru, and Drevlyans, and Radimichs, and Polyans, and Northerners, and Vyatichi, and Croats, and Dulebs, and Tivertsy, known as the Tolmachi: all of them were called Greeks "Great Scythia". "

In the second half of the 12th century, in the bull of Pope Alexander III, sent to Bishop Stephen of Uppsala, there is the first historical mention of the pagan people of Izhora, which in the text is called "Ingry". At the same time, the territory of present-day Finland has been under the rule of the Swedes since 1155, after the Swedish king Eric IX made a crusade and conquered the Finnish tribes who lived in the north of the Baltic Sea - em (in Russian pronunciation, the name Yam is more common (from the Finnish yaamit )), the name of the city of Yamburg came from him) and sum (Suomi). In 1228, in the Russian chronicles, the Izhorians are already mentioned as allies of Novgorod, who, together with the Novgorodians, participated in the defeat of the detachments of the Finnish tribe Eme, who invaded the Novgorod land in alliance with the Swedes:

"The last thing the Izheryane remained, making them fleeing, and that they beat them up a lot, but their use will run away, where is anyone seeing?"

Looking ahead, we can say that it was then that the civilizational division of the Finnish tribes began through belonging to different states. Izhora, Vod, all and Korela found themselves in the composition of Orthodox Russia and themselves gradually adopted Orthodoxy, and the sum and em - in the composition of Catholic Sweden. Now Finnish tribes, close in blood, fought on opposite sides of the front, - civilizational (including religious) division prevailed over blood closeness.

Meanwhile, in 1237, the Teutonic Order successfully expanded into the Baltic States, capturing Livonia, and strengthened on the Russian borders, establishing the Koporye fortress. Novgorod escaped the devastating Mongol invasion while a serious threat arose from the western side. From the very moment of the consolidation of the Swedes in Finland, the Karelian Isthmus and the mouth of the Neva become a place of territorial disputes between Novgorod Rus and Sweden. And on July 15, 1240, the Swedes, under the leadership of Jarl Birger Magnusson, attacked Russia. A battle takes place at the confluence of the Izhora River (named after the tribe) into the Neva, known as the Battle of the Neva, as a result of which the Novgorod army under the command of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, who received the nickname Nevsky as a result of the battle, wins. The references to the help of the Finno-Ugrians to the Russian army can be seen here. The chronicles mention “A certain man named Pelgusiy (Pelguy, Pelkonen), who was an elder in the Izhora land, and he was entrusted with the protection of the sea coast: and he received holy baptism and lived in the midst of his kind, a filthy entity, and in holy baptism he was given the name Philip "... In 1241, Alexander Nevsky begins to liberate the western part of the Novgorod land, and on April 5, 1242, his army defeats the Teutonic Order on the ice of Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice).

In the 13th century, most of the Izhorians, vozhans (vozd) and Karelians converted to Orthodoxy. In the administrative division of the Novgorod land, such a unit as Vodskaya pyatina appears, which was named after the people of Vod. In 1280, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich strengthened the western borders of the Novgorod Republic, when, by his decree, the stone fortress Koporye (Finnish Caprio) was built - on the same place where the Germans built a wooden fortress in 1237. A little to the west, the Yam fortress was built (formerly Yamburg, now the city of Kingisepp). In 1323, in the Novgorod fortress Oreshek at the source of the Neva, between Novgorod and Sweden, the Orekhovets peace treaty was concluded, which established the first border between these two states. The Karelian Isthmus was divided in two. The western part of it, where the Swedes founded the city of Vyborg in 1293, went to Sweden, to Novgorod - the eastern part with the Koreloi fortress and Lake Ladoga. According to the terms of the agreement, Novgorod transferred to Sweden “For love, three graveyards of Sevilakshu(Savolax, now part of Finland) , Yaski(Yaskis or Yaaski, - now the village of Lesogorsky, Vyborg district) , Ogrebu(Euryapya, - now the village of Baryshevo, Vyborgsky district) - Korelsky churchyard "... As a result, part of the Korela tribe began to live in Sweden and, being converted to Catholicism, took part in the ethnogenesis of the Finns.

Fortress Koporye. Now it is part of the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region

Novgorod-Swedish border in the Orekhovetsky world. 1323 year

Thus, in the XIV century we observe the following picture of the settlement of the Baltic-Finnish peoples: Finns and Sami live in Sweden, Karelians, Vepsians, Vod and Izhora live in the Novgorod Republic, Estonians live in the Livonian Order. In 1478, the Novgorod land was conquered by the Moscow prince Ivan III and became part of the centralized Russian state. In 1492, by order of the prince, on the western border, opposite the Livonian castle of Narva (Rugodiv), the Ivangorod fortress was built. Under Ivan IV the Terrible, after the end of the Livonian War, Russia in 1583 concludes the Plyusskoe truce with Sweden, which leads to changes in the state border - now the western part of the Izhora land with the fortresses of Koporye, Yam and Ivangorod, as well as the eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus with the Korela fortress, withdraw to Sweden, which in turn annexes Estonia, that is, the northern part of the Livonian Order (Livonia itself goes to the Commonwealth). Now part of Izhora and Vodi is also under the rule of Sweden.

Change of borders according to the Plyussky truce. 1583 year. The territories ceded to Sweden are shown in gray.

But only seven years have passed since Russia took revenge for the results of the Livonian War. As a result of the Russian-Swedish war of 1590-1593, Russia returns both the Karelian Isthmus and the western part of the Izhora land. In 1595, the return of land was secured by the signing of a peace agreement in the Izhora village of Tyavzino near Ivangorod.

However, a radical turning point in the history of the region soon came. In 1609, during the Troubles, an agreement was concluded in Vyborg between the Russian government of Vasily Shuisky and Sweden, under which the Swedes undertook to provide military assistance to Russia in the fight against Polish intervention, in exchange for the transfer of the Korelsky district (that is, the eastern part of the Karelian isthmus) to Sweden. The Swedish army was commanded by the commander Jacob Pontusson De la Gardie, a nobleman of French origin. After the crushing defeat of the combined Russian-Swedish army in the battle near the village of Klushino, Delagardi, under the pretext of non-fulfillment by the Russians of the conditions for transferring Korela, stopped providing military assistance to Russia. Sweden now acted as an interventionist, first occupying Izhora land, and then, in 1611, seizing Novgorod. As a pretext for these actions, the Swedes used the fact that the Moscow Seven Boyars elected the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne, while Sweden was at war with Poland and considered this action as a rapprochement between Russia and Poland. For the same reason, speaking about the events of the Time of Troubles, Sweden can by no means be called an ally of Poland - she, like Poland, carried out intervention in Russia, but not in an alliance with Poland, but in parallel. After the capture of Novgorod, the Swedes unsuccessfully besieged Tikhvin in 1613, and in 1615 they equally unsuccessfully besieged Pskov and captured Gdov. On February 27, 1617, in the village of Stolbovo near Tikhvin, Russia and Sweden signed the Stolbovo Peace Treaty, under which the Izhora land was entirely transferred to Sweden.

As a matter of fact, this was the turning point in the history of the Izhora land. After the Stolbovo Peace, many Orthodox inhabitants of the lands that ceded to Sweden - Russians, Karelians, Izhorians, vozhans - not wishing to accept Lutheranism and remain under the Swedish crown, left their homes and went to Russia. The Karelians settled in the vicinity of Tver, as a result of which a sub-ethnos of the Tver Karelians was formed. The Swedes, in order not to leave the deserted lands empty, began to populate them with Finns. On this land, a dominion was formed as part of Sweden (dominion is an autonomous territory that has a higher status than a province), called Ingermanlandia. According to one version, this name is a tracing of the term Izhora land into Swedish. According to another version, it comes from the Old Finnish Inkeri maa - "beautiful land" and the Swedish land - "land" (that is, the word "land" is repeated twice). Finns resettled in Ingermanland formed a subethnos of Ingermanland Finns (Inkerilaiset)... Most of the settlers came from the province of Savolaks in Central Finland - they formed a group of Finns-Savakots (Savakot) and also from the Euryapää county (Äyräpää), located on the Karelian Isthmus, in the middle reaches of the Vuoksa, they formed a group of Finns-Evremeys (Äyrämöiset)... Of the Izhorians who remained to live in Ingermanland, some converted to Lutheranism and were assimilated by the Finns, and only a very small part were able to preserve Orthodoxy and their original culture. In general, Ingermanland remained a rather provincial region as part of Sweden - Swedish exiles were sent here, and the land itself was sparsely populated: even half a century after the annexation of Sweden, the population of Ingermanland was only 15 thousand people. Since 1642, the administrative center of Ingermanland was the city of Nien (Nyenskans), founded in 1611, located at the confluence of the Okhta and the Neva. In 1656, a new war begins between Russia and Sweden. The root cause of the military conflict lay in the successes of the Russian troops in the Russian-Polish war that began in 1654, when the Russians occupied the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Swedes, in order to prevent the capture of Poland by the Russians and, as a result, the strengthening of Russia in the Baltic, invade Poland and declare claims to the territories occupied by Russian troops. The Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich used this circumstance as an excuse to try to return Russia access to the Baltic Sea, and Russian troops invaded the Baltic states, and then into Ingermanland, where they met significant support from the Orthodox Izhorians and Karelians who remained there, who created to fight against the Swedes partisan detachments. According to the Valiesar Truce of 1658, Russia retained the captured lands, but in 1661 it was forced to conclude the Kardis Peace Treaty and remain within the borders of 1617 in order to avoid a war on two fronts - with Poland and Sweden at the same time. After the Kardis Peace, there was another wave of withdrawal of the Orthodox population from Ingermanland, together with the Russian troops leaving there, and, as a result, the process of migration of Finns from the central provinces of Finland intensified. Now the Finns already constituted the absolute majority of the population of Ingermanland.

Administrative division of Sweden in the 17th century

Coat of arms of Swedish Ingermanland. 1660 year

At the very beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Tsar Peter I put an end to territorial disputes between Russia and Sweden for control over Karelia and Ingermanland. The Northern War began in 1700 at first unsuccessfully for Russia - the defeat of the Russian troops near Narva, but then the Russians developed a successful offensive deep into the Swedish territories. In 1702, the Noteburg fortress (Oreshek) was taken, and in 1703 the Nuenschantz fortress was taken, and then the most important event in the history of Russia followed - the founding of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 became the new capital of Russia. Russian troops continued to advance on the Karelian Isthmus and in 1710 took Vyborg. As in the previous Russian-Swedish war of 1656-1658, the Russian troops were supported by partisan detachments of Orthodox Karelian and Izhora peasants. Meanwhile, there were frequent cases of the Ingermanland Finns going over to the side of Russia; for the most part, they preferred to stay on their lands after their annexation to Russia. In 1707, the Ingermanland province was formed, renamed St. Petersburg in 1710. The Northern War ended in 1721 with a brilliant victory for Russia, which, under the terms of the Nishtadt Peace Treaty, received the Baltic States, Ingermanland and Karelia, and the status of an empire to boot.

It was the Ingrian Finns who left the Finnish names of villages and villages in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, which have survived to this day. St. Petersburg has become the most European Russian city. Not only because it was built according to the canons of European architecture, but also because a significant part of its inhabitants were visiting Western Europeans - architects, artisans, workers, mostly Germans. There were also Ingrian Finns - a kind of local Europeans. A significant part of the St. Petersburg Finns worked as chimney sweeps, which created a certain stereotypical image of the Finns in the eyes of the Russians. The professions of railway workers and jewelers were also widespread among them, women often worked as cooks and maids. The cultural and religious center of the St. Petersburg Finns was the Lutheran Finnish Church of St. Mary on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, built in 1803-1805 by the architect G. H. Paulsen.

And the environs of the City on the Neva still remained "the shelter of the wretched Chukhonts." And, oddly enough it would be to realize it now, outside of St. Petersburg, without going far from it, the Finnish speech in the villages could sometimes be heard even more often than Russian! As of the second half of the 19th century, the population of Ingermanland (that is, St. Petersburg, Shlisselburg, Koporsky and Yamburg districts), excluding the population of St. Petersburg, was about 500 thousand people, of which there were about 150 thousand Finns. Consequently, the Finns made up approximately 30% of the population of Ingermanland. In St. Petersburg itself, according to the 1897 census, the Finns were the third largest nation after the Great Russians, Germans and Poles, making up 1.66% of the capital's population. At the same time, Ingrian Finns and Suomi Finns were separately recorded in the censuses of the population of the 19th century, that is, those who moved to St. -Swedish War). In 1811, the Vyborg province, conquered by Russia back in the Northern War, was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, so those who moved from there after 1811 were also referred to the Suomi Finns. Izhora, according to the 1897 census, numbered 13774 people, that is, 3% of the population of Ingermanland (again, excluding the population of St. Petersburg) - ten times less than the Finns.

Finnish church of the holy apostles Peter and Paul in the villageToksovo. 1887 year

Finnish church of St. Mary in St. Petersburg

Map of Evangelical Lutheran parishes in Ingria. 1900 year

But in 1917, a revolution took place, and a radical turning point in the history of our entire country, and our region in particular, came. Russian-Finnish relations have also changed. December 6, 1917 the Finnish Sejm proclaims the state independence of the Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavalta), which the Bolsheviks recognize after 12 days. A month later, a socialist revolution also breaks out in Finland, and then a civil war, which ends with the defeat of the Reds. After the defeat in the civil war, the Finnish communists and Red Guards fled to Soviet Russia. At the same time, the question of the border between Soviet Russia and Finland remains unresolved. The commander-in-chief of the Finnish troops, Karl Gustav Emil Mannerheim, considers it necessary to "liberate" Karelia from the Bolsheviks, and in the spring of 1919 the Finnish troops made unsuccessful attempts to seize Karelia.

The population of the northern part of Ingria was located in the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks. The Ingermanland peasants were subjected to surplus appropriation and the Red Terror, which was carried out in response to the evasion of peasants from mobilization into the Red Army, many of them fled across the Finnish border to the Finnish border villages of Raasuli (now Orekhovo) and Rautu (now Sosnovo). In early June, Ingermanland peasants from the village of Kiryasalo raised an anti-Bolshevik uprising. On June 11, about two hundred rebels took control of the village of Kiryasalo and nearby Autio, Busanmaki, Tikanmaki, Uusikyla and Vanhakyla. On July 9, the independent republic of Northern Ingria was proclaimed (Pohjois Inkerin Tasavalta)... The territory of the republic occupied the so-called "Kiryasal ledge" with an area of ​​about 30 square kilometers. The village of Kiryasalo became the capital, and the local resident Santeri Termonen became the leader. In a short time, the state acquired state symbols, mail and an army, with the help of which it tried to expand its territory, but failed in battles with the Red Army near the villages of Nikulyasy, Lembolovo and Gruzino. In September 1919, an officer of the Finnish army, Yurje Elfengren, became the head of the republic.

Flag of the Republic of Northern Ingria Yurye Elfengren

Postage stamps of the Republic of North Ingria

Approximately shown is the territory controlled by the Republic of Northern Ingria

But the struggle of the Ingermanland peasants for independence remained in history. On October 14, 1920, in the Estonian city of Tartu, a peace treaty was signed between Soviet Russia and Finland, under the terms of which Northern Ingria remained in the Soviet state. On December 6, 1920, on the second anniversary of the independence of the country of Suomi, a farewell parade was held in Kiryasalo, after which the flag of Northern Ingria was lowered, and the army along with the population left for Finland.

North Ingrian army in Kiryasalo

In the 1920s, the Soviet government pursued a policy of "indigenization", that is, the encouragement of national autonomies. This policy was intended to reduce interethnic contradictions in the young Soviet state. It also extended to the Ingrian Finns. In 1927, there were 20 Finnish village councils in the northern part of the Leningrad region. In the same year, the Kuyvozovsky Finnish National Region was formed. (Kuivaisin suomalainen kansallinen piiri) occupying the territory of the north of the present Vsevolozhsk district, with the administrative center in the village of Toksovo (the name of the district from the village of Kuyvozi), in 1936 the district was renamed Toksovo. According to the 1927 census, there were 16,370 Finns in the region, 4142 Russians, and 70 Estonians. In 1933, there were 58 schools in the district, of which 54 were Finnish and 4 were Russian. In 1926, in the territory of Ingermanland lived: the Finns - 125884 people, Izhora - 16030 people, drivers - 694 people. In Leningrad, there was a publishing house "Kirja", which published communist literature in Finnish.

A guidebook "On skis in the outskirts of Leningrad" from 1930 describes the Kuyvozovsky district as follows:

«
Kuyvazovsky district occupies most of the Karelian Isthmus; from the west and north, it borders on Finland. It was formed during zoning in 1927 and is ranked as part of the Leningrad Region. From the east, it adjoins the Ladoga Lake area, and in general these places are rich in lakes. Kuyvazovsky district gravitates towards Leningrad both in terms of agriculture, dairy farming, and in the handicraft industry. With regard to factories and plants, the latter are represented only by the Aganotov Sawmill of the former. Shuvalov (in 1930 it employed 18 people) in the village of Vartemyaki. The area of ​​the Kuyvazovsky district is estimated at 1611 sq. km, its population - 30,700 people, density per 1 km² - 19.1 people. By nationality, the population is distributed as follows: Finns - 77.1%, Russians - 21.1%, 23 of 24 village councils are Finnish. The forest covers 96,100 hectares, arable land is 12,100 hectares. Natural hayfields - 17,600 ha. The forests are dominated by conifers - 40% pine, 20% spruce and only 31% deciduous species. As for cattle breeding, here are a few figures related to the spring of 1930: horses - 3733, cattle - 14 948, pigs 1050, sheep and goats - 5 094. in April only 267. Now the district is completing a complete collectivization. If on October 1, 1930 there were 26 collective farms with 11.4% of socialized poor and middle peasants, then today there are about 100 agricultural artels in the region (96 in July) and 74% of collectivized farms.

The district has made great strides in increasing the sown area: in comparison with 1930, the area of ​​spring crops increased by 35%, for vegetables by 48%, for root crops - by 273%, for potatoes - by 40%. The area is cut by the line of the Oktyabrskaya railway. Leningrad - Toksovo - Vaskelovo for 37 km. In addition, there are 3 large tracts and a number of small ones with a total length of 448 km (as of January 1, 1931).

However, the loyalty of the Soviet government to the Ingermanland Finns soon dwindled to nothing. As a people living in the borderland with bourgeois Finland, and, moreover, representing the same nation that lives in this state, Ingermanlanders are considered a potential fifth column.

In 1930, collectivization began. The next year, as part of the "kulak deportation" from the Leningrad region, about 18 thousand Ingrian Finns were evicted, who were sent to the Murmansk region, the Urals, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In 1935, in the border areas of the Leningrad Region and the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, by decree of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs GG Yagoda, a "kulak and anti-Soviet element" was expelled, while many exiles were warned about their eviction only the day before. Now, however, it is impossible to say unequivocally that this event was a purely ethnic deportation. After this action, many Finns ended up in the Omsk and Irkutsk regions, Khakassia, Altai Territory, Yakutia, and Taimyr.

Flags at half-mast of Finland and Ingermanland in protest against
deportations of Ingrian Finns. Helsinki, 1934.

The next wave of deportations took place in 1936, when the civilian population was evicted from the rear of the Karelian fortified area under construction. The Ingermanland Finns were evicted to the Vologda Oblast, but in fact this event was not a link in the full sense, since the exiles did not have the status of special settlers and could freely leave their new place of residence. After that, the national policy towards the Finns acquired a fundamentally opposite character than in the 1920s. In 1937, all Finnish-language publishing houses were closed, school education was translated into Russian, all Lutheran parishes in Ingria were closed. In 1939, the Finnish national region was abolished, which was annexed to the Pargolovsky district. In the same year, on November 30, the bloody Soviet-Finnish war began, which lasted until March 1940. After its completion, the entire Karelian Isthmus became Soviet, and the former places of residence of the Ingermanland Finns ceased to be a border territory. Deserted Finnish villages were now gradually settled by Russians. There are very few Ingermanland Finns left.

During the Great Patriotic War, Finland acted as an ally of Nazi Germany, and Finnish troops attacked Leningrad from the north. On August 26, 1941, the Military Council of the Leningrad Front ordered the German and Finnish population of Leningrad and its suburbs to be sent to the Arkhangelsk Region and the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to avoid cooperation with the enemy. It was possible to take out a few, however, it is worth noting that this saved them from the blockade. A new wave of evictions was carried out in the spring of 1942. The Finns were taken to the Vologda and Kirov regions, as well as to the Omsk and Irkutsk regions and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Part of the Ingermanland Finns remained in besieged Leningrad and in the occupied territory, having learned all the horrors of the war. The Nazis used the Ingrians as a labor force and at the same time extradited them to Finland. In 1944, under the terms of the Soviet-Finnish armistice, the Ingrian Finns were to be returned to the USSR. At the same time, they now settled in Karelia, Novgorod and Pskov regions. In 1949, the Ingrian Finns were basically allowed to return from their places of exile, but a strict ban was imposed on their resettlement in their native lands. The returning Finns were settled in the Karelo-Finnish SSR in order to increase the percentage of the titular nation of the republic. In 1956, the ban on living in the Leningrad Region was lifted, as a result of which about 20 thousand Ingrian Finns returned to their places of residence.

In 1990, Ingrian Finns were granted the right to repatriate to Finland. Finnish President Mauno Koivisto began to actively pursue a corresponding policy, and over the past 20 years, about 40 thousand people left for Finland under the repatriation program, which lasted until 2010. Thoroughbred descendants of Ingermanland Finns are sometimes still found in St. Petersburg, in Ingermanland, in Karelia and even in places of exile, but there are very few of them left.

Such is the difficult and in many ways difficult and tragic fate of this small nation. If you trace the history of the Ingrian Finns, you will notice that their place of residence changed periodically, due to the difficult geographical location of their lands. From the middle of the 17th century, they migrated from their original places of residence to Ingermanland, after the Northern War they remained there and lived side by side with the Russians for more than two centuries. In the 1930s, they began to be sent to the north, some to Siberia, some to Central Asia. Then many were expelled during the war; many were shot during the repressions. Some returned, lived in Karelia, and others in Leningrad. Finally, at the end of the 20th century, the Ingermanland Finns found refuge in their historical homeland.

Izhora and Vod at the present time are extremely small peoples, since they have been mostly assimilated by the Russians. There are several local history organizations of enthusiasts involved in the study of the heritage and preservation of these peoples and their culture.

In general, one cannot but say that the Ingermanland Finns made a very significant contribution to the history of both St. Petersburg itself and its environs. This is expressed most strongly in local toponymy and, in some places, in architecture. Let's take care of what we have inherited from the past!